US2370345A - Horizontal rotary type oil burner - Google Patents
Horizontal rotary type oil burner Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2370345A US2370345A US462633A US46263342A US2370345A US 2370345 A US2370345 A US 2370345A US 462633 A US462633 A US 462633A US 46263342 A US46263342 A US 46263342A US 2370345 A US2370345 A US 2370345A
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- cup
- oil
- burner
- air
- discharge
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23D—BURNERS
- F23D11/00—Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space
- F23D11/04—Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space the spraying action being obtained by centrifugal action
Definitions
- pants shown o rRigg. t1, .not atomizeor dinar'y cold fiuel-l oilv'sufiicientiyvto omprjs ,1[amam g u m ym m rmake it possible; towignite: this cold fuel-oil with g lz gmg :1 l connected witluone end portion ea spark.
- Blast*a1r is oischarge'd from' the v.pa'r-tly in section of a'horizontal rotaryrtype fuel Spark l a 'WthQ TIDYOJeCts intothe m1 burner of standard'constructiomhaving my --n h qha g
- a invention installedhinconnectionfltherewlth. he outerrend DOT-$101105 the rotatable burner 2 isfla vsiew in longitudinal ctionsono "tu be 16,51. erthelend portionfshowniat thelle'ft I larger.
- the air pressure supply device 39 is driven by the motor l3.
- air is taken into the high pressure air supply device 39 through an air inlet conduit 40.
- having a valve 42 is of the secondary cup 54.
- This sleeve 55 fits snugly but rotatively on the oil inlet tube 34 and has a flange 51 that sits'snugly against the bottom of the secondary cup 54.
- the sleeve 56 thus forms a sealing member that tends to prevent oil from escaping into the air passageways and air from entering the oil chamber in the secondary cup member 54.
- a plug fitting 59 is threaded into the outer end
- a compression spring 60 is interposed between the plug fitting 59 and v flange 51 of sleeve 55 to hold the said flange 51 stem 62 upon'which the hub portion 63 of a disc preferably connected with the conduit 40.
- Fuel oil under pressure is preferably supplied to the oil inlet pipe 34 through an opening 43 in the housing 30.
- the opening 43 is connected by a conduit 44 with any suitable supply of fuel oil under pressure.
- One satisfactory way to supply such fuel oil under pressure is to supply it through a pump driven from the motor l3.
- the rotary burner cup l8 when constructed in accordance with my invention,,as shown in Fig. 2, comprises an expanding cup member 45 having an inner wall 46 of frustro-conical shape along which fuel oil may flow until it discharges in a thin film and ina generally radial direction from the open end of said cup member 45.
- A'sleeve 41 is provided with an inwardly directed flange 48 that is press fltted or otherwise rigidly mounted on the exa
- the internal diameter of the major portion of the sleeve 41 is larger than the external diameter of the cup 45 to provide an annular air passageway 49 between the sleeve 41 and the cup 45.
- The, sleeve 41 has a convergent annular tip 50 that terminates substantially flush with the forward end portion of the rotary cup 45 and that is of a suitable size and suitably positioned to form a narrow annular air discharge opening 5
- An annular external groove 52 is preferably provided on the burner cup 45 just forwardly of the flange 4B and a plurality of oblique openlugs 53 extend from this groove 52 inwardly and provide'air passageways between the burner tube 6 and the annular air conduit 49.
- a secondary cup 54 is disposed within the burner'cup 45 and has a hub portion 55 that is threaded into the bottom portion of said cup 45.
- the oil inlet tube 34 which does not rotate, en-
- a compression spring 65 is interposed between the disc 64 and a nut 66 on the stem62 and tends-to yieldingly hold the peripheral portion of' the disc against the conical inner wall 46 of the burner cup 45.
- Oil under pressure within the rotating cup 45 must escape past the periphery of the disc 64 before it can discharge from the rotating cup.
- the disc 64 will thus act as an oil retarding member and as a deflector to insure that all of the oil follows along the wall 45 of the rotating cup.
