US3024379A - Arrangement for accelerating particles - Google Patents

Arrangement for accelerating particles Download PDF

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Publication number
US3024379A
US3024379A US855651A US85565159A US3024379A US 3024379 A US3024379 A US 3024379A US 855651 A US855651 A US 855651A US 85565159 A US85565159 A US 85565159A US 3024379 A US3024379 A US 3024379A
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United States
Prior art keywords
particles
regenerator
paths
compressor
magnetic field
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Expired - Lifetime
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US855651A
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English (en)
Inventor
Verster Nico Frederick
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US Philips Corp
North American Philips Co Inc
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US Philips Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H13/00—Magnetic resonance accelerators; Cyclotrons

Definitions

  • This invention relates to arrangements for accelerating particles, of the cyclotron type having a magnetic main field which is substantially independent of the azimuthal angle, comprising a device for extracting accelerated particles from the spiralised paths, having a regenerator ferromagnetic material which causes the magnetic field outside the spiralised paths to be increased through a small azimuthal angle.
  • cyclotrons and synchro-cyclotrons of known type the accelerated particles are often extracted from the acceleration path by utilising only the aboveanentioned regenerator.
  • a socalled peeler which causes the magnetic field outside the spiralised paths to be decreased through a small azimuthal angle and which, as viewed in the direction of circulation of the accelerated particles, is situated before the regenerator, that is to say, as measured azimuthally, about 90 before the regenerator. Between this peeler and the regenerator there is located the mouth of the channel for the emergence of the particles.
  • An object of the invention is to provide a cyclotron or synchro-cyclotron having a device for extracting the accelerated particles such that satisfactory radial concentration into a beam is obtained for a considerable proportion, for example at least 20%, of the particles, while retaining reasonable restriction of the deviations in the axial direction.
  • the arrangement according to the invention is characterized in that, as viewed in the direction of circulation of the accelerated particles, within an azimuthal angle of about 60 after the regenerator, there are provided means of ferromagnetic material for restricting the paths in an axial direction, these restricting means causing the decrease of the magnetic field upon increasing radius to be intensified through a small azimuthal angle in the region of the last path of the particles.
  • FIG. 1 is a plan view of part of an arrangement of the cyclotron type, of which only those elements are shown which are necessary for proper understanding of the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view along the radius 2-2 at right angles to the plane of drawing of FIG. 1, but on an enlarged scale.
  • FIG. 3 shows the variation in strength of the magnetic field along the radius 22 in the central plane of the cyclotron, along the horizontal axis on the same scale as FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view along the radius 3-3 at right angles to the plane of drawing of FIG. 1, on the same scale as FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 5 shows the variation in strength of the magnetic field along the radius 3-3 in the central plane of the cyclotron, along the horizontal axis on the same scale as FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 6 shows, in rectangular co-ordinates, the cause of the radial paths of three particles during the end of the pre-ultimate revolution and during the ultimate revolotion
  • FIG. 7 shows, in rectangular co-ordinates, the cause of the axial paths of four particles during the end of the pre-ultimate revolution and during the ultimate revolution.
  • reference numeral 1 indicates the circumference of one of the pole-pieces of the cyclotron.
  • One of the D-electrodes is indicated by 4.
  • the second electrode 5 is in known manner of the dummy-D type. Between the two electrodes there is included an alternating voltage source which is shown diagrammatically at 6. The frequency of the alternating voltage applied is constant in a classic cyclotron, whereas it is varied in a synchrocyclotron.
  • the particles to be accelerated such as protons, deutrons or alpha-particles are injected in known manner into the central portion of the cyclotron.
  • the particles By the action of the constant magnetic field, which is substantially at right angles to the plane of the drawing, together with the electric alternating field between the electrodes 4 and 5, the particles describe spiralised paths which, in the case under consideration, are traversed in the clockwise direction.
  • the present invention relates to arrangements, the magnetic main field of which, that is to say, the field produced by the pole-pieces, is substantially independent of the azimuthal angle, so that the magnetic field is substantially of equal strength at all points of a circle about the centre 7, located in a plane parallel to the central plane.
  • regenerator 8 which also utilises correcting bodies 10, 11, 12, 13 positioned more inwards for the purpose of correcting the orbital travel of the particles.
  • the regenerator and correcting means will be explained hereinafter with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3.
  • FIG. 1 shows one embodiment approximately to scale, in which the diameter of the pole-pieces is 300 cms.
  • the largest radial dimension of regenerator 8 is about 12 cms. and the length of the regenerator, that is to say at right angles to the radius 22, is about 20 cms., so that the azimuthal angle of the regenerator in the present example is about 12.5..
