US20230219679A1 - System and method for fumigating a vessel with exhaust - Google Patents

System and method for fumigating a vessel with exhaust Download PDF

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Publication number
US20230219679A1
US20230219679A1 US17/928,095 US202117928095A US2023219679A1 US 20230219679 A1 US20230219679 A1 US 20230219679A1 US 202117928095 A US202117928095 A US 202117928095A US 2023219679 A1 US2023219679 A1 US 2023219679A1
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exhaust
cargo
conduit
vessel
fumigant
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US17/928,095
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Inventor
Matthew Brian SLAVIN
Aric JANA
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Fintran Australia Pty Ltd
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Fintran Australia Pty Ltd
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Assigned to Fintran Australia Pty Ltd reassignment Fintran Australia Pty Ltd ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: Slavin, Matthew Brian, Jana, Aric
Publication of US20230219679A1 publication Critical patent/US20230219679A1/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63J—AUXILIARIES ON VESSELS
    • B63J2/00—Arrangements of ventilation, heating, cooling, or air-conditioning
    • B63J2/02—Ventilation; Air-conditioning
    • B63J2/08—Ventilation; Air-conditioning of holds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
    • A01M13/00—Fumigators; Apparatus for distributing gases
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/40—Casings; Connections of working fluid
    • F04D29/52—Casings; Connections of working fluid for axial pumps
    • F04D29/54—Fluid-guiding means, e.g. diffusers
    • F04D29/541—Specially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
    • F04D29/545—Ducts
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
    • A01M13/00—Fumigators; Apparatus for distributing gases
    • A01M13/003—Enclosures for fumigation, e.g. containers, bags or housings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
    • A61L2/16—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using chemical substances
    • A61L2/20—Gaseous substances, e.g. vapours
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
    • A61L2/24—Apparatus using programmed or automatic operation
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
    • A61L2/26—Accessories or devices or components used for biocidal treatment
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L9/00—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air
    • A61L9/015—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air using gaseous or vaporous substances, e.g. ozone
    • A61L9/04—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air using gaseous or vaporous substances, e.g. ozone using substances evaporated in the air without heating
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L9/00—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air
    • A61L9/015—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air using gaseous or vaporous substances, e.g. ozone
    • A61L9/04—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air using gaseous or vaporous substances, e.g. ozone using substances evaporated in the air without heating
    • A61L9/12—Apparatus, e.g. holders, therefor
    • A61L9/122—Apparatus, e.g. holders, therefor comprising a fan
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B57/00—Tank or cargo hold cleaning specially adapted for vessels
    • B63B57/04—Tank or cargo hold cleaning specially adapted for vessels by ventilating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63J—AUXILIARIES ON VESSELS
    • B63J2/00—Arrangements of ventilation, heating, cooling, or air-conditioning
    • B63J2/02—Ventilation; Air-conditioning
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2202/00—Aspects relating to methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects
    • A61L2202/10—Apparatus features
    • A61L2202/14—Means for controlling sterilisation processes, data processing, presentation and storage means, e.g. sensors, controllers, programs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2202/00—Aspects relating to methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects
    • A61L2202/10—Apparatus features
    • A61L2202/15—Biocide distribution means, e.g. nozzles, pumps, manifolds, fans, baffles, sprayers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B11/00—Interior subdivision of hulls
    • B63B11/02—Arrangement of bulkheads, e.g. defining cargo spaces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B19/00—Arrangements or adaptations of ports, doors, windows, port-holes, or other openings or covers
    • B63B19/12—Hatches; Hatchways
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B25/00—Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby
    • B63B25/002—Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby for goods other than bulk goods
    • B63B25/008—Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby for goods other than bulk goods for wheeled cargo
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B3/00—Hulls characterised by their structure or component parts
    • B63B3/14—Hull parts
    • B63B3/48—Decks
    • B63B3/54—Hatch openings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B3/00—Hulls characterised by their structure or component parts
    • B63B3/14—Hull parts
    • B63B3/56—Bulkheads; Bulkhead reinforcements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D27/00—Control, e.g. regulation, of pumps, pumping installations or pumping systems specially adapted for elastic fluids
    • F04D27/004—Control, e.g. regulation, of pumps, pumping installations or pumping systems specially adapted for elastic fluids by varying driving speed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2250/00—Geometry
    • F05D2250/50—Inlet or outlet
    • F05D2250/52—Outlet

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a system and method for fumigating a vessel.
  • the invention has particular application to fumigation of roll-on/roll-off vessels.
  • the present invention is also directed to an exhaust to assist with venting fumigant gases.
  • the present invention is directed to roll-on/roll-off vessels, certain aspects of the invention are by no means limited to these types of vessels and may have broader application to cargo vessels and other types of sea-faring vessels.
  • the fumigation process may be conducted en-route, when anchored, or when moored at quay, and is typically conducted by specially trained personnel with specialised equipment. In most instances, members of the crew of the vessel will be located on the vessel during the fumigation process, and thus it is imperative that the fumigation process is conducted in such a manner that ensures that the crew (and the specially trained fumigation personnel) are not exposed to the toxic fumigant. Access to parts of the vessel such as the engine room and mooring lines may also be required during fumigation.
  • a bulk carrier is a vessel specifically designed to transport unpackaged bulk cargo, such as grains, coal, ore, and other similar loose cargo.
  • Bulk carriers typically comprise one or more separate cargo holds arranged fore to aft in the vessel. Grain or other unpackaged bulk goods may be loaded into and unloaded from the cargo holds by, for example, one or more cranes located on the deck of the vessel. Alternatively, conveyor loaders, shoreside cranes, or pneumatic loaders may be used to load and unload cargo.
  • Each of the cargo holds typically also includes a hatch for closing the opening to the cargo holds.
  • the accomodation area of the vessel and the engine room of the vessel are typically located aft of the cargo holds, with the accomodation area provided above the engine room.
  • the cargo holds are separated from the engine room by a vertically extending bulkhead.
  • the accommodation area is physically separated from the cargo holds, by being physically removed from the cargo holds by the intervening engine room and furthermore by two physical barriers including the vertically extending bulkhead and the deck between the engine room and the accommodation area. Due to this physical separation, it has generally been relatively safe to fumigate each of the cargo holds of a bulk carrier, subject to inspection of the vessel.
  • RORO vessels A new challenge presents itself in safely fumigating roll-on/roll-off vessels, also known as RORO vessels.
  • vessels of this sort the cargo area typically extends substantially the entire length of the vessel, and is arranged in decks within the vessel.
  • the decks are interconnected by upright passageways such as staircases and ladders and the decks are joined by ramps. Further, the decks are grouped into watertight or gas tight zones, with typically 2 decks in each zone, although some vessels may include more than 2 decks per zone.
  • RORO vessels are arranged into approximately 4 zones and each zone is independently ventilated.
  • the cargo area is configured in this way so that breakbulk cargo such as wheeled cargo can be rolled onto or driven into the cargo area.
  • the accomodation area In a RORO vessel, the accomodation area is typically located upon the weatherdeck of the vessel, with only plate steel and a floor covering separating the accomodation area from the uppermost deck of the cargo area.
  • any openings or small cracks within this plate steel structure could result in fumigant entering the accomodation area from the uppermost deck of the cargo area. Openings or small cracks are prevalent in seagoing vessels due to the stresses placed on the vessel during seafaring.
  • Ventilation systems which service the cargo decks have been specifically designed to ventilate fuel vapour from the cargo area.
  • Each zone (watertight or gas tight group of cargo decks) of the vessel is serviced by its own group of mechanical ventilators (supply and exhaust, as discussed below), wherein the ventilators may be controlled as a group or each ventilator in the group may be individually controlled independent of any other ventilators in that group.
  • the systems have been designed to typically achieve 20-30 air changes in each zone during loading/unloading operations and 10 air changes per hour during navigation.
  • RORO vessels typically have one of two types of ventilation systems for the cargo area:
  • Supply and Exhaust ventilators are arranged around the perimeter of the weather deck. Some vessels may have as many as 70 or more mechanical ventilators. Mechanical Ventilators serve as either supply, exhaust, or reversable supply mechanical ventilators. Each zone of the vessel is ventilated by a group of supply and exhaust mechanical ventilators which work together to exchange air in the zone. Each zone has multiple ducts connected to the group of mechanical ventilators through which the air is exchanged (supply and exhaust ducts).
  • the ventilators may be dedicated supply ventilators and dedicated exhaust ventilators, as the case may be. Some fans can be run alternatively in supply and exhaust mode and the mode is controlled by the operator. Such ventilators are referred to as reversible supply ventilators. Depending on how many air changes need to be achieved during navigation or loading/unloading, some mechanical ventilators may be used/not used.
  • the mechanical ventilators are typically located very close to the accommodation area and the engine room supply ventilator or intake, sometimes barely a few metres. Type 1 is prevalent with new RORO vessels.
  • Supply mechanical ventilators are located around the forward and midship perimeter of the ship.
  • Fresh air is forced into each zone by the supply mechanical ventilators and the atmosphere is exhausted out through the vent houses.
  • the mechanical ventilators/vent houses are close to the engine room air intake and the air-conditioning intake for the crew accommodation.
  • the relative proximity presents a risk to the crew if the mechanical ventilators/vent houses vent fumigant during fumigation.
  • the mechanical ventilators are designed with mechanically operated vents which open and close but which are directed downwardly in either case to avoid entry of rain. Therefore, the mechanical ventilators blow down onto the weather deck. Venting the fumigant from the cargo area through the mechanical ventilators creates a likelihood of fumigant stratifying and remaining on the weather deck. This poses a risk to crew requiring access to the engine room, moorings or in the case of evacuation.
  • RORO vessels sit proud of the water compared to bulk carriers due to the lower density of the cargo in RORO vessels.
  • mooring lines will be lower down, typically on decks 4 or 5 and thus require stairwell access so that the crew can adjust the mooring lines to take account of tidal movement.
  • the mooring lines for a bulk carrier are arranged on the weather deck.
  • auxiliary generators typically run during fumigation. Should an alarm condition arise, the crew will then require access to the engine room. Fumigant entering the engine room or accessways will be harmful to the health of the crew.
  • roller-on/roll-off vessel refers to any vessel in which wheeled or tracked cargo is rolled onto or driven into the cargo decks of the vessel, typically via a stern ramp.
  • examples of such vessels include a pure car and truck carrier (PCTC), a large car and truck carrier (LCTC), and a pure car carrier (PCC).
  • PCTC pure car and truck carrier
  • LCTC large car and truck carrier
  • PCC pure car carrier
  • a system for fumigating a RORO vessel the system being ancillary to the vessel, the system comprising:
  • a fumigant delivery system for delivering fumigant to a cargo area of the vessel
  • a temporary flexible exhaust to assist removing fumigant from the cargo area
  • the temporarily flexible exhaust has first and second openings, wherein the second opening has a smaller cross-sectional area than the first opening.
  • the exhaust may therefore comprise a temporary structure intended to remain in place only for the duration of the fumigation.
  • the temporary exhaust may be removable from the vessel. Alternatively, the temporary exhaust may remain in position. Its configuration may change depending upon whether it is operational or non-operational.
  • the exhaust may include a flexible conduit.
  • the temporary exhaust may substantially comprise an upright exhaust.