- the fuel oil will flow in a thin film along the wall 45 of the rapidly rotating cup 45 and will discharge in a thin film like cone and in a generally radial direction from the end of the rapidly rotating cup 45.
- a cylindrical knife like sheet of high pressure air will discharge from the opening 5
- will be beneficial at all times during the operation of this oil burner and will increase both the emciency and capacity of the burner.
- a rotating air supply tube a rotating oil burner cup secured to an end portion of said air supply tube, said cup having a cylindrical outer wall and a conical inner wall that expands toward the discharge end of the cup and said cup terminating in a relatively thin discharge edge over which oil will discharge in a conical film when the burner is in operation; an outer sleeve carried by said cup in spaced relation from the exterior of the cup to provide a cylindrical air conduit between the sleeve and the cup, said air conduit having an annular discharge passageway of narrow width positioned substantially flush with the dischargeend of the cup; a conduit connecting said annular air discharge passageway with said air supply tube; a secondary cup within the bottom portion of said burner cup and secured to said burner cup; a nonrotatable oil inlet tube positioned within said air supply tube and extending into said secondary cup; an inner sleeve within said secondary cup on said oil inlet tube providing oil and air sealing means between said cup and said oil inlet tube; spring means yieldingly holding said inner slee
- a rotary burner cup having a thin edge over which an outwardly spreading cone shaped film of oil will discharge when the burner is operating; means adapted to supply fuel oil to the inside of said cup; high pressure air supply means; low pressure air supply means independent of said high pressure air supply means; air conduit means connected with said high pressure air supply means and positioned external to said burner cup and having an annular air discharge opening of narrow width extending around the discharge end of said cup in close proximity thereto positioned to direct a thin annular sheet of air into said discharging film of oil at substantially the location where said oil leaves said burner cup,'said annular sheet of air being of a pressure high enough to thoroughly atomize cold fuel oil and condition said cold fuel oil for ignition in starting; electric igniter means positioned adjacent the point of discharge of said thoroughly atomized oil; and an air supply conduit connected with said low pressure air supply means and having outlet openings positioned external to said narrow annular high pressure air discharge Opening adapted to supply air at relatively low pressure to said atomized fuel for combustion purposes.
- a rotating burner cup having a conical inner wall terminating at its larger end in an edge over which oil will discharge when the burner is in operation; oil pressure supply means connected with the inner end portion of said cup; an oil deflector disc carried within said burner cup and movable longitudinally of said cup and yieldingly urged against said conical inner wall and operable to deflect and distribute outflowing oil in an even film along the conical inner wall of said cup; high pressure air supply means; low pressure air supply means independent of said high pressure air supply means; air conduit means external to said cup and connected with said high pressure air supply-means and having an annular air discharge opening of narrow width extending around the discharge end of said cup in close proximity thereto positioned to direct a thin annular sheet of high pressure air into said discharging film of oil at substantially the location where said oil leaves said burner cup, said annular sheet of air being of a pressure high enough to thoroughly atomize cold fuel oil and condition the same for easy ignition in starting; electric igniter means positioned in the path of the discharging oil;
- a rotating air supply tube a rotating oil burner cup secured thereto; said .cup terminating in a relatively thin discharge edge over which oil will discharge in a conical film when the burner is in operation; an outer sleeve surrounding said cup in spaced relation therefrom providing an air passageway having a narrow annular discharge opening extending around and substantially flush with the oil discharge edge of the cup; a conduit connecting said air passageway with said air supply tube; high pressure air supply means connected with said air supply tube; a secondary cup within the bottom portion of said oil burner cup and secured thereto; a non-rotatable oil inlet tube extending into said secondary cup adapted to supply oil thereto; an inner sleeve in said secondary cup on said oil inlet tube providing oil and air sealing means between said secondary cup and said oil inlet tube;- spring means yieldingly holding said inner sleeve in sealing engagement with said secondary cup; and end means for said secondary cup supporting said spring means and having oil discharge openings therein.
