US2774625A - Apparatus utilizing detonation waves for spraying powders - Google Patents

Apparatus utilizing detonation waves for spraying powders Download PDF

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Publication number
US2774625A
US2774625A US463643A US46364354A US2774625A US 2774625 A US2774625 A US 2774625A US 463643 A US463643 A US 463643A US 46364354 A US46364354 A US 46364354A US 2774625 A US2774625 A US 2774625A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
powder
barrel
detonation
gun
tube
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US463643A
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English (en)
Inventor
George P Hawley
Edward T Tune
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Union Carbide Corp
Original Assignee
Union Carbide and Carbon Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to LU35347D priority Critical patent/LU35347A1/xx
Priority to NL218430D priority patent/NL218430A/xx
Priority to BE559805D priority patent/BE559805A/xx
Priority to BE541593D priority patent/BE541593A/xx
Priority to LU33864D priority patent/LU33864A1/xx
Priority to US463643A priority patent/US2774625A/en
Application filed by Union Carbide and Carbon Corp filed Critical Union Carbide and Carbon Corp
Priority to FR1131392D priority patent/FR1131392A/fr
Priority to CH327832D priority patent/CH327832A/fr
Priority to GB29804/55A priority patent/GB791705A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2774625A publication Critical patent/US2774625A/en
Priority to GB24076/57A priority patent/GB869897A/en
Priority to FR72143D priority patent/FR72143E/fr
Priority to US815434A priority patent/US2950867A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
    • B05B7/14—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas designed for spraying particulate materials
    • B05B7/1404—Arrangements for supplying particulate material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
    • B05B7/0006—Spraying by means of explosions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24C—ABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
    • B24C5/00—Devices or accessories for generating abrasive blasts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
    • C23C4/126—Detonation spraying

