US2807703A - Xerographic image fixing apparatus - Google Patents

Xerographic image fixing apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
US2807703A
US2807703A US591466A US59146656A US2807703A US 2807703 A US2807703 A US 2807703A US 591466 A US591466 A US 591466A US 59146656 A US59146656 A US 59146656A US 2807703 A US2807703 A US 2807703A
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United States
Prior art keywords
toner
card
record
record card
toner image
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Expired - Lifetime
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US591466A
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English (en)
Inventor
Jr David D Roshon
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International Business Machines Corp
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International Business Machines Corp
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority to BE558347D priority Critical patent/BE558347A/xx
Application filed by International Business Machines Corp filed Critical International Business Machines Corp
Priority to US591466A priority patent/US2807703A/en
Priority to DEI13351A priority patent/DE1063029B/de
Priority to FR1187000D priority patent/FR1187000A/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2807703A publication Critical patent/US2807703A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K15/00—Arrangements for producing a permanent visual presentation of the output data, e.g. computer output printers
    • G06K15/02—Arrangements for producing a permanent visual presentation of the output data, e.g. computer output printers using printers
    • G06K15/14—Arrangements for producing a permanent visual presentation of the output data, e.g. computer output printers using printers by electrographic printing, e.g. xerography; by magnetographic printing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/20—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat
    • G03G15/2003—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat
    • G03G15/2007—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat using radiant heat, e.g. infrared lamps, microwave heaters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/20—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat
    • G03G15/2003—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat
    • G03G15/2007—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat using radiant heat, e.g. infrared lamps, microwave heaters
    • G03G15/201—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat using radiant heat, e.g. infrared lamps, microwave heaters of high intensity and short duration, i.e. flash fusing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G7/00—Selection of materials for use in image-receiving members, i.e. for reversal by physical contact; Manufacture thereof
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/09—Colouring agents for toner particles
    • G03G9/0926—Colouring agents for toner particles characterised by physical or chemical properties
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S101/00—Printing
    • Y10S101/37—Printing employing electrostatic force

Definitions

  • This invention relates to xerographic record card printers in general, and in particular to the apparatus thereof for permanently affixing electroscopic toner images onto their respective print receiving record cards.
  • the present invention pertains to ways and means of selectively heating the electroscopic toner material depicting an image on a record card so as to raise the temperature of the toner to its fusing point while leaving the record card per se at a temperature sufficiently below the fusing point of the toner to be below the boiling point of water.
  • this is accomplished with the present invention by directing high intensity radiant energy, e. g., infrared radiation for a short period, onto the record card surface whereon the electroscopic toner image is supported, and by also preventing the transfer of heat energy from any source thereof by either conduction or convection so as to maintain the record card per so at a temperature below the boiling point of the moisture in the record card material.
  • high intensity radiant energy e. g., infrared radiation for a short period
  • electroscopic toner materia is to be understood as meaning any pigmented solid' matter, such as a finely divided powder for example, which may be used in printing. This would also include fluid-suspended particles which require to be fused to a print receiving material in order to be permanently aflixed thereto.
  • electroscopic toner material would include thermoplastic compositions of the type described in the S. Solar copending U. S. patent application, Serial No. 516,314, that was filed on June 17, 1955, as well as the smoke particles referred to in the Huebner Patent No. 2,691,345 which issued on October 12, 1954.
  • xerographic printing should be understood as meaning dry printing as distinguished from wet printing which is accomplished with fluid consistency materials, such as ordinary inks for example. Accordingly, xerographic, or dry, printing would require solid, or electroscopic toner image defining materials of the aforementioned type. This would also include the fluid-suspended pigment particles which require something more to he done to them, i. e., fusing, other than simply appiying the same to the surface of a print receiving material in order to produce a permanent imprint.
