US3141841A - Cell for carrying out electrochemical reactions - Google Patents

Cell for carrying out electrochemical reactions Download PDF

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Publication number
US3141841A
US3141841A US42661A US4266160A US3141841A US 3141841 A US3141841 A US 3141841A US 42661 A US42661 A US 42661A US 4266160 A US4266160 A US 4266160A US 3141841 A US3141841 A US 3141841A
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United States
Prior art keywords
cell
partition
particulate solids
liquid
cathode
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Expired - Lifetime
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US42661A
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English (en)
Inventor
David G Braithwaite
Amico Joseph S D
Peter L Gross
Hanzel William
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ChampionX LLC
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Nalco Chemical Co
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Priority to BE606111D priority Critical patent/BE606111A/xx
Priority to NL263352D priority patent/NL263352A/xx
Application filed by Nalco Chemical Co filed Critical Nalco Chemical Co
Priority to US42661A priority patent/US3141841A/en
Priority to GB9248/61A priority patent/GB923807A/en
Priority to DEN19852A priority patent/DE1194857B/de
Priority to FR867482A priority patent/FR1397106A/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3141841A publication Critical patent/US3141841A/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B13/00—Diaphragms; Spacing elements
    • C25B13/02—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by shape or form
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B3/00—Electrolytic production of organic compounds
    • C25B3/01—Products
    • C25B3/13—Organo-metallic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/40—Cells or assemblies of cells comprising electrodes made of particles; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a new and improved cell for carrying out electrochemical reactions, and more particularly to an electrolytic cell having a sacrificial electrode, which is especially useful for the manufacture of tetraethyl lead and other organo metallic compounds.
  • sacrificial electrode refers to an electrode which is eroded or dissolved during the electrolytic process.
  • One of the objects of the invention is to provide a new and improved cell for making chemical compounds.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a new type of structure for cells for carrying out electrochemical reactions in which the reactants are fiowable and one of the reactants consists of solid discrete particles.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide a new and improved electrolytic cell for making organo metallic compounds by a sacrificial electrode process wherein the cell is closed during its operation and additional quantities of the electrode material are added to the cell continuously or intermittently without permitting significant amounts of the vapors present in the cell to escape to the atmosphere.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a new and improved electrolytic sacrificial electrode cell in which the electrolyte is circulated past one electrode and through another electrode of opposite charge.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a sacrificial electrode cell which operates efficiently.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide a sacrificial electrode cell which is constructed of readily available materials which are relatively inexpensive.
  • An additional object of the invention is to provide an electrolytic cell having a sacrificial electrode composed of particulate solids, the outer boundaries of which are separated from but closely spaced with respect to an electrode of opposite charge.
  • Another object of the invention is the provision of an electrolytic cell in which an anode composed of individual solid particles of anode material is in contact with a porous membrane, porous diaphragm, or foraminous screen which is a non-conductor of electricity and which is also in contact with the cathode.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide an electrolytic sacrificial electrode cell in which the electrical resistance of the cell is minimized or greatly reduced by clamping a non-electrically conducting partition such as, for example, a porous membrane, a porous diaphragm or a foraminous screen between the anode and the cathode, and in contact with both of them.
  • a non-electrically conducting partition such as, for example, a porous membrane, a porous diaphragm or a foraminous screen between the anode and the cathode, and in contact with both of them.
  • a more specific object of the invention is to provide a new and improved electrolytic cell suitable for the manufacture of tetraethyl lead, tetramethyl lead, and similar compounds.
  • FIG. 1 is an elevational view with parts broken away of one type of cell provided in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a perspective view with parts separated showing another form of cell provided in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a fragmentary view of the cell shown in FIG. 1;
  • PEG. 4 is a fragmentary view of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 5 is a fragmentary cross section taken along the line 55 of the cell shown in FIG. 2 illustrating the manner in which the particulate electrode material is supported at the bottom of the cell;
  • FIG. 6 is a top plan sectional view of the lower part of the cell shown in FIG. '2 taken along the line 6--6;
  • FIG. 7 is a side view of the lower part of the cell shown in FIG. 2 illustrating the manner in which heat exchange fluid in the cathode is circulated;
  • PEG. 8 is a fragmentary view illustrating a part of the heat exchange section of FIG. 7 taken along the line 8-8;
  • FIG. 9 is a fragmentary plan view of the lower part of the cell of FIG. 2.