Description
Feb. 27, 1945. a, FROST HORIZONTAL ROTARY TYP E OIL BURNER Filed om. 19, 1942 Rd 0 a K v 0 m 5 2 w M 6 2 e w MG M 6 4 M F m o W 0 L w J h m A fllq. Y m nlr/ 4 8 9 6 6 Z M 4 v 7 3 6 4 e 5 3 W 2 5 x V I Z A 3 0 m 5 W M 5 3 a w 3 Z 9 (LA 6 MW M 3 I 3% Patented Feb. 27, 1945 t I r 2,370,345 7 nonizonmnnomnysr monmonnsn .1mm Frost, seifflef'wash.
Application October 19, 1942,:SeriaI-Noi 4162523 4"Cla7lms. (Cl," 158 =My inventionrrelates tor horizontal rotary:oil Morgen scale than Rig; 1, and 2a;- smaller-scale than burnerssof the type hswingran' oil'zcup wl'iichis -Fi g.2,vshowing amoil an'd airiintakehousingwmrotated :atza relatively high speedaand thr u bodiectmithecinvention. *which i the-.-oi1a,is:i fed: sol that it will: be discharged Referringvto .-Fig. 1; I%show a horizontal: rotary on ea thin conical: filmr from "the .open: end "of the l 5 lliypeijoflkbmrnep of glm w f -rtmwhichumy im -In rn s o this i ype s ar inventiomismpplid. in saidfiFig. 1,aithe;rotary nari1y,provided for:- supplying rlowtpressure blast bbum map \and tsome: art i :the air pply tair and airat atmospheric; pressure moundu-the zzmeans "have zbeenralteredifin accordancerwith my rotatingfiupfifrom'iwhich h is iinvention azndhthefremaiinin'geparw shownirin said "This p ur last air and::atm0Sph ai -10 irFig.i1;caresofiwellrlmownfistandardcconstmcfion. furnish oxygen for combustion-.1 purposes but-will FIhevstandard bumer? pants :shown o rRigg. t1, .not atomizeor dinar'y cold fiuel-l oilv'sufiicientiyvto omprjs ,1[amam g u m ym m rmake it possible; towignite: this cold fuel-oil with g lz gmg :1 l connected witluone end portion ea spark. hForLthisreason itqhas?heretofore been {Emma bmguaw;1gggcomiectecpwitmthepomergend necessary to heat the fue1 oi1-or-to use ligas or lg -fio Ajm bwrg f's 'm unted an thenhuusmg "lighter oil (such as Diesel'oil or distillate for start- In dltha gas'sha'ft 31"4 mdnnectedmygbmgdflve l-ing purposes. -m81I1S I-S Wi th a' rotatable 'bumer tube "What is I111 accorden'ce withl'myl'imentwni-I Provide suitably -joumiled in the housing" flmas -by bear- ."means for f discharging 2. it-hm annular" =blast f n ;Th 1 rwa n portwnififithe.burner relativelyxhigh,pressureeimaround the rotating ='%20;- whasgawowry burneprwpusecmd therto g g i i i 5 2 g "This'rotary burner cup *designated generally-b3; ere y oroug y rea zupran a, omize' is 5: A a 1 2-. discharging film of f-ueloil to (such anzextent-that is made m accordanc wlth my mventmn and hit canzbeignitedabyaon ordinary spark Itype elec- W ,fipressureiaif.iszsecuredgtov hebumerlmbeflland tric igniter connected with :anelectricdgnition ,jdperatesuwithmwhe,fanihousmgj. wheffan transformer. .7 q r Itis an objector-my. invention toprovide means gigggg figg? -for;em bodiment .in =2. horizontalmotary ;type oil .u i butteffiyyvalveinlmayhbegdmwnimtogthe burner which will make it possible 2' to ignite lcol'd .iuel mil with an ordinaryxsparb typeigniter -:in :starting the-burner.
lt-zis ra furthersobj ectvofl my invention to-,.:provide high pressure air supply means whichumay be incorporated into the construction of :horizon-tal rotar type oil'burners now .inwcommon -use without' alte-ration of-any of-the standard ,parts of the burner-head: exceptrtherotary-cup. Another object of, my invention. is l to increase the efliciency and capacity of 4m oil burner :of this type by lproviding means for moreeffieiently ien housing ll "through "an opening 13 and through'fa.convergentnozile{tube formed"of two "members "24 "and ""25 that "extend "around "the -"'burner'-'cupf8 inspected relation therefrom.
