US3053237A - Furnace lining - Google Patents

Furnace lining Download PDF

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Publication number
US3053237A
US3053237A US850206A US85020659A US3053237A US 3053237 A US3053237 A US 3053237A US 850206 A US850206 A US 850206A US 85020659 A US85020659 A US 85020659A US 3053237 A US3053237 A US 3053237A
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United States
Prior art keywords
studs
refractory
tubes
layer
furnace
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US850206A
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English (en)
Inventor
Frederick H N Carter
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Sunrod Manuf Corp
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Sunrod Manuf Corp
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Sunrod Manuf Corp filed Critical Sunrod Manuf Corp
Priority to US850206A priority Critical patent/US3053237A/en
Priority to SE91760A priority patent/SE205737C1/xx
Priority to GB33896/60A priority patent/GB898532A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3053237A publication Critical patent/US3053237A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D1/00—Casings; Linings; Walls; Roofs
    • F27D1/18—Door frames; Doors, lids or removable covers
    • F27D1/1808—Removable covers
    • F27D1/1816—Removable covers specially adapted for arc furnaces
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F23M5/00—Casings; Linings; Walls
    • F23M5/06—Crowns or roofs for combustion chambers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D1/00—Casings; Linings; Walls; Roofs
    • F27D1/14—Supports for linings
    • F27D1/141—Anchors therefor