  • the invention comprises a cell for carrying out electrochemical reactions in which a liquid permeable partition which does not take part in the reaction (i.e., is chemically inert to the reactants and the products of reaction) is disposed in said cell and is held against a surface within said cell by a body of particulate solids which constitutes one of the reactants and another reactant in liquid form is circulated through said body of particulate solids and said partition and in contact with said surface.
  • the aforesaid surface substantially corresponds in shape to the boundary surface of said body of particulate solids and the aforesaid partition serves to separate said body of particulate solids from said surface within said cell.
  • This separation should be as close as possible, without permitting contact of the particulate solids with said surface, preferably a fraction of an inch, and in most cases from 0.02 to 0.15 inch.
  • an electrode e.g., a cathode
  • the invention also provides means for introducing and withdrawing said liquid and reaction products to and from said cell.
  • An important feature of the invention is the provision of means for introducing additional quantities of said particulate solids to said cell to replenish said solids as they are consumed in the reaction.
  • a cell comprising a container for a body of electrolyte, an electrically conducting surface in said container serving as an electrode and adapted to contact said body of electrolyte, a body of electrically conducting particulate solids in said container serving as an electrode of opposite charge to said first named electrode, and a porous non-electrically conducting partition in said cell between said electrodes in contact with said first named electrode and in contact with the outer boundaries of said body of particulate solids which forms said second named electrode
  • the cell provided in accordance with the invention preferably has means for closing it to the atmosphere during operation so that vapors or gases used as reagents during the operation of the cell in carrying out chemical processes, or solvents used in such processes, or products or by-products of such processes, cannot escape and contaminate the surrounding atmosphere.
  • the electrolytic cell provided in accordance with the invention preferably has as one of its features means to add additional quantities of the anode material to said cell while it is operating and without permitting significant quantities of gases or vapors within the cell to escape to the atmosphere.
  • a further and optional feature is the provision of a cell of the type described having grooves in the cathode, preferably running in a direction generally parallel to the direction of flow of the electrolyte to facilitate circulation of the liquid electrolyte in contact with the cathode area so as to control both temperature and cathode reaction.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate two different cells each embodying the same general principles.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of the invention in which the electrolytic cell consists of an iron pipe 1 which is provided at one end with a flange 2. Adjacent and in contact with the inside of the pipe 1 is a foraminous liquid permeable screen 3 which is electrically nonconducting and preferably consists of one or more layers of glass filament screen having openings therein sulficiently large to permit the flow of a liquid electrolyte therethrough but sufliciently small to prevent the anode material from passing through the openings or meshes of the screen to contact the inner surface of the pipe 1.
  • anode rod 4 which is connected at one end 5 to a source of positive electricity indicated at a.
  • the rod 4 is held in place by means of a rubber stopper indicated at 7 which also serves to support the anode material 8.
  • the anode material 8 consists of pellets or particles of a solid anode substance.
  • the anode material is composed of lead pellets.
  • These pellets may be spherical, elongated or of any other shape and of any suitable size sufiiciently large to be contained within the cell and separated from the inner surface of the pipe 1 by means of the foraminous member 3.
  • the size of the pellets is such that they will drop down vertically between the rod 4 and the inner surface of the foraminous member 3.
  • the foraminous member 3 is in contact with the cathode surface and the adjacent pellets and, in effect, is clamped therebetween.
  • the cell is provided with means forming an opening 9 and other means forming an opening 10 in the lower and upper portions of the cell to serve as either an inlet or an outlet for the electrolyte.
  • the electrolyte is introduced through the opening 9 and after circulating through the cell passes out through the opening 10.
