Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D7/00—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation
  • C21D7/13—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by hot working
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61C—DENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
  • A61C7/00—Orthodontics, i.e. obtaining or maintaining the desired position of teeth, e.g. by straightening, evening, regulating, separating, or by correcting malocclusions
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
  • C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
  • G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
  • G21C1/00—Reactor types
  • G21C1/04—Thermal reactors ; Epithermal reactors
  • G21C1/06—Heterogeneous reactors, i.e. in which fuel and moderator are separated
  • G21C1/08—Heterogeneous reactors, i.e. in which fuel and moderator are separated moderator being highly pressurised, e.g. boiling water reactor, integral super-heat reactor, pressurised water reactor
  • G21C1/10—Heterogeneous reactors, i.e. in which fuel and moderator are separated moderator being highly pressurised, e.g. boiling water reactor, integral super-heat reactor, pressurised water reactor moderator and coolant being different or separated
  • G21C1/12—Heterogeneous reactors, i.e. in which fuel and moderator are separated moderator being highly pressurised, e.g. boiling water reactor, integral super-heat reactor, pressurised water reactor moderator and coolant being different or separated moderator being solid, e.g. Magnox reactor or gas-graphite reactor
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
  • G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
  • G21C11/00—Shielding structurally associated with the reactor
  • G21C11/02—Biological shielding ; Neutron or gamma shielding
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
  • G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
  • G21C11/00—Shielding structurally associated with the reactor
  • G21C11/02—Biological shielding ; Neutron or gamma shielding
  • G21C11/022—Biological shielding ; Neutron or gamma shielding inside the reactor vessel
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
  • G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
  • G21C13/00—Pressure vessels; Containment vessels; Containment in general
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
  • G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
  • G21C13/00—Pressure vessels; Containment vessels; Containment in general
  • G21C13/08—Vessels characterised by the material; Selection of materials for pressure vessels
  • G21C13/087—Metallic vessels
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
  • G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
  • G21C15/00—Cooling arrangements within the pressure vessel containing the core; Selection of specific coolants
  • G21C15/02—Arrangements or disposition of passages in which heat is transferred to the coolant; Coolant flow control devices
  • G21C15/12—Arrangements or disposition of passages in which heat is transferred to the coolant; Coolant flow control devices from pressure vessel; from containment vessel
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M7/00—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output
  • H02M7/42—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal
  • H02M7/44—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
  • H02M7/48—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
  • H02M7/53—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
  • H02M7/537—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
  • H02M7/538—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a push-pull configuration
  • H02M7/53803—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a push-pull configuration with automatic control of output voltage or current
  • H02M7/53806—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a push-pull configuration with automatic control of output voltage or current in a push-pull configuration of the parallel type
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M7/00—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output
  • H02M7/42—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal
  • H02M7/44—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
  • H02M7/48—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
  • H02M7/53—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
  • H02M7/537—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
  • H02M7/5383—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a self-oscillating arrangement
  • H02M7/53832—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a self-oscillating arrangement in a push-pull arrangement
  • H02M7/53835—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a self-oscillating arrangement in a push-pull arrangement of the parallel type
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M7/00—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output
  • H02M7/42—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal
  • H02M7/44—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
  • H02M7/48—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
  • H02M7/53—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
  • H02M7/537—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
  • H02M7/5383—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a self-oscillating arrangement
  • H02M7/53846—Control circuits
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
  • H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
  • H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
  • H05B41/26—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from DC by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage DC
  • H05B41/28—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from DC by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage DC using static converters
  • H05B41/282—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from DC by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage DC using static converters with semiconductor devices
  • H05B41/2821—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from DC by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage DC using static converters with semiconductor devices by means of a single-switch converter or a parallel push-pull converter in the final stage
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
  • Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors

Definitions

• Another object of this invention is to provide aimethd which has application to the field of cold-finishing steels wherein the properties and characteristics of the steel are materially changed-to increase'the uniformity of properties and characteristics of steels of the same chemistry fromaheat to heat,- toexpand the range'of physical and mechanical properties capable of being developed in'the'steel,-to-impr0ve the. values of physical and mechanical properties of the steelyand to produce steelproductshaving new and improved characteristics and physical and mechanical properties of higher values.
• the inventive concepts reside in the improvement in physical and mechanical properties of steel by the processing of the steel in an elevated-temperature-reduction step wherein the steel isadvanced through a die to; take a reduction in cross-sectional'area while the steel is at a temperaturewithin the range of 200 F. tothe lower critical I temperature (l100fi-l200 F.) for the steel composition.
• I temperature l100fi-l200 F.
• vari ous physical and mechanical properties of the steel can be markedlyimproved byycomparison with the same steels which have been given the same reduction by advancement of the steel through the same die, but while the steel is at about room temperature.