  • the temporary exhaust may comprise an inflatable conduit. Preferably the inflatable conduit inflates substantially vertically, preferably to provide an upright exhaust.
  • the temporary exhaust may comprise a flexible conduit which is inflatable to provide an upright exhaust.
  • the temporary exhaust may be configured such that it can be inflated by the exhausted air from the cargo area.
  • the second opening with the smaller cross sectional area is intended to be disposed at an upper end of the upright exhaust with the first opening disposed at the lower end, or towards the lower end or to the side of the upright exhaust.
  • the temporary exhaust is in fluid communication with an exhaust port (or an opening which is acting as an exhaust port) which is a permanent fixture or a temporary fixture on the vessel.
  • RORO vessels can have one of two different types of cargo ventilation systems as described above.
  • the air is supplied to the cargo area either by being forced through the supply ventilators or passively drawn in if the supply ventilators are switched off with the dampers opened. Air is positively withdrawn via the exhaust mechanical ventilators. Tests have found that the cargo area is pressurised in this system. Thus, pressurisation of the crew areas as described below will reduce and the risk of leakage to areas intended for human occupancy.
  • intake fans apply positive pressure to the cargo area and the vent houses allow passive outlet of the pressurised air.
  • the vent houses allow passive outlet of the pressurised air.
  • the temporary exhaust may therefore be in fluid communication with a mechanical exhaust ventilator, in the case of the first system, or alternatively in fluid communication with a vent house, in the case of the second system.
  • a mechanical exhaust ventilator in the case of the first system
  • a vent house in the case of the second system.
  • exhaust of fumigant from the cargo area using the second system is less desirable due to the pressurisation of the cargo area and other options for ventilation may be more desirable.
  • Example 1 one such temporary air extraction system relies upon using the existing escape trunks, of which there are approximately 8-10 on a RORO vessel, typically arranged along the perimeter of the weather deck. Approximately half of the escape trunks may be opened for use as air intakes and the other half installed with extraction fans. In such an arrangement, temporary exhausts may be attached in fluid communication with respective extraction fans.
  • Example 2 Another such ventilation system uses all of the escape trunks as exhaust trunks by installing extraction fans.
  • the air may be positively or passively supplied by the mechanical supply ventilators.
  • Temporary exhausts may be in fluid communication with respective extraction fans.
  • Example 3 In yet another extraction system, all of the escape trunks may be installed with intake fans, with the mechanical exhaust ventilators used to exhaust air from the cargo area. In such a system, temporary exhausts may be in fluid communication with respective mechanical exhaust ventilators.
  • Example 4 Escape trunks also have their own forced air supply and passive exhaust. A temporary flexible exhaust could also be fitted to an escape trunk without the use of temporary intake or extraction fans.
  • escape trunks may be known by various different terms including escape hatches, man ways and booby hatches.
  • the exhaust port to which the temporary exhaust may be attached may comprise any one of the following: the mechanical exhaust ventilator, the vent housing, the extraction fan, as the case may be.
  • the temporary exhaust may be attached to the exhaust port, either directly or indirectly.
  • the temporary exhaust may be attached over the mechanical exhaust ventilator body, thereby being indirectly connected to the exhaust port.
  • the temporary exhaust may be configured to facilitate venting through the service doorway of a mechanical exhaust ventilator or vent housing.
  • the temporary exhaust may be attached thereto, either by enveloping the mechanical exhaust ventilator or by access through the service doors.
  • the second opening of the temporary flexible exhaust is sized to accommodate a substantial portion of the mechanical ventilator.
  • a typical size for a mechanical ventilator is L 2760 mm ⁇ W 1740 mm ⁇ H 3660 mm, being in the form of a vent body supported by a stem.
  • the stem is the rising ventilation duct which opens into the vent body and is of approximately 1315 mm in height.
  • the temporary exhaust may be fitted over the mechanical ventilator to accommodate a substantial portion of the mechanical ventilator, at least to the base of the vent body (positioned at the top of the stem).
  • the substantial portion may encompass all of the vents in the mechanical ventilator.
  • the temporary exhaust may be installed to extend below the vents and create a plenum chamber therebeneath to assist with inflation of the temporary exhaust.
  • the temporary exhaust is sufficiently sized to accommodate the ventilator housing with a gap between the ventilator housing and the temporary exhaust. The gap may be approximately 300 mm on each side of the ventilator housing.
  • the first opening may be disposed upstream for connection to the exhaust port and the second opening may be disposed downstream for exhaust of the fumigant.
  • the temporary exhaust is in the form of a flexible conduit
  • the flexible conduit has a first open end for connection to the exhaust port and a second open end for exhaust of the fumigant.
  • the first end may be sized to fit over the mechanical ventilator, with a cinch to secure the first end to the mechanical ventilator.
  • the flexible conduit may be conical in its inflated form. However, the flexible conduit may also be cylindrical in form with the second open end being adjustable such that the conduit is conical in its inflated form.
  • the flexible conduit may have a first lower cylindrical portion and a second upper conical portion. The proportions may be two-thirds cylindrical and one-third frusto-conical.
  • the second open end may be dimensioned to match the dimensions of the impeller in the mechanical ventilator.
  • the temporary exhaust may be fluidly connected to the exhaust port of the mechanical exhaust ventilator, through the service doors of the mechanical exhaust ventilator (Type II).
  • the body of a mechanical exhaust ventilator typically houses the top of a ventilation duct from a specific cargo zone.
  • the temporary exhaust may be configured to attach to the upper end of the ventilation duct, adjacent the opening thereof which ventilation duct opens into the vent body.
  • the temporary exhaust may be shaped as an elbow with two portions, having a first portion which has a first open end for connection to the ventilation duct, the first portion configured to extend out through the service doors, and a second portion provided with a second open end for exhaust of the fumigant.
  • the temporary exhaust may include a plenum configured to encompass the upper end of the ventilation duct, in which the impeller is located.
  • the plenum is of flexible sheet material.
  • the plenum may project through the service doors of the mechanical exhaust ventilator upon inflation.
  • the plenum is fluidly connected to a flexible conduit, which is also of flexible sheet material.
  • the plenum and the flexible conduit may be of different materials.
  • the flexible conduit may be conical in form or cylindrical (with an adjustable second open end to provide adjustment to a conical form).
  • a support structure may be provided to support the temporary exhaust.
  • the support structure may comprise a U-shaped support assembly, the sides of which are mounted on the service doors of the mechanical exhaust ventilator with the base of U-shaped support assembly supporting the plenum.
  • the flexible conduit may be constructed such that it is angled relative to the outlet of the plenum.
  • the plenum may have a circular outlet defining a first longitudinal axis perpendicular to the plane of the circular outlet, the circular outlet of the plenum being directly connected to a circular inlet of the flexible conduit.
  • the flexible conduit may have a longitudinal axis which is inclined to the first longitudinal axis. The angle of inclination is towards the inlet of the plenum.
  • the flexible conduit will orient itself in an upright manner under the pressure of the exhausted air, the angle of inclination compensating for the pressure of the exhausted air.
  • a third form (Type III) is intended to operate with vent houses which allow passive outlet of the pressurised air.
  • the temporary exhaust is connected directly to the service doorway of the vent house, with the louvred outlets from the vent house being temporarily blocked.
  • the temporary exhaust may be configured as a tubular column with a peripheral branch to connect to the service doorway.
  • the upper end of the tubular column may be frustoconical.
  • the second open end at the upper end of the column is adjustable.
  • the base of the column may be supported on the weatherdeck.
  • the column may also be provided with ties to attach the column to the vent house.
  • the peripheral branch having the first open end for connection to the service doorway is suitably commensurate in shape with the doorway e.g. typically oval.
  • the temporary exhaust may have a height which exceeds the height of the accommodation block.
  • the height range for the flexible conduit may be 4-10 m.
  • the preferred heights are as follows:
  • the idea of the flexible conduit is to get the airflow directed upward.
  • the airflow is at high velocity.
  • the fumigant may comprise any substance for disinfecting or purifying the cargo area.
  • the fumigant may comprise a fluid such as a gas, vapour, smoke or aerosol.
  • the fumigant is in a form which is removable from the cargo area by evacuation or exhaust of air from the cargo area.
  • the fumigant may be a pesticide.
  • the fumigant may comprise an insecticide, disinfectant, purifier, bactericide, decontaminant, antiseptic, sanitiser, vaccine, anti-viral, or vapour.
  • RORO vessels likely carry untreated cargo that is likely to be infested. There is a risk that live insects could escape from the cargo decks and infiltrate an at-risk country like Australia. In order to mitigate this biosecurity risk, we have implemented several biosecurity safeguards to keep the insects contained in the cargo area.
  • the temporary exhaust may include an insect net.
  • the insect net is located above the mechanical exhaust ventilator.
  • the insect net may be located at the top of the temporary exhaust. However, it is preferable that the insect net is located closer to the first upstream opening than to the second downstream opening.
  • the insect net may be removable, for example by the use of hook and loop fastener.
  • the insect net may be permanently affixed to the temporary exhaust, for example sewn into the temporary exhaust.
  • RORO vessel including the system for fumigation as set out above.
  • a system for fumigating a RORO vessel having a cargo area and an accomodation block the system being ancillary to the vessel and comprising:
  • a fumigant delivery system for delivering fumigant to the cargo area
  • an inflatable exhaust to assist removing fumigant from the cargo area wherein the inflatable exhaust is inflatable to a height exceeding the height of the accomodation block.
  • RORO vessel including the system for fumigation as set out above.
  • a method of ventilating a RORO vessel including: providing a temporary flexible exhaust for exhausting fumigant from the cargo area.
  • the method may include opening the doors of a service doorway to a mechanical ventilator and installing the temporary exhaust to the mechanical ventilator.
  • the method may further include installing a support assembly to support the temporary exhaust from the service doors.
  • the method may include attaching the temporary exhaust to a vent housing by installing the temporary exhaust to fit the doorway and blocking any exit vents in the vent housing.
  • the method may include attaching the temporary exhaust to a positive exhaust provided on the vessel such as a mechanical exhaust ventilator or an extraction fan, as the case may be.
  • the temporary exhaust may include an upstream opening and a downstream opening.
  • the downstream opening may be of smaller cross-sectional area than the upstream opening.
  • the downstream opening may have the same or a similar cross-sectional area as the upstream opening.
  • the downstream opening is adjustable in cross-sectional area.
  • the downstream opening preferably has the same cross-sectional area as the upstream opening.
  • the upstream opening may be sized to accommodate at least a substantial portion of a mechanical ventilator.
  • the method may include covering the mechanical exhaust ventilator with an insect net, prior to connecting the temporary exhaust.
  • an insect net may be fitted over the exhaust duct intake in the cargo area.
  • an insect net may be fitted over the exhaust duct intake which supplies air to the mechanical exhaust ventilator.
  • the temporary exhaust may be configured to facilitate venting through the service doorway of a mechanical exhaust ventilator or vent housing. Accordingly, the method may include opening the doors of the service doorway to install the temporary exhaust. In the case of a mechanical exhaust ventilator, the method may include installing a support assembly to support the temporary exhaust from the service doors. In the case of a vent housing which passively vents, the method may include installing the temporary exhaust to fit the doorway and blocking the existing exit vents from the vent housing.
  • a method of fumigating including delivering fumigant to the cargo hold and the method of ventilating as per the aspect above.