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to improved apparatus utilizing detonation waves for spraying powders to coat surfaces and the like.
  • detonation is meant a very rapid combustion in which the flame front moves at velocities higher than the velocity of sound in the unburned gases, and therefore characterized as supersonic velocities.
  • Typical calculated velocities of sound at normal pressure are 1085 feet per second at 18 C. in a 50% oxygen-50% acetylene mixture, 1384 in the same mixture at 200 C. and 1122 at 18 C. in a 9.5% acetylene-90.5% air mixture; in air at 18 C.
  • the sonic velocity is calculated as 1122 feet per second.
  • the rate of flame propagation is far greater in a detonation than in an explosion, which is a combustion in which the velocity of flame propagation does not exceed the velocity of sound in the unburned gases.
  • the velocity of the flame front in detonations thus far investigated is f-rom l to 4 kilometers per second (about 3,280 to 13,120 feet per second), as compared to, for instance, 50 feet per second for a typical explosion.
  • the flame of a detonation moves into the unburned gas with a velocity which is supersonic instead of subsonic, and it is initiated by and remains associated with a shock front. Once established in a long tube, the detonation wave travels at a constant velocity (Lewis and Von Elbe, Combustion, Flames and Explosions, Academic Press Inc., 1951).
  • 2,714,563 is termed a detonation gun and comprises an elongated barrel having an open end, means for introducing a detonatable body of detonatable fluid into said barrel, means for providing powder material in said detonatable body of detonatable fluid in said barrel, means for controlling the supply of fluid fuel and V 2,774,625 Patented Dec. 18, 1956 simultaneously open to admit combustible gas and oxidant (with or without the powder) to the elongated barrel of the gun,
  • a third poppet valve opens to admit an inert nitrogen gas stream which flows across the combustion gas and oxidant valves to dilute any leaks from such valves which might cause flashback upon detonation of the mixture,
  • This timed sequence of valve operation and spark plug firing is accomplished by driving the valves and spark energization circuit from a common cam shaft.
  • the frequency of the detonations is a factor in attaining effective operation of the detonation gun.
  • the most useful frequency depends on the particular use of the gun, the design of the gun, and the character of the detonating gas mixture.
  • a single detonation suflices when a thin deposit on a small area is desired, for example a tungsten carbide coating 0.0005 inch thick on a steel surface one inch or less in diameter. For making thicker coatings, and coating larger areas quickly severaldetonations per second are usually desirable.
  • the primary difliculty encountered in introducing powders into the barrel of the detonation gun in this manner is that excessive powder deposition occurs in the bore of the powder entry tube in the region where it joins the barrel of the detonation gun. Such powder deposition is to be avoided since it reduces the supply of powder to the barrel of the detonation gun. Additionally, these deposits periodically flake off and pass through the barrel of the detonation gun to the workpiece, thereby causing defects in the resultant coating.
  • Another object is to provide such apparatus wherein the buildup of powder on the internal walls of the barrel is redistributed to a more uniform and less harmful pattern.
  • Fig. l is a schematic view of a detonation gun for coating with powders employing the improved powder entry means of the invention, portions having been broken away to show internal construction;
  • Fig. 2 is an enlarged view of the back portion of the powder entry means of the detonation gun of Fig 1 down to a transverse break line a-a, parts having been broken away to show internal construction;
  • Fig. 2a is the forward portion of the powder entry means extending from the transverse break line aa.
  • detonation gun D comprising an elongated barrel 10 having an open end 12 from which the products of the detonation and powders pass to the object to be coated.
  • Cooling water circulating jacket 14 is provided around barrel 10 to prevent overheating. Cooling water is supplied to the annular space 16 between jacket 14 and barrel 10 through inlet means 18, and water passes from annular space 16 through outlet means 20.
  • Fuel and oxidant are supplied to port means 22 and 24, respectively, of mixing block 26 which is provided with poppet valves 28 for regulating the flow of such fluids at timed intervals. Mixing of the fuel and oxidant takes place in mixing chamber 30 of mixing block 26 and the detonatable mixture is passed to barrel 10 of detonation gun D. .Mixing block 26 is also provided with purging gas inlet port means 36 and poppet valve means 38 for purging mixing chamber 30 and barrel 10 of gases in the intervals between each successive detonation and the introduction of the following detonatable charge into elongated barrel 10 of the detonation gun.
  • Means is provided in the walls of mixing chamber 36 for insertion of ignition means 42, such as a spark plug or the like, into the mixing chamber; and energizing lines 44 are also provided.