  • the electrolyte is preferably recirculated externally through a pipe, not shown, with the assistance of a pump, not shown, and returned to the cell through the opening 9, either continuously or intermittently.
  • the recirculating electrolyte provides agitation in the cell and assists in removing chemical deposits from the inner parts of the cell such as the rod 4, the anode material 8, the partition 3 and the cathode wall.
  • the lower part of the cell is sealed by means of a tubular glass member 11 which is sealed in any suitable'manner to the outside of the pipe 1 and which is provided at its outer end with a rubber stopper 12 through which the anode rod 4 passes.
  • the upper part of the cell is sealed by means of a tubular glass member 13 which is provided with a flange 1 the latter being sealed with respect to the flange 2 by means of a suitable gasket 15.
  • the upper part of the tubular member 13 is provided iwth a valve 16 which can be operated by hand from a valve wheel 17 or can be operated automatically in any suitable manner.
  • the tube 18 extends from the valve 16 to a suitable storage chamber for the anode material generally indicated in the form of a funnel at 19.
  • the storage chamber can, if desired, be sealed from the atmosphere in any suitable manner.
  • the inlet and outlet openings 9 and 16 are preferably made of a metal corresponding to the metal of the pipe 1, e.g., iron or steel.
  • a source of negative electricity is connected by any suitable means 20 to the inlet pipe 9 or to any part of the pipe 1.
  • the pipe 1 therefore, serves as a cathode and it is a desirable feature of the present invention that this portion of the cell can be made from iron, steel and other relatively inexpensive materials of construction.
  • the rod 4- of the same substance as the anode material.
  • the anode material 8 would consist of lead pellets and the rod 4 would also becomposed of lead.
  • the rod 4 be composed of the same material as the anode material. It can be formed from a material which merely conducts the current to the anode material and is not itself dissolved by the electrolyzing process.
  • the electrolytic cell is composed of three compartments 21, 22 and 23.
  • the inner compartment 21 is the electrolyzing compartment and the pellets of anode material 24 as shown in FIG. 4, are contained in this compartment.
  • the pellets 2d are separated from the side walls of the compartment by a foraminous screen layer 25 composed of glass filaments, a second layer of foraminous screen material 26 composed of nylon filaments, and a third layer of foraminous screen material 27 composed of glass filaments.
  • the layer 27 is in contact with the interior of all four sides of the inner compartment 21.
  • the layer 25 is in contact with outer boundaries of the pellets 24 on all four sides.
  • the weight of the pellets 24 clamps the screen layers 25, 26 and 27 against the cathode surface of compartment 21.
  • the upper part of the cell is provided with a flange 28 as shown in FIG. 4, and the layers of foraminous screen material are clamped in place between the flange 28 and a flange 29 on the closure member 30.
  • the closure member 30 When the cell is ready to operate and where it is used to manufacture chemical substances of a toxic nature, the closure member 30 is applied to the lower part of the cell 31 and the two members are fastened together by means of threaded bolts 32, or in any other suitable manner, and preferably with a gasket 33 interposed between the flanges 23 and 29 in such a way as to act as a seal and prevent the escape of vapors or gases from the interior of the cell.
  • the outer compartments of the cells 22 and 23 are heat exchange compartments and can be used to hold a heating or cooling fluid during the operation of the cell.
  • a heating or cooling fluid In the manufacture of tetraethyl lead, for example, the reaction is exothermic and it is desirable to pass a circulating cooling fluid through the compartments 22 and 23 while the cell is in operation.
  • the cooling fluid for example, may be benzene, kerosene or any other hydrocarbon. It can also be a conventional cooling fluid, such as water, alco hol, diethylene glycol, or the like.
  • the heat exchange fluid is introduced into the compartments 22 and 23 by means of pipes 34 and 35 which connect to a pipe 36, the latter in turn connects to a pipe 37 which is connected to a source of supply for the heat exchange fluid.
  • Valves 38, 32 and 40 control the flow of the heat exchange fluid.