  • IBM Type 938 Electrostatic Card Printer is one where electroscopic toner images are first caused to appear on the surface of an electrostatically charged electrophotographic drum, and are then transferred, one by one, onto related print receiving records such as well-known IBM record cards, for example. Subsequently, the toner images are permanently affixed to their respective print receiving records.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide an apparatus for use in a high speed xerographic printer, whereby electroscopic toner images on record cards are permanently heat-fixed thereto without causing the record cards to warp.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide an electroscopic toner heat fixing apparatus forselectively raising the temperature of the toner image material to its fusing point while leaving the temperature of the toner image supporting material per se below the toner fusing temperature.
  • another object of this invention is to provide an electroscopic toner heat fixing apparatus which is capable of fusing the image-depicting toner material on a record card while leaving a substantial portion of the original moisture in the record card so as not to cause the record card to warp.
  • Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a warped record card such as could be used to support an electroscopic toner image.
  • Figs. 2 and 3 are each views of a record card with a toner image thereon.
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a repeatable flash tube radiant energy heat fixing circuit and apparatus.
  • Fig. 5 is an isometric view, with parts in section, of the electrostatic card printer radiant energy heat fixing device.
  • Fig. 6 is a somewhat diagrammatic view of the radiant energy heat fixing station used in the afore-mentioned electrostatic card printer which is described in the aforecited copending Kelly application.
  • Fig. 7 is a diagrammatic view of a radiant energy line focusing embodiment of the present invention.
  • the unfixed toner image when the unfixed toner image is exposed to heat of sufficient intensity to fuse at least one constituent of the said toner image, enough of the toner will become molten and dissolve so that the solution thereof will penetrate into the fibers of the print receiving material. Upon subsequent cooling, the toner image will become indelibly fixed in the print receiving material.
  • an acceptable record card warp test requires that at least three measurements be taken. Referring to Fig. 1, these include the diagonal warp measurement 10, the rightend top-bottom warp measurement 11, and the lower-edge top-bottom warp measurement 12. And, so long as none of these measurements exceeds approximately 0.15 inch, the record card 13 is considered to be free of warp or curl. Accordingly, it should be clear from the preceding portion of this specification that the purpose of the present invention is to selectively heat the electroscopic toner image material on a record card, to its fusing point while leaving the record card per se at a temperature suffieiently below the fusing point of toner to avoid record card warping. Stated in another way, the temperature of the record card material on the whole must be maintained below the boiling point of water so that a substantial portion of the original moisture content of a record card is not removed.
  • Radiant energy fixing.-Since electroscopic toner images can be indelibly heat fixed onto a record card by raising the temperature of the toner material to its melting point so that the molten toner will flow into the fibers of the print receiving material, and since the heat is applied to electroscopic toner and the toner supporting record card, it should be clear that the ideal heat fixing arrangement is one for applying heat selectively to only the toner image so as to fuse the same. That is, the record card per se would be at a sufficiently lower temperature than the fusing point of toner so that a substantial portion of the original moisture in the record card would remain therein.
  • the heat fixing process can be associated with the removal of original moisture from the record card. Although for many printing applications this effect may not be too important, it is a most significant one, however, when associated with IBM record cards. As stated previous-1y, this is true because as the card is even momentarily heated to the toner melting point which is considerably above the boiling point of water, the resulting loss of record card moisture will cause card shrinkage and warping.
  • toners are pigmented as are the aforementioned commercially available EXT-2 and EXT-75 toners
  • the record cards used as a print receiving material to support the toner images usually have glazed surfaces and are always lighter in color than the toner per se, the infrared radiations for the most part are reflected from the surface of the record cards, but are absorbed and converted into heat energy by the toner material.
  • TONER IMAGE INFMRED FIXING APPARATUS Three embodiments of toner image infrared radiation heat fixing apparatus will be described. Although these three embodiments differ considerably in structural appearance as well as in their operation, the underlying heat fixing principle thereof is the same. Briefly restated, this principle is one wherein a quantity of infrared radiant energy sufiflcient to fuse toner onto a record card is absorbed and transformed into heat energy by the said toner image.