  • the temporary exhaust may have an adjustable downstream opening which is closed during fumigation and opened during ventilation.
  • a method of ventilating a RORO vessel including: providing an inflatable exhaust for exhausting fumigant from the cargo area.
  • the method may include attaching the temporary exhaust to a mechanical exhaust ventilator or an extraction fan, as the case may be.
  • the temporary exhaust may include an upstream opening and a downstream opening, the downstream opening being of smaller cross-sectional area than the upstream opening.
  • the inflatable exhaust is inflatable to a height exceeding the accommodation block of the RORO vessel.
  • the inflatable exhaust may be configured to facilitate venting through the service doorway of a mechanical exhaust ventilator or vent housing. Accordingly, the method may include opening the doors of the service doorway to install the inflatable exhaust. In the case of a mechanical exhaust ventilator, the method may include installing a support assembly to support the inflatable exhaust from the service doors. In the case of a vent housing which passively vents, the method may include installing the inflatable exhaust to fit the doorway and blocking the existing exit vents from the vent housing. The method includes inflating the inflatable exhaust.
  • a method of fumigating including delivering fumigant to the cargo hold and the method of ventilating as per the aspect above.
  • the temporary exhaust may have an adjustable downstream opening which is closed during fumigation and opened during ventilation.
  • an exhaust conduit for a cargo vessel being a flexible conduit having a first upstream opening adapted to engage with an exhaust structure and a second downstream opening for exhausted air, wherein the exhaust conduit is inflatable due to the passage of exhausted air and the downstream opening is of smaller cross-sectional area than the upstream opening.
  • the inflation of the conduit may be solely by means of the passage of exhausted air.
  • the exhaust conduit includes at least a portion in which the cross-sectional area progressively reduces along its length i.e. of tapering cross-sectional area.
  • the exhaust conduit may include a conical or frusto-conical portion. This provides a velocity cone.
  • the downstream opening may be adjustable to adjust the cross-sectional area.
  • the downstream opening may be variable.
  • the downstream opening may incorporate a drawstring to adjust the cross-sectional area.
  • the adjustment of the downstream opening may be achieved by initially drawing in the opening and allowing the pressure of the exhausted air to automatically adjust the opening. Accordingly, the preferred form has an adjustable velocity cone.
  • the exhaust conduit may take any of the forms described above in connection with the first aspect e.g. Types I, II or III.
  • the exhaust conduit may also include tether points to tether the exhaust conduit to the vessel.
  • the exhaust conduit may also include internal vanes or baffles to direct the exhaust.
  • the exhaust conduit may include inflatable ribs to inflate the conduit or other structural components designed to keep the exhaust conduit in an upright configuration or in an open tubular configuration.
  • the exhaust conduit may be constructed from a fabric, preferably 30 to 130 gsm fabric such as Maxilite 150TM used as sail or spinnaker cloth.
  • the fabric may comprise gas-proof ripstop nylon.
  • the exhaust conduit could incorporate its own fan.
  • the mechanical ventilator to which it is attached may be either active or passive.
  • an exhaust conduit for a cargo vessel being a flexible conduit having a first upstream opening adapted to engage with an exhaust structure and a second downstream opening for exhausted air, wherein the exhaust conduit is inflatable due to the passage of exhausted air and the downstream opening is of adjustable cross-sectional area.
  • the exhaust conduit may take any of the forms described above in connection with the first aspect e.g. Types I, II or III.
  • FIG. 1 is a side cross-sectional view of a RORO vessel that may be fumigated according to an embodiment and shows a fumigant delivery system, an air pressure system, and a temporary flexible exhaust according to an embodiment, and illustrates a fumigation operation;
  • FIG. 2 is similar to FIG. 1 , but shows a ventilation operation (which occurs after the fumigation operation);
  • FIG. 3 is a side cross-sectional view of an alternative RORO vessel that may be fumigated according to an embodiment and shows a fumigant delivery system, an air pressure system, and a temporary flexible exhaust according to an embodiment, and illustrates a fumigation operation;
  • FIG. 4 is similar to FIG. 3 , but illustrates a ventilation operation (which occurs after the fumigation operation);
  • FIG. 5 is a side cross-sectional view of an alternative RORO vessel that may be fumigated according to an embodiment and shows a fumigant delivery system, an air pressure system, and a temporary flexible exhaust according to an embodiment, and illustrates a fumigation operation;
  • FIG. 6 is similar to FIG. 5 but shows a ventilation operation (which occurs after the fumigation operation);
  • FIG. 7 is a front-side perspective view of a portion of an accommodation area of the vessel of FIG. 2 , and further illustrates a temporary bulkhead and other components of the air pressure system of FIG. 2 ;
  • FIG. 8 is similar to FIG. 7 , but only shows some components of the temporary bulkhead
  • FIG. 9 is similar to FIG. 8 , but is a rear-side perspective view
  • FIG. 10 is a front-on view of the bulkhead of FIG. 7 ;
  • FIG. 11 is a side cross-sectional view of the bulkhead of FIG. 10 along the line 11 - 11 ;
  • FIG. 12 is a rear-side perspective view of the bulkhead of FIG. 8 ;
  • FIG. 13 is a rear front-on view of another bulkhead associated with the fumigant delivery system of FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 14 is a side cross-sectional view of the bulkhead of FIG. 13 ;
  • FIG. 15 is a side perspective view of another bulkhead associated with the fumigant delivery system of FIG. 1 and to be used internally throughout the cargo area;
  • FIG. 16 is a side perspective view of a hatch bulkhead associated with the fumigant delivery system of FIG. 1 and to be used internally throughout the cargo area;
  • FIG. 17 is a perspective view of a flexible temporary exhaust according to an embodiment
  • FIG. 18 is similar to FIG. 17 , but is a cut-away view
  • FIG. 19 is a front-on cut-away view of the flexible temporary exhaust of FIG. 17 ;
  • FIG. 20 is a side cross-sectional view of the flexible temporary exhaust of FIG. 19 along the line 20 - 20 .
  • FIG. 21 is a side cross-sectional view of a RORO vessel that may be fumigated according to an alternative embodiment and shows a fumigant delivery system, an air pressure system, a temporary flexible exhaust according to an embodiment, and illustrates both a fumigation and ventilation operation;
  • FIG. 22 is a mechanical exhaust ventilator with a housing as may be mounted on the weatherdeck of RORO vessel;
  • FIG. 23 is a flexible exhaust (type II) according to an embodiment installed on the mechanical ventilator of FIG. 22 ;
  • FIG. 24 is a side view of the flexible exhaust of FIG. 23 ;
  • FIG. 25 is a side view of the flexible exhaust of FIG. 23 during a ventilation operation
  • FIG. 26 is an exhaust vent house as may be mounted on the weatherdeck of a RORO vessel
  • FIG. 27 is the vent house of FIG. 26 showing the installation location of a flexible exhaust according to an embodiment
  • FIG. 28 is the vent house and flexible exhaust of FIG. 27 during a ventilation operation.
  • a roll-on/roll-off vessel 10 (hereafter “RORO vessel”) that comprises a hull 12 and a cargo area 13 comprising plurality of separate cargo zones 14 .
  • Each of the cargo zones 14 are water-tight or gas-tight and include respective cargo decks 16 .
  • each cargo zone 14 includes a single cargo deck 16 .
  • the RORO vessel illustrated in FIG. 1 is merely exemplary, and that a RORO vessel may include more than one cargo deck 16 , such as two or three cargo decks, in each separate cargo zone 14 .
  • a typical RORO vessel may include a total of 13 cargo decks distributed amongst four separate cargo zones. Each of the cargo decks within a single cargo zone are typically interconnected by ramps.
  • the RORO vessel 10 further comprises a weather deck 18 located above an uppermost one of the plurality of cargo zones 14 and an accomodation area 20 located upon the weather deck 18 generally adjacent a fore end 22 of the vessel 10 .
  • the accommodation area 20 is arranged to provide accomodation to the crew or personnel of the vessel 10 and includes the various living quarters of the vessel 10 .
  • a bridge 23 is located above the accomodation area 20 and is generally fluidly connected thereto. The bridge 23 houses the various controls, navigation instrumentation, and other equipment necessary for the commanding of the vessel 10 .
  • the cargo zones 14 of the RORO vessel 10 are located one above the other and extend substantially along the entire length of the vessel 10 .
  • the vessel 10 includes four such cargo zones 14 .
  • each of the cargo zones 14 is configured to be water-tight or gas-tight, and is further connectable to an adjacent cargo zone 14 via one or more moveable or sealable ramps.
  • the moveable ramps are moveable between an open position and a closed position. In the open position, a ramp connecting adjacent cargo zones 14 enables the passage of crew members, other personnel, and cargo between the adjacent connected cargo zones 14 .
  • the adjacent connected cargo zones 14 are fluidly connected to one another such that, for example, gaseous fumigant in one cargo zone 14 is able to flow into the adjacent connected cargo zone 14 .
  • the ramp acts as a seal between adjacent cargo zones 14 such that the adjacent cargo zones are water-tight or gas-tight.
  • the uppermost cargo zone 14 may be accessed by crew or other personnel, such as specially trained fumigation personnel, via one or more escape trunks located in the weather deck 18 .
  • the RORO vessel 10 illustrated in FIG. 1 includes between 8 and 10 such escape trunks located generally around the perimeter of the weather deck 18 (only 4 escape trunks are illustrated in FIG. 1 ).
  • the escape trunks define respective openings or entryways into the uppermost cargo zone 14 via the weather deck 18 , and include ladders or a combination of ladders and stairways that extend downwardly through each cargo deck 16 to the lowermost cargo deck 16 in the lowermost cargo zone 14 .
  • the opening or entryway into the uppermost cargo zone 14 via the weather deck 18 may be in the form of a hatch 29 (see FIG. 1 for example) or a stairway 31 (see FIG. 5 example).
  • the escape trunks define hatches 19 and/or stairways located throughout the cargo area 13 .
  • the hatches 19 and/or stairways connect adjacent cargo decks 16 within a cargo zone 14 , and connect adjacent cargo zones 14 .
  • the hatches 19 define respective hatch openings that may be selectively closed as desired to fluidly seal a cargo zone 14 from an adjacent cargo zone 14 .
  • the stairways include respective doors at an upper end and a lower end thereof that may also be selectively closed as desired to fluidly seal a cargo zone 14 from an adjacent cargo zone 14 .
  • each of the hatches 19 and/or stairways that connect adjacent cargo zones 14 are closed, but for the hatches 19 and/or stairways of a single escape trunk which is selected as a “riser” to enable various services, such as conduits containing gaseous fumigant, to be routed throughout the cargo area 13 .
  • the escape trunk that is located generally closest to the midship of the vessel 10 is selected as the riser.
  • this particular escape trunk will be hereafter referred to as “the riser escape trunk”.
  • each of the hatches 19 of the riser escape trunk are fitted with a hatch bulkhead 115 (see FIG. 16 ), and each of the doors of each stairway of the riser escape trunk are fitted with a door bulkhead 111 (see FIG. 15 ).
  • each stairway includes an upper door and a lower door.
  • FIG. 1 shows various internal hatches 19 in the cargo area 13 that, if used as the riser escape trunk, would be fitted with the hatch bulkhead 115 .
