US20220306879A1 - Scrub-resistant ink and methods and apparatus for fabrication and use thereof - Google Patents
Scrub-resistant ink and methods and apparatus for fabrication and use thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20220306879A1 US20220306879A1 US17/839,320 US202217839320A US2022306879A1 US 20220306879 A1 US20220306879 A1 US 20220306879A1 US 202217839320 A US202217839320 A US 202217839320A US 2022306879 A1 US2022306879 A1 US 2022306879A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- ink
- dye
- marking
- solvent
- percent
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title abstract description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 239000003880 polar aprotic solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 claims description 64
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 46
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005201 scrubbing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- GHXZTYHSJHQHIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorhexidine Chemical compound C=1C=C(Cl)C=CC=1NC(N)=NC(N)=NCCCCCCN=C(N)N=C(N)NC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 GHXZTYHSJHQHIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229960003260 chlorhexidine Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003205 fragrance Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000976 ink Substances 0.000 abstract description 83
- ZXJXZNDDNMQXFV-UHFFFAOYSA-M crystal violet Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C1[C+](C=1C=CC(=CC=1)N(C)C)C1=CC=C(N(C)C)C=C1 ZXJXZNDDNMQXFV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 23
- 229960001235 gentian violet Drugs 0.000 description 8
- -1 Andergon Chemical compound 0.000 description 4
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 4
- XXJWXESWEXIICW-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCCOCCO XXJWXESWEXIICW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol Natural products OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001356 surgical procedure Methods 0.000 description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000645 desinfectant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005562 fading Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002459 sustained effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CPKVUHPKYQGHMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenylpyrrolidin-2-one;molecular iodine Chemical compound II.C=CN1CCCC1=O CPKVUHPKYQGHMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylacetamide Chemical compound CN(C)C(C)=O FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000153 Povidone-iodine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000405217 Viola <butterfly> Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000010 aprotic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960000686 benzalkonium chloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CADWTSSKOVRVJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzyl(dimethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[NH+](C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 CADWTSSKOVRVJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002537 cosmetic Substances 0.000 description 1
- LGLFFNDHMLKUMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N crystal violet cation Chemical class C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C1C(C=1C=CC(=CC=1)N(C)C)=C1C=CC(=[N+](C)C)C=C1 LGLFFNDHMLKUMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005034 decoration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940075557 diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003028 elevating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- GNOIPBMMFNIUFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylphosphoric triamide Chemical compound CN(C)P(=O)(N(C)C)N(C)C GNOIPBMMFNIUFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000053 low toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960001621 povidone-iodine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003138 primary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012453 solvate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012358 sourcing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001755 vocal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D11/00—Inks
- C09D11/16—Writing inks
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B43—WRITING OR DRAWING IMPLEMENTS; BUREAU ACCESSORIES
- B43K—IMPLEMENTS FOR WRITING OR DRAWING
- B43K5/00—Pens with ink reservoirs in holders, e.g. fountain-pens
- B43K5/02—Ink reservoirs
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D11/00—Inks
- C09D11/16—Writing inks
- C09D11/17—Writing inks characterised by colouring agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
- A61B90/39—Markers, e.g. radio-opaque or breast lesions markers
- A61B2090/3937—Visible markers
- A61B2090/395—Visible markers with marking agent for marking skin or other tissue
Definitions
- Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to inks, pens, and methods for patient marking.
- the ink used In marking patients for surgery, such as to indicate the correct site of the patient to operated upon, it is desirable that the ink used not be readily scrubbed off with surgical disinfectants, such as chlorhexidine, benzalkonium chloride, povidone-iodine, or the like.
- surgical disinfectants such as chlorhexidine, benzalkonium chloride, povidone-iodine, or the like.
- Conventional marking inks often become substantially smeared and/or faint after a short time (e.g., about ten seconds or less) of scrubbing with a surgical disinfectant.
- a scrub-resistant ink composition may include a dye for marking skin; and a solvent dissolving a marking effective amount of the dye, wherein the solvent comprises about 0.1 to about 90 percent of a polar aprotic solvent.
- an apparatus for marking patients may include an ink reservoir; an ink dispenser having a fluid connection to the ink reservoir to dispense the ink at a desired rate to mark a patient; and a scrub-resistant ink disposed in the ink reservoir.
- the scrub-resistant ink may be a scrub-resistant ink as taught in any of embodiments disclosed herein.