  • Embodiment 1. The embodiment shown in Fig. 6 is disclosed and claimed in the copending U. S. patent application, Serial No. 591,495, which was filed on June 14, 1956, by R. C. Allen et al. As brought out in this copending application, this apparatus is intended for use in the afore-mentioned copending Kelly application xerographic card printer.
  • the record cards onto which the electroscopic toner images are transferred from the electrophotographic drum (not shown) of this printer, are moved past the toner image fixing station apparatus by feed rollers IMP-109 (Fig. 6).
  • This fixing apparatus includes a plurality of infrared radiant energy generating lamps 416 which are so arranged as to span the entire length of a toner image on a record card.
  • the lamps are energized electrically so that the temperature at the surface of each lamp is in the range of 2000 F.
  • heat extracting or so-called fixing station cooling, means are provided in order to avoid heating the toner image bearing record cards per se as they are moved past lamps 416, by the transfer of heat from these lamps due to conduction and convection, whereby the record cards would be caused to warp.
  • the heat extracting means include a blower (not shown) operated by a suitable drive for moving a stream of air from an air intake opening 417 through various passages depicted by the arrows shown around the lamps 416 as well as passages 418 and 419, to the air exhaust opening 421.
  • the structure identified by reference numeral 475 includes an inverted V-shaped trough housing 480 within which there is located a hollow tube 424 having spaced fins 423 extending therefrom. This housing is completely enclosed except for the side thereof facing the lamps 416. As is brought out in the aforementioned copending Allen et al. application, the fins 423 are provided to hold each moving record card at a fixed distance from the surface of the lamps 416 by the negative pressure at the open slits in the fins.
  • Embodiment 2. The arrangement shown in Fig. 4 cmploys a repeating flash tube for heat fixing the toner image on a record card without causing the card to warp, by the radiant energy produced during a single tube flash.
  • a record card 13 having a toner image 14 thereon is moved from hopper 7'0 by feed rollers 71 74 past flash tube 75 into stacker 80.
  • the said flash tube which might be a commercially available General Electric Company Type FT-2l4 or Type FT-403 flash tube, a heat transfer barrier 76 for preventing heat transfer by conduction and convection from the flash tube 75 onto the record card 13.
  • the aforesaid barrier 76 must, of course, be completely transparent to the infrared radiations emitted from the flash tube.
  • barrier 76 could be a water filled glass jacket.
  • the flash tube 75 is caused to be energized whenever the switch 77 is closed.
  • the card detecting means might be either a photoelectric sensing arrangement or a mechanically operated card lever 78 arrangement, as has been used previously in record card controlled machines, to cause switch 79 to operate whenever a record card is opposite flash tube '75.
  • Switch 79 of course, would be connected in parallel circuit to switch 77.
  • the circuit diagram shown in Fig. 4 provides a flash tube operating potential of approximately 2000 volts.
  • the primary winding of transformer $1 may be connected to a conventional 110 volt A. C. power supply 90, whereupon approximately 1400 volts will be impressed across the secondary winding of transformer 91.
  • the peak voltage value that is applied across condenser C1 is in the neighborhood of 2000 volts, so that consequent upon the operation of switch 77, gas tube G1, preferably a Type 2050 thyratron tube, is caused to ignite and flash tube 75 is energized.
  • the lamp 86 has a linear filament therein (not shown) which extends the complete length of the toner image.
  • the housing 85 and the lamp 86 are so arranged that the radiant energy emitted from the lamp is focused in a line corresponding to the lamp filament just above the card feed path and directly onto the toner image 14-. Thus, the radiant energy is so focused and concentrated on the toner image, it is converted into heat energy for fusing the said image.
  • the housing 85 can be cooled by external means (not shown) so as to keep the transfer of heat energy therefrom by conduction and convection to a bare minimum.