  • FIG. 5 shows an internal door 111 a in the cargo area 13 , that if used as the riser escape trunk, would be fitted with the door bulkhead 111 .
  • the hatch bulkheads 115 and the door bulkheads 111 are described in detail below.
  • the RORO vessel 10 illustrated in FIG. 1 includes a plurality of escape trunks in the form of hatches 29 that include ladders only.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an alternative RORO vessel 10 ′′′ that includes a plurality of escape trunks in the form of hatches 29 and stairways 31 , wherein at least one escape trunk includes a combination of ladders and stairways. Specifically, it can be seen in FIG. 5 that the second right-most escape trunk includes a combination of stairways and ladders.
  • the vessel 10 further comprises a plurality of supply mechanical ventilators 24 and a plurality of exhaust mechanical ventilators 26 .
  • each cargo zone 14 includes respective dedicated supply and exhaust mechanical ventilators 24 , 26 .
  • Each of the supply mechanical ventilators 24 are configured to supply fresh air from about the weather deck 18 into their respective cargo zones 14 via respective ducts 25 extending from the weather deck 18 to the respective cargo zone 14 (as illustrated by the direction of the arrows in FIG. 2 ).
  • Each of the exhaust mechanical ventilators 26 are configured to exhaust air from their respective cargo zones 14 via respective ducts 27 into the atmosphere above the weather deck 18 (as illustrated by the direction of the arrows in FIG. 2 ).
  • each cargo zone 14 includes a single supply mechanical ventilator 24 and a single exhaust mechanical ventilator 26 only, a person skilled in the art will appreciate that each of the cargo zones 14 will typically include a plurality of supply and exhaust mechanical ventilators.
  • Each of the supply and exhaust mechanical ventilators 24 , 26 are selectively closeable and openable as desired to respectively control the supply and exhaust of air to and from the cargo zones 14 .
  • each of the supply mechnical ventilators 24 include respective fans 24 a configured to assist with moving air into the cargo zones 14 , as desired. Alternatively, air may be passively drawn into the cargo zones 14 via the supply mechanical ventilators 24 .
  • Each of the exhaust mechanical ventilators 26 include respective fans 26 a configured to assist with removing air from the cargo zones 14 , as desired.
  • the cargo 30 may be any form of cargo, and is typically wheeled or tracked cargo that is rolled onto or driven into the cargo zones 14 of the vessel 10 via a selectively openable stern ramp 32 located at the aft end 34 of the vessel 10 .
  • a selectively openable stern ramp 32 located at the aft end 34 of the vessel 10 .
  • the uppermost cargo zone 14 may also be accessed via the one or more escape trunks (either in the form of hatches 29 or staircases 31 ) in the weather deck 18 .
  • the accomodation ladder landing water-tight door 36 provides direct access to the second lowermost cargo zone 14 . It will be appreciated however, that on other RORO vessels, the accommodation ladder landing water-tight door may provide direct access to another cargo zone other than the second lowermost cargo zone.
  • the vessel 10 further comprises a engine room 38 located adjacent a lowermost one of the plurality of cargo zones 14 generally adjacent the aft end 34 of the vessel.
  • the engine room 38 is physically separated from the lowermost cargo zone 14 via a vertically extending plate-steel bulkhead 40 , and is further separated from the second lowermost cargo zone 14 by a plate-steel flooring of the second lowermost cargo zone 14 .
  • the engine room 38 houses the engines and other associated equipment used to power and propel the vessel 10 , and is controlled by the various controls located in the bridge 23 .
  • Crew members may be located in the engine room 38 from time-to-time during operation of the vessel 10 and potentially during fumigation and subsequent ventilation. Exhaust gases produced during use of the engines is exhausted via a smokestack or chimney 42 located upon the weather deck 18 generally adjacent the aft end 34 of the vessel 10 .
  • a travel tower 300 is located quay side to provide an alternative means of embarkment or disembarkment of the RORO vessel 10 during an emergency or fumigation operation when access to the RORO vessel 10 via the accomodation ladder water-tight door 36 is not possible.
  • the travel tower 300 is a cherry picker style vehicle that is capable of raising passengers from the quay to the weather deck 18 of the RORO vessel 10 .
  • RORO vessel 10 illustrated in FIG. 1 and described above is merely exemplary and that the particular form and arrangement of the RORO vessel may be varied without affecting the scope of the invention.
  • the present disclosure provides a system and method for fumigating a vessel, embodiments of which are illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 28 and described in detail below.
  • a fumigant delivery system 50 for delivering fumigant to the cargo zones 14 of the vessel 10
  • an air pressure system 60 for maintaining a pressure within the accomodation area 20 greater than a pressure within the cargo area 13 . Accordingly, by maintaining a greater relative pressure in the accommodation area 20 compared to the cargo area 13 , any gaseous fumigant located within the cargo area 14 is prevented from entering the accommodation area 20 via, for example, unintended openings or cracks in the plate-steel flooring beneath the accommodation area 20 .
  • the fumigant delivery system 50 comprises a plurality of first conduits 52 (shown schematically in FIG. 1 ) connected at their respective first ends to fumigant-containing gas cylinders 54 stored in a mobile vehicle 56 located quayside of the vessel 10 .
  • the gas cylinders are arranged into separate groups. Each of gas cylinders in a group may be fluidly connected via a manifold. Two first conduits may extend from each manifold and deliver gaseous fumigant into a respective cargo zone 14 .
  • the fumigant delivery system may typically comprise between 20 and 36 first conduits 52 .
  • Each of the first conduits 52 may have a diameter of between approximately 1 ⁇ 4 inch (6.35 mm) to 1 inch (25.4 mm). However, the preferred diameter of the each of the conduits 52 is 3 ⁇ 8 inch (9.53 mm).
  • the fumigant may be any one or more of a pesticide, insecticide, disinfectant, purifier, bactericide, decontaminant, antiseptic, sanitiser, vaccine, anti-viral, or vapour, and may comprise any one or more of sulfuryl flouride, ethyl formate, ethane dinitrile, formaldeyde, methyl bromide, chloropicrin, iodoform, hydrogen cyanide (bluefume), nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. While the disclosure includes reference to sulfuryl flouride, it will be appreciated that other fumigants may be incorporated into the embodiments. Additionally, modes of delivery and levels of fumigant detected by the high range detection system and the low range detection system may vary according to the selected fumigant.
  • a second end of each of the plurality of first conduits 52 is fluidly connected to the cargo zones 14 via a fumigation bulkhead 110 located in the accomodation ladder landing water-tight door 36 .
  • the fumigation bulkhead 110 (see FIGS. 13 and 14 ), described in detail below, is configured to fluidly seal the accomodation ladder landing water-tight door 36 to ensure that any gaseous fumigant delivered to the cargo zones 14 via the plurality of first conduits 52 is prevented from escaping the cargo zones 14 into the environment through the accommodation ladder landing water-tight door 36 .
  • a plurality of other bulkheads are located throughout the cargo area 13 .
  • a hatch bulkhead 115 FIG. 16
  • a door bulkhead 111 FIG. 15
  • the door bulkhead 111 is generally rectangular in overall form and includes a seal 84 configured to seal the respective door opening.
  • the door bulkhead 111 also includes a general rectangular opening 113 in a lower half thereof, which opening 113 is configured to receive a plurality of the first conduits 52 to thereby deliver the gaseous fumigant across the bulkhead 111 .
  • the hatch bulkhead 115 ( FIG. 16 ) is generally square in cross-section and is dimensioned to be larger than the generally square hatch opening 19 a .
  • the hatch bulkhead 115 is configured to fluidly seal the hatch 19 by sitting over and covering the hatch opening 19 a .
  • FIG. 16 illustrates an exploded view in which the hatch bulkhead 115 is located partially above the opening 19 a in the hatch 19 .
  • the hatch bulkhead 115 includes a generally rectangular opening 117 which is configured to receive a plurality of the first conduits 52 to thereby deliver the gaseous fumigant across the hatch bulkhead 115 .
  • the combination of the fumigation bulkhead 110 , the door bulkheads 111 , and the hatch bulkheads 115 used throughout the cargo area 13 enable the entire cargo area 13 to be fumigated substantially simultaneously, or alternatively, allow for a particular cargo zone 14 to be fumigated separately of any other cargo zone 14 , or further alternatively, allow for a plurality of cargo zones 14 to be fumigated separately of any other cargo zone 14 .
  • Fumigating the entire cargo area 13 substantially simultaneously is achieved in the following manner. Firstly, a plurality of first conduits 52 are fluidly connected at their first ends to the mobile fumigant-containing vehicle 56 , and fluidly connected at their second ends to an external side of the fumigation bulkhead 110 located in the accommodation ladder landing water-tight door 36 . Then, another plurality of first conduits 52 are connected at their first ends to the internal side of the fumigation bulkhead 110 , and connected at their second ends to respective recirculation fans 33 located in the second lowermost cargo zone 14 (as is described above, the accomodation ladder landing water-tight door 36 provides direct access to the second lowermost cargo zone 14 ).
  • the recirculation fans 33 are configured to disperse the gaseous fumigant throughout the second lowermost cargo zone 14 .
  • a second fan located generally at midship on a port side of the vessel 10 preferably face in opposite directions within the vessel 10 .
  • the first fan 33 may face towards an aft end of the vessel 10
  • the second fan 33 may face towards a fore end of the vessel 10 in order to disperse the gaseous fumigant fully throughout each cargo zone 14 .
  • Each of the recirculation fans 33 are preferably direct drive axial fans.
  • each of the recirculation fans 33 are 7.5 kW direct drive axial fans.
  • each of the recirculation fans 33 preferably have a diameter of 760 mm, and a centreline located 1.5 m above the cargo deck 16 to ensure sufficient dispersion of the gaseous fumigant througout each cargo deck 16 .
  • the recirculation fans 33 may have an air volume flow rate of between approximately 4 to 16 m 3 /s.
  • the preferred air volume flow rate of the recirculation fans 33 is approximately 10 m 3 /s.
  • another plurality of first conduits 52 are connected at their first ends to the internal side of the fumigation bulkhead 110 , and connected at their seconds ends to recirculation fans 33 located in each of the other cargo zones 14 .
  • the plurality of first conduits 52 may be routed to a particular cargo zone 14 through one or more of the door bulkheads 111 ( FIG. 15 ) and/or through one or more of the hatch bulkheads 115 ( FIG. 16 ) in the escape trunk riser.
  • the door bulkheads 111 and the hatch bulkheads 115 include respective openings 113 and 117 through which the first conduits 52 may be routed.
  • a plurality of the first conduits 52 may extend from the internal side of the fumigation bulkhead 110 located in the accommodation ladder landing water-tight door 36 to recirculation fans 33 in each of the cargo zones 14 to thereby substantially simultaneously fumigate the entire cargo area 13 whilst creating separation between the cargo zones 14 .
  • a plurality of the first conduits 52 are connected at their first ends to the internal side of the fumigation bulkhead 110 , and connected at the second ends to the recirculation fans 33 in the particular cargo zone 14 or cargo zones 14 which are desired to be fumigated.
  • Any particular cargo zone 14 which is not desired to be fumigated is fluidly sealed by closing the openings 113 and 117 in the respective door bulkheads 111 and hatch bulkheads 115 that lead into that cargo zone 14 via the escape trunk riser.