• this-invention reside in the method of processing steel in an operation applicable to the coldfinishing of steel to cause newand improved physical and mechanical properties -to be developed in the steel by the combination of the phenomena madeavailable by taking a reduction at elevatedtemperature, as described in the aforementioned: .copending applications, but in which the steel has been treated to effect a, phase change in the steel prior tothe elevated temperature-reduction step.
• this invention the steel is processed by; a combination of steps which includes heatingthe steel, to.
• the strength properties of thefsteel including tensile strength, impact strength,flexure strength andthe like, and other properties such as elasticity," elongation, hardness, surface roughness, machinability, proportional limits and the like.
• the properties of machinability, tensile strength, flexure 'strength yiel'd strength, proportional limits, impact strength, and"hardnessfare usually beneficially affected when thesteel is advanced through a' die to take a reduction incross section whilethe', steel is at an elevated temperaturein 'therangeof ZOQ F. to the lower critical temperature of thefsteehco mposition and preferably while the steel is at a temperature within the range of 450to 850 F.
• the characteristics described are capable ofdevelo pment with hot-rolled-steels of the type which' are coldfinished by the processes of drawing or extrusion, for example.
• Steels' which may be used in the practice of this invention are of the type which strain-harden or harden by some mode of precipitation when worked at anelevated temperature.
• Representative are the plain carbon, low carbon, or high carbon and low-alloy'steels of the easy-to-draw type which, in the hot-rolledstate, include the non-austenitic steels having a pearlitic structure in a matrix of free ferrite. These are tobe distinguished from the hard-to-draw, high-speed, or carbon-toolsteels, and the high-alloy steels and stainless steels.
• the structureof-the steel is believed to be converted to a "steel which contains either bainite or martensite, alone or in combination.
• the quenched steel is hard to draw at room temperature, but can be drawn orotherwise reduced in cross-section when advanced through the die when the steel-is at a temperature within the range described forthe elevatedtemperature-reduction step of from 200 -F.*-to the lower critical temperature of 1100 "-1200" F. for'the steel composition, and preferably at-a temperature within the range of 200-900 F.
• temperature and temper have an influence on. the characteristics that are developed in the steel and by properselection of the temperature at which the steel is tempered, the temperature of the steel advanced. through the die in the. elevatedrtemperature-reduction step, the amount of reduction that is taken and the chemistry of the steel, it is possible to produce steel products. of widely varying physical and, mechanical properties, and stress characteristics. to produce steel products havingnew. and improved combinations of pro-p? erties.
• Treatment, of the steel as by slow cooling in air or by rapidly cooling, as by quenching in oil or water, bears very little material effect upon the properties developed in the steel except that rapid cooling tends to produce steels having lower levels of stress, and tends to produce steels having compressive stresses in the surface portions to provide steel products characterized by less warpage.
• elevated-temperature-reduction is meant to include the process of cold-finishing steel wherein the steel is advanced to a draw die to effect reduction in cross-sectional area while the steel is at an elevated temperature Within the range Of 200 F. to the lower critical temperature, and preferably at a temperature of 200-900 F. Included also, is the process of extruding by advancement of the steel through an extruding die or by advancement of the steel through a roller die for reduction in cross-sectional area while the steel is at the desired elevated temperature. While not equivalent from the standpoint of the process, many of the characteristics described are also. capable of development-in other processes forworking'ste'el toetfect reduction in cross-sectional area, such as by the process of rolling steels to effect reduction in cross-sectional. areawhile the steel is' at an elevated temperature within the range described. j
• austenitizing andquenching is meant to embody the usual meaning of-theterm as employed in the steel trade. It includes the step of" heating the 'steelto austenitizing temperature for the steel composition, usually within the range of 1500-1600 F., followed by rapidly cooling the steel to. room temperature, ,as by means of an oil quench or water quench, to freeze the phase change in the steel whereby a steel'believed to contain bainite or martensite,.or combinations thereof,
• the .austenitized steel is :thentempered by heating the steel to a temperature below the lower critical temperature, and preferably at a temperaturewithin the range of'2001200 F., and preferably, the tempering operation is carried out by heating the .austenitized and quenched steel to'a temperature withinthe range of 400- 900 -F.
• the tempered steel may be .cooled down to roomtemperature and subsequently re-heated to the desired temperature for the -elevated temperature-reduction step, or it may beadjusted directly from the tempering temperature to the temperature for elevated-temperaturereductionj a
• PROCEDURE] I j 1 The hot-rolled steel bars, as received, arede-scaled by pickling in sulphuric acid and limed to prevent rusting.
• Lime has the advantage of preventing formation of'a' tight scale in a normal furnace atmosphere at elevated temperature.
• the steels were heated to the following temperature:
• the steel bars were lubricated in advance of drawing with a suitable drawing compound.
