US20220362825A1 - System and method for enabling fused deposition metal 3d printing - Google Patents
System and method for enabling fused deposition metal 3d printing Download PDFInfo
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- US20220362825A1 US20220362825A1 US17/835,099 US202217835099A US2022362825A1 US 20220362825 A1 US20220362825 A1 US 20220362825A1 US 202217835099 A US202217835099 A US 202217835099A US 2022362825 A1 US2022362825 A1 US 2022362825A1
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- metal
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D23/00—Casting processes not provided for in groups B22D1/00 - B22D21/00
- B22D23/003—Moulding by spraying metal on a surface
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
- B21C29/00—Cooling or heating work or parts of the extrusion press; Gas treatment of work
- B21C29/003—Cooling or heating of work
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
- B21C23/00—Extruding metal; Impact extrusion
- B21C23/02—Making uncoated products
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
- B21C33/00—Feeding extrusion presses with metal to be extruded ; Loading the dummy block
- B21C33/02—Feeding extrusion presses with metal to be extruded ; Loading the dummy block the metal being in liquid form
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y30/00—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to rapid prototyping using 3D printers. More specifically, the present invention relates to rapid prototyping using 3D printers where a fused deposition 3D printer takes advantage on the advancement in polymer based additive manufacturing techniques.
- the present invention is a revolutionary new process that uses the thixotropic properties of some metals and alloys to create a fused deposition 3D printer that takes advantage on the advancement in polymer based additive manufacturing techniques.
- the advantage of the proposed approach is that is it more amenable to creating systems that are low cost, easier to deploy, and bypass many of the current challenges: toxic powders, need for heat treatments, or annealing.
- the FIGURE is a flow chart of the method taught by the present invention.
- the present invention is a revolutionary new process that uses the thixotropic properties of some metals and alloys to create a fused deposition 3D printer that takes advantage on the advancement in polymer based additive manufacturing techniques.
- the advantage of the proposed approach is that is it more amenable to creating systems that are low cost, easier to deploy, and bypass many of the current challenges: toxic powders, need for heat treatments, or annealing
- Thixotropy is a time-dependent shear thinning material property exhibited by some metals and alloys. Under certain conditions these metals are thick (viscous) but will flow (become thin, less viscous) over time when shaken, agitated, sheared or otherwise stressed even if the temperature is not increased. In other words, thixotropic materials can change viscosity either by changing their temperature or by shaking/shearing them. This is very advantageous because it can allow for the independently control (from viscosity) of the temperature and heat transfer characteristics between the newly deposited layer and the previous layer in a 3D printer. Not all metals are thixotropic in their raw state; for example, aluminum transforms from solid to liquid having only a very small area where it exhibits these properties.
- Viscosity is a core characteristic utilized by fused deposition 3D printers. As the polymer exits the tip, it is hot and it easily flows out of the tip, but its viscosity quickly changes as it adheres to the previous layer. The heat transfer is controlled using the substrate and chamber temperature to provide a good bonding/fusion between layers. The same viscous properties are important in many manufacturing processes.
- One more important property is that metals that have significant Thixotropic areas do not often create internal stresses that need to be heat treated or annealed, saving a slow, costly, and energy intensive step in the manufacturing process.
- the same thixotropic properties that have revolutionized metal injection molding can be used to create a metal fused deposition 3D printer that uses the Thixotropic zone to overcome many of previous attempts at the technology.
- Magnesium alloy AZ91D is a good candidate because it is the alloy most commonly used for thixomolding.
- the Samsung Galaxy 7 phones casing is built using a Magnesium alloy.
- These alloys are lighter than aluminum with very similar mechanical properties.
- the corrosion and oxidation characteristics are also similar to aluminum from a durability standpoint.
- These alloys also provide significant RF/EMI shielding and better than aluminum heat conductivity.
- the proposed fused deposition 3D printer system 100 will be composed of four main components: a liquefier 101 , extrusion nozzle 102 , a chamber 103 , and an x, y, z table 104 .
- the liquefier will include the heating elements, and a device for shearing (mixing) the semi-molten metal 105 .
- the liquefier will control temperature and the viscosity of the material shearing and therefore bringing the slurry to a thixo state 109 .
- the liquefier will add material by either driving a wire with the raw material or a screw (ala injection molding).
- the means of adding new material will also be used for controlling the speed of the material being deposited 110 .