  • Powder entry tube assembly 46 passes through the rear or breech end 48 of cooling water jacket 14 and the elongated barrel 10 and passes axially through the barrel to a point downstream of the zone (in the region of ignition means 42) where ignition and the initiation of the detonation phenomenon occurs.
  • the powder entry tube assembly 46 preferably comprises powder entry tube 50, two concentric cooling fluid sleeves 52 and 54 surrounding entry tube 50 over at least that portion of entry tube 50 which is positioned in the interior of barrel 10, cooling fluid inlet and outlet parts 56 and 58, respectively, and guide bracket means 60 for properly supporting entry tube '0 to prevent bending or breakage.
  • a suitable powder dispenser 61 is employed for suspending the material to be coated in a gas stream in which it is carried into the barrel of the detonation gun. It has been found that the length of line 62 between the powder dispenser and the discharge end of the powder entry tube 54 should be sufiiciently great to prevent the back surging of gases resulting from the detonation in the gun barrel and consequent disruption of the supply of powder to the gun barrel. For example, in order to maintain continuous non-erractic operation, the minimum length required for a powder tube of /s inch inside diameter is 8 feet 4 inches.
  • Cooling fluid passes into powder tube assembly 46 through inlet 56 to an annular space 63 between inner cooling fluid sleeve 52 and powder entry tube 50 down the length of the powder tube and returns to outlet 58 through annular space 64 between inner cooling fluid sleeve 52 and outer cooling fluid sleeve 54.
  • manper cooling fluid is continually circulated through and around the cooling passages over the entire length of that portion of the powder tube which is positioned in the internally hot region within the interior of barrel 10.
  • the powder entry assembly 46 shown in Figs. 2 and 2a of the drawing is mounted in such a way as to provide for easy removal and replacement of powder entry tube 50 in the assembly.
  • the procedure for removal and replacement is as follows: The entire assembly is first removed from the detonation gun by loosening coupling 66 at the breech end 48 of the gun. Upon removal of the assembly from the gun, the nose nut 68 is removed and retaining nuts 75 and 76 are loosened. Thereupon powder entry tube can be removed and a new tube 50 may be then inserted in the assembly by reversing these steps.
  • axial powder entry tubes in accordance with the invention have an inherent life of about five hours total coating time at the end of which the abrasive action of the powder has severely damaged the tube to the extent that replacement is required. Accordingly, it is of great importance that a powder tube assembly is provided which permits rapid removal and replacement of such axial powder entry tubes in a minimum time.
  • the diameter of the powder entry tube can be of any convenient size, the maximum value being determined by cooling fluid requirements (larger diameter tubes would require cooling jackets which would nearly fill the interior of the gun barrel) and the minimum diameter limitation is determined by the powder feed rate required for coating.
  • an axial powder entry tube in accordance with the invention accomplishes the following: It completely stops powder deposition in the powder tube bore and the accompanying decrease or stoppage of powder supply to the gun barrel; it redistributes the buildup of powder deposit within the gun barrel to a more uniform and, therefore, less harmful pattern; it greatly decreases the number of porous powder agglomerates deposited on the surface to be coated, thereby reducing the number of defects in the coating; and it decreases the maintenance time required on the powder entry tube.
  • Non-cooled powder entry tubes have been employed for limited times but in no instance was it possible to operate for longer than one minute periods without pro-ignition of the detonatable mixture and a consequent failure in obtaining the required detonation.
  • a detonation gun having an elongated barrel having an open end, said barrel having a length-to-diameter ratio suflicariatly high to permit the formation of a detonation therein, mixing chamber means directly and continuously communicating with said barrel for forming and passing to said barrel charges of detonatable fluid fuel mixture, means for supplying the components of said detonatable fluid fuel mixture to said mixing chamber means, supply means associated with said barre-l for providing comminuted solid material in said detontable fluid fuel mixture, and means associated with said barrel for igniting said fluid fuel mixture in said barrel to initiate said detonation and propel said comminuted solid material from said gun, the improvement which comprises employing, as said supply means, powder entry tube means passing substantially axially through said elongated barrel to a point downstream of said igniting means for introducing a gas-borne stream of powder into said fluid fuel mixture in said barrel.
  • Apparatus in accordance with claim 1 also containing means for circulating a cooling fluid through the interior of said elongated barrel of said gun and in heat exchange contact with said powder entry tu-be means.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)
US463643A 1954-10-21 1954-10-21 Apparatus utilizing detonation waves for spraying powders Expired - Lifetime US2774625A (en)