• the steels were advanced through a die having the characteristics of the die contour described in the cdpending application of Kyle, Wegman, Landis and Kelly, Serial No. 484,726, filed January 28, 1955.
• DEFINITIONS Percent reduction is meant to relate to the true reduction, as represented by the formula X 100 percent reduction [041018 Steel: Austenltlzed by he For tempering, the austenitized and quenched steels pieces are slotted through a diameter for a distance five times the diameter of the piece.
• Warpa'g'e factor is directly related to 'rsidualstre'ss.
• the warpage value is an indication of the concentration and character of the longitudinal stresses present in steel.
• the residual stress is obtained by means of a warpage test wherein the length of the test piece is determined as being five times the diameter plus two inches. The test The length of the slot is recorded and the maximum diameter perpendicular to'the slot is also recorded.
• the differences between the diameter before slotting and after slotting represents the flare caused by the presence of residual stresses.
• the flare is considered positive, indicative of a preponderance of tensile stresses in the steel, if thebar expands upon slotting.
• the flare is considered negative, indicative of preponderance of compressive stresses in the steel, 'if the ends move toward the cut made through the diam- 1 eter.
• the warpage values determined for evaluation are calculated on the following equation:
• Warpage faotor (L8): X
• D the original diameter of the bar before cutting the slot
• D the diameter difierential before and after cutting the slot (flare)
• L length of slot Izod impact represents the impact in foot-pounds obtained by averaging the impact results from three equidistant forty-five degree notches (0.13gdeep) at 70 F. on a 0.45 diameter round x 4%" long specimen.
• Hardness represented by a diamond pyramid number (D.P.N.) was measured on a Gries reflex-testing machine employing 136 pyramid diamond at a 50 kilogram (kgl) load.
• elevated-temperature drawing is meant to define the taking of a reduction inthe crosssection of the steel by advancement of the steel through a die while at a temperature within the range of 200 F.
• Hot Roll 1 as, 375 46, 87s as. 0 67. 9 021 87. o 151 AS Quenched "a. 164, 000 109, 000 11. 5 22. 6 400 1 7. 0 i 371 H.111. uenc e 1 an I Temp red at 400 F- 109, 750 75, 000 19. 5 55. 6 240 V 43. 0 285 230 138, 000 137, 500 9. 5 42. 8 040 8. 7 343 123, 000 123,000 14. 6 62.0 2 (47. 3) 296 147, 500 147, 600 9.0 46.1 +.052 8. 7 356 I Not drawn.
• Table IV [(3-1144 Steel: Austenitized by heating to 1500 F. Quenched to room temperatureln oil. Tempered at 1100 F. Drawn to take a 21.6% reduction. Air-cooled after drawing.)
• Hot Roll 108 000 70, 500 23.0 46.1 004 32. 7 220 Hot Roll 1 as Quenched 290,000 236,500 6.0 20.0 137 4. 3 492 H.R. Quenched 1 and Tempered at 1,100 F- 126,250 115,500 20.0 54. 4 046 35. 7 285 205 145, 250 125, 500 10.0 36. 2 888 35. 3 291 1 Not drawn.
• Hot Roll 1 108,000 70,500 23.0 46. 1 004 32. 7 220 Hot R011 1 as Quenched 290,000 236, 500 6. 0 20. 0 137 4. 3 492 Hot Roll Quenched and I Tempered at 900 F.... 166, 500 156,000 14. 5, 46. 5 014 25. 0 371 250 181, 750 180, 000 11. 5 42. 3 +1. 252 51. 5 350 196, 750 193, 000 ll. 0 41. 5 +1. 230 50.0 371 199, 500 198, 000 9. 0 33. 0 +1. 081 41. 0 386 213, 750 212, 500 8. 0 35. 3 +1. 017 42.0 402 195,000 193,000 12.
• Ta'bleIX [0-1080 Steel: Austenitlzed at 1500 1. Tempered at 700 F. Drawn to take 15.7% reduction. Air-cooled after drawlng.]
• Hot Roll 1 140,000 105, 750 15.0 42. 8 004 9. 0 307 Hot Roll 1 as Quenched 286, 000 231, 000 12. 1 42.8 409 25. 7 448 HR. Quenched l and Tempered at 1,100 F- 159, 000 149, 750 17. 5 62.0 018 52. 0 356 250 181, 000 173, 750 13. 0 55. 6 077 1 46. 3) 350 172,000 12.5 52. 5 121 9 47.0) 356 179,500 14.5 56.3 +.083 2 542.0) 371 190,000 12.5 55.2 +.l 9 48.0) 378 189, 500 13.0 53. 2 147 2 E37. 0) 386 177, 500 17. 5 55.