  • the heat exchange fluid which is introduced into the compartments 22 and 23 from the inlet pipe 37 can be removed and recirculated, if desired, through pipe 41 controlled by valve 42 in the lower part of compartment 22 and pipe 43 controlled by valve 44 in the lower part of compartment 23. Pipes 42 and 43 discharge into pipe 45 which connects to pipe 46 controlled by valve 47.
  • the electrolyte is preferably introduced into the compartment 21 through pipe 43 controlled by valve 49.
  • An electrically conducting plate 50 is preferably positioned in the middle of chamber 21 and is electrically connected by means of a stainless steel rod 51 or other suitable means to a cable 52 which in turn is connected to a source of positive potential.
  • the anode plate 50 conducts electricity to pellets of the anode material 24 and is supported on a bed of electrically non-conducting material, such as glass balls or beads 53 in a manner shown in FIG. 5.
  • the electrolyte can be withdrawn from the center compartment 21 through an outlet 54 controlled by valve 55.
  • the sides of the compartments 21, 22 and 23 are composed of an electrically conducting material, preferably iron or steel, and a source of negative potential is connected thereto at any suitable point by any suitable means as, for example, by means of a cable 56.
  • Each of the heat exchange compartments 22 and 23 is provided with a staggered arrangement of metal bars 57 as shown in FIG. 8 which define passageways for the heat exchange fluid so that it is circulated in each heat exchange compartment in a predetermined uniform manner as shown by the arrows in FIG. 7.
  • the level of the glass balls or beads 53 in the electrolyzing chamber 21 is indicated by the dotted line 58 in FIG. 7.
  • the foraminous screen composed of members 25, 26 and 27 preferably extends below the upper part of the layer of glass balls or beads 53 so that the glass balls or beads assist in holding the screen layers in place against the walls of the chamber 21.
  • the plates 57 which define the passageways in the heat exchange chambers 22 and 23 are held in place by means of machine screws 59, rivets or other suitable means.
  • the closure member 30 is connected to a pipe 50 controlled by a valve 61 which connects through a pipe 62 to a storage chamber 63 for the anode material.
  • a valve 61 which connects through a pipe 62 to a storage chamber 63 for the anode material.
  • the pressure gauge 64 and a temperature indicator 65 are provided to indicate the temperature and pressure within the cell.
  • the cell can be operated at varying temperatures and pressures, depending upon the particular electrolyzing process.
  • While the cell of the present invention can be used in various types of processes involving electrolyzing an electrolyte between a cathode and a sacrificial anode, it is especially useful in processes of preparing organo metallic compounds by electrolyzing between a cathode and a sacrificial metal anode an electrolyte capable of liberating free organic radicals which combine chemically with the metal of said anode.
  • Cells of the type described herein are particularly useful for the manufacture of tetraethyl lead by electrolyzing a Grignard reagent in which the organic radicals are ethyl radicals, in an anhydrous solvent for the Grignard reagent, using a lead anode material and mild steel cathodes.
  • a cell of this type was constructed in which the cathode portion was an iron pipe about 30 inches long with one-half inch flange openings welded on opposite sides of the pipe 24 inches apart to form the inlet and outlet openings 0 and for introducing and withdrawing the electrolyte.
  • the center of the bottom inlet opening was about 2 inches from the bottom of the cell and the center of the top outlet opening was about 4 inches from the top of the cell.
  • Three layers of fiberglass window screening were used as a liner on the inside of the pipe to separate the cathode from the lead pellets which formed the anode material. The total thickness of these three layers was around 0.040 inch.
  • the anode rod 4 was a round lead rod 0.26 inch in diameter.
  • the area of the cathode was equal to the inside area of the pipe 1 and this area was approximately 92 square inches.
  • the area of the inside of the fiberglass screening tube was approximately 84.25 square inches.
  • the distance between the anode and cathode as previously indicated, was 0.040 inch.
  • the available volume Within the cell was 18.65 cubic inches.
  • the space between the rod and the fiberglass screen was 0.369 inch which was the equivalent of about 2% of the lead pellets employed as an anode material.
  • the cell was charged with 2093 grams of lead pellets.
