US3132047A - Xerographic fixing apparatus - Google Patents

Xerographic fixing apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
US3132047A
US3132047A US120613A US12061361A US3132047A US 3132047 A US3132047 A US 3132047A US 120613 A US120613 A US 120613A US 12061361 A US12061361 A US 12061361A US 3132047 A US3132047 A US 3132047A
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United States
Prior art keywords
roll
vapor
powder
vapor chamber
rolls
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Expired - Lifetime
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US120613A
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English (en)
Inventor
Warren G Van Dorn
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Xerox Corp
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Xerox Corp
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Priority to US120613A priority Critical patent/US3132047A/en
Priority to GB25042/62A priority patent/GB1012444A/en
Priority to DE1571130A priority patent/DE1571130C3/de
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Publication of US3132047A publication Critical patent/US3132047A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/20—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat
    • G03G15/2003—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat
    • G03G15/2014—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat using contact heat
    • G03G15/2064—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat using contact heat combined with pressure
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/20—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat
    • G03G15/2096—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using a solvent

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an improved solvent vapor fusing device.
  • the invention is considered to have general application, it is particularly useful in the field of xerography and has an important application in the fusing of resinous powder images produced by electrophotography or xerography onto sheets of paper and the like to which the powder images have been transferred after they have been formed by deposition of powder on an electrostatic latent image. Therefore, for convenience of illustration, the invention is described with reference to its use as a heat fuser for xerographic powder images. However, it is to be understood that it may be employed with equal facility in other fields.
  • a xerographic plate comprising a layer of photoconductive insulating material on a conductive backing is given a uniform electric charge over its surface and is then exposed to the subject matter to be reproduced, usually by conventional projection techniques. This exposure discharges the plate areas in accordance with the radiation intensity that reaches them, and thereby creates an electrostatic latent image on or in the photoconductive layer. Development of the latent image is affected with an electrostatically charged, finely divided developing material or toner which is brought into surface contact with the photoconductive layer and is held thereon electrostatically in a pattern corresponding to the electrostatic latent image. Thereafter, the developed xerographic powder image is usually transferred to a support surface such as paper to which it may be fixed by any suitable means.
  • VValkup Patent 2,618,55l One of the methods in common use for developing the electrostatic latent image is described in VValkup Patent 2,618,55l, and is known as cascade development, and is in general use for line copy development.
  • the powder or toner is mixed with a granular carrier material, and this two-component developer is poured or cascaded over the plate surface.
  • the function of the carrier material is to improve the flow characteristics of the powder and to produce, on the powder, by triboelectrification, the proper electrical charge so that the powder will be attracted to the image. More exactly, the function of the carrier material is to provide the mechanical control to the powder, or to carry the powder to an image surface and, simultaneously, to provide homogeneity of charge polarity.
  • Such developing materials are compounded to permit them to be fixed to the surface of a transfer material either by heat fixing or vapor fixing techniques, in accordance with the particular application in which they are employed, that is, the individual particles of resin (toner) soften and coalesce when heated or plasticized by solvent, so that they become sticky or tackified and readily adhere to the surface of the transfer material.
  • tackified and the several variant forms thereof used throughout this specification are employed to define the condition of the powder particles of the Xerographic powder image when heated or plasticized by a solvent in a manner such that the individual particles soften and coalesce and in which state they become sticky and readily adhere to other surfaces.
  • this con dition necessarily requires a flowing together of the particles to effect a thorough fusion thereof, it is to be understood that the extent of such flowing is not sufiicient to extend beyond the boundary of the pattern in which the particles are formed.
  • the support surface In the event the speed of the support surface is decreased or oven temperature increased, the support surface itself is subjected to increased heat that is liable to deform, discolor, or even char it, depending upon the type of material of which the support surface is composed. This imposes limitations on the choice of resins which make it difficult to meet other desirable characteristics in the powder composition.