- the extrusion nozzle will be made out of an iron rich alloy (currently used in some polymer printers). Magnesium is strongly repelled by iron, providing for cleaner process 108 .
- the xyz table will be designed to accommodate the print size requested in the topic 106 . Because AZ91D has very little shrinkage, the inventors expect that large prints will be possible without the usual complications associated with metal printing and shrinkage.
- the chamber will house the system and maintain temperatures to allow for fusion between the layers 107 .
- AZ91D oxidizes, it is less prone to fast oxidation like AL, therefore, the inventors expect that the inventors will get away without having have a fully air tight chamber as required by other processes, however, some inert gas may be necessary to delay surface oxidation and for good bonding.
- Metal fused deposition is the holy grail of metal 3D printing, the inventors are proposing in this research to extend the advances made in Thixomolding into the 3D printing arena.
- the inventors are already building 3D printers to provide sterile polymer printing to warfighters, and therefore uniquely placed to do this research.
- the major tasks include: designing a liquefier that can melt the alloy and control the thixo properties of the slurry to create the sufficient amount of viscosity to allow flow and provide good bonding.
- the x, y, z and nozzles table can be leveraged from other ongoing programs, and the chamber will need to be designed to meet the temperature and gas requirements.
- the benefits could be revolutionary.
- the inventors are proposing a low cost, low energy requirements metal printer that can be deployed, and more importantly can print parts in single steps that need little post processing.
- Thixomolding is currently used as a manufacturing process for many devices including airplane, and automotive markets. Polymer deposition is commercially available and low cost. The combination of the two technologies has not been previously researched.
- the inventors see two main risks: stable repeatable bonds between layers and surface oxidation during printing process. As explained earlier, being able to control the thixo properties of the slurry will allow us to change the temperatures of the substrate and the bead, and therefore, controlling the heat transfer and temperature of the bond becomes easier. Surface oxidation can be solved by closing the chambers.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
Abstract
A metal fused, deposition printer, that uses the thixotropic (or other) properties of a metal (or alloy) to control the viscosity of the material being deposited. In the invention presented in this patent, the viscosity of the metal is controlled by shearing it before, during, or after the deposition process. Since thixotropic (or other) properties allow for the control of the viscosity separately from the temperature, the taught invention allows for precise control of the temperature differential between the layer being deposited, and the substrate layer.
Description
- This application claims priority from U.S. Patent Application Ser. 62/475,567, entitled “System and Method for Enabling Fused Deposition Metal 3D Printing”, filed on Mar. 23, 2017. The benefit under 35 USC § 119(e) of the United States provisional application is hereby claimed, and the aforementioned application is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
- Not Applicable
- The present invention relates generally to rapid prototyping using 3D printers. More specifically, the present invention relates to rapid prototyping using 3D printers where a fused
deposition 3D printer takes advantage on the advancement in polymer based additive manufacturing techniques. - Polymer based fused deposition printers have undergone a decade of technical improvements and printers are currently inexpensive and reliable. This transformation is still to be accomplished in the
metal 3D printing arena. The technologies available have downfalls including print size, print time, quality of resulting parts, and overall process. - Many parts being printed today have to undergo an annealing process that is it not naturally conducive to specific military requirements. The advantage of the approach of the present invention is that it is more amenable to creating systems that are low cost and that bypass many of the current challenges: toxic powders, heat treatments, or annealing.
- Polymer based fused deposition printers have undergone a decade of technical improvements and printers are currently inexpensive and reliable. This same transformation is still to be accomplished in the
metal 3D printing arena. The few technologies available have several downfalls including print size, print time, quality of the resulting parts, and overall process. For example, many parts being printed today have to undergo an annealing process that takes time, and it is not naturally conducive to Department of Defense (DoD). Also, the raw materials used often include very fine metallic powders that are very toxic or can become explosive under some circumstances. - Although the process of
metal 3D printing is currently somewhat cumbersome, being able to print metallic parts in-situ will provide significant advantages from a logistics standpoint and therefore affect maintainability and on-time readiness in a way that could be revolutionary to the DoD. - As mentioned in the topic, there are some technologies like powder beds that could be somewhat improved to make the process more appealing to the DoD requirements. There are significant efforts currently underway with the Oak Ridge National Labs and Kansas City Plant that are already addressing these incremental improvements.