  • the door bulkhead 111 includes includes a pair of flaps 114 located about the opening 113 and which are configured to close and fluidly seal the opening 113 .
  • the flaps 114 preferably comprise a rubber sealing material and are biased to a closed position in which the flaps 114 close the opening 113 .
  • the hatch bulkhead 115 includes a flap 118 located about the opening 117 and which is configured to close and fluidly seal the opening 117 .
  • the flap 117 is similar to the pair of flaps 114 and comprises a rubber sealing material biased to a closed position. In this manner, by fluidly sealing particular cargo zones 14 by closing the openings 113 and 117 in the respective door bulkheads 111 and hatch bulkheads 115 leading into those cargo zones 14 from the escape trunk riser, one or more of the cargo zones 14 may be separately fumigated as desired.
  • two first conduits 52 extend through the door bulkhead 111 and/or the hatch bulkhead 115 in order to fumigate each cargo zone 14 .
  • a person skilled in the art would appreciate however that a different number of conduits 52 may be used to fumigate each particular cargo zone 14 .
  • two to four conduits 52 may be used to fumigate each cargo deck 16 in a cargo zone 14
  • one or two conduits 52 may be connected to each recirculation fan 33 on each cargo deck 16 .
  • two first conduits 52 are used to fumigate each cargo zone 14 .
  • a first one of the conduits 52 is connected to the first fan 33 located in the particular cargo zone 14
  • a second one of the conduits 52 is connected to the second fan 33 located in a particular cargo zone 14 .
  • the escape trunk that is located generally closest to the midship of the vessel 10 is selected as the riser escape trunk through which services, such as the conduits 52 , are routed throughout the entire cargo area 13 .
  • this positioning allows for the shortest possible conduits 52 to be used throughout the cargo area 13 as the fumigation bulkhead 110 is also located generally at the midship of the vessel 10 , as are the recirculation fans 33 in each cargo zone 14 .
  • the high-range monitoring system comprises a plurality of sensors 35 located in each of the cargo zones 14 .
  • the sensors 35 detect gaseous fumigant in the form of sulfuryl flouride in a range of concentrations from about 5,000 ppm to 15,000 ppm.
  • the sensors 35 in the high-range monitoring system feedback to a controller 41 .
  • the high-range monitoring system may be operated during fumigation and ventilation.
  • each of the exhaust mechanical ventilators 26 Attached about each of the exhaust mechanical ventilators 26 are respective flexible temporary exhausts 58 , described in detail below.
  • the flexible temporary exhausts 58 assist with the safe removal of the gaseous fumigant from the cargo zones 14 after the fumigation operation has been completed.
  • the temporary flexible exhausts 58 are shown in a non-operational deflated position owing to the exhaust mechanical ventilators 26 being in a closed or non-operational position.
  • the air pressure system 60 is configured to maintain an air pressure within the accomodation area 20 greater than an air pressure within the cargo zones 14 .
  • the bridge 23 is also maintained a greater relative pressure than the cargo zones 14 due to the bridge 23 being fluidly connected to the accomodation area 20 .
  • the air pressure system includes three second conduits 62 (shown schematically in FIG. 2 ) configured to deliver air to the accommodation area 20 of the vessel 10 .
  • Each of the conduits 62 is connected at their first ends to a source of air located quayside of the vessel 10 , i.e. remotely of the vessel 10 , and connected at their second ends to an accomodation bulkhead 80 ( FIG. 7 ), described below, located in an entryway 64 into the accommodation area 20 .
  • the accomodation bulkhead 80 is configured to be fluidly connected to each of the three conduits 62 to thereby deliver the air into the accommodation area 20 , and is further configured to fluidly seal the entryway 64 to prevent air from escaping via the entryway 64 .
  • the accommodation area 20 is preferably substantially hermetically sealed, or at least hermetically sealed to a sufficient extent, to prevent the escape of relatively significant amounts of air from the accommodation area 20 that would otherwise make it difficult to maintain the accommodation area 20 at a greater relative pressure compared to the cargo zones 14 .
  • any vents or openings into the accommodation area are preferably closed and any air conditioning systems that supply and/or remove air from the accommodation area 20 are preferably shutdown.
  • each of the first ends of the conduits 62 are connected to a respective fan 66 configured to draw air into the respective conduit 62 such that the air can be delivered to the accommodation area 20 via the respective conduit 62 .
  • the fans 66 are controlled by the controller 41 which at least controls a speed of the fans 66 via a variable speed drive (VSD) 43 to thereby adjustably control a volume rate of air delivered to the accommodation area 20 via each of the conduits 62 .
  • VSD 43 and fans 66 are powered by first and second mobile generators 45 .
  • the second generator 45 acts a back-up power source for the first generator 45 in a case where the first generator 45 becomes non-operational.
  • the air pressure system 60 further includes a differential pressure sensor 70 that includes a first pressure sensing end 72 located in the accommodation area 20 of the vessel, and a second pressure sensing end 74 located in the uppermost cargo zone 14 and adjacent the accomodation area 20 .
  • the first and second ends 72 , 74 of the differential pressure sensor 70 are configured to sense the respective pressures in the accommodation area 20 and in the uppermost cargo zone 14 , and transmit the respective pressures to the controller 41 .
  • the controller 41 is configured to determine a difference between the respective pressures, and to control the operation of the fans 66 connected to the conduits 62 to ensure that a predetermined desired pressure differential is maintained.
  • the pressure in the accommodation area 20 is maintained at least 50 Pa above the pressure in the cargo zone 14 .
  • the pressure in accommodation area 20 is maintained between 50 and 100 Pa above the pressure in the cargo zone 14 .
  • the controller controls the fans 66 via the VSD 43 to increase the speed of the fans 66 to thereby increase the volume flow rate of air drawn into the accommodation area 20 via the conduits 62 .
  • the controller controls the fans 66 via the VSD 43 to decrease the speed of the fans 66 to thereby decrease the volume flow rate of air drawn into the accommodation area 20 via the conduit 62 .
  • the air pressure system 60 further includes an air quality monitor 76 located quayside generally adjacent the fans 66 (and thus the intake ends of the conduits 62 ).
  • the air quality monitor is configured to detect the presence of one or more of gaseous fumigant, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and may report the presence of these gases to the controller and/or to an operator so that the air pressure system 60 may be shutdown if required.
  • the air quality monitor 76 forms part of a low-range monitoring system which is used to detect fumigant gas comprising sulfuryl flouride in the range of 0.5 ppm-230 ppm, with a resolution of 0.1 ppm. Other sensors 37 forming part of the low-range monitoring system may be used in specific locations to detect gas leaks.
  • sensors 37 may be located in the engine room 38 , passageways and crew access and accommodation area 20 .
  • the sensors 37 may be daisy-chained with cable feeds fed back to the control system.
  • the low-range monitoring system is operated during fumigation and ventilation.
  • the fumigation operation may last for several hours, such as around 12 to 48 hours or longer depending upon the treatment requirements.
  • the air pressure system 60 is operated to maintain the predetermined desired pressure differential between the accommodation area 20 and the cargo zones 14 , and is optionally operated beyond the end of the fumigation operation, at least until clearance of the gaseous fumigant from the cargo zones 14 and the cargo 30 .
  • a ventilation operation is commenced in order to safely remove the gaseous fumigant from the cargo zones 14 and the cargo 30 .
  • the ventilation operation may last for several hours, such as around 10 to 36 hours or so.
  • the supply mechanical ventilators 24 are opened and their associated fans 24 a are operated in order to enable a fresh supply of air to be drawn into the cargo zones 14 .
  • the exhaust mechanical ventilators 26 are opened and their associated fans 26 a are operated in order to positively remove air containing the gaseous fumigant from the cargo zones 14 .
  • This ventilation operation is illustrated in FIG. 2 . As can be seen in FIG.
  • the flexible temporary exhausts 58 are in a generally upright operational position in order to expel air containing the gaesous fumigant generally upwardly away from the weather deck 18 .
  • the flexible temporary exhausts 58 extend above the accommodation area 20 when in the operational position to ensure, as best as possible, that the escaping gaseous fumigant is directed away from the accommodation area 20 .
  • FIGS. 7 - 14 provide details relating to the fumigation bulkhead 110 located at the accommodation ladder landing water-tight door 36 , the accomodation bulkhead 80 located in the entryway 68 into the accommodation area 20 , and details relating to the flexible temporary exhausts 58 and other potential ventilation methods.
  • FIG. 7 there is illustrated a temporary bulkhead 80 located at the starboard entryway 68 into the accommodation area 20 .
  • Each of the three conduits 62 of the air pressure system 60 are fluidly and sealingly connected to the accomodation bulkhead 80 in order to deliver the air through the accomodation bulkhead 80 into the accommodation area 20 .
  • the temporary accomodation bulkhead 80 is installed by firstly positioning the bulkhead 80 in the entryway 68 at an internal side of the accommodation area 20 (the internal side shown in FIG. 9 ).
  • the bulkhead 80 comprises a rectangular body 82 ( FIG. 9 ) that is dimensioned to be slightly larger than the generally rectangular opening of the entryway 68 .
  • the bulkhead 80 further comprises a seal 84 ( FIG. 9 ) on a first, or outer, face 86 of the body 82 .
  • the seal 84 is generally rectangular in cross-section throughout its length and extends along the perimeter of the rectangular body 82 on the outer face 86 , and is slightly inset from the outer edges of the body 82 (see FIGS. 9 and 11 ).
  • the outer face 86 of the body 82 is positioned to face away from the internal side of the accommodation area such that the seal 84 contacts and seals against the opening in the entryway 68 .
  • the accomodation bulkhead 80 is maintained in this position by a series of generally rectangular brackets 88 ( FIG. 7 ) secured against an outer wall 90 of the accommodation area 20 surrounding the entryway 68 .
  • accomodation bulkhead 80 includes four generally rectangular brackets 88 configured to be disposed generally horizontally across the entryway 68 .
  • Each of the brackets 88 includes outer flanged longitudinal ends 92 that protrude laterally and which are configured to contact the outer wall 90 of the accomodation area 20 .
  • Each of the brackets 88 further includes an elongate opening or slit 94 extending substantially along the entire length of the brackets 88 .
  • the elongate opening 94 is configured to receive a pair of generally T-shaped tubular rods 96 .
  • the distal ends of the rods 96 are configured to be received in respective generally circular apertures 98 ( FIG.
  • Respective nuts 100 are located about each of the distal ends of the rods 96 in order to secure the position of the rods 96 with respect to the body 82 of the bulkhead 80 .
  • the proximal ends of the rods 96 include respective generally circular plates ( FIG. 8 ) which are dimensioned to be wider than the elongate opening 94 and which are therefore configured to contact the bracket 88 to adjust the position of the brackets 88 with respect to the body 82 .
  • the generally T-shaped proximal ends of the rods 96 may be rotated by hand in order to adjust the position of the rods 96 with respect to the body 82 of the bulkhead 80 , and thus adjust the position of the seal 84 against the opening in the entryway 68 .
  • the generally circular plate 102 of the rod 96 contacts the outer surface of the bracket 88 in order to move the bracket 88 relatively toward the body 82 of the bulkhead 80 .
  • the body 82 of the bulkhead 80 includes three generally circular openings 104 arranged vertically one above the other along a transverse centreline of the body 82 , and extending through the body 82 .