  • Vapor fusing offers the advantages of a broadened choice of powder materials, lower power requirements as compared to heat fixing, and elimination of heat damage to the support surface.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates schematically a preferred embodiment of a xerographic apparatus adapted for automatic operation, and incorporating a vapor fuser constructed in accordance with the invention
  • FIG. 2 is aright hand end view of the vapor fuser
  • FIG. 4 is a sectional view taken along line 4- -4 of FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 1 a continuous xerographic apparatus for the purpose of illustrating a suitable environment for a heat fuser having mounted therein heating elements of the subject invention.
  • the xerographic apparatus comprises a xerographic plate including a photoconductive layer or light-receiving surface on a conductive backing and formed in the shape of a drum, generally designated by numeral 10, which is mounted on a shaft 11 journaled
  • the charging apparatus 13 whichmay be of the type disclosed in Walkup Patent 2,777,957, includes a corona discharge array of one or more corona discharge electrodes that extend transversely across the drum surface and are energized from a high potential source and are substantially enclosed within a shielding member.
  • This exposure station may be one of a number of types of mechanisms or'members such as desirably an optical projection system 14 or the like designed to project'a line copy image onto the photoconductive surface of the xerographic drum from an original as is well known in the art.
  • toner particles are pulled away from the carrier component of the developing material and deposited on the drum to form powder images, while the partially denuded carrier particles pass off the drum into the developer housing sump.
  • additional toner particles must be supplied to the
  • the several xerographic processing stations in the path of movement of the drum surface may be described functionally, as follows:
  • a charging station at which a uniform electrostatic charge is deposited on the photoconductive layer ofthe xerographic drum
  • An exposure station at which a light or radiation pattern of copy to be reproduced is projected onto the drum surface to dissipate the drum charge in the exposed image is transferred from the drum surface to a transfer material or support surface;
  • a drum cleaning and discharge station at which the drum surface is brushed to remove residual toner particles remaining thereon afterimage transfer, and at which the drum surface is exposed to a relatively bright light source to effect substantially complete discharge of any residual electrostatic charge thereon.
  • toner 23 for toner 23 to be added to the developing material as needed, the toner being added at a rate determined by control gate 24.
  • support surface web 25 which may be paper or any other suitable material.
  • Web 25 is transported from supply spool 26 to take-up spool 27 by a suitable paper handling apparatus.
  • the paper handling mechanism includes a synchronous motor 31 driving take-up spool 27, while guide rolls 33 serve to direct web 25 into contact against a powder image on the surface of drum 10.
  • Electrostatic transfer unit 35 which may be of type similar to unit 13, generates an electrostatic charge to electrostatically attract the powder image from the surface of drum 10 to web 25.
  • the next and final station in the device is a drum cleaning and discharge station where any powder remaining on the xerographic drum after transfer is removed by rotating brushes and the xerographic drum is flooded with light to cause dissipation of any residual electrical charge remaining on the xerographic drum.
  • the residual powder image on the surface of the drum 10 aftertransfer is removed by brushes 36 driven by motor 37 after which residual electrostatic charge is dissipated by illumination from lamp 38.
  • FIGS. 2 through 5, inclusive there is shown a preferred embodiment of a vapor fusing device 40 constructed in accordance with the invention.
  • the vapor fusing device includes a flanged left-hand end plate 41 and right-hand end plate 42 connected together in spaced parallel relation to each other by a top cover plate 43 and a bottom cover plate 44 suitably secured thereto to form a vapor chamber open at opposite ends to form entrance and exit openings.
  • Vapor fusing is achieved by forwarding the web 25, bearing the toner image to be fused, thorugh an atmosphere of solvent vapors maintained within the vapor chamber.
  • a solvent wick 45 formed of felt, cloth or blotting paper, supported within a reservoir 46 secured at opposite ends to left-hand end plate 41 and right-hand end plate 42.
  • S01- vent is fed to the reservoir through a suitable commercial constant level device, not shown, and a solvent entrance elbow 47 extending through right-hand end plate 42 and connected to the reservoir whereby solvent saturation of the wick is maintained.
  • Powder images can be fused in the device as soon as a saturated vapor atmosphere has been generated. Once the Wick 45 has become wet with solvent over its entire area the necessary vapor atmosphere is quickly produced.
  • the solvent and solvent vapor are preferably at the same tempertaure as the copy sheet and powder image, namely at room temperature, fusing of the image takes place, provided the powder is soluble in the solvent.