- a method for forming a scrub-resistant ink composition may include providing a marking effective amount of a dye suitable for use in marking skin; and mixing the dye with a first solvent comprising 0.1% to 90% of a polar aprotic solvent.
- a method of forming an ink may include mixing a marking effective amount of dye with a first solvent to form a dye concentrate; and mixing the dye concentrate with a second solvent to form the ink.
- a method of making a scrub-resistant ink may include providing a pre-existing ink; mixing a polar aprotic solvent into the pre-existing ink; and forming an ink mixture having a resultant solvent comprising 0.1% to 90% polar aprotic solvent.
- the polar aprotic solvent comprises dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
- the dye comprises Gentian violet.
- the ink may be scrub-resistant (e.g., the mark remains visible for 10 seconds or longer, for 20 seconds or longer, or for 30 seconds or longer, of scrubbing, as discussed below).
- a method of marking a patient may include determining a portion of a patient to be marked, and applying a scrub-resistant ink to the patient to mark the portion of the patient.
- the scrub-resistant ink may be a scrub-resistant ink as taught in any of embodiments disclosed herein. Other embodiments of the present invention are described in the detailed description, below.
- FIGS. 1A and 1B depict flow charts of methods for making scrub-resistant ink in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 depicts a pen for marking an animal in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 illustrates a patient having markings made thereon in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.
- Embodiments of the present invention provide ink compositions, pens, and methods for marking surgical patients, and for other uses needing a scrub-resistant ink.
- the ink composition comprises a dye, such as Gentian violet, and a polar aprotic solvent, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
- a dye such as Gentian violet
- a polar aprotic solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
- FIG. 1A describes one embodiment of a method 100 for producing an ink composition in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.
- the method 100 generally begins at 102 where a dye is provided.
- the dye may comprise hexamethyl pararosaniline chloride or any hexamethyl pararosaniline salt retaining substantially the color of the chloride.
- the hexamethyl pararosaniline chloride is also known as Gentian violet, Andergon, Aniline violet, Axuris, Badil, Basic Violet 3, Brilliant Violet 58, crystal violet, Gentiaverm, Hexamethyl-p-rosaniline chloride, Meroxylan, Meroxyl, Methylrosanilide chloride, Methyl Violet 10B, Methyl Violet 10BNS, Pyoktanin, Vianin, Viocid, or Viola Crystalline.
- the dye may generally be provided in an amount that provides effective marking (e.g., an effective amount).
- an effective amount in this context it is meant that, in a given ink composition according to the invention, one could remove all other dyes (other than Gentian violet) and the composition would still provide legible marking.
- the concentration of the dye can be, for example, from 0.1 percent or more, 1 percent or more, 10 percent or more, or 50 percent or more. Unless otherwise noted, percent amounts in this specification are w/w percentages.
- the concentration of the dye e.g., Gentian violet
- the amount of dye can also be above saturation in the carrier solvent, such that some solid dye (e.g., Gentian violet crystals) may form in the composition.
- the concentration of the dye is a concentration that provides useful skin marking as described herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of the dye is between about 20 percent to about 40 percent of the ink composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of the dye is between about 25 percent to about 35 percent of the ink composition.
- a solvent may be added to the dye.
- the solvent may be a polar aprotic solvent.
- Polar aprotic solvents are solvents that do not exchange protons (acidic hydrogens) with a substance dissolved in it. Examples include dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, hexamethylphosphoramide, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylacetamide, and N-methyl-2-pyrroidone.
- DMSO is used as the solvent, which advantageously provides much lower in-vivo toxicity than other polar aprotics.
- DMSO transverses the skin quite readily. Aprotics are able to dissolve both polar and nonpolar chemical compounds, making them useful for dye formulations. For example, certain dyes have low water solubility and the aprotic solvent aids in increasing solubility.
- the dyes are dissolved in a solution containing about 0.1% to about 90% of the polar aprotic solvent, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
- the dissolving solution contains about 1% or more polar aprotic solvent (such as DMSO), or 2% or more, 5% or more, or 10% or more, or 20% or more, 25% or more, or 30% or more, or 35% or more, or 40% or more, or 45% or more, 50% or more, 60% or more, 70% or more, or 80% or more.