Priority Applications (12)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
LU35347D LU35347A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1954-10-21
NL218430D NL218430A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1954-10-21
BE559805D BE559805A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1954-10-21
BE541593D BE541593A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1954-10-21
LU33864D LU33864A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1954-10-21
US463643A US2774625A (en) 1954-10-21 1954-10-21 Apparatus utilizing detonation waves for spraying powders
FR1131392D FR1131392A (fr) 1954-10-21 1955-09-22 Pistolet à détonation
CH327832D CH327832A (fr) 1954-10-21 1955-09-26 Appareil comprenant un pistolet à détonation destiné à communiquer de l'énergie à une matière pulvérulente
GB29804/55A GB791705A (en) 1954-10-21 1955-10-19 Improved detonation gun for heating and spraying powders
GB24076/57A GB869897A (en) 1954-10-21 1957-07-30 Improved detonation gun for heating and spraying powders
FR72143D FR72143E (fr) 1954-10-21 1957-08-01 Pistolet à détonation
US815434A US2950867A (en) 1954-10-21 1959-05-25 Pulse powder feed for detonation waves

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US463643A US2774625A (en) 1954-10-21 1954-10-21 Apparatus utilizing detonation waves for spraying powders

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US2774625A true US2774625A (en) 1956-12-18

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US463643A Expired - Lifetime US2774625A (en) 1954-10-21 1954-10-21 Apparatus utilizing detonation waves for spraying powders

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US2774625A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (2) BE541593A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CH (1) CH327832A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (2) FR1131392A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (2) GB791705A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
LU (2) LU35347A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL218430A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2920001A (en) * 1955-07-11 1960-01-05 Union Carbide Corp Jet flame spraying method and apparatus
US2950867A (en) * 1954-10-21 1960-08-30 Union Carbide Corp Pulse powder feed for detonation waves
US3004822A (en) * 1958-01-31 1961-10-17 Union Carbide Corp Method for utilizing detonation waves to effect chemical reactions
US3504856A (en) * 1969-05-15 1970-04-07 Louis Hinkeldey Jr Oxygen lance assembly
US3915381A (en) * 1971-11-15 1975-10-28 Southwest Res Inst Method and apparatus for applying particulate coating material to a work piece
US4215819A (en) * 1977-12-20 1980-08-05 Andruschak Oleg A Apparatus for explosive application of coatings to articles
US4258091A (en) * 1979-02-06 1981-03-24 Dudko Daniil A Method for coating
US4319715A (en) * 1977-12-20 1982-03-16 Garda Alexandr P Apparatus for explosive application of coatings to articles
US5285967A (en) * 1992-12-28 1994-02-15 The Weidman Company, Inc. High velocity thermal spray gun for spraying plastic coatings
WO1997023301A1 (en) * 1995-12-26 1997-07-03 Aerostar Coatings, S.L. Energy bleed apparatus and method for a detonation gun
US6146693A (en) * 1995-12-26 2000-11-14 Aerostar Coatings, S.L. Energy bleed apparatus and method for a detonation gun
JP2001129441A (ja) * 1999-09-16 2001-05-15 Nordson Corp 粉体スプレガン
US20030080220A1 (en) * 1999-09-16 2003-05-01 Mather Brian D. Powder spray gun with inline angle spray nozzle
US20050023374A1 (en) * 1999-09-16 2005-02-03 Knobbe Alan J. Powder spray gun
US20050082395A1 (en) * 2003-10-09 2005-04-21 Thomas Gardega Apparatus for thermal spray coating
US20110052825A1 (en) * 2007-09-28 2011-03-03 Paxson Daniel E Method and Apparatus for Thermal Spraying of Metal Coatings Using Pulsejet Resonant Pulsed Combustion
CN103305785A (zh) * 2012-03-06 2013-09-18 兰州理工大学 压敏胶载送粉末连续电爆喷涂装置
CN104561879A (zh) * 2014-11-25 2015-04-29 西北工业大学 一种液态燃料爆炸喷涂的装置
CN109381822A (zh) * 2018-12-03 2019-02-26 河南理工大学 一种抑制可燃气爆燃火焰传播的装置及其方法

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
SE431835B (sv) * 1977-12-21 1984-03-05 Inst Materialovedenia Akademii Anordning for paforande av beleggningar pa alster genom detonering
US4416421A (en) 1980-10-09 1983-11-22 Browning Engineering Corporation Highly concentrated supersonic liquified material flame spray method and apparatus
SU1319915A1 (ru) * 1983-09-02 1987-06-30 Предприятие П/Я А-3783 Устройство дл дозировани и ввода порошка в ствол детонационной установки
JPS63502084A (ja) * 1985-11-26 1988-08-18 ナウチノ−イスレドワ−チェルスキ−、インスチツ−ト　チェフノロギ−、アフトモビルノイ、プロムイシュレンノスチ　（ニイタフトプロム） 爆発噴射による被膜塗布装置

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB553099A (en) * 1940-09-29 1943-05-07 Fritz Gfeller Improvements in processes and apparatus for spraying fusible and thermoplastic material
US2374816A (en) * 1942-05-18 1945-05-01 Sern L Hansen Rapid-fire gun

