US2297305A - Magnetic induction accelerator - Google Patents

Magnetic induction accelerator Download PDF

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Publication number
US2297305A
US2297305A US365520A US36552040A US2297305A US 2297305 A US2297305 A US 2297305A US 365520 A US365520 A US 365520A US 36552040 A US36552040 A US 36552040A US 2297305 A US2297305 A US 2297305A
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Prior art keywords
electrons
electron
magnetic
magnetic field
field
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Expired - Lifetime
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US365520A
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English (en)
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Donald W Kerst
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General Electric Co
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General Electric Co
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Publication date
Priority to BE477724D priority Critical patent/BE477724A/xx
Application filed by General Electric Co filed Critical General Electric Co
Priority to US365520A priority patent/US2297305A/en
Priority to FR878769D priority patent/FR878769A/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2297305A publication Critical patent/US2297305A/en
Priority to CH272697D priority patent/CH272697A/de
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H11/00—Magnetic induction accelerators, e.g. betatrons

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to apparatus for accelerating charged particles, such as electrons, by means of magnetic induction effects.
  • an important feature of the invention consists in the provision of improved means for introducing charged particles into the orbital path in which acceleration is to occur.
  • Another important feature of the invention ancillary to the above, consists in the provision of means for continuously varying the velocity of the injected particles in a manner correlated to the rate of variation of the magnetic accelerating field. This increases the length of the period during which electrons may be captured by the magnetic field and thus leads to an increase in the output of the accelerating apparatus as a whole.
  • a still further important feature of the invention comprises the inclusion in connection with the acceleration vessel of means for regularizing the electric field distribution around the orbital path of the charged particles and for guarding the particles against displacement from such path by electrostatic causes.
  • Fig. 1 is a sectional elevation of an accelerating apparatus suitably embodying the invention
  • Fig. 2 is a cross-section taken on line 2-2 of Fig. 1
  • Fig. 3 represents an enlarged fragmentary portion of the apparatus of Fig. 1
  • Fig. 3a is a fragmentary view showing a possible modification of one feature of the invention
  • Fig. 4 is a sectional view of a modified form of discharge device adapted for use in connection with the invention
  • Fig. 1 is a sectional elevation of an accelerating apparatus suitably embodying the invention
  • Fig. 2 is a cross-section taken on line 2-2 of Fig. 1
  • Fig. 3 represents an enlarged fragmentary portion of the apparatus of Fig. 1
  • Fig. 3a is a fragmentary view showing a possible modification of one feature of the invention
  • Fig. 4 is a sectional view of a modified form of discharge device adapted for use in connection with the invention
  • Fig. 1 is a sectional elevation of an accelerating apparatus suit
  • FIG. 5 shows diagrammatically an energizing circuit which may be employed in one mode of use of the invention
  • Figs. 6 and 7 show structural variations of the pole pieces of the apparatus of Fig. 1
  • Fig. 8 illustrates diagrammatically one method of energizing the magnetic system
  • Fig. 9 shows an alternative arrangement for the same purpose.
  • a closed glass vessel I0 which defines Within its interior a continuous annular chamber H.
  • the vessel I0 provides a circular orbit in which electrons may be accelerated to a high voltage, say, on the order of several million volts.
  • the vessel is preferably highly evacuated, although the presence of a readily ionizable gas at a pressure not in excess of 10- mm. of mercury has some advantages with respect to the neutralization of space charge.
  • the accelerating mechanism comprises a mag netic structure having generally circular pole pieces which are coaxial with the annular vessel I 0. These pole pieces include a pair of imitaposed circular parts [3 and I4 which consist, for example, of compressed powdered iron and which are respectively supported on conically tapered parts and i6. The tapered parts in turn are based upon large cylinders l8 and [9 which connect with closed magnetic cores 2
  • the magnetic structure is energized by means of a pair of serially connected coils 24, 25 which are appropriately mounted on the structure. It is assumed that the coils are excited from an alternating current source or in some other manner adapted to produce a time-varying flux in the magnetic circuit.
  • the elements of the magnetic structure are, of course, constituted of ferromagnetic material and should be of laminated or otherwise subdivided construction, so as to avoid the generation of excessive eddy currents.