- the dissolving solution contains about 90% or less polar aprotic solvent (such as DMSO), or 85% or less, or 80% or less, or 75% or less, or 70% or less, 65% or less, or 60% or less, or 55% or less, 50% or less, or 45% or less, or 40% or less, or 35% or less, or 30% or less, 25% or less, or 20% or less.
- polar aprotic solvent such as DMSO
- the dyes are dissolved in a solution containing about 50% to about 90% of the polar aprotic solvent. In some embodiments, the dyes are dissolved in a solution containing about 60% to about 65% of the polar aprotic solvent.
- the residue, or balance, of the ink composition may comprise water, a water-miscible alcohol, a water-miscible glycol ether, a thickener, a fragrance, or combinations thereof.
- Suitable water miscible alcohols may include C1 to C6 alcohols, for example, ethanol, n-propanol, 2-propanol, or the like.
- Certain glycol ethers enhance penetration through the skin, further enhancing the scrub resistance if the ink composition.
- Glycol ethers have similar salvation powers of alcohols, but with much higher boiling points. For example, flammability issues are abated when glycol ethers are substituted for primary alcohols in dye formulations.
- Ethoxydiglycol diethylene glycol monoethyl ether
- Ethoxydiglycol is a preferable glycol ether because of its low toxicity. Ethoxydiglycol is typically used in cosmetic formulations under the trade name Transcutol®.
- the balance of the ink composition is no more than about 20 percent of the ink composition. In some embodiments, the balance of the solution may be no more than 5%, or 3%, or 2%, or 1%, or 0.5% of the ink composition.
- the dye and solvent may be mixed, for example, by stirring, swirling, shaking, blending, or the like, to homogenize the mixture and form the ink.
- the solvent can be warmed to facilitate the dissolution of the dye.
- elevating the temperature to above 70° C. for a sustained period of time may degrade the dye.
- any water in the composition may be first added to the polar aprotic solvent, such as DMSO, which results in an exothermic reaction.
- the vessel containing the solution may be heated to a temperature of between about 70 to 80 degrees Celsius.
- the solution can then be cooled, for example, to about room temperature, prior to adding the dye, to prevent any thermal degradation of the dye.
- a scrub-resistant ink comprising a dye mixed in a polar aprotic solvent
- a polar aprotic solvent such as DMSO
- DMSO polar aprotic solvent
- the ink may generally have a composition as discussed above.
- the ink may comprise about 60-63% of the polar aprotic solvent (e.g., DMSO), about 30% of the dye (e.g., Gentian violet), with the balance being substantially water.
- a method of making a scrub-resistance ink may include providing a pre-existing ink composition and adding a solvent as discussed above to enhance wear characteristics of the ink.
- a method 200 of producing a scrub-resistant ink is depicted in FIG. 1B .
- the method 200 may generally begin at 202 where a pre-existing ink composition may be provided.
- the pre-existing ink composition may generally be any commercially available surgical skin marking ink.
- a polar aprotic solvent such as DMSO
- such solvent comprises up to about 40 percent of the resultant composition (with the balance being the pre-existing ink composition).
- the resultant composition may comprise about 1.5 to about 40 percent polar aprotic solvent.
- the resultant composition may comprise about 20 to about 40 percent polar aprotic solvent.
- the resultant composition may comprise about 25 to about 30 percent polar aprotic solvent.
- the resultant composition may comprise about 25 percent polar aprotic solvent.
- the solvent at room temperature or warmed to facilitate keeping the dye in solution while the resultant solvent equilibrates. Limits on such warming shall be dependent on the particular dye(s) used in the ink.
- the polar aprotic solvent such as DMSO, may be added slowly to the pre-existing ink to limit exothermic reactions with any water present in the pre-existing ink.
- the scrub-resistance of an ink of the invention or made according to the invention can be tested by marking skin with the ink and scrubbing with a vigorousness appropriate for pre-surgical preparation with a 2 percent w/w solution of chlorhexidine in 70 percent by volume isopropyl alcohol.
- the ink is scrub-resistant if it resists smearing and/or fading for 10 seconds or longer.
- the inks according to the invention resist smearing and/or fading for substantially longer, such as 20 sec or more, or 25 sec or more, or 30 sec or more.