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB553099A (en) * 1940-09-29 1943-05-07 Fritz Gfeller Improvements in processes and apparatus for spraying fusible and thermoplastic material
US2374816A (en) * 1942-05-18 1945-05-01 Sern L Hansen Rapid-fire gun

Cited By (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2950867A (en) * 1954-10-21 1960-08-30 Union Carbide Corp Pulse powder feed for detonation waves
US2920001A (en) * 1955-07-11 1960-01-05 Union Carbide Corp Jet flame spraying method and apparatus
US3004822A (en) * 1958-01-31 1961-10-17 Union Carbide Corp Method for utilizing detonation waves to effect chemical reactions
US3504856A (en) * 1969-05-15 1970-04-07 Louis Hinkeldey Jr Oxygen lance assembly
US3915381A (en) * 1971-11-15 1975-10-28 Southwest Res Inst Method and apparatus for applying particulate coating material to a work piece
US4215819A (en) * 1977-12-20 1980-08-05 Andruschak Oleg A Apparatus for explosive application of coatings to articles
US4319715A (en) * 1977-12-20 1982-03-16 Garda Alexandr P Apparatus for explosive application of coatings to articles
US4258091A (en) * 1979-02-06 1981-03-24 Dudko Daniil A Method for coating
US5285967A (en) * 1992-12-28 1994-02-15 The Weidman Company, Inc. High velocity thermal spray gun for spraying plastic coatings
WO1997023301A1 (en) * 1995-12-26 1997-07-03 Aerostar Coatings, S.L. Energy bleed apparatus and method for a detonation gun
US6146693A (en) * 1995-12-26 2000-11-14 Aerostar Coatings, S.L. Energy bleed apparatus and method for a detonation gun
EP1084759A3 (en) * 1999-09-16 2002-07-31 Nordson Corporation Powder spray gun
JP2001129441A (ja) * 1999-09-16 2001-05-15 Nordson Corp 粉体スプレガン
US20030080220A1 (en) * 1999-09-16 2003-05-01 Mather Brian D. Powder spray gun with inline angle spray nozzle
US6796519B1 (en) 1999-09-16 2004-09-28 Nordson Corporation Powder spray gun
US20050023374A1 (en) * 1999-09-16 2005-02-03 Knobbe Alan J. Powder spray gun
US20050082395A1 (en) * 2003-10-09 2005-04-21 Thomas Gardega Apparatus for thermal spray coating
US7216814B2 (en) 2003-10-09 2007-05-15 Xiom Corp. Apparatus for thermal spray coating
US20110052825A1 (en) * 2007-09-28 2011-03-03 Paxson Daniel E Method and Apparatus for Thermal Spraying of Metal Coatings Using Pulsejet Resonant Pulsed Combustion
US8839738B2 (en) * 2007-09-28 2014-09-23 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of National Aeronautics And Space Administration Method and apparatus for thermal spraying of metal coatings using pulsejet resonant pulsed combustion
CN103305785A (zh) * 2012-03-06 2013-09-18 兰州理工大学 压敏胶载送粉末连续电爆喷涂装置
CN103305785B (zh) * 2012-03-06 2015-04-22 兰州理工大学 压敏胶载送粉末连续电爆喷涂装置
CN104561879A (zh) * 2014-11-25 2015-04-29 西北工业大学 一种液态燃料爆炸喷涂的装置
CN109381822A (zh) * 2018-12-03 2019-02-26 河南理工大学 一种抑制可燃气爆燃火焰传播的装置及其方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CH327832A (fr) 1958-02-15
NL218430A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1900-01-01
GB791705A (en) 1958-03-12
FR1131392A (fr) 1957-02-20
LU35347A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB869897A (en) 1961-06-07
BE559805A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1900-01-01
FR72143E (fr) 1960-03-30
BE541593A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1900-01-01
LU33864A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

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