"A conicakno'zzle" guard 'an'dfprotectorifiiprfere'b'ly "surroundsthe nozzle "'2 4-"2'5 in "spaced relation therefrom. Pnlf'e'rably olir at "atmospheric pressure may enter through the no z'zle "guard -26. Preferably a; front. plate"! 1" i secured :40 'tofthegiozzle guard 26andb'oth or these p gs I "26"an'd' Tare secured to'the fanhous'ingfl. Y e VZEZIVQLZIlEegTPhE fuel on that 15 being consumed by from m ateizrmay? g sf dt g sm 9 Other objects will belapparent from the, follow- 7 t??? P i 5" FPflYFFFWWF ing description taken in connection -.w'it thewacihrquqbi g -Rm q w e firebox when companying drawing and appended claims. UP "{p n gm gf' v to In'theidmwingy finflelectric 'igmter 28 1 s. preietablymositioxied "Figurel is e viewpar'tly in side elevation-and externally mfi'lbfiiand lsfprv'iddwith ise-housing. Blast*a1r"is oischarge'd from' the v.pa'r-tly in section of a'horizontal rotaryrtype fuel Spark l a 'WthQ TIDYOJeCts intothe m1 burner of standard'constructiomhaving my --n h qha g A invention installedhinconnectionfltherewlth. he outerrend DOT-$101105 the rotatable burner 2 isfla vsiew in longitudinal ctionsono "tu be 16,51. erthelend portionfshowniat thelle'ft I larger. scaleithanhFigl showjn sa rotar woil cup in Flig'vl extendsrinto anfiil afid ain'intake housor nozzle-modified in accordance with #m -invem -i-ng 0 find s' rota iv y dispo Wit n hu antion. nember'3 L =inv saiq housingl and a pecking washer 'Fig. '13 his a viewin-vlongitud-inal section sonsa 32 andsscrew ;cap=- are P din c n i n with hub member 3| to prevent leakage aroundterior of the burner cup 45.
connected by a conduit 38 with a suitable device 39 for supplying high pressure air. The air pressure supply device 39 is driven by the motor l3.
Preferably air is taken into the high pressure air supply device 39 through an air inlet conduit 40. Another conduit 4| having a valve 42 is of the secondary cup 54.
A plug fitting 59 is threaded into the outer end A compression spring 60 is interposed between the plug fitting 59 and v flange 51 of sleeve 55 to hold the said flange 51 stem 62 upon'which the hub portion 63 of a disc preferably connected with the conduit 40. If
desired gas or heated air or steam or a mixture of two or more of the same may be admitted through conduit 4|. Obviously this will not be needed for starting purposes in connection with my invention because oil burners equipped with my invention maybe started with cold oil and ordinary atmospheric air. However under. certain operating conditions gas may be admitted to enrich the fuel mixtureor steam or heated air may be admitted to better atomize heavy oil.
Fuel oil under pressure is preferably supplied to the oil inlet pipe 34 through an opening 43 in the housing 30. The opening 43 is connected by a conduit 44 with any suitable supply of fuel oil under pressure. One satisfactory way to supply such fuel oil under pressure is to supply it through a pump driven from the motor l3.
The rotary burner cup l8, when constructed in accordance with my invention,,as shown in Fig. 2, comprises an expanding cup member 45 having an inner wall 46 of frustro-conical shape along which fuel oil may flow until it discharges in a thin film and ina generally radial direction from the open end of said cup member 45.
The bottom end portion of the burner cup 45 is press fitted into, or otherwise rigidly secured to, the burner tube I6, A'sleeve 41 is provided with an inwardly directed flange 48 that is press fltted or otherwise rigidly mounted on the exa The internal diameter of the major portion of the sleeve 41 is larger than the external diameter of the cup 45 to provide an annular air passageway 49 between the sleeve 41 and the cup 45. The, sleeve 41 has a convergent annular tip 50 that terminates substantially flush with the forward end portion of the rotary cup 45 and that is of a suitable size and suitably positioned to form a narrow annular air discharge opening 5| through which a An annular external groove 52 is preferably provided on the burner cup 45 just forwardly of the flange 4B and a plurality of oblique openlugs 53 extend from this groove 52 inwardly and provide'air passageways between the burner tube 6 and the annular air conduit 49.