Definitions

  • This invention relates to electrc arc steel furnaces and especially to a lining, such as a cover or -roof therefor, which will operate longer and more efficiently than covers presently in use.
  • Removable covers for steel furnaces are lined on the underside with refractory material put in place by casting or in the form of bricks. Building the lining from bricks is expensive, requiring care in shaping the lining in a domed shape and in fastening 'the bricks to the cover. Such linings are apt to be heavy and, therefore, diflicult to move.
  • a refractory known in the art as a high alumina castable may be -used to form the r-efractory layer in the cover.
  • lt may be prepared as a liquid and spread over the surface of the cover after inverting the same, much as concrete is spread in a mold in constructing a floor. It is not necessary to cast such -refractories in a domed shape. Cast refractories are subject to deep cracking or crazing in use, however, and thereby may become separated into a fairly large number of irregular chunks or sections. It is desirable to hold the cast refractory in such a manner that these chunks will not fall from the cover into the molten metal.
  • Cast refractories are subject to fairly rapid erosion due to the high radiant temperature to which they are exposed.
  • the temperature inside a steel furnace is in the neighborhood of 3,000 F., which is close to the breakdown temperature of the refractory lining of the cover. Cooling of the refractory layer is desirable, but excessive cooling spells a loss of power because what is taken out by the cooling medium must -be supplied by the arcs. Therefore, it is desirable to reduce radiant heat transfer to the cover by maintaining the surface of the refractory layer exposed to the molten metal at as high a temperature as possible without producing speedy disintegration.
  • cooling pipes are placed above or imbedded in the refractory, due to the low conductivity thereof, they may be of little assistance to the bottom surface which is exposed to the high radiant heat from the arcs and mix contained in the bottom of the furnace.
  • the present invention has as an object the production of a cover which includes cooling pipes with heat conductivity studs imbedded in the refractory which mechanically support the refractory and cool the surface thereof only enough to prevent disintegration without removing so much heat as to make it necessary to supply excess current to the arcs.
  • Another object is to make a self compensating refractory surface which will automatically assume a satisfactory balance between minimum power loss at the arcs and long life for the refractory surface.
  • Another object is the provision of heat conducting studs which are so located relative to the cooling pipes and the cast refractory that even if deep cracks in the refractory occur the resulting chunks or sections will be held in place by the studs.
  • Another object is the provson of cooling studs which Patented Sept. 11, 1962 will bind the refractory to the cooling pipes without the necessity of leaving spaces between individual cooling pipes for fastening means extending from above the cooling pipes into the cast refractory.
  • a further object is to provide a relatively large area of contact between the refractory and the metal cooling coils and studs.
  • cover sections constructed in accordance with the present invention have lasted three or four times as long as adjacent conventional cover sections and have done so without any increase in power consumption at the arcs.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view in vertical cross section of an electrc arc steel furnace
  • FIG. 2 is a -detail enlarged view of the right hand side of the cover or roof shown in FIG. l;
  • FIG. 3 is an enlarged partial section through 3-3 of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 4 is a transverse sectional view through the cooling tubes of FIG. 2, showing the studs attached to the tubes and a layer of refractory material;
  • FIG. 5 is a plan 'view of a portion of the tubes and studs of the cover or roof before the refractory material is applied thereto;
  • FIG. 6 is a view similar to FIG. 5 showing another type or form of stud.
  • F is an electrc arc steel furnace
  • 1 is the body thereof which is made of or at least lined with refractory material
  • 2 and 3 are electrodes projecting downwardly through the roof or cover into the interior of the furnace.
  • the present invention has to do with the design and Construction of the roof or cov er.
  • the cover as shown at C, consists of a supporting framework which includes a steel box member 5 adapted to rest on the upper wall 1 of the body of the furnace F.
  • This frame member may be some other cross section such as a channel or I-beam.
  • the boX Construction shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 has been found satisfactory.
  • Resting on the box section member 5 are a plurality of I-beams 6.
  • These support inverted short U-shaped members 7 which in turn support long inverted U-shaped members 8 arranged parallel to the I-beam member 6.
  • Members 6, 7 and 8 are all welded together as shown in FIG. 3.
  • Members 8 support the cooling tubes shown at 10. These are arranged side by side to cover most of the area of the roof and as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, may be arranged vertically, one on top of the other around the openings for the electrodes.
  • cooling tubes 1 1] ⁇ Due to the high temperatures involved, it is desirable to support the cooling tubes 1 1] ⁇ to allow for contraction and expansion. This is accomplished by welding U-shaped straps shown at 11, to the upper side of the tubes as the cover is arranged for furnace operation. Corresponding openings are furnished in the members 8, as shown at 12, which o-penings are designed to accommodate the straps 11 -so that they may pass'freely through the openings. Each strap with the attached tube is drawn snugly up against the member 8 by means of a Wedge 15, shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. In this manner the rows of cooling tubes are more or less flexibly supported on the members 8.