- The present invention is a revolutionary new process that uses the thixotropic properties of some metals and alloys to create a fused
deposition 3D printer that takes advantage on the advancement in polymer based additive manufacturing techniques. The advantage of the proposed approach is that is it more amenable to creating systems that are low cost, easier to deploy, and bypass many of the current challenges: toxic powders, need for heat treatments, or annealing. - The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form a part of the specification, illustrate the present invention and, together with the description, further serve to explain the principles of the invention and to enable a person skilled in the pertinent art to make and use the invention.
- The FIGURE is a flow chart of the method taught by the present invention.
- In the following detailed description of the invention of exemplary embodiments of the invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings (where like numbers represent like elements), which form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration specific exemplary embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, but other embodiments may be utilized and logical, mechanical, electrical, and other changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined only by the appended claims.
- In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it is understood that the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure the invention. Referring to the figures, it is possible to see the various major elements constituting the apparatus of the present invention.
- The present invention is a revolutionary new process that uses the thixotropic properties of some metals and alloys to create a fused
deposition 3D printer that takes advantage on the advancement in polymer based additive manufacturing techniques. The advantage of the proposed approach is that is it more amenable to creating systems that are low cost, easier to deploy, and bypass many of the current challenges: toxic powders, need for heat treatments, or annealing - Thixotropy is a time-dependent shear thinning material property exhibited by some metals and alloys. Under certain conditions these metals are thick (viscous) but will flow (become thin, less viscous) over time when shaken, agitated, sheared or otherwise stressed even if the temperature is not increased. In other words, thixotropic materials can change viscosity either by changing their temperature or by shaking/shearing them. This is very advantageous because it can allow for the independently control (from viscosity) of the temperature and heat transfer characteristics between the newly deposited layer and the previous layer in a 3D printer. Not all metals are thixotropic in their raw state; for example, aluminum transforms from solid to liquid having only a very small area where it exhibits these properties.
- Viscosity is a core characteristic utilized by fused
deposition 3D printers. As the polymer exits the tip, it is hot and it easily flows out of the tip, but its viscosity quickly changes as it adheres to the previous layer. The heat transfer is controlled using the substrate and chamber temperature to provide a good bonding/fusion between layers. The same viscous properties are important in many manufacturing processes. - For example, although Aluminum alloys are often die casted, they are seldom injection molded. One of the reasons is that as the molten aluminum is injected, it is either solidifies too quickly and causes voids in the part or runs too fast creating bubbles as it cools. Maintaining a constant speed and propagation of the material in the mold becomes significantly more cumbersome with materials that do not exhibit some level of viscosity.
- In the past few years, the thyrotrophic properties of some alloys have been exploited to improve the metal injection molding process (dubbed Thixomolding because of the thixotropic properties). It is likely that the reviewer of this application has a smart phone in his/her pocket whose case was built using Magnesium Thixomolding.
- One more important property is that metals that have significant Thixotropic areas do not often create internal stresses that need to be heat treated or annealed, saving a slow, costly, and energy intensive step in the manufacturing process.
- The same thixotropic properties that have revolutionized metal injection molding can be used to create a metal fused
deposition 3D printer that uses the Thixotropic zone to overcome many of previous attempts at the technology. - Magnesium alloy AZ91D is a good candidate because it is the alloy most commonly used for thixomolding. For example, the Samsung Galaxy 7 phones casing is built using a Magnesium alloy. These alloys are lighter than aluminum with very similar mechanical properties. The corrosion and oxidation characteristics are also similar to aluminum from a durability standpoint. These alloys also provide significant RF/EMI shielding and better than aluminum heat conductivity.
- The proposed fused
deposition 3D printer system 100 will be composed of four main components: aliquefier 101, extrusion nozzle 102, achamber 103, and an x, y, z table 104. - The liquefier will include the heating elements, and a device for shearing (mixing) the
semi-molten metal 105. - The liquefier will control temperature and the viscosity of the material shearing and therefore bringing the slurry to a
thixo state 109. The liquefier will add material by either driving a wire with the raw material or a screw (ala injection molding). The means of adding new material will also be used for controlling the speed of the material being deposited 110. - The extrusion nozzle will be made out of an iron rich alloy (currently used in some polymer printers). Magnesium is strongly repelled by iron, providing for cleaner process 108.
