US2430028A - Translating device and method of making it - Google Patents

Translating device and method of making it Download PDF

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Publication number
US2430028A
US2430028A US479320A US47932043A US2430028A US 2430028 A US2430028 A US 2430028A US 479320 A US479320 A US 479320A US 47932043 A US47932043 A US 47932043A US 2430028 A US2430028 A US 2430028A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
wire
contact
point
making
electrical
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US479320A
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English (en)
Inventor
William G Pfann
Jack H Scaff
Addison H White
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
AT&T Corp
Original Assignee
Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to BE595601D priority Critical patent/BE595601A/xx
Application filed by Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc filed Critical Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc
Priority to US479320A priority patent/US2430028A/en
Priority to GB13950/44A priority patent/GB595601A/en
Priority to FR946853D priority patent/FR946853A/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2430028A publication Critical patent/US2430028A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
    • H10D64/00—Electrodes of devices having potential barriers
    • H10D64/20—Electrodes characterised by their shapes, relative sizes or dispositions 
    • H10D64/23—Electrodes carrying the current to be rectified, amplified, oscillated or switched, e.g. sources, drains, anodes or cathodes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
    • C10L5/02—Solid fuels such as briquettes consisting mainly of carbonaceous materials of mineral or non-mineral origin
    • C10L5/06—Methods of shaping, e.g. pelletizing or briquetting
    • C10L5/10—Methods of shaping, e.g. pelletizing or briquetting with the aid of binders, e.g. pretreated binders
    • C10L5/14—Methods of shaping, e.g. pelletizing or briquetting with the aid of binders, e.g. pretreated binders with organic binders
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
    • H10D48/00—Individual devices not covered by groups H10D1/00 - H10D44/00
    • H10D48/30—Devices controlled by electric currents or voltages
    • H10D48/32—Devices controlled by only the electric current supplied, or only the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
    • H10D48/34—Bipolar devices
    • H10D48/345—Bipolar transistors having ohmic electrodes on emitter-like, base-like, and collector-like regions
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
    • H10D64/00—Electrodes of devices having potential barriers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49117—Conductor or circuit manufacturing
    • Y10T29/49169—Assembling electrical component directly to terminal or elongated conductor