- a pen containing and for delivering the ink can be any suitable pen for holding and delivering the ink, such as, for example a felt pen. Such a pen will typically have a reservoir connected by a felt-filled channel to the felt tip. “Felt” refers to any porous fabric suitable for dispensing and spreading the ink and resistant to the solvent. While a felt pen is often useful for marking skin, any pen structure may be used. For example, ball-point or rollerball pens, pens with nibs (e.g., fountain pens), and the like can be used. Although a pen is provided as an example of providing the ink, any suitable delivery mechanism may be utilized to hold and/or deliver the scrub-resistant inks of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 depicts an illustrative pen 10 for marking a patient, such as a human or other animal.
- the pen 10 includes a reservoir 16 , dispenser 18 (such as felt) for dispensing ink, and conduit 20 for fluid connection to the reservoir 16 .
- dispenser 18 such as felt
- conduit 20 for fluid connection to the reservoir 16 .
- the pen shown in FIG. 2 is illustrative only, and any other marking instrument suitable for us in marking a patient with scrub-resistant inks as taught herein may be utilized.
- the inks can be used, for example, to mark the correct site or other body part to be operated upon. It can be used to mark the incision points and lines. Such markings are useful in error prevention protocols, such as a verbal check list answered by the professionals involved in a surgical operation. As illustrated in FIG. 3 , a prospective course of incisions may be traced with dashed line 32 .
- the scrub-resistant ink should be apparent. These include markings to establish that one has voted, paid a cover charge, or the like. Animals can be marked to distinguish them or help trace their sourcing, or the like.
- the inks can also be used to provide sustained, but nonpermanent, skin decoration.
- Such skin marking advantageously has increased wear or scrub resistance as compared to conventional inks for marking skin.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Inks, Pencil-Leads, Or Crayons (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/613,813, filed Nov. 6, 2009, which claims benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/112,212, filed Nov. 7, 2008, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.
- Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to inks, pens, and methods for patient marking.
- In marking patients for surgery, such as to indicate the correct site of the patient to operated upon, it is desirable that the ink used not be readily scrubbed off with surgical disinfectants, such as chlorhexidine, benzalkonium chloride, povidone-iodine, or the like. Conventional marking inks often become substantially smeared and/or faint after a short time (e.g., about ten seconds or less) of scrubbing with a surgical disinfectant.
- Thus, there is a need for an improved ink for marking patients prior to surgery.
- Scrub-resistant inks and methods of fabrication and use are provided herein. In some embodiments, a scrub-resistant ink composition may include a dye for marking skin; and a solvent dissolving a marking effective amount of the dye, wherein the solvent comprises about 0.1 to about 90 percent of a polar aprotic solvent.
- In some embodiments, an apparatus for marking patients may include an ink reservoir; an ink dispenser having a fluid connection to the ink reservoir to dispense the ink at a desired rate to mark a patient; and a scrub-resistant ink disposed in the ink reservoir. The scrub-resistant ink may be a scrub-resistant ink as taught in any of embodiments disclosed herein.
- In some embodiments, a method for forming a scrub-resistant ink composition may include providing a marking effective amount of a dye suitable for use in marking skin; and mixing the dye with a first solvent comprising 0.1% to 90% of a polar aprotic solvent. In some embodiments, a method of forming an ink may include mixing a marking effective amount of dye with a first solvent to form a dye concentrate; and mixing the dye concentrate with a second solvent to form the ink.
- In some embodiments, a method of making a scrub-resistant ink may include providing a pre-existing ink; mixing a polar aprotic solvent into the pre-existing ink; and forming an ink mixture having a resultant solvent comprising 0.1% to 90% polar aprotic solvent.
- In some embodiments, the polar aprotic solvent comprises dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). In some embodiments, the dye comprises Gentian violet. The ink may be scrub-resistant (e.g., the mark remains visible for 10 seconds or longer, for 20 seconds or longer, or for 30 seconds or longer, of scrubbing, as discussed below).
- In some embodiments, a method of marking a patient (e.g., a human or an animal), such as prior to or during a surgical procedure, may include determining a portion of a patient to be marked, and applying a scrub-resistant ink to the patient to mark the portion of the patient. The scrub-resistant ink may be a scrub-resistant ink as taught in any of embodiments disclosed herein. Other embodiments of the present invention are described in the detailed description, below.
- So that the manner in which the above recited features of the present invention can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only illustrative embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments.
-
FIGS. 1A and 1B depict flow charts of methods for making scrub-resistant ink in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. -
FIG. 2 depicts a pen for marking an animal in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. -
FIG. 3 illustrates a patient having markings made thereon in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. - To facilitate understanding, identical reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate identical elements that are common to the figures. The figures are not drawn to scale and may be simplified for clarity. It is contemplated that elements and features of one embodiment may be beneficially incorporated in other embodiments without further recitation.