  • Each of the openings 104 is configured to be fluidly and sealingly connected to a respective one of the second conduits 62 of the air pressure system 60 .
  • the openings 104 may include respective valves (not shown) that may operate as one-way valves that enable air to enter the accomodation area 20 via the openings 10 , but prevent any backflow of air.
  • FIGS. 13 and 14 illustrate the temporary fumigation bulkhead 110 that is configured to be located at the accommodation ladder landing water-tight door 36 .
  • the fumigation bulkhead 110 may instead be fitted at any other suitable opening into the cargo area 13 , such as at a door leading into a staircase (escape trunk) 31 ( FIG. 5 ) on the weather deck 18 or via the rear stern access door.
  • the fumigation bulkhead 110 is preferably fitted to the accomodation ladder landing water-tight door due to its generally central location within the cargo area 13 .
  • the fumigation bulkhead 110 is similar in form and operation to the accomodation bulkhead 80 .
  • the fumigation bulkhead 110 includes a body 82 , a generally rectangular seal 84 extending generally about the perimeter of the body 82 on an outer face 86 of the body 82 , a plurality of brackets 88 and associated T-shaped tubular rods 96 , a plurality of generally circular apertures 98 extending through the body 82 of the bulkhead 110 configured to receive the distal ends of the tubular rods 96 , and respective nuts 100 located about each of the distal ends of the rods 96 on the inner face of the body 82 in order to secure the rods 96 to the body 82 .
  • the fumigation bulkhead 110 is sealed against the accommodation ladder landing water-tight door 36 in substantially the same manner as the accomodation bulkhead 80 is sealed against the opening 64 into the accomodation area 20 .
  • the fumigation bulkhead 110 is externally fitted to the accommodation ladder landing water-tight door 36
  • the accommodation bulkhead 80 is internally fitted to the opening 64 into the accommodation area 20 .
  • the fumigation bulkhead 110 also includes a plurality of generally circular openings or spigots 112 located generally in an upper half of the body 82 , and which are configured to be fluidly and sealingly connected to respective first conduits 52 of the fumigation system 50 in order to deliver gaseous fumigant across the bulkhead 110 .
  • the fumigation bulkhead 110 includes 36 openings or spigots 112 arranged in three adjacent vertically extending groups, each group including 6 rows of two openings 112 arranged side-by-side.
  • the fumigation bulkhead 110 can up to receive 36 first conduits 52 from the mobile fumigant-containing vehicle 56 , and can distribute 36 first conduits 52 throughout the cargo area 13 . As is shown in FIG.
  • the openings or spigots 112 extend through the bulkhead 110 to be connected to respective first conduits 52 on either side of the bulkhead 110 .
  • the fumigation bulkhead 110 could include any number of openings or spigots 122 as required according to the particular vessel to be fumigated.
  • the fumigation bulkhead 110 will include enough openings or spigots 112 to enable two to four conduits 52 to be routed to each cargo deck 16 .
  • the fumigation bulkhead 110 also includes a series of ports 119 located generally in a lower half of the body 82 , and which are configured to receive power and/or data and transmit the power and/or data across the bulkhead 110 .
  • the fumigation bulkhead 110 includes eight ports 119 arranged in two rows, one above the other.
  • the fumigation bulkhead 110 could include any number of ports 119 as required according to the particular vessel to be fumigated.
  • the fumigation bulkhead 110 will include enough ports 119 to enable at least one 3-phase power cable to be routed to each cargo deck 16 .
  • Each port 119 is preferably configured to supply a current of between 15 to 50 Amps.
  • the ports 119 may provide power to the recirculation fans 33 in each of the cargo zones 14 , and may also provide a data connection between the sensors 35 of the high-range monitoring system and the controller 41 .
  • one or more power cables may be connected between the first and/or second mobile generators 45 to the ports 119 on the external side of the fumigation bulkhead 110 , and one or more other power cables may be connected between the ports 119 on the internal side of the fumigation bulkhead 110 and the recirculation fans 33 located in each of the cargo zones 14 .
  • the sensors 35 of the high range monitoring system may be connected to the controller 41 in a similar manner.
  • FIGS. 15 and 16 respectively illustrate the door bulkheads 111 located in each door of each staircase in the riser escape trunk, and the hatch bulkheads 115 located in each hatch 19 in the riser escape trunk.
  • the door bulkhead 111 is generally similar in form to the accommodation bulkhead 20 and the fumigation bulkhead 110 , and is sealed about each door of each staircase in the riser escape trunk in generally the same manner that the accommodation bulkhead 80 and the fumigation bulkhead 110 are sealed to their respective openings 64 and 36 .
  • each of the door bulkheads 111 include a plurality of circular apertures 98 configured to receive the tubular rods 96 , and so forth.
  • the hatch bulkhead 115 comprises a generally square plate-like body 115 a that is larger in each dimension when compared to the generally rectangular hatch opening 19 a . In this way, when located against the hatch opening 19 a , the plate-like body acts to seal the opening 19 a .
  • Each hatch opening 19 a is generally 900 mm ⁇ 900 mm, or 1000 mm ⁇ 1000 mm.
  • fumigant chemicals may be used which may require a variation on the fumigant delivery method described.
  • fumigation chemicals such as ethyl formate, ethanedinitrile, and hydrogen cyanide can be flammable under certain conditions and concentrations that may be encountered if the above described method is used.
  • liquid ethyl formate may be delivered to the cargo zone 14 via the plurality of first conduits 52 connected to the fumigant-container cylinders 54 of the mobile fumigation-containing vehicle 56 and one or more temporary bulkheads 110 .
  • the ethyl formate is supplied to a pump near to a recirculation fan 33 in the cargo zone 14 .
  • the pump increases the pressure of the ethyl formate to between 7 bar and 300 bar, and preferrably about 200 bar.
  • the liquid ethyl formate may be expelled from the pump via a nozzle or restriction and into the air flow path of the recirculation fans 33 . Due to the high pressure of the liquid ethyl formate it leaves the nozzle at a high velocity and is atomised into a fine spray, mist or fog. The atomised liquid ethyl formate is subjected to a decrease in pressure which causes the liquid ethyl formate to change into a gaseous state and disperse into the air.
  • the air volume supplied by the recirculation fan 33 is such that the concentration of the ethyl formate rapidly drops below the flammable range. Using this method, the risk of a fire due to combustion of the fumigant may be low as only a small part of the atomised stream exiting the conduits 52 may be in the flammable range for a short period of time.
  • potentially flammable fumigant is directed to the cargo zone 14 under fumigation in liquid form via a plurality of conduits 52 in a similar manner to that described above.
  • the liquid fumigant is not directed to the recirculation fans 33 , instead it is directed to mixing equipment consisting of a vaporiser or heat exchanger and a high volume mixing apparatus located near the recirculation fans.
  • the vaporiser or heat exchanger typically consist of a coil of copper tube in a hot water or thermal oil bath however many other suitable types of heat exchanger exist. As the liquid fumigant passes through the copper coil it is warmed and transitions from a liquid to a gas.
  • the vaporisers are typically 1 kW to 15 kW, and preferrably 10 kW in power.
  • the gaseous fumigant is then directed into a high volume mixing apparatus which draws in air and fumigant at the ratio required to create the desired fumigant concentration.
  • the speed at which the mixing occurs is such that the flammable concentration of the fumigant is rapidly by-passed.
  • the air/fumigant mix exits the mixing apparatus near the recirculation fans 33 so as to be evenly distributed around the cargo zone 14 under fumigation.
  • the vaporised fumigant is delivered directly to the recirculation fans 33 to be mixed rather than entering the high volume mixing apparatus.
  • the mixing equipment is located on the quayside and not in the cargo zone 14 of the RORO vessel 10 to be fumigated.
  • the fumigant is vaporised in the vaporiser or heat exchanger and mixed with air in the high volume mixing apparatus.
  • the gaseous air/fumigant mix is then delivered to the cargo zone 14 under fumigation via flexible ducts and a temporary bulkhead configured to accommodate the flexible ducts in a similar manner to the air pressure system 60 described in detail above.
  • the liquid fumigant does not require vaporisation using the vaporiser located in the cargo zone 14 or on the quay.
  • the liquid fumigant can be vaporised inside the high volume mixing apparatus located either in the cargo zone 14 or on the quay side.
  • the liquid fumigant can be pressurised with a pump and then ejected from a nozzle to create an atomised spray, mist, or fog that can be mixed with air on the quay side.
  • the fumigant is either delivered to the cargo zone 14 as a liquid as described above, or as a gaseous air/fumigant mix via flexible ducts as described above.
  • the gaseous air/fumigant mix can be delivered to the cargo zone 14 to be fumigated via the ducts 25 , 27 which connect the cargo zone 14 to the supply mechanical ventilator 24 or exhaust mechanical ventilators 26 on the weather deck 18 of the RoRo vessel 10 .
  • the gaseous air/fumigant mix may be prepared in any manner previously described or may be delivered to the ducts 25 , 27 or mechanical ventilators 24 , 26 as a liquid and vaporised inside the mechanical ventilator 24 , 26 or ducts 25 , 27 .
  • the fumigant may be mixed to the desired concentration quayside with a non-flammable gas other than air such as carbon dioxide or nitrogen and then delivered to the cargo zone 14 to be fumigated via flexible ducts in a similar manner to the air pressure system 60 or the mechanical ventilators 24 , 26 as described above.
  • a non-flammable gas other than air such as carbon dioxide or nitrogen
  • the remaining figures provide detail relating to the flexible temporary exhaust that is configured to assist with removing the gaseous fumigant from the cargo zones 14 during the ventilation operation.
  • a flexible temporary exhaust 58 (type I) disposed about a exhaust mechanical ventilator 26 .
  • the flexible temporary exhaust 58 is configured to assist with removing the gaseous fumigant from the cargo zones 14 during the ventilation operation (after the fumigation operation is completed).
  • the temporary flexible exhaust 58 comprises an inflatable conduit 120 which inflates substantially vertically during use to provide an upright exhaust.
  • the temporary flexible exhaust 58 is configured to be inflated by the exhausted air (containing the gaseous fumigant) from the cargo zones 14 .
  • the inflatable conduit 120 includes a first opening 122 at a lower end thereof, and a second opening 124 at an upper end thereof. As is illustrated in FIG. 17 for example, the second, or upper, opening 124 may have a smaller cross-sectional area than the first, or lower, opening 122 during use.
  • the first opening 122 is fitted over an an exhaust mechanical ventilator 26 (or a similar conduit could be fitted over a vent house, described below) and is mechanically secured thereto via a length-adjustable flexible strap 126 .
  • the flexible exhaust 58 is in fluid communication with the mechanical ventilator 26 , and is thus configured to exhaust the air exhausted from the mechanical ventilator 26 via the upper opening 124 , which is located downstream of the lower opening 122 (as is shown by the direction of the arrows in FIG. 20 ).
  • the flexible exhaust 58 is substantially conical when in use and inflated, and includes a lower generally cylindrical portion 128 (which appears somewhat rectangular in FIGS. 17 and 18 owing to flexible conduit 120 conforming to the rectangular cross-sectional shape of the mechanical ventilator 26 ).
  • the flexible exhaust 58 further includes an upper generally frustoconical portion 130 .