  • An ethylmagnesium chloride Grignard solution was prepared as a solution in dibutylcarbitol in a concentration of about 2.25 moles of Grignard reagent per liter of solution and a predetermined quantity of this solution was circulated through the cell as the electrolyte.
  • this solution was circulated through an external heat exchange system, not shown, which maintained a predetermined operating temperature.
  • Sufiicient ethyl chloride was added to produce a predetermined ethyl chloride concentration and enough ethyl chloride was added during operation of this cell to maintain this concentration.
  • the Grignard solution was transferred to the system under nitrogen pressure and about 8 liters was used. The solution was circulated in the cell until the desired temperature and pressure conditions were obtained.
  • the ethyl chloride concentration was maintained at about 8.6% by weight of the electrolyte. Liquid samples taken from the recirculating electrolyte indicated that the current efficiency was about The operation of the cell was continued for 317 ampere hours and tetraethyl lead was recovered from the electrolyte.
  • the invention is susceptible to considerable variation and modification in the manner of its practical application.
  • the type of material used to form the partition which separates the anode from the cathode is subject to variation.
  • an ordinary window screen type of 16 mesh glass fiber screen coated with a vinyl plastic rolled to form three layers was used as the partition member.
  • the partition consisted of two layers of the same type of glass fiber window screen material with an intervening layer of 100 mesh nylon filter cloth.
  • Other s arper 2 kinds of chemically inert non-electrically conducting membranes, diaphragms, screen and the like in single or multiple layers, can be used which are permeable to the electrolyte.
  • a metal screen coated with Teflon or polyethylene canbe employed as the member 3 or as a substitute for the members 25, 26 and 27.
  • the operation of the cell is similar to the operation already explained with respect to the cell of FIG. 1.
  • heating or cooling of the electrolyte is effected in the cell itself.
  • the anode plate 5% can be larger or smaller in size. The purpose of this plate is to contact a sufiiciently large number of the pellets of anode material to produce a relatively uniform current flow.
  • the liquid electrolyte is introduced through the inlet pipe 4? controlled by valve 49 and is removed through the outlet 54 controlled by valve 55.
  • the heat exchange fluid is preferably introduced through the inlet pipe 37 controlled by valve 40 and is removed through the outlet 45 controlled by valve 4?.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates channels or grooves 66 which are placed in the cathode wall of the cell of FIG. 2 and preferably run in a direction generally parallel to the direction of flow of the electrolyte to facilitate circulation of the liquid through the cathode area and to assist in controlling temperature and reactions which occur at the cathode.
  • grooves run vertically for distances corresponding to the depth of the bed of anode material.
  • ethylmagnesium chloride Grignard reagent in an anhydrous solvent such as dibutylcarbitol, one reaction that can occur at the cathode is the formation of magnesium and it is desirable for the purpose of the present invention to provide grooves in the cathode to facilitate circulation and disperse mag nesium, lead, or other substances which may form or tend to deposit in the cathode area.
  • grooves can also be placed in the cathode wall of a continuous tube such as that shown in the cell of FIG. 1.
  • the grooves can be spirally arranged, or can be ararnged in any other desired flow pattern.
  • the invention provides a new type of cell in which the electrical resistance of the cell is minimized or greatly reduced by clamping a non-electrically conducting liquid permeable partition such as, for example, a porous membrane, a porous diaphragm or a foraminous screen between the anode and the cathode and in contact with both of them.
  • a non-electrically conducting liquid permeable partition such as, for example, a porous membrane, a porous diaphragm or a foraminous screen between the anode and the cathode and in contact with both of them.
  • This structure makes it possible to reduce the distance between the anode and the cathode to a few hundredths of an inch and good results have been obtained in cells of the type described when the distance between the surface of the cathode and the outer boundaries of the anode pellets has been around 0.03 to 0.05 inch. It will be understood that this distance can be smaller or greater but the smaller the distance the less the electrical resistance and the more efficient the operation of the cell
  • the structure of the cell also makes it possible to introduce one of the reacting materials while the cell is being operated and without opening it. This is extremely important in the manufacture of tetraethyl lead which is an exceedingly toxic material.