- The xyz table will be designed to accommodate the print size requested in the
topic 106. Because AZ91D has very little shrinkage, the inventors expect that large prints will be possible without the usual complications associated with metal printing and shrinkage. - Finally, the chamber will house the system and maintain temperatures to allow for fusion between the layers 107. Although AZ91D oxidizes, it is less prone to fast oxidation like AL, therefore, the inventors expect that the inventors will get away without having have a fully air tight chamber as required by other processes, however, some inert gas may be necessary to delay surface oxidation and for good bonding.
- Metal fused deposition is the holy grail of
metal 3D printing, the inventors are proposing in this research to extend the advances made in Thixomolding into the 3D printing arena. The inventors are already building 3D printers to provide sterile polymer printing to warfighters, and therefore uniquely placed to do this research. - The major tasks include: designing a liquefier that can melt the alloy and control the thixo properties of the slurry to create the sufficient amount of viscosity to allow flow and provide good bonding. The x, y, z and nozzles table can be leveraged from other ongoing programs, and the chamber will need to be designed to meet the temperature and gas requirements.
- The benefits could be revolutionary. The inventors are proposing a low cost, low energy requirements metal printer that can be deployed, and more importantly can print parts in single steps that need little post processing.
- Thixomolding is currently used as a manufacturing process for many devices including airplane, and automotive markets. Polymer deposition is commercially available and low cost. The combination of the two technologies has not been previously researched.
- The inventors see two main risks: stable repeatable bonds between layers and surface oxidation during printing process. As explained earlier, being able to control the thixo properties of the slurry will allow us to change the temperatures of the substrate and the bead, and therefore, controlling the heat transfer and temperature of the bond becomes easier. Surface oxidation can be solved by closing the chambers.
- Although the present invention has been described in considerable detail with reference to certain preferred versions thereof, other versions are possible. Therefore, the point and scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description of the preferred versions contained herein.
- As to a further discussion of the manner of usage and operation of the present invention, the same should be apparent from the above description. Accordingly, no further discussion relating to the manner of usage and operation will be provided.
- With respect to the above description, it is to be realized that the optimum dimensional relationships for the parts of the invention, to include variations in size, materials, shape, form, function and manner of operation, assembly and use, are deemed readily apparent and obvious to one skilled in the art, and all equivalent relationships to those illustrated in the drawings and described in the specification are intended to be encompassed by the present invention.
- Therefore, the foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described, and accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention.
Claims (14)
1.-16. (canceled)
17. A method comprising:
melting a metal into a slurry using a liquefier comprising both a heating element and a shearing device;
independently controlling the heating element and the shearing device to cause the metal to have a first temperature and to achieve a viscosity within a thixotropic range;
dispensing, utilizing an extrusion nozzle in communication with the liquefier, the slurry onto a substrate at a second temperature; and
moving the extrusion nozzle as the slurry is deposited,
wherein the first temperature is substantially the same as the second temperature.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein:
the extrusion nozzle and the substrate are disposed within a chamber, and
the method further comprises controlling a temperature of the chamber.
19. The method of claim 17 , further comprising:
after the slurry is deposited, shaking the substrate so as to control a viscosity of the deposited slurry.
20. The method of claim 17 , wherein the liquefier comprises a screw that feeds chips of the metal, powder of the metal, or both chips and powder of the metal to the heating element.
21. The method of claim 17 , wherein the controlling of the shearing device causes the metal to achieve the viscosity before it exits the extrusion nozzle.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the controlling of the shearing device to achieve the viscosity comprises (i) using one or more rotating arms, (ii) forcing the metal through a narrow opening, or (iii) both (i) and (ii).
23. The method of claim 21 , wherein the controlling of the shearing device to achieve the viscosity comprises shaking the metal within the liquefier.
24. A system for metal fused deposition 3-D printing, comprising:
a printing chamber operable to maintain a temperature therein;
a multi-axis positioning table disposed in the printing chamber and comprising a printing substrate;
a liquefier comprising a heating element and a shearing device, the heating element and the shearing device being independently controllable to affect properties of a metal printing material;
a controller operatively coupled to the printing chamber and the liquefier, the controller being configured to:
control the liquefier such that the metal printing material has a first temperature and a viscosity in a thixotropic range of the metal printing material; and
control the printing chamber such that the substrate has a second temperature substantially the same as the first temperature; and
an extrusion nozzle coupled to receive the metal printing material from the liquefier and deposit the metal printing material on the substrate.