  • the powder absorbs solvent from the vapor until it becomes adhesive.
  • the solvent begins to evaporate from the image and the image solidifies and becomes permanently bonded or fixed upon the base material in a few seconds.
  • a conventional heater element may be mounted within the vapor chamber. This however would create a greater pressure within the chamber, resulting in greater loss of solvent vapors from the chamber.
  • a vapor seal at both the entrance and exit opening of the vapor chamber in accordance with the invention in the preferred embodiment.
  • To effectively seal the ends of the vapor chamber there is provided two sets of rolls at opposite ends of the chamber. The sets of rolls permit the ingress and egress of the support material, such as web while forming a movable seal for the vapor chamber.
  • both the bottom entrance roll 51 and bottom exit roll 52 are mounted on shafts 53 and 54, respectively, which extend through the end plates and are journaled in suitable bearings 55 mounted on flanged bearing brackets 56 secured to the end plates.
  • the upper entrance roll 61 and the upper exit roll 62 are mounted on shafts 63 and 64, respectively, extending through the end plates and journaled in bearings 55 mounted in flanged bearing brackets 66 and 67, respectively adjustably secured by screws 57 to the end plates, whereby the upper rolls are adapted to move with respect to the bottom rolls and cooperate with their respective bottom rolls or with a sheet of sup ort material sandwiched therebetween to effectively seal a part of the entrance and exit openings of the vapor chamber.
  • both the top and bottom cover plates have attached to their inner surfaces a pad of foam rubber 71 and, to the inner surface of the foam rubber, a sheet 72 of material having an abhesive characteristic, such as a sheet preferably made of polytetrohaloethylene synthetic resin or other high melting-point synthetic resins, which is biased by the foam rubber into surface contact with the peripheral surface of the rolls.
  • the sheet 72 is preferably made of a chemically inert non-porous and non-absorbent relatively hard and generally form-retaining wax-like synthetic resin which is slightly elastic under low stress and which is capable of cold-flowing under greater stress, and which is capable of sliding over a surface in the manner of self-lubricating relationship therewith.
  • polytetrahaloethylene synthetic resins are polytetrafluoroethylene which is sold commercially by the E. I. duPont de Nemours Company under the trademark name Teflon, and polytrifluorochloroethylene, which is sold commercially by the M. W. Kellogg Co, under the name of Kel-F.
  • sheets 74 also made of a material having abhesive characteristics biased into contact with the ends of the rolls by means of a foam rubber pad 73 secured to floating end plates 75 adjustably positioned within the chamber by means of screws 76 threaded through nuts 79 secured as by welding to the end plates, the reduced portion of the screw extending into suitable apertures formed in the floating end plates 75.
  • the entrance and exit rolls are driven in synchronization to the speed of movement of web 25 by a suitable drive means such as motor 31.
  • Shafts 53 and 54 are shown connected operatively to motor 31 by belt 77, which runs on pulleys 78 fixedly mounted on the right-hand ends of shafts 53 and 54, as seen in FIGS. 2 and 3, and to a pulley 79 driven by the motor 31.
  • the motor is connected to a source of electric power and is controlled by switching means (not shown).
  • the upper entrance and exit rolls are driven in synchronization with the bottom rolls by means of gears 81 fixed to the left outboard ends of the shafts as seen in FIG. 3.
  • part of the image carried by the support material will stick, in the embodiment shown, to the surface of the upper exit roll, so that as the next sheet contacts the uper exit roll, the tackified image partly removed from the first sheet Will partly transfer to the next sheet and at the same time part of the tackified image from the next sheet would adhere to the upper exit roll.
  • This process is commonly referred to in the printing art as set off or offset, the latter term being preferred.
  • a roll type actuator is used to supply a thin film of offset preventing liquid such as silicone oil to the upper exit roll.
  • a roll type actuator is used to supply a thin film of offset preventing liquid such as silicone oil to the upper exit roll.
  • an applicator roll 82 mounted on axle 83 which extends through slot formed at an angle to the horizontal plane in the end plates, and is journaled in the slot formed in the flanged bearing bracket 67, whereby the applicator roll is adapted to rotate in peripheral contact with the surface of the upper exit roll.
  • the applicator roll 82 is driven in timed relation to the upper exit roll by gear 84 secured to one end of the applicator roll axle 83, the gear 84 engaging a second gear 81 on the right-hand end of shaft 64 of the upper exit roll.
  • a paper guide 93 secured at opposite ends to plates 41 and 42.
  • an entrance guide 94 is provided in front, in terms of paper travel, of the entrance rolls.
  • the entrance and exit rolls contacting the powder image onthe support material may be made of various materials, in the preferred embodiment the image contacting entrance roll, the upper entrance roll 61, as shown, is coated with a layer of Teflon.