- Embodiments of the present invention provide ink compositions, pens, and methods for marking surgical patients, and for other uses needing a scrub-resistant ink. The ink composition comprises a dye, such as Gentian violet, and a polar aprotic solvent, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
-
FIG. 1A describes one embodiment of amethod 100 for producing an ink composition in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. Themethod 100 generally begins at 102 where a dye is provided. The dye may comprise hexamethyl pararosaniline chloride or any hexamethyl pararosaniline salt retaining substantially the color of the chloride. The hexamethyl pararosaniline chloride is also known as Gentian violet, Andergon, Aniline violet, Axuris, Badil, Basic Violet 3, Brilliant Violet 58, crystal violet, Gentiaverm, Hexamethyl-p-rosaniline chloride, Meroxylan, Meroxyl, Methylrosanilide chloride, Methyl Violet 10B, Methyl Violet 10BNS, Pyoktanin, Vianin, Viocid, or Viola Crystalline. - The dye may generally be provided in an amount that provides effective marking (e.g., an effective amount). By “effective amount” in this context it is meant that, in a given ink composition according to the invention, one could remove all other dyes (other than Gentian violet) and the composition would still provide legible marking.
- For example, the concentration of the dye (e.g., Gentian violet) can be, for example, from 0.1 percent or more, 1 percent or more, 10 percent or more, or 50 percent or more. Unless otherwise noted, percent amounts in this specification are w/w percentages. The concentration of the dye (e.g., Gentian violet) can be, for example, from 5 percent or less, 25 percent or less, 50 percent or less, 75 percent or less, or saturation or less. The amount of dye can also be above saturation in the carrier solvent, such that some solid dye (e.g., Gentian violet crystals) may form in the composition. Typically, the concentration of the dye is a concentration that provides useful skin marking as described herein. In some embodiments, the concentration of the dye is between about 20 percent to about 40 percent of the ink composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of the dye is between about 25 percent to about 35 percent of the ink composition.
- Next, at 104, a solvent may be added to the dye. The solvent may be a polar aprotic solvent. Polar aprotic solvents are solvents that do not exchange protons (acidic hydrogens) with a substance dissolved in it. Examples include dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, hexamethylphosphoramide, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylacetamide, and N-methyl-2-pyrroidone. In some embodiments, DMSO is used as the solvent, which advantageously provides much lower in-vivo toxicity than other polar aprotics. In addition, DMSO transverses the skin quite readily. Aprotics are able to dissolve both polar and nonpolar chemical compounds, making them useful for dye formulations. For example, certain dyes have low water solubility and the aprotic solvent aids in increasing solubility.
- In some embodiments, the dyes are dissolved in a solution containing about 0.1% to about 90% of the polar aprotic solvent, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). For example, in some embodiments, the dissolving solution contains about 1% or more polar aprotic solvent (such as DMSO), or 2% or more, 5% or more, or 10% or more, or 20% or more, 25% or more, or 30% or more, or 35% or more, or 40% or more, or 45% or more, 50% or more, 60% or more, 70% or more, or 80% or more. In some embodiments, the dissolving solution contains about 90% or less polar aprotic solvent (such as DMSO), or 85% or less, or 80% or less, or 75% or less, or 70% or less, 65% or less, or 60% or less, or 55% or less, 50% or less, or 45% or less, or 40% or less, or 35% or less, or 30% or less, 25% or less, or 20% or less.
- In some embodiments, the dyes are dissolved in a solution containing about 50% to about 90% of the polar aprotic solvent. In some embodiments, the dyes are dissolved in a solution containing about 60% to about 65% of the polar aprotic solvent.
- The residue, or balance, of the ink composition may comprise water, a water-miscible alcohol, a water-miscible glycol ether, a thickener, a fragrance, or combinations thereof. Suitable water miscible alcohols may include C1 to C6 alcohols, for example, ethanol, n-propanol, 2-propanol, or the like. Certain glycol ethers enhance penetration through the skin, further enhancing the scrub resistance if the ink composition. Glycol ethers have similar salvation powers of alcohols, but with much higher boiling points. For example, flammability issues are abated when glycol ethers are substituted for primary alcohols in dye formulations. Ethoxydiglycol (diethylene glycol monoethyl ether), is a preferable glycol ether because of its low toxicity. Ethoxydiglycol is typically used in cosmetic formulations under the trade name Transcutol®.