  • the vertically arranged tubes around the openings for the electrodes may be supported on the horizontal rows of tubes or by a suitable vertical support attached to the members 8 or 6.
  • the design of the supporting members may be varied to accommodate the shape of the cover and the number of electrodes in use. It is necessary that the -supporting structure be strong enough to hold the cooling tubes so that undue strain will not be put -upon them when the cover is moved. At the same time sufficient flexibility should be provided so that various parts of the cover may expand and contract under the temperature changes.
  • studs 20 Attached to the cooling tubes and depending therefrom when the cover is in use, are studs 20 which project downwardly from the tubes and are disposed at an angle to the vertical plane through the axis of the tube and preferably alternate studs project on alternate sides of this vertical plane, as shown in FIGS. 2, 4, and 6.
  • the base of the studs where they join the tubes may be thought of as being located on some of the squares of a checkerboard in rows running from left to right and columns from top to bottom. Each tube has two rows of such an imaginary checkerboard.
  • the basic pattern for the studs which is repeated over the whole area of the tubes (except the edges and where tubes bend, where extra studs .are displaced or added) contains sixteen squares or possible 'stud locations in ⁇ four rows and four columns. If the rows are numbered from one to four proceeding from the top down and the columns from one to four with the first column on the left, there is a stud located in row one, column four and slanted toward the top of the figure. A second stud, slanted toward the bottom of the figure, is in row two, column three, a third, slanted toward the top in row three, column one, and a fourth, slanted toward the bottom in row four, column two. The remaining twelve squares are empty.
  • This arrangement of studs is repeated like a wallpaper pattern over much of the watercooled surface which is forrned by the tubes.
  • the pattern allows all studs in a given row to slant in the same direction and those in adjacent rows to slant in opposite directions.
  • an interlocking pattern is produced and yet all studs can be welded perpendicular to the surfaces of the circular tubes, as is most clearly shown in FIG. 4. It is desirable to have the base of the stud where it jons the cooling pipe or tube, of a larger cross section than the outer end of the stud, because the inner end of the stud against the tube normally carries a higher heat flow than the outer end of the stud.
  • FIG. 5 shows studs which have a more or less rectangular cross section but decreasing in cross sectional area from the tube to the outer end of the stud.
  • FIG. 6 shows a slight modification wherein the studs have the sh-ape of truncated cones as shown at 21.
  • Studs 20 and 21 may be used in many different shapes and arrangements but should be designed and disposed in relation to the tubes and to each other so that they will function efficiently to 'transfer heat from the refractory layer to the coolant at such a rate as to produce a reasonably long life in the refractory without subtracting more heat than is necessary from the arcs and the melt in the furnace. Also, the studs should be arranged so to give the maximum mechanical support to the layer of refractory. The disposition shown in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 has been found quite satisfactory and it can be seen -from FIG. 4 that the overlapping studs produce a criss cross arrangement which serves well to support the refractory.
  • the surface of the studs 20 and 21 may have an irregular shape; for instance, concentric ridges could be formed on the surface or a slightly bulbous or enlarged end could be used to further enhance the mechanical supporting function of the studs.
  • the arrangement disclosed in ⁇ FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 operates efliciently and it produces an interlaced reinforcement which serves to hold together the refractory layer even after it is cracked in places due to the -severe service imposed -by the high temperatures.
  • the spacing between the tubes is not critical because the studs overlap one another and overlap the space .between the tubes.
  • the tubes may be spaced very close together because there is no need to imbed them all the way in the refractory. They can also be spaced apart because the outer ends of the studs overlap each other and distribute the cooling effort throughout the layer of refractory material.
  • the cover carries a layer of refractory material, as shown .at 30 in FIGS. 2 and 4, and a cast type of refractory is desirable for the present invention.
  • a cast type of refractory is desirable for the present invention.
  • the cover is removed from the furnace and turned upside down.
  • the cast refractory is then poured into place as one might pour cement into a mould. It has been found that if the refractory is poured to a depth of about one inch above the outer ends of the studs, satisfactory operation will be obtained.
  • cast refractory such as that known as high alumina castable can be used for the purpose of this invention.
  • Such castable refractory ⁇ is supplied by the General Refractories Co., under the name Special High Alumina Castable and by the Babcock and Wilcox Co., under the name Kaocrete-32.
  • the cover is ready to be replaced on the furnace and 'put to use.
  • the studs serve to mechanically hold the refractory in place and even though it may become cracked in use it is unlikely that any substantial part of the refractory layer will actually drop ofi into the mix.