  • SUMMARY Toner heat fixing methods known heretofore achieve the required liquid bonding between the electroscopic toner and the print receiving material to produce an indelibly fixed imprint.
  • the fixing methods known heretofore i. e., the oven-type heating methods
  • the heat transfer by conduction and convection also causes a temperature rise in the print receiving material which corresponds to the temperature rise of the toner image.
  • Such heating of the print receiving material e. g., a record card
  • This can be avoided by the present invention which restricts the transfer of heat energy to the electroscopic toner by causing only infrared radiations to impinge upon the toner image and its supporting print receiving material.
  • This limitation of the energy transfer process to radiant energ alone permits selective toner image heating by employing an electroscopic toner material which has a larger infrared radiant energy absorption coeficient than does the print receiving material.
  • the transfer of energy must be accomplished during a short time interval. This can be done only by using a high intensity radiant energy source. Short duration pulses of radiant energy must be employed because (a) the toner image is directly in contact with the print receiving material whereupon heat can be transferred to the material rapidly by conduction, and (b) the toner which is at a higher temperature than the print receiving material will have a greater emissivity than the said material.
  • heat energy lost by the electroscopic toner image to the print receiving material simply means that more total energy must be applied so as to fix the toner image, with the result that more energy will be absorbed by the print receiving material before the toner can reach its fusing point.
  • a device for use in a xerographic printer to permanently affix an electroscopic toner image onto a record card for supporting said image comprising electrical means effective when energized to emit infrared radiations, means for moving the record card past said electrical means, and record card detecting means for controlling the energization of said electrical means consequent upon the record card being opposite said electrical means, so that there are applied to the electroscopic toner image infrared radiations of a magnitude and for a time duration sufficient to fuse said electroscopic toner image but yet insuflicient to cause the record card to warp.
  • a device for use in a xerographic printer to permanently affix electroscopic toner images onto record cards for supporting respective ones of said images comprising a normally inoperative source of infrared radiant energy, means for feeding record cards one by one in a manner such that said images are moved past said source, electrical means adapted to energize said source so that the intensity of infrared radiant energy emitted therefrom is suificient to fuse an electroscopic toner image, circuit means for operatively connecting said radiant energy source to said electrical means for a time duration sufficient to fuse an electroscopic toner image but yet insuflicient to cause the image supporting record card to warp, and card detecting means for rendering said circuit means operated once for each record card as the same is moved past said source of radiant energy.
  • a device for use in a xerographic printer to permanently aflix electroscopic toner images onto record cards for supporting respective ones of said images comprising a record card hopper, a record card stacker, means for feeding record cards one by one from said hopper to said stacker, a normally inoperative source of infrared radiant energy, electrical means adapted to energize said source so that the intensity of infrared radiant energy emitted therefrom is sufficient to fuse an electroscopic toner image, circuit means adapted to operatively connect said source to said electrical means for a time duration sufficient to fuse the electroscopic toner image but yet insufficient to cause the record card to warp, card detecting means operative in time relation with said feeding means and in response to a record card opposite said source, for rendering said circuit means operated once for each record card as the same is moved from said hopper to said stacker, and means for focusing infrared radiant energy from said source onto the electroscopic toner image of a moving record card.