Definitions

  • the objects of the invention are to improve the efflciency of translation; to reduce noise currents and other undesirable effects in the output circuits of these devices; to realize a greater economy in manufacture; and to secure other improvements in devices of this kind and in methods of making them.
  • Another feature of the invention is the method of preparing the contact wire by grinding the end thereof to a conical point with a predetermined angle at the apex, etching and polishing said wire electrolytically to reform said conical point into a sphericalpoint of predetermined radius, and flattening the rounded end of said wire to produce a circular surface of predetermined diameter.
  • this method may be applied, if desirable, to the formation of oblong or other noncircular contact areas.
  • the rectifier contacts are made by grinding or shearing the wire to a wedge-shaped point instead of'a cone-shaped point.
  • the shape of the wedge may result from the intersection of two planes with a cylinder so that the line of intersection lies in plane approximately normal to the central axis of the cylinder or from the intersection of a single plane with a cylinder so that the line of intersection is at the periphery of the cylinder,
  • irregularities at the contact surface of the wire adversely affect the performance factors of the rectifier.
  • Fig. 1 shows a length of wire used for forming the contact spring
  • Fig. 2 illustrates the step of grinding one end of the spring wire to a conical point
  • Fig. 3 is a view greatly enlarged showing the shapes of the contact point following the different steps of the process
  • Fig. 4 shows the ground contact wire after it has been fixed in the holder and formed to give Fig. '7 shows the apparatus used for controlling the level of the electrolyte; s
  • Fig. 8 is an assembly view of one of the translating devices
  • Fig. 9 is an enlarged view of the contact wire with a cone-shaped point, showing its relation to the rectifying crystal just before contact between the wire and the crystal is made;
  • Fig. 10 shows this relationship after completion of the adjusting and tapping processes
  • Figs. 11 and 12 are front and side views respectively of the contact wire when ground to a wedge-shaped tip
  • Figs. 13 and 14 are front and side viewsrespectively of an alternative form of the wire with a wedge-shaped tip.
  • the contact spring of the translating unit is made from a length of tungsten wire I, which is preferably plated with a noble metal such as gold.
  • tungsten wire has a diameter of .005 inch.
  • the wire i is fixed in a rotating chuck, and one end is ground to a conical point by means of a high speed grinding wheel 2.
  • the angle at which the wire is applied to the grinding wheel is chosen so that the apex angle of the cone point falls between 70 degrees and 80 degrees, it having been found. that the optimum value is about 75 degrees. This angle is illustrated in the enlarged view of Fig. 3.
  • the other end is soldered into a cylindrical holder 3 of some suitable conducting material such 7 as brass.
  • a suitable conducting material such 7 as brass.
  • the wire I is bent a number of times as seen in Fig. 4 to give it the property v of a, springwhen pressure is applied to the free end thereof.
  • Figs. 5, 6 and '7- A plurality of the mounted contact wires, such as the'one shown in Fig. 4, are afiixed in a suitable metallic holding strip 4 as seen in Fig. 5.
  • the holder 4 is then supported over the dish 5 with the contact wires projecting downwardly.
  • the electrolyte 6 within the dish I is an aqueous solution containing 25 per cent by weight of potassium hydroxide.
  • the dish 5 issupported on a tripod table 1 having leveling screws 8, 8 and III for adjusting the level of the electrolyte 8 with respect to the rim of the dish on which the holder 4 is supported.
  • the elevation of the electrolyte 6 in the dish 5 is controlled by the pump and siphon arrangement shown in Fig. 7, and it may be assumed that the level of the solution 6 is relatively low in the dish 5 when the holder 4, filled with spring elements, is placed. in position on the rim of the dish.
  • the level of the electrolyte 6 may now be brought to the desired elevation for immersing the ground points of the contact springs by adjusting the stop-cock ii to the position illustrated in the drawing and applying'pressure to the rubber bulb l2.
  • Applied pressure within the vessel [3 forces the auxiliary supply .of the electrolyte into the dish 5, and this action may be which covers the remainder of the wire is not materially affected by the electrolytic action.
  • the spring contact wires are made anodic by connecting the metallic holder 4 through the resistance i 4 to the positive pole of the current source.
  • Cathode i5 is connected through a time switch It to the negative pole of the source.
  • ammeter i1 indicates the current flowing, and a voltmeter laindicatcs the applied voltage.
  • the first or etching step in the electrolytic process is performed by applying a potential difference of 0.80 volt for two seconds. This is accomplished by adjusting the rheostat contact I!) until the voltmeter i8 indicates 0.80 volt with the switch I6 open, and by closing the switch it for a period of two seconds. During this interval the material forming the extreme point 20 and to a small extent the material on the side surfaces of the cone (illustrated in Fig. 3 by the space between the broken lines and the solid-line contour) is etched away leaving a substantially spherical surface 2 I, the radius of which is about .0003 inch. Also all burrs, sharp points and grinding scratches are removed The next or the polishing step in the process is performed by sub-" 0.2 second. These voltage and time values are obtained by adjusting the rheostat and the time switch accordingly. The purpose of these brief flashes at relatively high voltage is to eliminate all remaining surface irregularities and to attain a rounded point 2! having a very high polish.-
  • the level of the electrolyte 6 is now lowered in the dish 5 by turning the stop-cock II to its alternateposition. In the alternate position at- .ber within.
  • the other plug 25 and the metallic cap 28, of which the plug is an integral part, contain a central bore for receiving thecylindrical holder 3.
  • the holder 3 is adjusted to bring the rounded and polished point of the wire I into engagement with the surface of the crystal 21 with the desired degree of force where it is held by set screws 29. During this step the force exertedon the extreme tip of the wire flattens it to a small finite contact area.
  • the assembled unit is now ready for the tapping process, which consists in striking the unit a light blow. By carefully regulating the force of this blow or by repeating it the desired electrical properties of the rectifier are obtained.
  • the combined effect of the adjusting and tapping process produces the optimum flat contact area on the point of the wire, which, in the case of conical grinding, has been found to be circular and to have a diameter of about .0003 inch.
  • a comparison of the contact point before and after the combined adjusting and tapping process is illustrated in the enlarged views of Figs. 9 and 10 and is also illustrated in the more highly magnified view of Fig. 3.
  • Figs. 11 and 12 are magnified views of a contact wire I which has been ground or otherwise formed with a Wedge-shaped tip
  • Figs. 13 and 14 are similar views of the contact wire having an alternate form of wedge-shaped tip.
  • the contact wires prepared with the wedgeshaped tips are, like those having conical tips, subjected to the same electrolytic treatment for etching and polishing the formed tips and also to the other steps of the procedure above described for upsetting the reformed tips and assembling them in the rectifier units.
  • the method of making the pointed element of a point-contact rectifier which comprises grinding the end of a fine wire to a conical point and etching away electrolytically a portion of the ground point to form a rounded surface.
  • the method of making a point-contact rectifier which comprises grinding the end of a fine wire to a conical point having an apex angle of approximately '75 degrees. and etching away electrolytically a portion of the ground point to form a smooth rounded surface.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Electrical Connectors (AREA)
  • Grinding And Polishing Of Tertiary Curved Surfaces And Surfaces With Complex Shapes (AREA)
US479320A 1943-03-16 1943-03-16 Translating device and method of making it Expired - Lifetime US2430028A (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE595601D BE595601A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1943-03-16
US479320A US2430028A (en) 1943-03-16 1943-03-16 Translating device and method of making it
GB13950/44A GB595601A (en) 1943-03-16 1944-07-20 Improved method of making fine wire contacts for use in electrical apparatus
FR946853D FR946853A (fr) 1943-03-16 1947-05-16 Dispositifs de transmission