  • the first opening 122 of the inflatable conduit 120 is fitted about a base of the mechanical ventilator 26 below the vents of the mechanical ventilator 26 .
  • this positioning of the flexible exhaust 58 creates a plenum chamber beneath the vents to thereby assist with inflation of the flexible exhaust 58 .
  • the inflatable conduit 120 is sized to accommodate the mechanical ventilator 26 , and preferably in such a way that gap is created between the housing of the ventilator 26 and the inflatable conduit 120 during use (as is particularly shown in FIGS. 19 and 20 ).
  • the gap between an inner side wall of the inflatable conduit 120 and the ventilator housing 26 is preferably approximately 300 mm on each side of the ventilator housing 26 .
  • the inflatable conduit 120 is sized to have a height which exceeds the height of the accommodation area 20 .
  • the inflatable conduit 120 has a height between approximately 8 to 10 metres.
  • the relatively higher positioning of the upper downstream opening 124 of the flexible exhaust 58 ensures, as best as possible, that the exhausted air (containing gaseous fumigant) is directed away from the accommodation area 20 .
  • the particular ventilation arrangement such as the number of mechanical ventilators 26 employed may depend upon a large variety of factors such as the design of the RORO vessel, the ventilation requirements for the particular kind of cargo and fumigant and a safe level of dilution as determined by the cargo, fumigant and relevant regulations, the flow capacity of each mechanical ventilator 26 , and the zoning arrangements of the cargo decks 16 . Prevailing wind another conditions may also have a bearing on the ventilation requirements. These factors can be taken into account in designing a suitable ventilation plan for a particular vessel concerned.
  • respective flexible temporary exhausts 58 are located about each exhaust mechanical ventilator 26 and assist with exhausting air containing the gaseous fumigant from the cargo zones 14 .
  • the supply mechanical ventilators 24 and their associated fans 24 a are operated to draw in fresh air into the cargo zones 14
  • the exhaust mechanical ventilators 26 and their associated fans 26 a are operated to remove air containing gaseous fumigant from the cargo zones 14 via the flexible temporary exhausts 58 .
  • the flexible temporary exhausts 58 are attached to respective exhaust mechanical ventilators 26 but are tied at their downstream openings in order to prevent the escape of gaseous fumigant into the atmosphere above the weather deck 18 during fumigation.
  • FIG. 21 shows a RORO vessel 10 where the previously described flexible exhaust 58 is not able to be attached to the mechanical ventilator 26 .
  • FIG. 21 The fumigation operation of FIG. 21 is similar to that described above with an alternative flexible exhaust 240 (type II) attached within the exhaust mechanical ventilator 26 .
  • an alternative flexible exhaust 240 type II attached within the exhaust mechanical ventilator 26 .
  • the mechanical ventilators 26 on the weatherdeck 18 are typically housed within a ventilator housing 242 to protect the mechanical ventilator 26 /exhaust fan 26 a from the weather and other interference.
  • the housing 242 has maintenance access doors 244 on one side that open to allow access to the top of the exhaust duct 27 and/or axial flow fan 26 a (not shown). These doors are opened to install the alternative flexible exhaust 240 .
  • FIGS. 23 to 25 show the alternative flexible exhaust 240 (type II) configured to attach to the top of the exhaust duct 27 and direct exhaust fumigant clear of the weatherdeck 18 during a ventilation operation.
  • the alternative flexible exhaust 240 is made from gas-proof ripstop nylon and is of a substantially “L” shape to enable the flexible exhaust 140 to couple with the top of the exhaust duct 27 and to clear the housing 242 .
  • the alternative flexible exhaust 240 comprises a substantially horizontal portion 246 and a substantially vertical portion 248 .
  • the substantially horizontal portion 246 is an inflatable plenum 247 which is a generally elongate cuboid but may be cylindrical. It has a circular connection 250 which is about 1 m in diameter, slightly larger than the axial flow fan 26 a to accommodate and enclose the top of the exhaust duct 27 and which is secured using a tension/ratchet strap 252 creating a gas tight seal.
  • the exhaust duct 27 affords a clean surface free of obstruction to which the plenum 247 may be attached. When inflated, the plenum extends out of the maintenance doors 244 and beyond the housing 242 so that the substantially vertical portion 248 is clear of the ventilator housing 242 .
  • the substantially vertical portion 248 connects to the plenum 247 distal to the circular connection 250 .
  • the substantially vertical portion 248 tapers to a frustoconical velocity cone 252 with an upper downstream opening 124 and a drawstring 134 to vary the diameter of the upper downstream opening 124 to modify the velocity of the exhausted fumigant.
  • the velocity cone 252 may be adjustable.
  • the velocity cone 252 /substantially vertical portion 248 is inclined at an angle of about 12° to the horizontal, towards the ventilator housing 242 to allow for the force of the exhausted fumigant acting on the internal faces of the inflatable plenum 247 and/or the substantially vertical portion 248 . As can be seen in FIG. 25 , the velocity cone 252 is more vertical when exhausting fumigant due to the incline. The velocity cone 252 /substantially vertical portion 248 extends vertically past the ventilator housing 242 to safely direct exhaust fumigant away from the weatherdeck 18 and the crew accomodation.
  • a support assembly including at least one bracket 254 including cross members depends from the maintenance access doors 244 to retain the doors in the open position and to provide support to the bottom of the alternative flexible exhaust 240 during a venting operation.
  • the support assembly may be adjustable to allow cross members to be set at a range of heights to support the plenum from underneath.
  • An additional cross member may be fed through a loop on the chimney to hold the chimney towards the ventilator housing.
  • another method of providing support to the inflatable structure would be to extend the lower part of the inflatable plenum to the deck of the vessel to support the inflatable structure from below.
  • the air pressure system 60 is operated throughout the fumigation operation and preferably throughout the ventilation operation, until all or substantially all of the gaseous fumigant has been removed from the cargo zones 14 and cargo 30 .
  • the gaseous fumigant is considered to have been removed or substantially removed from the cargo zones 14 and the cargo 30 when the sensors 35 of the high-range monitoring system detect a concentration of gaseous fumigant in the form of sulfuryl flouride in concentrations equal to or less than 5 ppm.
  • the pressure within the cargo area 13 may increase due to the supply of fresh air being provided by the supply mechanical ventilators 24 .
  • the air pressure system 60 accordingly operates to maintain the desired pressure differential between the cargo area 13 and the accommodation area 20 in light of any increase in pressure in the cargo area 13 . It has been discovered that the air pressure system 60 is able to deliver air to the accommodation area 20 such that the accommodation area 20 is at a pressure of up to between 300 Pa and 1 kPa above mean sea level atmospheric pressure without significantly affecting the livability or usability the accommodation area 20 (whilst maintaining the desired pressure differential of at least 50 Pa above the pressure in the cargo area 13 ). However, the preferred maximum pressure in the accomodation area 20 is about 300 Pa above mean sea level atmospheric pressure.
  • an alarm may be triggered to notify an operator to reduce the pressure in the cargo area 13 . This may be achieved by adjusting the operation of the supply mechanical ventilators 24 , and/or by opening one or more of the hatches 29 in the weather deck 18 .
  • RORO vessel with supply, exhaust, and reverse mechanical ventilators is the most common arrangement, especially in the case of new RORO vessels.
  • other arrangements can also be found in RORO vessels which present additional challenges for ventilation.
  • a RORO vessel may have no exhaust mechanical ventilators and instead rely on passive ventilation of the cargo zones by vent houses located upon the weather deck. Vent houses are commonly found on Pure Car and Truck Carrier type vessels (PCTC). Such a RORO vessel is illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 .
  • the vessel 10 ′ includes supply mechanical ventilators 24 including associated fans 24 a that draw air into each of the cargo zones 14 , and a series of vent houses 39 located upon the weather deck 18 .
  • Each cargo zone 14 includes a dedicated vent house 39 and ductwork that enables passive ventilation of the respective cargo zone 14 .
  • the direction of the arrows in FIG. 4 show the direction of movement of air into the cargo zones 14 via the supply mechanical ventilators 24 , and the direction of movement of air out of the cargo zones 14 via vent houses 39 .
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the RORO vessel 10 ′ when under fumigation.
  • the fumigation system 50 and the air pressure system 60 illustrated in FIG. 3 are the same as that described herein in relation to FIGS. 1 and 2 , and the fumigation operation is conducted substantially in the same manner as described herein in relation to the RORO vessel 10 illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 2 .
  • each of the vent houses 39 are provided with temporary flexible exhausts 262 (type Ill) as described in more detail below.
  • temporary flexible exhausts (not shown) of a type similar to temporary flexible exhausts 58 could be attached about the vent houses 39 in substantially the same manner as described above in relation to the exhaust mechanical ventilators 26 (see FIGS. 17 to 20 for example).
  • the temporary flexible exhausts 58 / 262 may be tied at their downstream openings to prevent the escape of gaseous fumigant into the atmosphere above the weather deck 18 .
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the ventilation operation.
  • the downstream openings of the temporary flexible exhausts 58 / 262 are untied to enable air containing gaseous fumigant to be exhausted from the cargo zones 14 via the vent houses 39 .
  • the supply mechanical ventilators 24 and their associated fans 24 a are operated to draw fresh air into the cargo zones 14 .
  • the drawing of fresh air into the cargo zones 14 assists with the passive exhaust ventilation via the vent houses 39 .
  • FIGS. 26 - 28 An alternative temporary flexible exhaust 262 is now presented in connection with FIGS. 26 - 28 .
  • a vessel is shown in FIG. 26 , where the passive exhaust ducts 27 from the cargo zone 14 are housed inside a vent house 39 , typically at the aft end 34 of the weatherdeck 18 .
  • the fumigation operation is the same as previously described.
  • the ventilation of the fumigant relies on the mechanical supply ventilators 24 to draw air into, and raise the pressure of, the cargo zone 14 being fumigated to expel the fumigant via the passive exhaust ducts 27 .
  • FIG. 27 shows a typical vent house 39 installed on the weather deck 18 of the RORO vessel 10 .
  • the vent house 39 has an access doorway 258 that connects the inside of the vent house 39 to the weatherdeck 18 and which is typically closed unless maintenance or access is required.
  • Louvered vents 260 in the walls of the vent house 39 are typically provided to expel the exhaust gases or fumigant from the inside of the vent house 39 to the atmosphere of the weatherdeck 18 .
  • the exhaust ducts 27 from the cargo zones 14 terminate on the floor inside the vent house 39 .
  • FIG. 27 Shown in FIG. 27 is a second alternative flexible exhaust 262 (type III) being installed on the access door 258 of a vent house 26 .
  • the louvered vent 260 in the wall of the vent house 39 is covered to prevent air flow by any conventional means such as a plastic sheet 264 secured with adhesive tape.
  • exhaust gas or fumigant is blocked from exiting the vent house 39 via the louvered vent 260 and is instead forced to vent via the access door 258 .
  • the second alternative flexible exhaust 262 is secured to the access doorway 258 so as to cover the doorway and direct air flow through the second alternative flexible exhaust 262 , as shown in FIG. 29 .
  • the second alternative flexible exhaust 262 is inflated during a ventilation operation.
  • the exhaust is made from gas-proof ripstop nylon.