- In some embodiments, the balance of the ink composition is no more than about 20 percent of the ink composition. In some embodiments, the balance of the solution may be no more than 5%, or 3%, or 2%, or 1%, or 0.5% of the ink composition.
- The dye and solvent may be mixed, for example, by stirring, swirling, shaking, blending, or the like, to homogenize the mixture and form the ink. The solvent can be warmed to facilitate the dissolution of the dye. However, elevating the temperature to above 70° C. for a sustained period of time may degrade the dye. Of course, such decomposition will depend on the solvent composition, and the length of exposure to detrimentally elevated temperature. In some embodiments, any water in the composition may be first added to the polar aprotic solvent, such as DMSO, which results in an exothermic reaction. For example, in some embodiments, the vessel containing the solution may be heated to a temperature of between about 70 to 80 degrees Celsius. The solution can then be cooled, for example, to about room temperature, prior to adding the dye, to prevent any thermal degradation of the dye.
- Thus, a scrub-resistant ink comprising a dye mixed in a polar aprotic solvent may be produced. Using a polar aprotic solvent, such as DMSO, to solvate the dye advantageously facilitates incorporation of more dye into solution for the ink composition. The ink may generally have a composition as discussed above. In one specific example, the ink may comprise about 60-63% of the polar aprotic solvent (e.g., DMSO), about 30% of the dye (e.g., Gentian violet), with the balance being substantially water.
- In some embodiments, a method of making a scrub-resistance ink may include providing a pre-existing ink composition and adding a solvent as discussed above to enhance wear characteristics of the ink. For example, a
method 200 of producing a scrub-resistant ink is depicted inFIG. 1B . Themethod 200 may generally begin at 202 where a pre-existing ink composition may be provided. The pre-existing ink composition may generally be any commercially available surgical skin marking ink. - Next, at 204, a polar aprotic solvent, such as DMSO, may be added to the ink composition. In certain embodiments, such solvent comprises up to about 40 percent of the resultant composition (with the balance being the pre-existing ink composition). In some embodiments, the resultant composition may comprise about 1.5 to about 40 percent polar aprotic solvent. In some embodiments, the resultant composition may comprise about 20 to about 40 percent polar aprotic solvent. In some embodiments, the resultant composition may comprise about 25 to about 30 percent polar aprotic solvent. In some embodiments, the resultant composition may comprise about 25 percent polar aprotic solvent.
- To make the scrub-resistant ink from the pre-existing ink described above (or to make such ink more scrub resistant), one can add the solvent at room temperature or warmed to facilitate keeping the dye in solution while the resultant solvent equilibrates. Limits on such warming shall be dependent on the particular dye(s) used in the ink. The polar aprotic solvent, such as DMSO, may be added slowly to the pre-existing ink to limit exothermic reactions with any water present in the pre-existing ink.
- The scrub-resistance of an ink of the invention or made according to the invention can be tested by marking skin with the ink and scrubbing with a vigorousness appropriate for pre-surgical preparation with a 2 percent w/w solution of chlorhexidine in 70 percent by volume isopropyl alcohol. The ink is scrub-resistant if it resists smearing and/or fading for 10 seconds or longer. Preferably, the inks according to the invention resist smearing and/or fading for substantially longer, such as 20 sec or more, or 25 sec or more, or 30 sec or more.
- Further provided is a pen containing and for delivering the ink. The pen can be any suitable pen for holding and delivering the ink, such as, for example a felt pen. Such a pen will typically have a reservoir connected by a felt-filled channel to the felt tip. “Felt” refers to any porous fabric suitable for dispensing and spreading the ink and resistant to the solvent. While a felt pen is often useful for marking skin, any pen structure may be used. For example, ball-point or rollerball pens, pens with nibs (e.g., fountain pens), and the like can be used. Although a pen is provided as an example of providing the ink, any suitable delivery mechanism may be utilized to hold and/or deliver the scrub-resistant inks of the present invention.