  • the compressor 9 which, as measured azimuthally, is arranged about 30 further, has a largest radial dimension of about 3 cms., which is shown too large for the sake of clarity. In the azimuthal direction, the compressor has a length of about cms., which corresponds to an azimuthal angle of nearly 10. Insofar as reference is made to a variation in the magnetic field through a small azimuthal angle, this is to be understood to mean an angle which in practical cases is usually less than 30.
  • the regenerator 8 comprises two parts arranged symmetrically with respect to the centre plane 21 of the cyclotron.
  • the correcting bodies 10, 11, 12 and 13 also comprise parts which are arranged symmetrically. As in the case of the regenerator 8, they are made of ferromagnetic material. It is common practice for the bodies 8, 10, 11, 12, and 13 to be rigidly secured to the polepieces 19 and 20 by means of non-magnetic member 34.
  • the envelope 33 encloses the evacuated chamber.
  • the equilibrium paths of the particles extend at the left-hand side of point 22, which corresponds to the circle 17 of FIG. 1. All the further paths of the particle extend in the region between points 22 and 23, the particle upon being extracted subsequently entering the zone outside point 24.
  • the curve shown in FIG. 3 shows the variation AB in the vertical component of the magnetic field in the centre plane 21 along the radius 22, which variation is brought about by regenerator 8 and the correcting means 10, 11, 12 and 13.
  • the regenerator increases the magnetic field outside the spiralised paths. The decrease of the field which then occurs more inwards is corrected by the field of the bodies 10, 11, 12, 13.
  • the parts of the two pole-pieces are again indicated by 19 and 20.
  • the compressor 9 comprises one body of ferromagnetic material which is arranged symmetrically with respect to the centre plane 21.
  • Each of the correcting bodies 14, 15 and 16 comprises two parts likewise made of ferromagnetic material.
  • the compressor and correcting bodies are likewise secured to the pole pieces by member 34.
  • the equilibrium paths of the particles extend in the region to the left of point 26, the further paths of the particles passing through the region inside points 26 and 27.
  • FIG. 5 shows in full line the variation AB in the vertical component of the magnetic field in the centre plane 21 along the radius 3-3.
  • the compressor 9 decreases the magnetic field outside the spiralised paths.
  • the decrease of the field which occurs more inwards is corrected by the correcting bodies 14, 15 and 16.
  • the curve of FIG. 5 shows a negative slope at the area of the last path of the particles, that is to say, in the region directly to the left of point 27 in FIG. 4. It is to be noted that there is no need to obtain an absolute decrease of the field at this area. If, for example, the correcting body 14 is larger, a variation is obtained as shown in dotted line in FIG. 5, in which event the field though being increased at the area of the last path, still exhibits a decrease upon increasing radius.
  • the horizontal axis indicates the circle 17 of FIG. 1 of the last equilibrium path having a radius r along which the regenerator, the compressor and again the regenerator are shown diagrammatically at 0, 30 and 360 respectively.
  • the radial deviation r-r is plotted in a vertical direction.
  • the radial deviations of three particles a, b and c At the left-hand side of the regenerator at 0 there are shown the radial deviations of three particles a, b and c at the end of the last paths described by them before describing the path in which they are extracted. Between the paths of the particles a and c are the paths of about 40% of the particles of the beam.
  • the particles in traversing the regenerator undergo a deviation which is strongly directed inwards. After part of one revolution, the paths of the particles before the regenerator reach a caustic focus, as shown at 28.
  • FIG. 7 again shows, along the horizontal axis, the regenerator at 0 and 360 and the compressor at 30.
  • the deviation in the Z-direction, the axial deviation, of the particles is plotted in a vertical direction.
  • the compressor causes the paths to be greatly bent backwards towards the centre plane so that the beam is also restricted sufficiently in the axial direction.
  • the position of the compressor is also chosen so that for the majority of the particles reaching the compressor with a positive slope, the axial amplitude is also positive and that for the majority of the particles reaching the compressor with a negative slope, the axial amplitude is also negative, and that these slopes have become smaller upon leaving the compressor.
  • a particle accelerator comprising in combination an evacuated chamber, means to inject particles into said evacuated chamber, means for accelerating particles in said chamber in spiral paths including means for producing a magnetic field substantially independent of azimuthal angle and means to produce an electrostatic field, means to extract accelerated particles from said chamber, a regenerator of ferromagnetic material for producing a magnetic field in the region outside of the spiral paths which is increased through a small azimuthal angle, and ferromagnetic means for restricting the spiral paths in an axial direction positioned within an azimuthal angle of 60 after the regenerator whereby the decrease of the magnetic field with increasing radius is intensified through a small azimuthal angle in the region of the last path of the particles.
  • a particle accelerator as claimed in claim 1 in which the ferromagnetic means for restricting the spiral paths in 4.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
  • Compressors, Vaccum Pumps And Other Relevant Systems (AREA)
  • Particle Accelerators (AREA)
US855651A 1959-01-23 1959-11-27 Arrangement for accelerating particles Expired - Lifetime US3024379A (en)