  • the image contacting exit roll, upper exit roll 62, as shown, may be bare metal, such as a brass roll, having a smooth satin finish so the silicone oil will spread over the peripheral sur face of the roll in a thin, continuous layer.
  • the peripheral surface of this roll may also be coated with Teflon, slightly roughened by polishing with a crocus cloth abrasive wetted with silicone oil to permit a more uniform wetting of this roll with silicone oil by the applicator roll to prevent toner otfset.
  • Both the Teflon and silicone oil have such physical characteristics so that they are substantially abhesive to dry or tackified xerog'raphic developing materials.
  • Abhesive is a relatively new term that was coined by Dow Corning Corporation, primarily in connection with their silicones to define a surface that has release characteristics such that it is highly repellant to sticky or tacky substances, The word is adopted in this sense herein and is so used through the disclosure.
  • Apparatus for fixing a powder image to the surface of a support material said apparatus including walls defining a vapor chamber having an ingress opening and an egress opening therein, seal means'positioned to partly seal said ingress opening and said egress opening, each of said seal means including a first roll and a second roll rotating said first roll and said second roll in cooperative relation to feed a support material therebetween, vapor generating means connected to said vapor chamber for generating an atmosphere of solvent vapor within said vapor chamber, and means to apply an offset preventing liquid to said second roll of said seal means partly closing said egress opening.
  • Apparatus for fixing a powder image to the surface of a support material said apparatus including a top wall, side walls, a bottom Wall and movable end walls defining a vapor chamber having an ingress opening and an egress opening therein, each of said movable end walls including a pair of rolls journaled for rotation, said rolls being mounted parallel to each other, one of said rolls being movable radially with respect to said other one of said rolls, drive means for rotating said rolls in cooperative relation to each other to feed a support material therebetween, vapor generating means connected to said vapor chamber for generating an atmosphere of solvent vapor within said vapor chamber, and means to apply an oflfset preventing liquid to the one of said rolls contacting a powder image on a support material forwarded between said rolls at said egress opening.
  • Apparatus for fixing a powder image to the surface of a supportmaterial said apparatus including a top wall, side walls, a bottom wall and movable end walls defining a vapor chamber, said movable end walls adapted to provide an ingress opening and an egress opening to the interior of said vapor chamber, each of said movable end Walls including a first roll and a second roll journaled for rotation, said second roll being mounted parallel to said first roll and movable radially with respect to said first roll from a first position in contact with each other to a second position in spaced relation to each other for passage of a support material therebetween; drive means for rotating said first roll andsaid second roll in cooperative relation to feed a supportmaterial therebetween, vapor generating means connected to said vapor chamber for generating an atmosphere of solvent vapor within said .vapor chamber, and means to apply an offset preventing 4.
  • Apparatus for fixing a powder image to the surface said apparatus including a top wall, side walls, a bottom wall and movable end walls defining
  • said apparatus including a top wall, side walls, a bottom wall and movable end walls defining a vapor chamber having an ingress opening and an egress opening therein, each of said movable end walls including a pair of rolls journaled for rotation, said rolls being mounted parallel to each other, one of said rolls being movable radially with respect to said other one of said rolls, seal means positioned in cont act with said pair of rolls of said movable end walls and said top wall, said side walls and said bottom wall; drive means for rotating said first roll and said second roll in cooperative relation to feed a support material therebetween; vapor generating means connected to said vapor chamber for generating an atmosphere of solvent vapor within said vapor chamber, and means to apply an offset preventing liquid to one of said rolls contacting a powder image on a support material forwarded between said rolls at said egress opening.
  • a movable seal adapted to partly close said opening, said movable seal including at least a first roll and a second roll adapted by rotation in cooperative relation toeach other to forward a support material from said vapor chamber and means to apply an offset preventing liquid to said second roll.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fixing For Electrophotography (AREA)
US120613A 1961-06-29 1961-06-29 Xerographic fixing apparatus Expired - Lifetime US3132047A (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US120613A US3132047A (en) 1961-06-29 1961-06-29 Xerographic fixing apparatus
GB25042/62A GB1012444A (en) 1961-06-29 1962-06-29 Improvements in apparatus for fixing powder images
DE1571130A DE1571130C3 (de) 1961-06-29 1962-06-29 Vorrichtung zur Fixierung von Pulverbildern aus einem unter der Einwirkung eines Lösungsmitteldampfes klebrig werdenden Material auf einem Trägerkörper