  • thermionic cathode 28 which, in conjunction with other electrode structure to be later described, serves to generate a stream of electrons. These electrons are affected by the magnetic field in two ways. In the first place, since the field is in a direction transverse to the plane of the electron motion, it tends to force the electrons to follow a generally circular orbit. Secondly, the time-varying flux inclosed by the orbit of any particular electron necessarily produces an accelerating action on the electron. In this latter respect, the apparatus as a whole consists essentially of a transformer with a singleturn secondary comprising a circular path along which the various electrons are accelerated. Although, in general, the voltage per turn in such a transformer is low, the electrons can achieve very high velocities (e. g. several million volts) because of the tremendous number of turns which they may execute during a single cycle of the field variation.
  • very high velocities e. g. several million volts
  • the condition just specified may be realized by making the reluctance of the magnetic path greater by an appropriate amount at the electron orbit than its average reluctance within the orbit.
  • the reluctance of the magnetic path may be greater by an appropriate amount at the electron orbit than its average reluctance within the orbit.
  • the enclosed flux and the guide field i. e. the field Hr
  • the balanced relationship just referred to represents a condition of stable operation for electrons following the ideal orbit, but does not take into consideration the requirements of electrons which tend for one reason or another to deviate from such an orbit. For example, deviation of a particular electron in either the radial or the axial direction may occur as a result of collision of the electron with a gas molecule or as a result of space charge effects; the field relationship established by equation (1) does not guarantee the restoration of such an electron to its desired course. It is found that axial stability may be obtained by fulfillment of the condition that the space rate of variation of the magnetic field in the radial direction shall be negative; that is, that the field shall continuously decrease as one proceeds radially outward.
  • radial stability requires fulfillment of the condition that 14E H dr shall not be more negative than -1.
  • a satisfactory compromise between the conditions for axial and radial stability may be obtained by making H proportional to where n is between zero and 1.
  • a relatively small value of n, within these limits, causes little axial focusing and relatively large radial focusing, while a large value of n gives the converse effect.
  • a suitable value of n is found to be 2/3, this being a value which is substantially realized it the magnetic pole pieces are formed in the manner indicated in connection with parts l5 and I6 of Fig. 1.
  • the eilfect of the focusing fields referred to in the foregoing may be understood by considering the case of a particular electron which is in some way displaced from the ideal orbit. If such an electron is displaced in an axial direction, the axial focusing field will urge the electron back toward the ideal orbit, causing it to swing back and forth across the orbit with a sort of hunting motion. A precisely similar action will occur if the electron suffers a radial displacement or a displacement which is partially radial-and partially axial.
  • the members 29 are in turn enclosed by a somewhat similar pair of conductive elements 30 positioned to provide slots in alignment with the slots provided between the members 29.
  • the electrode elements 29 are normally maintained at a potential which is negative with respect to the cathode 26, and the elements 30 are maintained at a relatively positive potential.
  • the electron injector may, if desired, be positioned near the inner rather than the outer peripherybf the accelerating chamber.
  • This alternative construction is illustrated in Fig. 4, which shows electrode elements 28', 29 and II in an appropriate arrangement.
  • the velocity imparted to the electrons by the positively charged electrode elements 30 should be high enough so that scattering due to space charge and to the presence of residual gas in the vessel I is not excessive, and in this connection an electron energy of at least 30 to 40 electron volts is necessary.
  • upper limit on the electron velocity is imposed by the condition that the inward displacement .of a given electron produced by the changing magnetic field during the initial orbital transit of the electron must be great enough to prevent the electron from being intercepted by the injector electrodes after the completion of such transit.
  • a source of cyclically varying potential which is properly synchronized with the exciting source for the magnetic field system.
  • the method of electron injection last described requires that the voltage on the accelerating electrode shall increase about as the square of the time, counting zero time as that at which the magnetic field is zero.
  • Thi condition may be fulfilled in one way by a circuit of the character shown in Fig. 5 in which the injector electrodes 28, 29 and 30 are indicated diagrammatically.
  • the circuit is triggered through a so-called peaking transformer" MI which possesses a readily saturable magnetic circuit of such character as to facilitate the production of sharp pulses of voltage in the transformer secondary H.