  • the studs also serve along with the cooling tubes to cool the refractory layer but the cooling tubes and studs do more than merely cool. They provide a structure along 'with the refractory layer which automatically maintains the optimum temperature for the refractory layer. This optimum temperature is a 'balance between too little cooling on one hand and too much on the other. If the layer is cooled too much, it absorbs the reflected heat from the arcs and the mix, which heat in turn must be supplied 'by the arcs with resulting inefficiency. If the refractory layer is not cooled enough, it will break down, soften, crack and fall off into the mix which, of course, requires frequent renewal and consequent shut downs of the furnace.
  • a furnace lining comprising rows of interconnected cooling tubes, studs projecting from said tubes toward the interior of the furnace when the lining is in Operating position and a layer of refractory material enclosing said studs and located between said tubes and the interior of said furnace, the improvement wherein said studs are long enough and so slanted from a plane at right angles to the layer of refractory material and passing through the longitudinal axis of the tube from which the stud projects as to overlap studs projecting in the opposite slanting direction from an adjacent tube, when viewed in a plane at right angles to the longitudinal axs of said tubes, to an extent so that the ends of overlapping studs project beyond each other and into the portions of said layer of refractory material surrounding the overlapping studs sufiiciently to lock said portions against sep aration from the rest of said layer of refractory material.
  • the studs join the tubes in an overall pattern, characterized by a repetition of a basic pattern, said basic pattern being of rectangular Outline and having sixteen possible stud position-s arranged in four columns and four rows, the rows being parallel to one side of the rectangular Outline and the columns parallel to an adjacent side of the rectangular Outline; the points of attachment of the studs to the tubes being located only as tollows: a first stud in the first row, fourth column; a second .stud in the second row, third column; a third stud in the third row, first column; and a *fourth stud in the fourth row, second column; the axis of the studs of -a column lying in an imaginary plane, said imaginary plane ⁇ being perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tubes and containing the column, the axis of each stud being slanted out of a direction perpendicular to the layer of refractory material, the first and third toward one end of the column and the
  • a furnace lining comprising rows of interconnected cooling tubes -arr anged in a single plane, studs projecting from said tubes toward the interior of the furnace when the lining is in Operating position and a layer of refractory material enclosing said studs and located between said tubes and the interior of said urnace
  • said studs are long enough and so slanted from a plane at right angles to the layer of refractory material and passing through the longitudinal axis of the tube from which the stud projects as to overlap studs projecting in the opposite slanting direction from an adjacent tube, when viewed in a plane at right angles to the longitudinal -axis of said tubes, to an extent so that the ends of overlapping studs project beyond each other near ly to -a plane at right angles to the layer of refractory material and passing through the longitudinal axis of an adjacent .tube.
  • a furnace lining comprising rows of interconnected cooling tubes, studs projecting from said tubes toward the interior of the furnace when the lining -is in Operating position and a layer of refractory material enclosing said studs and located between said studs and the interior of said furnace
  • said studs are long enough and so slanted from a plane at right angles to the layer of refractory material and passing through the longitudinal axis of the tube from which the stud projects as to overlap studs projeoting in the opposite slanting direction from an adjacent tube, when viewed in a plane at right angles to the longitudinal axs of said tubes, to an extent so that the ends of overlapping studs project beyond each other and into the portions of said layer of refractory material surrounding the overlapping studs sufiiciently to lock said portions against sep-aration from the rest of said layer of refractory material, and wherein said studs each have a maximum cross-section where joined to said tube and minimum
  • a furrace cover comprising rows of interconnected cooling tubes, studs projecting from said tubes toward the interior of the furnace when the cover is in Operating position and a layer of refractory material enclosing said studs and located between said tubes and the interior of said furnace, :the improvement wherein said studs are 'long enough and so slanted from a plane at right angles to the layer of refractory material and passing through the longitudinal axis of the tube from which the stud projects as to overlap studs projecting in the opposite slanting direction from an adjacent tube, when viewed in a plane at right angles to the longitudinal axis of said tube, to an extent so that the ends of overlapping studs project beyond each other and into the portions of said layer of refractory material surrounding the overlapping studs sufliciently to lock said portions against separaton from the rest of said layer of refractory material.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Furnace Housings, Linings, Walls, And Ceilings (AREA)
  • Vertical, Hearth, Or Arc Furnaces (AREA)
US850206A 1959-11-02 1959-11-02 Furnace lining Expired - Lifetime US3053237A (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US850206A US3053237A (en) 1959-11-02 1959-11-02 Furnace lining
SE91760A SE205737C1 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1959-11-02 1960-01-30
GB33896/60A GB898532A (en) 1959-11-02 1960-10-03 Electric are furnace cover