• Residual stress as measured by warpage stress is improved also but mostly in high-tempered quenched steels, such, for exam ple, as the C1018 steel.
• the data hereinafter set forth compares the properties this invention, with the properties available in the same steels during various stages of the process and with other methods for processing'the same steels to take the equivalent reduction at equivalent temperature, as in the elevated temperature reduction process of the aforementioned copending applications.
• the values set forth are arbitrarily selected to represent the better of the values for the respective properties in steels processed within the described temperature range. For example, the better tensile strength and yield strength properties will be found in steels drawn at a temperature withinthe range of about 400 -900 F. while the better values of elongation and reduction in area will be found in the steels drawn at a temperature within the upper portion of the elevated temperature reduction range.
• the metallurgical process for treating steel of'the nonaustenitic type having a pearlitic structure in a matrix of free ferrite comprising the combination of steps of heating the steel to austenitizing temperature and quench-- operation while the steel is'at a temperature within-therange of 400 F. to the lower critical temperature for the steel composition.
• the metallurgical process for treating steel of the non-austenitic type having a pearlitic structure in a matrix of free ferrite comprising the combination of steps of heating the steel to austenitizing temperature and quenching the steel to form martensite, tempering the steel, and advancing the tempered martensitic steel through an extrusion die to efiect reduction in cross-sectional area in the extrusion operation while the steel is at a temperature within the range of 400 F. to the lower critical temperature for the steel composition.
• the metallurgical process for treating steel which strain-hardens and which hardens by some mode of precipitation when worked at 'atemperature between 200 F. and the lower critical temperature for the steel composition comprising the combination of steps of heating the steel to austenitizing temperature and quenching the steel to form martensite, tempering the steel by heating to a temperature below the lower critical temperature-of the tempered martensitic steel composition, and advancing the steel through a die to effect reduction in cross-sectional area while the steel is at a temperature within the range of 400 F. to the lower critical temperature for the steel composition.
• the metallurgical process for treating steel which strain-hardens and which hardens by some mode of precipitation when worked a't'a temperature between 200 F and the lower critical temperature for the steel composition comprising the combination of steps of heating .the steel to austenitizing temperature and quenching the steel to form martensite, tempering the steel by heating 1 to a temperature below the lower critical temperature of the tempered martensitic steel composition, and advancing the steel-through a draw die to effect reduction in cross-sectional area by a draw operation while the steel is at a temperature within the range of 400 F. to the lower critical temperature for the steeel composition.
• the metallurgical process for treating steel which strain-hardens and which hardens by some mode of precipitation when worked at a temperature between 200 F. and the lower critical temperature for the steel composition comprising the combination of steps of heating the steel to austenitizing temperature and quenching the steel to form martensite, tempering the steel by heating to a temperature below the lower critical temperature of the tempered martensitic steel composition, and advancing the steel through an extrusion die to effect reduction in cross-sectional area while the steel is at a temperature range within 400 F. to the lower critical temperature for the steel composition.
• the metallurgical process for treating steel which strain-hardens and which hardens by some mode of precipitation when Worked at a temperature between 200 F. and the lower critical temperature for the steel composition comprising the combination of steps of heating the steel to austenitizing temperature and quenching the steel to form martensite, tempering the steel by heating to a temperature below the lower critical temperature of the tempered martensitic steel composition, and rolling the steel to effect reduction in crosssectional area by therolling operation while the steel is at a temperature within the range of 400 F. to the lower critical temperature, for the steel composition.
• the metallurgical process for treating steel which strain-hardens and which hardens by some mode of precipitation when worked at a temperature between 200 F. and the lower critical temperature for the steel composition comprising the combination of steps of heating the steel to austenitizing temperature and quenching the steel to form martensite, tempering the steel by heating to a temperature below the lower critical temperature of the steel composition, and advancing the tempered martensitic steel through a die to efiect reduction in crosssectional area'while the steel is at a temperature within the range of400 F. to the lower critical temperature for the steel composition and air-cooling the steel after advancing" through the die in the elevated-temperaturereduction step.
• the metallurgical process for treating steel which strain-hardens and which hardens by some mode of precipitation when worked at a temperature between 200 F. and the lower critical temperature for the steel composition comprising the combination of steps of heating the steel to austenitizing temperature and quenching the steel to form martensite, tempering the steel by heating to a temperature below the lower critical temperature of the steel composition, advancing the steel through a die to efiect reduction in cross-sectional area while the steel is at a temperature within the range of 400 F. to the lower critical temperature for the steel composition and quenching the steel rapidly to cool the steel after advancement through the die at elevated temperature.

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Cited By (6)

Citations (3)

• 1956
  • 1956-10-22 US US617266A patent/US2924544A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 1957
  • 1957-10-21 BE BE561794D patent/BE561794A/xx unknown

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