  • the theory and construction of transformers of this type are fully described in B. D. Bedford Patent No. 1,918,173, granted July 11, 1933.
  • the primary winding 42 of the peaking transformer is assumed to be connected in series with the magnet coils 24 and 25 of the apparatus of Fig.
  • a saturating winding 43 excited from a direct current source M, permits the phase relationship between the voltage pulses developed in the winding 4
  • the pulses thus produced are impressed on the grid 45 of a high vacuum discharge tube 46.
  • the tube 46 includes, in addition to the grid 45, a cathode M and an anode 48, the latter being maintained at an appropriate positive potential.
  • are connected serially in the cathode circuit, and a further condenser 52 is connected between the anode and ground.
  • the tube 46 is rendered conductive, and the energy stored in the condenser 52 is permitted to flow into the condenser 5
  • the voltage across the latter builds up approximately as the square of the elapsed time, at least for a brief initial period.
  • This voltage is impressed on the injector electrodes 28, 29 and 30 by means of a voltage divider 53, this being connected to the electrodes as shown. The velocity of the injected trostatic forces can readily deflect the electrons.
  • a uniformly conducting lining on the interior surface of the accelerator chamber.
  • a lining may consist, for example, of a very thin silver coating 32 applied by evaporation or otherwise to the chamber surface. (See Fig. 3.)
  • the coating must be of sufficiently high resistance to prevent the circulation of eddy currents of such magnitude as to cause excessive heating and is preferably maintained at the same potential as the electrodes 30 (Fig. 1) so as to avoid production within the accelerating chamber of transverse fields which might tend to cause lateral deflection of the electron beam.
  • FIG. 3a shows a fragmentary section of an annular vessel Ill" having a wire 33 wrapped around its external surface.
  • Current passed through the wire 33 from a direct current source 34 produces a ma netic field which is directed along the electron orbitand which tends to maintain the electron beam in focused condition. Additional focusing may be obtained by varying the distribution of the wire coil as by concentrating it at certain points to produce magnetic lens effects.
  • a scattering body such as a target which is arranged to be struck by the beam after it has attained its ultimate speed.
  • a target is indicated at 35 in Figs. 1 and 2 where it is shown as comprising a wedge-shaped metal piece having surfaces arranged to be struck by electrons proceeding in either direction around the annular orbit.
  • the target 35 is preferably connected to the conductive coating 32 which lines the interior of the tube envelope (as indicated at 36 in Fig. 1) and is desirably constituted of a metal such as tungsten or lead.
  • the pole piece I4 is provided at its central area with an insert 38 consisting, for example, of a quantity of iron powder embedied in a suitable non-magnetic binder such as an insulating plastic.
  • the composition of this insert is made such as to cause its iron components to become saturated as the magnetic flux approaches its maximum value. With this arrangement, the aforesaid saturation produces a condition of insuflicient enclosed flux and results in an inward deflection of the electron stream which, in the apparatus of Fig. 1, permits it to impinge on the target 35.
  • FIG. '7 A generally similar result can be obtained in I a different way by the arrangement illustrated in Fig. '7, in which the pole piece I4" is provided with an inset conducting ring 40 (shown in section).
  • This ring provides a closed loop for the circulation of eddy currents and therefore acts as a shading coil which causes the fiux linked by the ring to lag behind the magnetic field. Consequently, when the magnetic field is at a maximum, the fiux through the shading coil continues to increase, thus destroying the proportionality between field and flux.
  • the direction of this change is such as to cause the electron path to expand outwardly, and this arrangement is therefore mainly applicable in connection with a system in which the electrons are generated at a point near the inner periphery of the annular chamber and are to be intercepted at a point near its outer periphery. This is the case illustrated in Fig. 4, in which the target element is shown at 35.
  • a changing field may be produced in one way by an arrangement such as is shown in Fig. 8, which illustrates diagrammatically a portion of the structure of Fig. 1.
  • the coils 24 and 25 are shown connected in parallel with each other and with a bank of condensers 52 which are assumed to be of such capacity as to resonate with the inductance of the coils at a frequency corresponding to the desired frequency of operation of the apparatus. This may be, for example, on the order of 600 cycles per second, although frequencies differing widely from this value are also usable.