25. The system of claim 24 , wherein the extrusion nozzle is constructed from an iron-rich alloy.
26. The system of claim 24 , wherein printing chamber comprises an airtight chamber housing an inert gas.
27. The system of claim 24 , further comprising:
a drive wire, a drive screw, or both a drive wire and a drive screw operable to control a speed of deposition of the metal printing material onto the substrate.
28. The system of claim 24 , wherein the metal printing material comprises a magnesium alloy.
29. The system of claim 28 , wherein the magnesium alloy comprises an AZ91D alloy.
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US17/835,099 US20220362825A1 (en) | 2017-03-23 | 2022-06-08 | System and method for enabling fused deposition metal 3d printing |
US18/200,802 US20230286027A1 (en) | 2017-03-23 | 2023-05-23 | System and method for enabling fused deposition metal 3d printing |
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US201762475567P | 2017-03-23 | 2017-03-23 | |
US15/928,794 US11383282B2 (en) | 2017-03-23 | 2018-03-22 | System and method for enabling fused deposition metal 3D printing |
US17/835,099 US20220362825A1 (en) | 2017-03-23 | 2022-06-08 | System and method for enabling fused deposition metal 3d printing |
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US15/928,794 Continuation US11383282B2 (en) | 2017-03-23 | 2018-03-22 | System and method for enabling fused deposition metal 3D printing |
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US20170252820A1 (en) * | 2016-03-03 | 2017-09-07 | Desktop Metal, Inc. | Semi-solid metallic additive fabrication with temperature control using force feedback |
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DE102011075540A1 (en) | 2011-05-10 | 2012-11-15 | Evonik Röhm Gmbh | Multicolored fused deposition modeling printing |
JP2016501136A (en) | 2012-11-09 | 2016-01-18 | エボニック インダストリーズ アクチエンゲゼルシャフトEvonik Industries AG | Multicolor extrusion 3D printing |
CN103878270B (en) | 2012-12-21 | 2015-10-14 | 北京奇峰聚能科技有限公司 | A kind of steel wire winding method of flywheel energy storage system flywheel rotor |
CN103240882B (en) | 2013-03-28 | 2015-09-09 | 惠州八毫米科技有限公司 | A kind of 3D printer based on earth induction |
CN103341978A (en) | 2013-07-31 | 2013-10-09 | 磐纹科技(上海)有限公司 | Fused deposition forming high-speed three-dimensional (3D) printing machine adopting closed loop control and control method thereof |
CN203418763U (en) | 2013-07-31 | 2014-02-05 | 磐纹科技(上海)有限公司 | High-speed 3D printer adopting fused deposition modeling method |
JP5751388B1 (en) | 2013-09-11 | 2015-07-22 | 東レ株式会社 | Heat melting lamination method 3D modeling material and heat melting lamination method 3D printing equipment filament |
US20150125334A1 (en) | 2013-11-01 | 2015-05-07 | American Hakko Products, Inc. | Materials and Process Using a Three Dimensional Printer to Fabricate Sintered Powder Metal Components |
US9688025B2 (en) | 2014-01-08 | 2017-06-27 | Adobe Systems Incorporated | 3D cleaning object for multi-print-head 3D printing |
US9498919B2 (en) | 2014-01-14 | 2016-11-22 | Adobe Systems Incorporated | 3D printing with small geometric offsets to affect surface characteristics |
KR101795994B1 (en) | 2014-06-20 | 2017-12-01 | 벨로3디, 인크. | Apparatuses, systems and methods for three-dimensional printing |
CN104260349B (en) | 2014-09-15 | 2017-02-08 | 余金文 | Fusion-deposition 3D printer and printing method thereof |
CN205629377U (en) | 2016-04-18 | 2016-10-12 | 青岛三帝生物科技有限公司 | Printable metal powder's fused deposition type 3D printing device |
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US20170252820A1 (en) * | 2016-03-03 | 2017-09-07 | Desktop Metal, Inc. | Semi-solid metallic additive fabrication with temperature control using force feedback |
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US20230286027A1 (en) | 2023-09-14 |
US20180272401A1 (en) | 2018-09-27 |
US11383282B2 (en) | 2022-07-12 |
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