  • the cell may be tapped or shaken, either continuously or at intervals.
  • Cells of the type described herein may be operated as single cells or in series. Where the cells are operated in series the liquid electrolyte can be passed from one cell to another in succession.
  • a cell for making organo metallic compounds by electrochemical reaction comprising a container adapted to hold a body of liquid, a body of particulate metallic solids in said container constituting a reactant for carrying out said electrochemical reaction, said container having an electrically conducting inner surface generally corresponding in shape to the boundary surface of said body of particulate solids, a liquid permeable electrically non-conducting partition, in contact with said first mentioned surface and with the outer boundaries of said body of particulate solids, said partition being a foraminous material having openings therein which are sufficiently large to be permeable to said liquid but which are sufiiciently small to prevent said particulate solids from contacting said first mentioned surface, said surface being substantially co-extensive with one side of said partition, means to cause said liquid to flow through said body of particulate solids and through said partition along the interface between said partition and said first mentioned surface, and means for maintaining different electrical potentials on said particulate solids and said surface.
  • a cell for making organo metallic compounds by electrochemical reaction comprising a container adapted to hold a body of liquid, a body of particulate metallic solids in said container constituting a reactant for carrying out said electrochemical reaction, said container having an electrically conducting inner surface generally corresponding in shape to the boundary surface of said body of particulate solids, a liquid permeable electrically non-conducting partition, in contact with said first mentioned surface and with the outer boundaries of said body of particulate solids, said partition being a foraminous material having openings therein which are sufficiently large to be permeable to said liquid but which are sufficiently small to prevent said particulate solids from contacting said first mentioned surface, said surface being substantially co-extensive with one side of said partition, means to cause said liquid to flow through said body of particulate solids and through said partition along the interface between said partition and said first mentioned surface, means to add additional quantities of said particulate solids to said body of particulate solids as an electrochemical reaction progresses in said cell, and means for maintaining different electrical
  • a cell for making organo metallic compounds by electrochemical reaction comprising a container adapted to hold a body of liquid, a body of particulate metallic solids in said container constituting a reactant for carrying out said electrochemical reaction, said container having an electrically conducting inner surface generally corresponding in shape to the boundary surface of said body of particulate solids, a liquid permeable electrically non-conducting partition, in contact with said first mentioned surface and with the outer boundaries of said body of particulate solids, said partition being a foraminous material having openings therein which are sufficiently large to be permeable to said liquid but which are sufficiently small to prevent said particulate solids from con tacting said first mentioned surface, said surface being substantially co-extensive with one side of said partition, means to cause said liquid to flow through said body of particulate solids and through said partition along the interface between said partition and said first mentioned surface, means to direct the flow of said liquid along said surface, and means for maintaining different electrical potentials on said particulate solids and said surface.
  • a cell for making organo metallic compounds by electrochemical reaction comprising a container adapted to hold a body of liquid, a body of particulate metallic solids in said container constituting a reactant for carrying out said electrochemical reaction, said container having an electrically conducting inner surface generally corresponding in shape to the boundary surface of said body of particulate solids, a liquid permeable electrically non-conducting partition, in contact with said first mentioned surface and with the outer boundaries of said body of particulate solids, said partition being a foraminous material having openings therein which are sufliciently large to be permeable to said liquid but which are sufficiently small to prevent said particulate solids from contacting said first mentioned surface, said surface being substantially co-extensive with one side of said partition, means to cause said liquid to flow through said body of particulate solids and through said partition along the interface between said partition and said first mentioned surface, said last named means comprising an inlet for said liquid communicating with one part of said body of particulate solids and an outlet for said liquid communicating with a