  • Fig. 8 illustrates diagrammatically a portion of the structure of Fig. 1.
  • the coils 24 and 25 are shown connected in parallel with each other and with a bank of condensers 52 which are assumed to be of such capacity as to resonate with the inductance of the coils at a frequency corresponding to the desired frequency of operation of the apparatus. This may be, for example, on the order of 600 cycles per second, although frequencies differing widely from this value are also usable.
  • the coils 24 and 25 may be coupled to single turn coils 53 and 54 which are directly energized from a high frequency (e. g. 600 cycle) generator 56.
  • a high frequency (e. g. 600 cycle) generator 56 A relatively small amount of power supplied by the generator will serve to maintain the resonant system in excited condition.
  • This may be flux of the desired character is to energize a portion of the magnetic circuit with direct current and to rotate this portion in such manner that it produces an intermittently reversing flux in the remainder of the circuit.
  • Fig. 9 shows a magnetic system having the same general function as that of Fig. 1.
  • This has pole pieces 60 and 6
  • An intermediate portion 63 of the core structure is mounted so as to be independently rotatable and is provided with a direct current winding 66 which is energized from an appropriate source 61.
  • the frequency of reversal of the magnetic field must be such that the rate of change during the period when electrons are being injected is sufficiently high to make the electron beam miss the injector electrodes on its first and successive orbital transits.
  • a magnetic induction accelerator for charged particles; a closed vessel defining a chamber within which such particles may move in a circular path, a magnetic structure outside said vessel and comprising opposed, generally circular pole pieces which are coaxial with the vessel, means for producing a time-varying magnetic field between said pole pieces, the pole pieces being of outwardly tapered configuration such that the magnetic field H varies inversely with the radial displacement 1 according to the proportionality Ha T where n is between zero and unity, and means including a source of charged particles within the said annular chamber and also within the region in which the magnetic field distribution follows the aforementioned proportionality for projecting charged particles within the annular chamber in a definite direction and with a substantial initial velocity.
  • a magnetic induction electron accelerator a closed vessel defining a chamber within which electrons may move in a circular path, a magnetic structure outside said vessel and comprising opposed generally circular pole pieces which are coaxial with the vessel, means for producing a time-varying magnetic field between the pole pieces, the pole pieces being of outwardly tapered configuration such that the magnetic field H varies inversely with the radial displacement 1' according to the proportionality Har where n is-between zero and unity, and electrongenerating means within said chamber and also within the region within which the magnetic field distribution follows the aforesaid proportionality, said last-named means comprising a cathode and electrodes cooperating therewith for projecting within the annular chamber a directed stream of electrons having an initial energy of at least several electron volts.
  • a closed vessel defining a rotationally symmetrical chamber, means within the chamber and in proximity to a lateral wall thereof for generating charged particles, electrode structure for initially accelerating charged particles produced by said last-named means in a direction at least approximately tangential to the said chamber wall, a magnetic structure outside the said vessel for producing a magnetic field which increases with time, said field being generally parallel to the axis of symmetry of said chamber and of such space distribution as to confine the said charged particles to a circular orbit while continuously accelerating them along said orbit, and means for applying to the said accelerating electrode structure a voltage which increases with time in a manner correlated to the rate of increase of the said magnetic field.
  • a closed vessel defining an annular chamber
  • means within the chamber and in proximity to a lateral wall thereof for generating charged particles electrode structure for initially accelerating charged particles generated by said means in a direction at least approximately tangential to the chamber wall
  • a closed vessel defining a chamber within which electrons may move in a circular path, a magnetic structure outside said vessel and comprising opposed generally circular pole pieces which are co axial with the vessel, means for producing a timevarying magnetic field between said pole pieces, the pole pieces being of outwardly tapered configuration such that the magnetic field H varies inversely with the radial displacement according to the proportionality Her- T" to high velocity by the action of the magnetic 6.