A secondary cup 54 is disposed within the burner'cup 45 and has a hub portion 55 that is threaded into the bottom portion of said cup 45.
The oil inlet tube 34, which does not rotate, en-
ters through the hub portion of the secondary 64 isslidably mounted. A compression spring 65 is interposed between the disc 64 and a nut 66 on the stem62 and tends-to yieldingly hold the peripheral portion of' the disc against the conical inner wall 46 of the burner cup 45. Oil under pressure within the rotating cup 45 must escape past the periphery of the disc 64 before it can discharge from the rotating cup. The disc 64 will thus act as an oil retarding member and as a deflector to insure that all of the oil follows along the wall 45 of the rotating cup.
In the operation of this device the fuel oil will flow in a thin film along the wall 45 of the rapidly rotating cup 45 and will discharge in a thin film like cone and in a generally radial direction from the end of the rapidly rotating cup 45. At the same time a cylindrical knife like sheet of high pressure air will discharge from the opening 5| across the path of the discharging film of fuel oil and will thoroughly atomize said fuel oil to such an extent that said fuel oil when cold can be ignited by the spark type igniter 2823.
The atomization of the oil provided by the jet of air discharging from the opening 5| will be beneficial at all times during the operation of this oil burner and will increase both the emciency and capacity of the burner.
To install this invention in a fuel oil burner of standard construction I preferably take a cup complete the device.
The foregoing description and accompanying drawing clearly disclose a preferred embodiment of my invention but it will be understood that this disclosure is merely illustrative and that changes in the invention maybe made within the scope and spirit of the following claims.
I claim:
1. In an oil burner, a rotating air supply tube; a rotating oil burner cup secured to an end portion of said air supply tube, said cup having a cylindrical outer wall and a conical inner wall that expands toward the discharge end of the cup and said cup terminating in a relatively thin discharge edge over which oil will discharge in a conical film when the burner is in operation; an outer sleeve carried by said cup in spaced relation from the exterior of the cup to provide a cylindrical air conduit between the sleeve and the cup, said air conduit having an annular discharge passageway of narrow width positioned substantially flush with the dischargeend of the cup; a conduit connecting said annular air discharge passageway with said air supply tube; a secondary cup within the bottom portion of said burner cup and secured to said burner cup; a nonrotatable oil inlet tube positioned within said air supply tube and extending into said secondary cup; an inner sleeve within said secondary cup on said oil inlet tube providing oil and air sealing means between said cup and said oil inlet tube; spring means yieldingly holding said inner sleeve in sealing engagement with said secondary cup; a plug fitting carried by the outer end portion of said secondary cup and having oil discharge openings therein; a shank on said plug fitting; an oil deflector disc movably carried by said shank with its peripheral portion positioned in engage ment with the conical inner wall of said oil burner cup; and resilient means yieldingly urging said deflector disc into engagement with said conical inner wall of said oil burner cup.
2. In an oil burner, a rotary burner cup having a thin edge over which an outwardly spreading cone shaped film of oil will discharge when the burner is operating; means adapted to supply fuel oil to the inside of said cup; high pressure air supply means; low pressure air supply means independent of said high pressure air supply means; air conduit means connected with said high pressure air supply means and positioned external to said burner cup and having an annular air discharge opening of narrow width extending around the discharge end of said cup in close proximity thereto positioned to direct a thin annular sheet of air into said discharging film of oil at substantially the location where said oil leaves said burner cup,'said annular sheet of air being of a pressure high enough to thoroughly atomize cold fuel oil and condition said cold fuel oil for ignition in starting; electric igniter means positioned adjacent the point of discharge of said thoroughly atomized oil; and an air supply conduit connected with said low pressure air supply means and having outlet openings positioned external to said narrow annular high pressure air discharge Opening adapted to supply air at relatively low pressure to said atomized fuel for combustion purposes.