  • a device for use in a xerographic printer to permanently affix an electroscopic toner image onto a record card for supporting said image comprising a source of heat energy for directing infrared radiations therefrom to the aforesaid toner image of a magnitude and for a time duration sufiicient to raise the temperature of the electroscopic toner to the fusing point thereof while leaving the temperature of the record card at a temperature below the fusing point of electroscopic toner, and other means for preventing the transfer of heat energy from said source by conduction or convection so as to main tain the record card at a temperature sumciently below the fusing point of electroscopic toner to prevent warping of the record card.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Fixing For Electrophotography (AREA)
US591466A 1956-06-14 1956-06-14 Xerographic image fixing apparatus Expired - Lifetime US2807703A (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE558347D BE558347A (en)) 1956-06-14
US591466A US2807703A (en) 1956-06-14 1956-06-14 Xerographic image fixing apparatus
DEI13351A DE1063029B (de) 1956-06-14 1957-06-13 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Waermefixierung xerographischer Pulverbilder
FR1187000D FR1187000A (fr) 1956-06-14 1957-06-13 Appareil de fixage d'images xérographiques

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Cited By (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2870312A (en) * 1957-03-18 1959-01-20 Century Geophysical Corp Fixer for electrostatic photography
US3159735A (en) * 1962-07-11 1964-12-01 American Photocopy Equip Co Fixing unit for photocopy machines
US3180973A (en) * 1961-12-15 1965-04-27 Robertson Photo Mechanix Inc Apparatus for fusing master plates
US3219326A (en) * 1958-11-28 1965-11-23 Xerox Corp Xerographic fusing apparatus
US3265862A (en) * 1964-12-14 1966-08-09 Hupp Corp Type form heater apparatus
US3390634A (en) * 1966-06-08 1968-07-02 Addressograph Multigraph Direct lithography master making
US3432639A (en) * 1966-10-03 1969-03-11 Xerox Corp Fusing apparatus
US3445626A (en) * 1966-05-02 1969-05-20 Xerox Corp Fusing apparatus with flashlamp circuit
US3448970A (en) * 1967-08-04 1969-06-10 Addressograph Multigraph Fuser for electrostatic images
US3449546A (en) * 1966-06-23 1969-06-10 Xerox Corp Infra-red heater
US3474223A (en) * 1966-12-02 1969-10-21 Xerox Corp Selective flash fusing
US3517164A (en) * 1968-07-22 1970-06-23 Addressograph Multigraph Image fusing assembly
US3519253A (en) * 1966-10-11 1970-07-07 Xerox Corp Selective xerographic fuser
US3529129A (en) * 1968-02-23 1970-09-15 Xerox Corp Reflection type flash fuser
US3545997A (en) * 1966-01-26 1970-12-08 Pitney Bowes Inc Method for coating on a substrate
US3920952A (en) * 1974-10-18 1975-11-18 Xerox Corp Duplex fusing apparatus and method
US3935424A (en) * 1974-10-18 1976-01-27 Xerox Corporation Flash fusing apparatus
US4039770A (en) * 1975-06-11 1977-08-02 Xerox Corporation Interface system to control flash lamp
JPS5449939U (en)) * 1977-09-14 1979-04-06
JPS54116242A (en) * 1978-03-01 1979-09-10 Kometsuto Kk Dry copying system
US4205220A (en) * 1972-05-17 1980-05-27 Eastman Kodak Company Electrographic fusing apparatus and method
DE2914820A1 (de) * 1979-04-05 1980-10-16 Kazuyoshi Nagai Verfahren zum aufschmelzen von kunststoffen
DE2914821A1 (de) * 1979-04-05 1980-10-16 Kazuyoshi Nagai Verfahren zum aufschmelzen von kunststoffen
WO1981000628A1 (en) * 1979-08-22 1981-03-05 Fujitsu Ltd Toner particles for electrophotography and electrophotographic process utilizing same
US4435069A (en) 1981-09-04 1984-03-06 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Fixing apparatus for electrophotography