  • a magnetic induction electron acceleratorf a closed vessel defining an annular chamber, a magnetic structure outside said vessel and comprising opposed,- generally circular pole pieces which are coaxial with the vessel, means for producing a time-varying magnetic field between said pole pieces, the pole pieces being of outwardly tapered configuration such that the magnetic field H varies inversely with the radial displacement 1- according to the proportionality where n is between zero and unity, electrode structure within the said annular chamber and also within the region in which the magnetic field distribution follows the aforementioned proportionality for projecting electrons within said anfor electron gyration and means producing a time-varying magnetic field which acts transversely to the plane of the said path and which has a space distribution calculated to maintain electrons following the path in a confined orbit while the electrons are being continuously accelerated by the field, the improvement which consists in the combination of electrode structure within the closed vessel and also within the region or influence oi the said magnetic field for projecting a directed stream of electrons into the said annular path, and means for regularizing the distribution of electric field
US365520A 1940-11-13 1940-11-13 Magnetic induction accelerator Expired - Lifetime US2297305A (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE477724D BE477724A (fr) 1940-11-13
US365520A US2297305A (en) 1940-11-13 1940-11-13 Magnetic induction accelerator
FR878769D FR878769A (fr) 1940-11-13 1942-01-14 Nouveau dispositif accélérateur de particules portant une charge électrique, utilisant un champ magnétique variable
CH272697D CH272697A (de) 1940-11-13 1947-12-29 Apparat zum Beschleunigen elektrisch geladener Teilchen, z. B. Elektronen, mittels magnetischer Induktion.

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US365520A US2297305A (en) 1940-11-13 1940-11-13 Magnetic induction accelerator

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FR (1) FR878769A (fr)

Cited By (49)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2447255A (en) * 1944-05-04 1948-08-17 Univ Illinois Magnetic induction accelerator with small X-ray source
US2471935A (en) * 1945-03-19 1949-05-31 Gulf Research Development Co Method and apparatus for separating charged particles of different masses
US2473123A (en) * 1945-07-27 1949-06-14 Univ Illinois Electronic induction accelerator apparatus and method
US2473956A (en) * 1946-05-29 1949-06-21 Donald W Kerst Stereoscopic x-ray pictures with betatron
US2491345A (en) * 1946-08-07 1949-12-13 Gen Electric Accelerator magnet structure
US2497891A (en) * 1945-09-19 1950-02-21 Univ Illinois Betatron injector structure
US2510448A (en) * 1944-10-04 1950-06-06 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Magnetic induction accelerator
US2528526A (en) * 1947-05-22 1950-11-07 Gen Electric Electron accelerator having direct current starting circuit
US2528525A (en) * 1947-05-22 1950-11-07 Gen Electric Electron accelerator provided with starting auxiliary
US2535710A (en) * 1942-06-17 1950-12-26 Gen Electric Controller for magnetic induction accelerators
US2538718A (en) * 1946-08-06 1951-01-16 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Magnetic induction device for accelerating electrons
US2546484A (en) * 1947-09-23 1951-03-27 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Circuit for periodic introduction of electrons into an electron accelerator
US2551798A (en) * 1947-07-11 1951-05-08 Rca Corp Electronic transformer
US2553305A (en) * 1949-05-12 1951-05-15 Gen Electric Injection compensation in highenergy particle acceleration
US2567406A (en) * 1944-03-23 1951-09-11 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electric discharge device for highfrequency oscillations
US2572551A (en) * 1943-09-01 1951-10-23 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Magnetic induction accelerator
US2572414A (en) * 1946-12-11 1951-10-23 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Magnetic induction accelerator