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US479320A US2430028A (en) 1943-03-16 1943-03-16 Translating device and method of making it

Publications (1)

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US2430028A true US2430028A (en) 1947-11-04

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US479320A Expired - Lifetime US2430028A (en) 1943-03-16 1943-03-16 Translating device and method of making it

Country Status (4)

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US (1) US2430028A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE595601A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR946853A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB595601A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2549550A (en) * 1948-08-19 1951-04-17 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Vibration-operated transistor
US2572801A (en) * 1943-06-23 1951-10-23 Sylvania Electric Prod Electrical rectifier
US2612567A (en) * 1949-10-04 1952-09-30 Stuetzer Otmar Michael Transconductor employing field controlled semiconductor
US2660696A (en) * 1950-05-10 1953-11-24 Hazeltine Research Inc Crystal contact device
US2693022A (en) * 1950-10-06 1954-11-02 Gen Electric Method of manufacturing whisker electrodes
US2697268A (en) * 1950-12-30 1954-12-21 Sylvania Electric Prod Diode fabricating apparatus
US2732614A (en) * 1949-07-02 1956-01-31 shower
US2753497A (en) * 1951-08-03 1956-07-03 Westinghouse Brake & Signal Crystal contact rectifiers
US2825857A (en) * 1953-12-31 1958-03-04 Ibm Contact structure
US2863106A (en) * 1953-07-09 1958-12-02 Itt Crystal rectifier and manufacture thereof
US2940024A (en) * 1954-06-01 1960-06-07 Rca Corp Semi-conductor rectifiers
US3047933A (en) * 1958-01-17 1962-08-07 Columbia Broadcasting Syst Inc Crystal diode assembly machine and method therefor
US4224123A (en) * 1979-01-15 1980-09-23 The Upjohn Company Method and apparatus for electropolishing tablet compressing toolings
US5035780A (en) * 1988-03-25 1991-07-30 Agency Of Industrial Science And Technology Method of manufacturing a platinum tip
US5066370A (en) * 1990-09-07 1991-11-19 International Business Machines Corporation Apparatus, electrochemical process, and electrolyte for microfinishing stainless steel print bands
US5085746A (en) * 1990-09-10 1992-02-04 North Carolina State University Method of fabricating scanning tunneling microscope tips