  • the connection point 266 of the second alternative exhaust 262 is an aluminium profile of a similar shape to that of the access doorway 258 (typically oval and generally one access doorway 258 per vent house) so that the connection point 266 can be secured to the access doorway 258 using clamps.
  • the second alternative exhaust 262 may be attached to the access doorway 258 without the aluminium profile and instead with the use of adhesive tape.
  • the second alternative exhaust 262 comprises a plenum 268 that extends away from the access doorway 258 when inflated, a lower portion of the plenum 268 that extends downwards and towards the weatherdeck 18 to provide support to the second alternative exhaust 262 , and an adjustable velocity cone 270 that extends upwards from the plenum 268 to direct exhaust fumigant away from the weatherdeck 18 .
  • the plenum may be an elongate cuboid or a generally cylindrical shape.
  • the velocity cone 268 is frustoconical in shape with an upper downstream opening 224 at the uppermost point and a drawstring 234 to vary the diameter of the opening to modify the velocity of the exhausted fumigant.
  • the duct leading to the vent house is closed via its lid.
  • Plastic sheeting/corflute/other sheeting is fitted or taped over the ventilation louvres from the inside of the vent house.
  • the exhaust 262 is fitted to the access doorway 258 .
  • vent house duct is opened to allow inflation of the second alternative exhaust 262 .
  • the exhaust 262 may be provided with ties to secure it to the vent house 256 .
  • the preferred method is not possible due to incompatability of the flexible exhausts described above due to the arrangement of the mechanical ventilators or vent houses or due to other circumstances.
  • the escape trunks may be in the form of hatches 29 ( FIG. 1 ) that include ladders that extend downwardly into the uppermost cargo zone 14 .
  • the escape trunks may be in the form of staircases 31 ( FIG. 5 ) that lead into the uppermost cargo zone 14 .
  • an intake fan such as an axial or mixed flow fan in the escape trunk
  • a temporary exhaust 58 may be used.
  • such a temporary exhaust does not need to fit over a structure such as a mechanical ventilator.
  • the temporary exhaust need not be flexible.
  • the temporary exhaust need not be shaped as a velocity cone and cylindrical conduits or other straight tubes could be employed.
  • this alternative method of ventilation could also be used with the RORO vessel 10 illustrated in FIG. 1 and the RORO vessel 10 ′ illustrated in FIG. 3 .
  • the RORO vessel 10 ′′ includes, by way of example, supply mechanical ventilators 24 and exhaust mechanical ventilators 26 . It will be appreciated that the RORO vessel of FIG. 5 need not have supply mechnical ventilators 24 or exhaust mechanical ventilators 26 for the method of the second case to be employed.
  • the RORO vessel 10 ′′ also includes escape trunks in the form of ladders and hatches 29 , and escape trunks in the form of staircases 31 .
  • FIG. 5 illustrates the RORO vessel 10 ′′ when under fumigation.
  • the fumigation operation is conducted substantially in the same manner as described above.
  • temporary flexible exhausts 58 are attached to respective hatches 29 and staircases 31 and are tied at their downstream openings.
  • FIG. 5 also illustrates two hatches 29 that include temporary bulkheads 154 within axial or mixed flow fans 164 and respective flexible ducts 159 leading into the uppermost cargo zone 14 .
  • the hatches 29 including the axial or mixed flow fans 164 are operated as supply ventilators in order to draw fresh air into the cargo area 13 .
  • the hatches 29 including the temporary bulkheads 154 and axial or mixed flow fans 164 are covered by removable covers 188 in order to prevent the escape of air containing gaseous fumigant into the atmosphere above the weather deck 18 .
  • FIG. 5 only illustrates hatches 29 that include axial or mixed flow fans 164 for use as supply ventilators during the ventilation operation, it will be appreciated that staircases 31 including axial or mixed flow fans 164 could also be used as supply ventilators.
  • approximately half of the total number of escape trunks are fitted with flexible temporary exhausts 58
  • the remaining half of the total number of escape trunks are fitted with respective temporary bulkheads and axial or mixed flow fans 164 for use as supply ventilators during the ventilation operation.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates the ventilation operation. Specifically, firstly, the downstream openings of the flexible temporary exhausts 58 are untied and the covers 188 covering the hatches 29 are removed. The uppermost cargo zone 14 is ventilated prior to ventilating the other cargo zones 14 . As is described above, the hatches 29 including the axial or mixed flow fans 164 are operated as supply ventilators to supply fresh air into the uppermost cargo zone 14 . As illustrated in FIG. 6 , the left-most hatch 29 including the axial or mixed flow fan 164 also includes a flexible duct 159 . The flexible duct 159 includes an downstream opening located in the uppermost cargo zone 14 , which thereby supplies fresh air into the uppermost cargo zone 14 . The supply of fresh air into the uppermost cargo zone 14 causes air in the uppermost cargo zone 14 to be exhausted via the hatches 29 and staircases 31 that are fitted with flexible temporary exhausts 58 .
  • the specially trained fumigation personnel enter the uppermost cargo zone via the hatches 29 or staircases 31 .
  • the specially trained fumigation personnel then open the hatches 19 that lead into the second uppermost cargo zone 14 from the uppermost cargo zone 14 .
  • the specially trained fumigation personnel then route the flexible ducts 159 of the supply hatches 29 into the second uppermost cargo zone 14 such that the downstream openings of the flexible ducts 159 are located in the second uppermost cargo zone 14 . In this manner, fresh air may be supplied into the second uppermost cargo zone 14 .
  • FIG. 6 only shows that the right-most hatch 29 including the axial or mixed flow fan 164 includes the flexible duct 159 with its downstream opening located on the second uppermost cargo zone 14 .
  • the specially trained fumigation personnel then exit the cargo area 13 .
  • the ventilation operation is recommenced and the second uppermost cargo zone 14 is ventilated. Specifically, fresh air is drawn into the second uppermost cargo zone 14 via the opened hatches 19 and the hatches 29 that include the axial or mixed flow fans 164 .
  • the supply of fresh air to the second uppermost cargo zone 14 causes air containing gaseous fumigant to be exhausted from the second uppermost cargo zone 14 via the opened hatches 19 and the hatches 29 and staircases 31 that include the flexible temporary exhausts.
  • the specially trained fumigation personnel enter the second uppermost cargo zone via the hatches 29 or staircases 31 and the internal hatches 19 .
  • the specially trained fumigation personnel open the hatches 19 to the second lowermost cargo zone 14 and route the flexible ducts 159 such that their downstream openings are located in the second lowermost cargo zone 14 .
  • the specially trained fumigation personnel then exit the cargo area 13 .
  • the ventilation operation is recommenced and the second lowermost cargo zone 14 is ventilated. This process is repeated until all of the cargo zones 14 have been ventilated.
  • the cargo area 13 is ventilated by fresh air positively drawn through the hatches 29 and/or staircases 31 by axial or mixed flow fans 164 .
  • the hatches 29 and/or staircases 31 that include the axial or mixed flow fans 164 act as supply ventilators and perform a similar function to the mechanical supply ventilators 24 .
  • Assessment as to an appropriate arrangement may include an inspection of the ship. For example, a ship which is in poor condition due to fatigue resulting in hairline cracks in metal sheeting between various compartments would be unsuited to such an arrangement. However, if the ship is in good condition such an arrangement may suffice.
  • the flexible exhaust 58 includes an insect net 132 located within the inflatable conduit 120 which is configured to capture and prevent any live insects from being exhausted into the atmosphere during the ventilation operation.
  • the insect net 132 is located generally above the exhaust mechanical ventilator 26 generally closer to the upstream lower opening 122 than the downstream upper opening 124 .
  • the insect net 132 may be disposed approximately 30 cm above the mechanical ventilator. This keeps the centre of mass lower which provides better aerodynamics for flexible exhaust 58 .
  • the insect net 132 has an approximate grid side in a range of 0.5 mm to 10 mm.
  • the insect net 132 can be removable i.e. velcroed in place, however it is ideally sewn/fixed in place.
  • Alternate safeguard methods include: a) first covering the exhaust mechanical ventilator with an insect net and fastening at the base of the exhaust mechanical ventilator, and then covering the net-covered exhaust mechanical ventilator with a flexible exhaust 58 ; or b) fixing an insect net over the intake (exhaust duct) in the cargo zone, to prevent insects from being sucked into the exhaust duct and from being exhausted into the atmosphere (in this example, no insect net is present in the flexible exhaust 58 ).
  • Type II and type III flexible exhausts 240 , 262 may also be fitted with insect nets as per above.
  • a velocity cone is intended to narrow the shape of the conduit 58 from the first opening which is intended to be large and fit over the structure of the exhaust mechanical ventilator 26 to the upper second opening which is intended to be of a size which keeps the flexible conduit 58 in an inflated configuration. Additionally, the outflow from an exhaust mechanical ventilator 26 is downward and the flexible conduit 58 needs to be shaped to create a plenum chamber below the exhaust mechanical ventilator 26 . Additionally, adequate clearance around the exhaust mechanical ventilator 26 is required for the upward passage of exhausted air. These factors determine a large base for the flexible conduit 58 , thereby requiring a frustoconical tapering to a smaller second upper opening 124 .
  • the flexible exhaust 58 further includes a drawstring 134 disposed about the upper opening 124 to thereby adjust the cross-sectional area of the upper opening 124 .
  • the adjustment of the downstream upper opening 124 may be achieved by initially drawing in the opening 124 via the drawstring 134 and allowing the pressure of the exhausted air to automatically adjust the opening 124 .
  • FIG. 18 illustrates the adjustability in the cross-sectional area of the upper opening 124 by use of the drawstring 134 .
  • the opening 124 is adjustable between a first relatively unrestricted open configuration in which the upper portion 130 of the flexible exhaust 58 is generally cylindrical in overall form, and a second relatively restricted configuration in which the upper portion 130 is generally frustoconical in overall form.
  • the opening 124 is initially arranged in the second relatively restricted configuration, with the force of the ventilated air enabling the opening 124 to adjust itself to an appropriately open configuration.
  • the cross-sectional area of the open configuration may correspond to the cross-sectional area of the output fan.
  • the adjustable opening allows self-adjustment of the exhaust 58 to create an appropriately dimensioned velocity cone commensurate with the output of the ventilated air.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
  • Ventilation (AREA)
  • Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
US17/928,095 2020-05-26 2021-05-26 System and method for fumigating a vessel with exhaust Pending US20230219679A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

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AU2020901707A AU2020901707A0 (en) 2020-05-26 System and method for fumigating a vessel with exhaust
AU2020901707 2020-05-26
AU2020901708A AU2020901708A0 (en) 2020-05-26 System and method for fumigating a vessel with crew protection
AU2020901708 2020-05-26
PCT/AU2021/050504 WO2021237289A1 (en) 2020-05-26 2021-05-26 System and method for fumigating a vessel with exhaust

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EP (2) EP4157715A4 (de)
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KR20230034224A (ko) 2023-03-09
CN116171250A (zh) 2023-05-26
US20230219663A1 (en) 2023-07-13
EP4157715A1 (de) 2023-04-05
WO2021237289A1 (en) 2021-12-02
AU2021279097A1 (en) 2023-01-05
EP4156924A1 (de) 2023-04-05
WO2021237290A1 (en) 2021-12-02
JP2023528396A (ja) 2023-07-04
EP4157715A4 (de) 2024-06-19

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