US2586494A (en) * 1947-10-11 1952-02-19 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Apparatus for controlling electron path in an electron accelerator
US2597476A (en) * 1948-03-24 1952-05-20 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electromagnet
US2617026A (en) * 1948-08-27 1952-11-04 Hartford Nat Bank & Trust Co Induction accelerator for electrons
US2626351A (en) * 1948-08-17 1953-01-20 Wilson M Powell Beam extractor
DE888892C (de) * 1950-07-24 1953-09-07 Siemens Reiniger Werke Ag Elektronenschleuder
US2653271A (en) * 1949-02-05 1953-09-22 Sperry Corp High-frequency apparatus
US2660673A (en) * 1945-09-15 1953-11-24 Gen Electric Magnetic induction accelerator
US2669652A (en) * 1948-12-15 1954-02-16 Gail D Adams Means for improving the yield from betatron x-ray generators
US2683216A (en) * 1946-01-31 1954-07-06 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Apparatus for accelerating charged particles by causing them to pass through periodically reversing potential fields
DE915377C (de) * 1944-03-07 1954-07-22 Mueller C H F Ag Strahlentransformator
US2697167A (en) * 1945-11-08 1954-12-14 Univ Illinois Induction accelerator
US2698905A (en) * 1949-03-24 1955-01-04 Samuel A Goudsmit Magnetic time-of-flight mass spectrometer
DE927645C (de) * 1944-10-22 1955-05-12 Brown Ag Strahlentransformator zur Erzeugung schnell bewegter Elektronen
US2713635A (en) * 1949-12-19 1955-07-19 Leitz Ernst Gmbh Electron-cyclotron discharge apparatus
US2714166A (en) * 1947-10-27 1955-07-26 Starr Chauncey Calutron structure
DE932194C (de) * 1943-09-01 1955-08-25 Brown Ag Strahlentransformator
US2736799A (en) * 1950-03-10 1956-02-28 Christofilos Nicholas Focussing system for ions and electrons
DE943306C (de) * 1944-03-02 1956-05-17 Mueller C H F Ag Strahlentransformator
DE949369C (de) * 1944-10-25 1956-09-20 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Strahlentransformator zur Erzeugung schnell bewegter Elektronen
US2773183A (en) * 1949-10-31 1956-12-04 Gund Konrad Device for controlling the flow of electrons in a betatron
DE959305C (de) * 1944-12-05 1957-03-07 Mueller C H F Ag Einrichtung zum Betrieb eines Strahlentransformators
US2798177A (en) * 1951-07-25 1957-07-02 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Electron accelerator for producing roentgen-ray pencils deflectable in space
US2803766A (en) * 1952-09-30 1957-08-20 Gen Electric Radiation sources in charged particle accelerators
US2822491A (en) * 1951-11-16 1958-02-04 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Electron accelerator tube
US2836748A (en) * 1956-04-20 1958-05-27 Dunlee Corp Electron discharge device
US2839680A (en) * 1952-05-14 1958-06-17 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Process and device for testing materials by means of energy-rich x-rays
US2910414A (en) * 1951-07-31 1959-10-27 Research Corp High temperature apparatus
US3056069A (en) * 1940-12-23 1962-09-25 Commissariat Energie Atomique Variable induction magnets of the type used in synchrotrons
US3506865A (en) * 1967-07-28 1970-04-14 Atomic Energy Commission Stabilization of charged particle beams
US4392111A (en) * 1980-10-09 1983-07-05 Maxwell Laboratories, Inc. Method and apparatus for accelerating charged particles
WO2008052615A1 (fr) * 2006-10-28 2008-05-08 Smiths Heimann Gmbh Bêtatron pourvu d'une culasse en matériau composite
US10766775B1 (en) 2019-08-05 2020-09-08 Daniel Hodes Method of producing diamond using shockwaves

Cited By (52)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3056069A (en) * 1940-12-23 1962-09-25 Commissariat Energie Atomique Variable induction magnets of the type used in synchrotrons
US2535710A (en) * 1942-06-17 1950-12-26 Gen Electric Controller for magnetic induction accelerators
DE932194C (de) * 1943-09-01 1955-08-25 Brown Ag Strahlentransformator
US2572551A (en) * 1943-09-01 1951-10-23 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Magnetic induction accelerator
DE943306C (de) * 1944-03-02 1956-05-17 Mueller C H F Ag Strahlentransformator
DE915377C (de) * 1944-03-07 1954-07-22 Mueller C H F Ag Strahlentransformator