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB747198A (en) * 1953-10-02 1956-03-28 Standard Telephones Cables Ltd Improvements in or relating to electric semiconductor devices

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT62869B (de) * 1912-04-23 1914-01-10 Westinghouse Metallfaden Glueh Verfahren zum Zuspitzen Metallkörpern bzw. Drähten, insbesondere solcher für elektrische Glühlampen, zwecks Einführens in die Ziehlöcher.
US1614562A (en) * 1925-09-05 1927-01-18 Clemens A Laise Apparatus and method of wire drawing and alloy wires used for radiotubes and other purposes
DE456720C (de) * 1926-12-20 1929-04-13 Funke A G Geb Verfahren zum Entfernen des Grats an Schneidkanten von Schneidwerkzeugen
GB322118A (en) * 1928-06-05 1929-12-05 Sherard Osborn Cowper Coles An improved process and apparatus for the electrolytic removal of metal from metallic bodies
US1958338A (en) * 1931-07-18 1934-05-08 Mallory & Co Inc P R Electrical make-and-break contact

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT62869B (de) * 1912-04-23 1914-01-10 Westinghouse Metallfaden Glueh Verfahren zum Zuspitzen Metallkörpern bzw. Drähten, insbesondere solcher für elektrische Glühlampen, zwecks Einführens in die Ziehlöcher.
US1614562A (en) * 1925-09-05 1927-01-18 Clemens A Laise Apparatus and method of wire drawing and alloy wires used for radiotubes and other purposes
DE456720C (de) * 1926-12-20 1929-04-13 Funke A G Geb Verfahren zum Entfernen des Grats an Schneidkanten von Schneidwerkzeugen
GB322118A (en) * 1928-06-05 1929-12-05 Sherard Osborn Cowper Coles An improved process and apparatus for the electrolytic removal of metal from metallic bodies
US1958338A (en) * 1931-07-18 1934-05-08 Mallory & Co Inc P R Electrical make-and-break contact

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2572801A (en) * 1943-06-23 1951-10-23 Sylvania Electric Prod Electrical rectifier
US2549550A (en) * 1948-08-19 1951-04-17 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Vibration-operated transistor
US2732614A (en) * 1949-07-02 1956-01-31 shower
US2612567A (en) * 1949-10-04 1952-09-30 Stuetzer Otmar Michael Transconductor employing field controlled semiconductor
US2660696A (en) * 1950-05-10 1953-11-24 Hazeltine Research Inc Crystal contact device
US2693022A (en) * 1950-10-06 1954-11-02 Gen Electric Method of manufacturing whisker electrodes
US2697268A (en) * 1950-12-30 1954-12-21 Sylvania Electric Prod Diode fabricating apparatus
US2753497A (en) * 1951-08-03 1956-07-03 Westinghouse Brake & Signal Crystal contact rectifiers
US2863106A (en) * 1953-07-09 1958-12-02 Itt Crystal rectifier and manufacture thereof
US2825857A (en) * 1953-12-31 1958-03-04 Ibm Contact structure
US2940024A (en) * 1954-06-01 1960-06-07 Rca Corp Semi-conductor rectifiers
US3047933A (en) * 1958-01-17 1962-08-07 Columbia Broadcasting Syst Inc Crystal diode assembly machine and method therefor
US4224123A (en) * 1979-01-15 1980-09-23 The Upjohn Company Method and apparatus for electropolishing tablet compressing toolings
US5035780A (en) * 1988-03-25 1991-07-30 Agency Of Industrial Science And Technology Method of manufacturing a platinum tip
US5066370A (en) * 1990-09-07 1991-11-19 International Business Machines Corporation Apparatus, electrochemical process, and electrolyte for microfinishing stainless steel print bands
US5085746A (en) * 1990-09-10 1992-02-04 North Carolina State University Method of fabricating scanning tunneling microscope tips

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB595601A (en) 1947-12-10
FR946853A (fr) 1949-06-16
BE595601A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

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