  • a cell as claimed in claim 1 which contains a chamber in contact with the surface of said container opposite the surface in contact with said forarninous material, said chamber comprising means for the introduction and withdrawal of a heat exchange medium.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
  • Hybrid Cells (AREA)
US42661A 1960-07-13 1960-07-13 Cell for carrying out electrochemical reactions Expired - Lifetime US3141841A (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE606111D BE606111A (et) 1960-07-13
NL263352D NL263352A (et) 1960-07-13
US42661A US3141841A (en) 1960-07-13 1960-07-13 Cell for carrying out electrochemical reactions
GB9248/61A GB923807A (en) 1960-07-13 1961-03-11 Electrolytic cell for carrying out electro-chemical reactions
DEN19852A DE1194857B (de) 1960-07-13 1961-04-08 Zelle zur elektrolytischen Herstellung von metallorganischen Verbindungen
FR867482A FR1397106A (fr) 1960-07-13 1961-07-10 Cellule pour effectuer des réactions chimiques

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US42661A US3141841A (en) 1960-07-13 1960-07-13 Cell for carrying out electrochemical reactions

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US3141841A true US3141841A (en) 1964-07-21

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BE (1) BE606111A (et)
DE (1) DE1194857B (et)
FR (1) FR1397106A (et)
GB (1) GB923807A (et)
NL (1) NL263352A (et)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3180810A (en) * 1961-07-31 1965-04-27 Standard Oil Co Electrolytic cell and method of operation
US3234112A (en) * 1961-03-21 1966-02-08 Nalco Chemical Co Process of producing organic lead compounds
US3368961A (en) * 1964-04-20 1968-02-13 Nalco Chemical Co Electrochemical cell
US3457152A (en) * 1964-11-30 1969-07-22 Monsanto Co Electrolytic apparatus and process for removing trace metals
FR2586710A1 (fr) * 1985-09-05 1987-03-06 Poudres & Explosifs Ste Nale Cellule d'electrolyse organique a electrode consommable

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US10113407B2 (en) * 2007-08-09 2018-10-30 Lawrence Livermore National Security, Llc Electrochemical production of metal hydroxide using metal silicates

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US1253560A (en) * 1916-04-08 1918-01-15 Edward L Anderson Potash extraction.
US1874748A (en) * 1930-06-04 1932-08-30 Burgess Battery Co Depolarizing mix for dry cells
US2104812A (en) * 1935-07-17 1938-01-11 Gen Motors Corp Nickel anode and container
US2503863A (en) * 1943-11-18 1950-04-11 Siegfried G Bart Apparatus for electroplating the inside of pipes

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE563393C (de) * 1929-02-05 1932-11-04 I G Farbenindustrie Akt Ges Elektrolytische Zelle
NL236102A (et) * 1958-02-13 1900-01-01

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1253560A (en) * 1916-04-08 1918-01-15 Edward L Anderson Potash extraction.
US1874748A (en) * 1930-06-04 1932-08-30 Burgess Battery Co Depolarizing mix for dry cells
US2104812A (en) * 1935-07-17 1938-01-11 Gen Motors Corp Nickel anode and container
US2503863A (en) * 1943-11-18 1950-04-11 Siegfried G Bart Apparatus for electroplating the inside of pipes

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3234112A (en) * 1961-03-21 1966-02-08 Nalco Chemical Co Process of producing organic lead compounds
US3180810A (en) * 1961-07-31 1965-04-27 Standard Oil Co Electrolytic cell and method of operation
US3368961A (en) * 1964-04-20 1968-02-13 Nalco Chemical Co Electrochemical cell
US3457152A (en) * 1964-11-30 1969-07-22 Monsanto Co Electrolytic apparatus and process for removing trace metals
FR2586710A1 (fr) * 1985-09-05 1987-03-06 Poudres & Explosifs Ste Nale Cellule d'electrolyse organique a electrode consommable
EP0219367A1 (fr) * 1985-09-05 1987-04-22 Societe Nationale Des Poudres Et Explosifs Cellule d'électrolyse organique à électrode consommable
US4686018A (en) * 1985-09-05 1987-08-11 Societe Nationale Des Poudres Et Explosifs Organic electrolysis cell with sacrificial electrode

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR1397106A (fr) 1965-04-30
BE606111A (et)
DE1194857B (de) 1965-06-16
GB923807A (en) 1963-04-18
NL263352A (et)

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