US2567406A (en) * 1944-03-23 1951-09-11 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electric discharge device for highfrequency oscillations
US2447255A (en) * 1944-05-04 1948-08-17 Univ Illinois Magnetic induction accelerator with small X-ray source
US2510448A (en) * 1944-10-04 1950-06-06 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Magnetic induction accelerator
DE927645C (de) * 1944-10-22 1955-05-12 Brown Ag Strahlentransformator zur Erzeugung schnell bewegter Elektronen
DE949369C (de) * 1944-10-25 1956-09-20 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Strahlentransformator zur Erzeugung schnell bewegter Elektronen
DE959305C (de) * 1944-12-05 1957-03-07 Mueller C H F Ag Einrichtung zum Betrieb eines Strahlentransformators
US2471935A (en) * 1945-03-19 1949-05-31 Gulf Research Development Co Method and apparatus for separating charged particles of different masses
US2473123A (en) * 1945-07-27 1949-06-14 Univ Illinois Electronic induction accelerator apparatus and method
US2660673A (en) * 1945-09-15 1953-11-24 Gen Electric Magnetic induction accelerator
US2497891A (en) * 1945-09-19 1950-02-21 Univ Illinois Betatron injector structure
US2697167A (en) * 1945-11-08 1954-12-14 Univ Illinois Induction accelerator
US2683216A (en) * 1946-01-31 1954-07-06 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Apparatus for accelerating charged particles by causing them to pass through periodically reversing potential fields
US2473956A (en) * 1946-05-29 1949-06-21 Donald W Kerst Stereoscopic x-ray pictures with betatron
US2538718A (en) * 1946-08-06 1951-01-16 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Magnetic induction device for accelerating electrons
US2491345A (en) * 1946-08-07 1949-12-13 Gen Electric Accelerator magnet structure
US2572414A (en) * 1946-12-11 1951-10-23 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Magnetic induction accelerator
US2528525A (en) * 1947-05-22 1950-11-07 Gen Electric Electron accelerator provided with starting auxiliary
US2528526A (en) * 1947-05-22 1950-11-07 Gen Electric Electron accelerator having direct current starting circuit
US2551798A (en) * 1947-07-11 1951-05-08 Rca Corp Electronic transformer
US2546484A (en) * 1947-09-23 1951-03-27 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Circuit for periodic introduction of electrons into an electron accelerator
US2586494A (en) * 1947-10-11 1952-02-19 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Apparatus for controlling electron path in an electron accelerator
US2714166A (en) * 1947-10-27 1955-07-26 Starr Chauncey Calutron structure
US2597476A (en) * 1948-03-24 1952-05-20 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electromagnet
US2626351A (en) * 1948-08-17 1953-01-20 Wilson M Powell Beam extractor
US2617026A (en) * 1948-08-27 1952-11-04 Hartford Nat Bank & Trust Co Induction accelerator for electrons
US2669652A (en) * 1948-12-15 1954-02-16 Gail D Adams Means for improving the yield from betatron x-ray generators
US2653271A (en) * 1949-02-05 1953-09-22 Sperry Corp High-frequency apparatus
US2698905A (en) * 1949-03-24 1955-01-04 Samuel A Goudsmit Magnetic time-of-flight mass spectrometer
US2553305A (en) * 1949-05-12 1951-05-15 Gen Electric Injection compensation in highenergy particle acceleration
US2773183A (en) * 1949-10-31 1956-12-04 Gund Konrad Device for controlling the flow of electrons in a betatron
US2713635A (en) * 1949-12-19 1955-07-19 Leitz Ernst Gmbh Electron-cyclotron discharge apparatus
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WO2008052615A1 (fr) * 2006-10-28 2008-05-08 Smiths Heimann Gmbh Bêtatron pourvu d'une culasse en matériau composite
US20090262899A1 (en) * 2006-10-28 2009-10-22 Bermuth Joerg Betatron with a yoke made of composite powder
US7889839B2 (en) 2006-10-28 2011-02-15 Smiths Heimann Gmbh Betatron with a yoke made of composite powder
CN101530004B (zh) * 2006-10-28 2011-08-03 史密斯海曼有限公司 具有由粉末复合材料制成的磁轭的电子回旋加速器
US10766775B1 (en) 2019-08-05 2020-09-08 Daniel Hodes Method of producing diamond using shockwaves

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR878769A (fr) 1943-01-29
BE477724A (fr)
CH272697A (de) 1950-12-31

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