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NL235411 1959-01-23

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US (1) US3024379A (es)
CH (1) CH380254A (es)
DE (1) DE1128933B (es)
FR (1) FR1246521A (es)
GB (1) GB933444A (es)
NL (2) NL235411A (es)

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3331978A (en) * 1962-05-28 1967-07-18 Varian Associates Electron beam x-ray generator with movable, fluid-cooled target
US3398385A (en) * 1964-01-22 1968-08-20 Siemens Ag Magnet structure with an air gap of variable width
US3582700A (en) * 1968-11-12 1971-06-01 Cyclotron Beam Ertraction Syst Cyclotron beam extraction system
US3789335A (en) * 1971-10-04 1974-01-29 Thomson Csf Magnetic focusing device for an isochronous cyclotron
US4353033A (en) * 1979-03-07 1982-10-05 Rikagaku Kenkyusho Magnetic pole structure of an isochronous-cyclotron
WO1997014279A1 (fr) * 1995-10-06 1997-04-17 Ion Beam Applications S.A. Methode d'extraction de particules chargees hors d'un cyclotron isochrone et dispositif appliquant cette methode
US6683426B1 (en) 1999-07-13 2004-01-27 Ion Beam Applications S.A. Isochronous cyclotron and method of extraction of charged particles from such cyclotron
WO2013098089A1 (en) 2011-12-28 2013-07-04 Ion Beam Applications S.A. Extraction device for a synchrocyclotron
JP2014038738A (ja) * 2012-08-13 2014-02-27 Sumitomo Heavy Ind Ltd サイクロトロン
US20140094637A1 (en) * 2012-09-28 2014-04-03 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Focusing a particle beam using magnetic field flutter
US9185789B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2015-11-10 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Magnetic shims to alter magnetic fields
CN105103662A (zh) * 2012-09-28 2015-11-25 梅维昂医疗系统股份有限公司 磁场再生器
US9301384B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2016-03-29 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Adjusting energy of a particle beam
US9545528B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2017-01-17 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Controlling particle therapy
US20170157425A1 (en) * 2013-12-20 2017-06-08 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Collimator and energy degrader
JP2018060803A (ja) * 2017-11-22 2018-04-12 住友重機械工業株式会社 サイクロトロン
US10254739B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2019-04-09 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Coil positioning system
US10646728B2 (en) 2015-11-10 2020-05-12 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Adaptive aperture
US10653892B2 (en) 2017-06-30 2020-05-19 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Configurable collimator controlled using linear motors
US10675487B2 (en) 2013-12-20 2020-06-09 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Energy degrader enabling high-speed energy switching
US10925147B2 (en) 2016-07-08 2021-02-16 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Treatment planning
US11103730B2 (en) 2017-02-23 2021-08-31 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Automated treatment in particle therapy

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3382391A (en) * 1964-07-15 1968-05-07 Mullard Ltd Ferromagnetic rod correction means for the magnetic field of a microtron

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2812463A (en) * 1951-10-05 1957-11-05 Lee C Teng Magnetic regenerative deflector for cyclotrons

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2812463A (en) * 1951-10-05 1957-11-05 Lee C Teng Magnetic regenerative deflector for cyclotrons