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1575366A (en) * 1922-10-05 1926-03-02 American Laundry Mach Co Collar-conditioning apparatus
US2448830A (en) * 1947-04-15 1948-09-07 Ibm Record sensing and comparing means
US2551582A (en) * 1943-08-27 1951-05-08 Chester F Carlson Method of printing and developing solvent images
US2573881A (en) * 1948-11-02 1951-11-06 Battelle Development Corp Method and apparatus for developing electrostatic images with electroscopic powder
US2701765A (en) * 1951-06-18 1955-02-08 Haloid Co Xerographic fusing apparatus
US2706231A (en) * 1952-12-24 1955-04-12 Alfred W Tyler Apparatus for producing discontinuous conductors

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1575366A (en) * 1922-10-05 1926-03-02 American Laundry Mach Co Collar-conditioning apparatus
US2551582A (en) * 1943-08-27 1951-05-08 Chester F Carlson Method of printing and developing solvent images
US2448830A (en) * 1947-04-15 1948-09-07 Ibm Record sensing and comparing means
US2573881A (en) * 1948-11-02 1951-11-06 Battelle Development Corp Method and apparatus for developing electrostatic images with electroscopic powder
US2701765A (en) * 1951-06-18 1955-02-08 Haloid Co Xerographic fusing apparatus
US2706231A (en) * 1952-12-24 1955-04-12 Alfred W Tyler Apparatus for producing discontinuous conductors

Cited By (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2870312A (en) * 1957-03-18 1959-01-20 Century Geophysical Corp Fixer for electrostatic photography
US3219326A (en) * 1958-11-28 1965-11-23 Xerox Corp Xerographic fusing apparatus
US3180973A (en) * 1961-12-15 1965-04-27 Robertson Photo Mechanix Inc Apparatus for fusing master plates
US3159735A (en) * 1962-07-11 1964-12-01 American Photocopy Equip Co Fixing unit for photocopy machines
US3265862A (en) * 1964-12-14 1966-08-09 Hupp Corp Type form heater apparatus
US3545997A (en) * 1966-01-26 1970-12-08 Pitney Bowes Inc Method for coating on a substrate
US3445626A (en) * 1966-05-02 1969-05-20 Xerox Corp Fusing apparatus with flashlamp circuit
US3390634A (en) * 1966-06-08 1968-07-02 Addressograph Multigraph Direct lithography master making
US3449546A (en) * 1966-06-23 1969-06-10 Xerox Corp Infra-red heater
US3432639A (en) * 1966-10-03 1969-03-11 Xerox Corp Fusing apparatus
US3519253A (en) * 1966-10-11 1970-07-07 Xerox Corp Selective xerographic fuser
US3474223A (en) * 1966-12-02 1969-10-21 Xerox Corp Selective flash fusing
US3448970A (en) * 1967-08-04 1969-06-10 Addressograph Multigraph Fuser for electrostatic images
US3529129A (en) * 1968-02-23 1970-09-15 Xerox Corp Reflection type flash fuser
US3517164A (en) * 1968-07-22 1970-06-23 Addressograph Multigraph Image fusing assembly
US4205220A (en) * 1972-05-17 1980-05-27 Eastman Kodak Company Electrographic fusing apparatus and method
US3935424A (en) * 1974-10-18 1976-01-27 Xerox Corporation Flash fusing apparatus
US3920952A (en) * 1974-10-18 1975-11-18 Xerox Corp Duplex fusing apparatus and method
US4039770A (en) * 1975-06-11 1977-08-02 Xerox Corporation Interface system to control flash lamp
JPS5449939U (en)) * 1977-09-14 1979-04-06
JPS54116242A (en) * 1978-03-01 1979-09-10 Kometsuto Kk Dry copying system
DE2914820A1 (de) * 1979-04-05 1980-10-16 Kazuyoshi Nagai Verfahren zum aufschmelzen von kunststoffen
DE2914821A1 (de) * 1979-04-05 1980-10-16 Kazuyoshi Nagai Verfahren zum aufschmelzen von kunststoffen
WO1981000628A1 (en) * 1979-08-22 1981-03-05 Fujitsu Ltd Toner particles for electrophotography and electrophotographic process utilizing same
US4435069A (en) 1981-09-04 1984-03-06 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Fixing apparatus for electrophotography

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FR1187000A (fr) 1959-09-04
DE1063029B (de) 1959-08-06
BE558347A (en))

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