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US120613A US3132047A (en) 1961-06-29 1961-06-29 Xerographic fixing apparatus

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US3132047A true US3132047A (en) 1964-05-05

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Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3215116A (en) * 1962-08-15 1965-11-02 Xerox Corp Vapor fusing apparatus
US3291466A (en) * 1964-09-30 1966-12-13 Xerox Corp Xerographic fixing device
US3340091A (en) * 1966-03-21 1967-09-05 Morton Int Inc Laminate of a polyolefin substrate and a surface coating of a copolymer of an olefin monomer and a polar monomer
US3340618A (en) * 1965-05-17 1967-09-12 Quik Chek Electronics And Phot Hinged dryer assembly
US3364594A (en) * 1965-07-08 1968-01-23 Addressograph Multigraph Drying processed photographic material
US3437032A (en) * 1965-07-01 1969-04-08 Xerox Corp Heated fuser roll
DE2032370A1 (de) * 1969-07-03 1971-01-14 Xerox Corp , Rochester N Y (VStA) Vorrichtung zur Entfernung von Pulver material von einer Flache
US3566076A (en) * 1969-07-03 1971-02-23 Xerox Corp Toner fixing apparatus
DE2111509A1 (de) * 1970-03-10 1971-09-23 Canon Kk Reinigungseinrichtung fuer elektrofotografische Geraete
US3716018A (en) * 1969-10-09 1973-02-13 Ricoh Kk Device for heating and fixing toner images upon a recording medium
US3903320A (en) * 1974-01-03 1975-09-02 Xerox Corp Electrostatographic development method for pressure fixable toners
US3942266A (en) * 1973-03-05 1976-03-09 Xerox Corporation Method and apparatus for fixing toner images
FR2328226A1 (fr) * 1975-10-14 1977-05-13 Xerox Corp Dispositif de fusion pour une machine xerographique de reproduction de documents
US4043052A (en) * 1973-03-05 1977-08-23 Xerox Corporation Method and apparatus for fixing toner images
FR2421411A1 (fr) * 1978-03-29 1979-10-26 Xerox Corp Dispositif d'application d'agent separateur pour dispositif de fusion a rouleaux de machine de reprographie xerographique
JPS557795A (en) * 1978-06-28 1980-01-19 Xerox Corp Contact fusion device
JPS59220767A (ja) * 1983-05-30 1984-12-12 Sharp Corp 転写部の用紙剥離装置