Cited By (43)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3331978A (en) * 1962-05-28 1967-07-18 Varian Associates Electron beam x-ray generator with movable, fluid-cooled target
US3398385A (en) * 1964-01-22 1968-08-20 Siemens Ag Magnet structure with an air gap of variable width
US3582700A (en) * 1968-11-12 1971-06-01 Cyclotron Beam Ertraction Syst Cyclotron beam extraction system
US3789335A (en) * 1971-10-04 1974-01-29 Thomson Csf Magnetic focusing device for an isochronous cyclotron
US4353033A (en) * 1979-03-07 1982-10-05 Rikagaku Kenkyusho Magnetic pole structure of an isochronous-cyclotron
WO1997014279A1 (fr) * 1995-10-06 1997-04-17 Ion Beam Applications S.A. Methode d'extraction de particules chargees hors d'un cyclotron isochrone et dispositif appliquant cette methode
BE1009669A3 (fr) * 1995-10-06 1997-06-03 Ion Beam Applic Sa Methode d'extraction de particules chargees hors d'un cyclotron isochrone et dispositif appliquant cette methode.
US6057655A (en) * 1995-10-06 2000-05-02 Ion Beam Applications, S.A. Method for sweeping charged particles out of an isochronous cyclotron, and device therefor
US6683426B1 (en) 1999-07-13 2004-01-27 Ion Beam Applications S.A. Isochronous cyclotron and method of extraction of charged particles from such cyclotron
WO2013098089A1 (en) 2011-12-28 2013-07-04 Ion Beam Applications S.A. Extraction device for a synchrocyclotron
JP2014038738A (ja) * 2012-08-13 2014-02-27 Sumitomo Heavy Ind Ltd サイクロトロン
US9622335B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2017-04-11 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Magnetic field regenerator
CN104813747B (zh) * 2012-09-28 2018-02-02 梅维昂医疗系统股份有限公司 使用磁场颤振聚焦粒子束
CN104813747A (zh) * 2012-09-28 2015-07-29 梅维昂医疗系统股份有限公司 使用磁场颤振聚焦粒子束
US9155186B2 (en) * 2012-09-28 2015-10-06 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Focusing a particle beam using magnetic field flutter
JP2015532510A (ja) * 2012-09-28 2015-11-09 メビオン・メディカル・システムズ・インコーポレーテッド 磁場フラッターを使用する粒子ビームの集束
US9185789B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2015-11-10 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Magnetic shims to alter magnetic fields
CN105103662A (zh) * 2012-09-28 2015-11-25 梅维昂医疗系统股份有限公司 磁场再生器
US9301384B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2016-03-29 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Adjusting energy of a particle beam
US9545528B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2017-01-17 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Controlling particle therapy
US20140094637A1 (en) * 2012-09-28 2014-04-03 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Focusing a particle beam using magnetic field flutter
US10368429B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2019-07-30 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Magnetic field regenerator
US10254739B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2019-04-09 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Coil positioning system
US9706636B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2017-07-11 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Adjusting energy of a particle beam
JP2017130470A (ja) * 2012-09-28 2017-07-27 メビオン・メディカル・システムズ・インコーポレーテッド 磁場再生器
CN104812444B (zh) * 2012-09-28 2017-11-21 梅维昂医疗系统股份有限公司 粒子束的能量调节
WO2014052722A3 (en) * 2012-09-28 2014-05-30 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Focusing a particle beam using magnetic field flutter
US10155124B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2018-12-18 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Controlling particle therapy
CN108770178A (zh) * 2012-09-28 2018-11-06 梅维昂医疗系统股份有限公司 磁场再生器
US20170157424A1 (en) * 2013-12-20 2017-06-08 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Collimator and energy degrader
US20170157425A1 (en) * 2013-12-20 2017-06-08 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Collimator and energy degrader
CN110548229A (zh) * 2013-12-20 2019-12-10 梅维昂医疗系统股份有限公司 准直器和能量降能器
CN110548229B (zh) * 2013-12-20 2022-04-19 梅维昂医疗系统股份有限公司 准直器和能量降能器
US10675487B2 (en) 2013-12-20 2020-06-09 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Energy degrader enabling high-speed energy switching
US9962560B2 (en) * 2013-12-20 2018-05-08 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Collimator and energy degrader
US11213697B2 (en) 2015-11-10 2022-01-04 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Adaptive aperture
US11786754B2 (en) 2015-11-10 2023-10-17 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Adaptive aperture
US10646728B2 (en) 2015-11-10 2020-05-12 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Adaptive aperture
US10786689B2 (en) 2015-11-10 2020-09-29 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Adaptive aperture
US10925147B2 (en) 2016-07-08 2021-02-16 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Treatment planning
US11103730B2 (en) 2017-02-23 2021-08-31 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Automated treatment in particle therapy
US10653892B2 (en) 2017-06-30 2020-05-19 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Configurable collimator controlled using linear motors
JP2018060803A (ja) * 2017-11-22 2018-04-12 住友重機械工業株式会社 サイクロトロン

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR1246521A (fr) 1960-11-18
NL112025C (es)
GB933444A (en) 1963-08-08
DE1128933B (de) 1962-05-03
CH380254A (de) 1964-07-31
NL235411A (es)

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