3. In an oil burner, a rotating burner cup having a conical inner wall terminating at its larger end in an edge over which oil will discharge when the burner is in operation; oil pressure supply means connected with the inner end portion of said cup; an oil deflector disc carried within said burner cup and movable longitudinally of said cup and yieldingly urged against said conical inner wall and operable to deflect and distribute outflowing oil in an even film along the conical inner wall of said cup; high pressure air supply means; low pressure air supply means independent of said high pressure air supply means; air conduit means external to said cup and connected with said high pressure air supply-means and having an annular air discharge opening of narrow width extending around the discharge end of said cup in close proximity thereto positioned to direct a thin annular sheet of high pressure air into said discharging film of oil at substantially the location where said oil leaves said burner cup, said annular sheet of air being of a pressure high enough to thoroughly atomize cold fuel oil and condition the same for easy ignition in starting; electric igniter means positioned in the path of the discharging oil; and air supply conduit means connected with said low pressure air supply means and positioned to deliver low pressure air to the burning fuel for combustion purposes.
4. In an oil burner, a rotating air supply tube; a rotating oil burner cup secured thereto; said .cup terminating in a relatively thin discharge edge over which oil will discharge in a conical film when the burner is in operation; an outer sleeve surrounding said cup in spaced relation therefrom providing an air passageway having a narrow annular discharge opening extending around and substantially flush with the oil discharge edge of the cup; a conduit connecting said air passageway with said air supply tube; high pressure air supply means connected with said air supply tube; a secondary cup within the bottom portion of said oil burner cup and secured thereto; a non-rotatable oil inlet tube extending into said secondary cup adapted to supply oil thereto; an inner sleeve in said secondary cup on said oil inlet tube providing oil and air sealing means between said secondary cup and said oil inlet tube;- spring means yieldingly holding said inner sleeve in sealing engagement with said secondary cup; and end means for said secondary cup supporting said spring means and having oil discharge openings therein.
JOHN G. FROST.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US462633A US2370345A (en) | 1942-10-19 | 1942-10-19 | Horizontal rotary type oil burner |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US462633A US2370345A (en) | 1942-10-19 | 1942-10-19 | Horizontal rotary type oil burner |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2370345A true US2370345A (en) | 1945-02-27 |
Family
ID=23837165
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US462633A Expired - Lifetime US2370345A (en) | 1942-10-19 | 1942-10-19 | Horizontal rotary type oil burner |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2370345A (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2480019A (en) * | 1947-05-03 | 1949-08-23 | Gilbert & Barker Mfg Co | Rotary air atomizing burner |
| US2483975A (en) * | 1944-06-06 | 1949-10-04 | Shell Dev | Rotating atomizing cup burner and method of igniting and burning fuel therein |
| US2501736A (en) * | 1947-04-23 | 1950-03-28 | Horace W Olsen | Rotary distributing head oil burner |
| US2594206A (en) * | 1947-03-26 | 1952-04-22 | Payne William Harvey | Oil-burning and control apparatus |
| US4536151A (en) * | 1982-12-01 | 1985-08-20 | J. Eberspacher | Mixture preparation for engine-independent heaters |
-
1942
- 1942-10-19 US US462633A patent/US2370345A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2483975A (en) * | 1944-06-06 | 1949-10-04 | Shell Dev | Rotating atomizing cup burner and method of igniting and burning fuel therein |
| US2594206A (en) * | 1947-03-26 | 1952-04-22 | Payne William Harvey | Oil-burning and control apparatus |
| US2501736A (en) * | 1947-04-23 | 1950-03-28 | Horace W Olsen | Rotary distributing head oil burner |
| US2480019A (en) * | 1947-05-03 | 1949-08-23 | Gilbert & Barker Mfg Co | Rotary air atomizing burner |
| US4536151A (en) * | 1982-12-01 | 1985-08-20 | J. Eberspacher | Mixture preparation for engine-independent heaters |
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