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102007013637B4 (de) * 2007-03-19 2018-12-20 Ewald Dörken Ag Verfahren zum Beschichten von metallischen Werkstücken

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2384500A (en) * 1942-07-08 1945-09-11 Crown Cork & Seal Co Apparatus and method of coating
US2726166A (en) * 1953-12-30 1955-12-06 Ibm Method for fixing xerographic prints
US2776907A (en) * 1952-07-18 1957-01-08 Battelle Development Corp Method of fixing electrostatic powder image
US2950502A (en) * 1956-10-09 1960-08-30 Congoleum Nairn Inc Process of imparting smoothness to the surface of a thermoplastic sheet

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2384500A (en) * 1942-07-08 1945-09-11 Crown Cork & Seal Co Apparatus and method of coating
US2776907A (en) * 1952-07-18 1957-01-08 Battelle Development Corp Method of fixing electrostatic powder image
US2726166A (en) * 1953-12-30 1955-12-06 Ibm Method for fixing xerographic prints
US2950502A (en) * 1956-10-09 1960-08-30 Congoleum Nairn Inc Process of imparting smoothness to the surface of a thermoplastic sheet

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3215116A (en) * 1962-08-15 1965-11-02 Xerox Corp Vapor fusing apparatus
US3291466A (en) * 1964-09-30 1966-12-13 Xerox Corp Xerographic fixing device
US3340618A (en) * 1965-05-17 1967-09-12 Quik Chek Electronics And Phot Hinged dryer assembly
US3437032A (en) * 1965-07-01 1969-04-08 Xerox Corp Heated fuser roll
US3364594A (en) * 1965-07-08 1968-01-23 Addressograph Multigraph Drying processed photographic material
US3340091A (en) * 1966-03-21 1967-09-05 Morton Int Inc Laminate of a polyolefin substrate and a surface coating of a copolymer of an olefin monomer and a polar monomer
DE2032370A1 (de) * 1969-07-03 1971-01-14 Xerox Corp , Rochester N Y (VStA) Vorrichtung zur Entfernung von Pulver material von einer Flache
US3566076A (en) * 1969-07-03 1971-02-23 Xerox Corp Toner fixing apparatus
US3716018A (en) * 1969-10-09 1973-02-13 Ricoh Kk Device for heating and fixing toner images upon a recording medium
DE2111509A1 (de) * 1970-03-10 1971-09-23 Canon Kk Reinigungseinrichtung fuer elektrofotografische Geraete
US3942266A (en) * 1973-03-05 1976-03-09 Xerox Corporation Method and apparatus for fixing toner images
US4043052A (en) * 1973-03-05 1977-08-23 Xerox Corporation Method and apparatus for fixing toner images
US3903320A (en) * 1974-01-03 1975-09-02 Xerox Corp Electrostatographic development method for pressure fixable toners
FR2328226A1 (fr) * 1975-10-14 1977-05-13 Xerox Corp Dispositif de fusion pour une machine xerographique de reproduction de documents
FR2421411A1 (fr) * 1978-03-29 1979-10-26 Xerox Corp Dispositif d'application d'agent separateur pour dispositif de fusion a rouleaux de machine de reprographie xerographique
JPS557795A (en) * 1978-06-28 1980-01-19 Xerox Corp Contact fusion device
JPH0223866B2 (de) * 1978-06-28 1990-05-25 Xerox Corp
JPS59220767A (ja) * 1983-05-30 1984-12-12 Sharp Corp 転写部の用紙剥離装置

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Publication number Publication date
DE1571130C3 (de) 1974-03-14
DE1571130A1 (de) 1970-11-26
DE1571130B2 (de) 1973-03-29
GB1012444A (en) 1965-12-08

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