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US850206A US3053237A (en) 1959-11-02 1959-11-02 Furnace lining

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US3053237A true US3053237A (en) 1962-09-11

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GB (1) GB898532A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
SE (1) SE205737C1 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3214154A (en) * 1962-09-19 1965-10-26 Sunrod Mfg Furnace roof door structure
DE2805263A1 (de) * 1977-02-08 1978-08-17 Daido Steel Co Ltd Wassergekuehlter ofendeckel
DE2758755A1 (de) * 1977-12-29 1979-07-12 Elektrometallurgitscheskij Z D Kuehlbares gewoelbe eines elektroofens
DE2924991A1 (de) * 1979-06-21 1981-01-15 Lentjes Dampfkessel Ferd Wassergekuehltes ofenwandelement
US4553114A (en) * 1983-08-29 1985-11-12 Amp Incorporated Encapsulated printed circuit board filter
EP2693144A4 (en) * 2011-03-30 2014-09-17 Hyundai Steel Co ROOF FOR ELECTRIC OVEN
US9086240B2 (en) 2012-05-29 2015-07-21 Ati Properties, Inc. Articulating hold down mechanism for a furnace

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2631982C2 (de) * 1976-07-16 1982-05-06 Fuchs, Gerhard, 7601 Willstätt Lichtbogenschmelzofen
DE2759713C2 (de) * 1977-10-11 1983-10-27 Mannesmann AG, 4000 Düsseldorf Gefäßdeckel für einen Metallschmelzofen, insbesondere elektrischen Lichtbogenofen
FI811763A7 (fi) * 1981-06-05 1982-12-06 Outokumpu Oy Sähköuunin holvi.
DE102012004868A1 (de) 2012-03-13 2013-09-19 Kme Germany Gmbh & Co. Kg Kühlelement für einen Schmelzofen

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2190271A (en) * 1937-01-21 1940-02-13 Johns Manville Method and apparatus for melting rock and making products therefrom
US2360855A (en) * 1941-04-12 1944-10-24 Babcock & Wilcox Co Metallurgical furnace
US2648714A (en) * 1950-04-01 1953-08-11 American Cyanamid Co Hood for electric furnace
DE1053707B (de) * 1943-03-08 1959-03-26 Babcock & Wilcox Dampfkessel Schmelzkammerfeuerung fuer Wasserrohrkessel

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2190271A (en) * 1937-01-21 1940-02-13 Johns Manville Method and apparatus for melting rock and making products therefrom
US2360855A (en) * 1941-04-12 1944-10-24 Babcock & Wilcox Co Metallurgical furnace
DE1053707B (de) * 1943-03-08 1959-03-26 Babcock & Wilcox Dampfkessel Schmelzkammerfeuerung fuer Wasserrohrkessel
US2648714A (en) * 1950-04-01 1953-08-11 American Cyanamid Co Hood for electric furnace

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3214154A (en) * 1962-09-19 1965-10-26 Sunrod Mfg Furnace roof door structure
DE2805263A1 (de) * 1977-02-08 1978-08-17 Daido Steel Co Ltd Wassergekuehlter ofendeckel
DE2758755A1 (de) * 1977-12-29 1979-07-12 Elektrometallurgitscheskij Z D Kuehlbares gewoelbe eines elektroofens
DE2924991A1 (de) * 1979-06-21 1981-01-15 Lentjes Dampfkessel Ferd Wassergekuehltes ofenwandelement
US4553114A (en) * 1983-08-29 1985-11-12 Amp Incorporated Encapsulated printed circuit board filter
EP2693144A4 (en) * 2011-03-30 2014-09-17 Hyundai Steel Co ROOF FOR ELECTRIC OVEN
US10132566B2 (en) 2011-03-30 2018-11-20 Hyundai Steel Company Roof for electric furnace
US9086240B2 (en) 2012-05-29 2015-07-21 Ati Properties, Inc. Articulating hold down mechanism for a furnace
US9377241B2 (en) 2012-05-29 2016-06-28 Ati Properties, Inc. Articulating hold down mechanism for a furnace
US9995485B2 (en) 2012-05-29 2018-06-12 Ati Properties Llc Articulating hold down mechanism for a furnace

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
SE205737C1 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1966-06-28
GB898532A (en) 1962-06-14

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