- For example,
FIG. 2 depicts anillustrative pen 10 for marking a patient, such as a human or other animal. Thepen 10 includes areservoir 16, dispenser 18 (such as felt) for dispensing ink, andconduit 20 for fluid connection to thereservoir 16. The pen shown inFIG. 2 is illustrative only, and any other marking instrument suitable for us in marking a patient with scrub-resistant inks as taught herein may be utilized. - The inks can be used, for example, to mark the correct site or other body part to be operated upon. It can be used to mark the incision points and lines. Such markings are useful in error prevention protocols, such as a verbal check list answered by the professionals involved in a surgical operation. As illustrated in
FIG. 3 , a prospective course of incisions may be traced with dashedline 32. - Other uses of the scrub-resistant ink should be apparent. These include markings to establish that one has voted, paid a cover charge, or the like. Animals can be marked to distinguish them or help trace their sourcing, or the like. The inks can also be used to provide sustained, but nonpermanent, skin decoration.
- Thus, methods, compositions and devices have been provided herein that provide improved skin marking. Such skin marking advantageously has increased wear or scrub resistance as compared to conventional inks for marking skin.
- While the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present invention, other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof.
Claims (20)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US17/839,320 US20220306879A1 (en) | 2008-11-07 | 2022-06-13 | Scrub-resistant ink and methods and apparatus for fabrication and use thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11221208P | 2008-11-07 | 2008-11-07 | |
US12/613,813 US11359103B2 (en) | 2008-11-07 | 2009-11-06 | Scrub-resistant ink and methods and apparatus for fabrication and use thereof |
US17/839,320 US20220306879A1 (en) | 2008-11-07 | 2022-06-13 | Scrub-resistant ink and methods and apparatus for fabrication and use thereof |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US12/613,813 Division US11359103B2 (en) | 2008-11-07 | 2009-11-06 | Scrub-resistant ink and methods and apparatus for fabrication and use thereof |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20220306879A1 true US20220306879A1 (en) | 2022-09-29 |
Family
ID=42153589
Family Applications (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US12/613,813 Active 2034-12-05 US11359103B2 (en) | 2008-11-07 | 2009-11-06 | Scrub-resistant ink and methods and apparatus for fabrication and use thereof |
US17/009,256 Active US11203697B2 (en) | 2008-11-07 | 2020-09-01 | Scrub-resistant ink and methods and apparatus for fabrication and use thereof |
US17/839,320 Pending US20220306879A1 (en) | 2008-11-07 | 2022-06-13 | Scrub-resistant ink and methods and apparatus for fabrication and use thereof |
Family Applications Before (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US12/613,813 Active 2034-12-05 US11359103B2 (en) | 2008-11-07 | 2009-11-06 | Scrub-resistant ink and methods and apparatus for fabrication and use thereof |
US17/009,256 Active US11203697B2 (en) | 2008-11-07 | 2020-09-01 | Scrub-resistant ink and methods and apparatus for fabrication and use thereof |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (3) | US11359103B2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2010054219A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9150045B2 (en) * | 2012-01-31 | 2015-10-06 | Novadaq Technologies Inc. | Method and device for surgical marking |
US8979987B1 (en) * | 2012-04-06 | 2015-03-17 | Viscot Medical, Llc | Blue dye and methods of manufacture and use thereof |
JP5888658B1 (en) * | 2015-01-07 | 2016-03-22 | プラチナ萬年筆株式会社 | Surgical marker ink |
US10548684B2 (en) * | 2015-06-12 | 2020-02-04 | Mindskid Labs, Llc | Corneal marking ink |
CA2932703C (en) | 2015-06-19 | 2019-12-31 | inkbox ink Inc. | Body ink compositions and applicators |
CN108245263B (en) * | 2018-01-26 | 2019-09-10 | 东莞市木棉文具有限公司 | A kind of medical skin pen |
CN110226975A (en) * | 2019-07-09 | 2019-09-13 | 广州涛宇斯特生物科技有限公司 | A kind of long lasting skin marking pen based on Geniposide coloring principle |
JP2023127795A (en) * | 2022-03-02 | 2023-09-14 | プラチナ万年筆株式会社 | Ink for surgical marker |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4500321A (en) * | 1980-06-04 | 1985-02-19 | Ciba-Geigy Corporation | Process for the preparation of concentrated fluid dye compositions |
US20050011404A1 (en) * | 2003-07-15 | 2005-01-20 | Sanjay Patel | Eradicable gel ink, methods of eradication of the same, eradicable ink kit, and eradicated ink complex |
US20060106312A1 (en) * | 2004-11-17 | 2006-05-18 | Farmer Richard C | Pen device for mapping of tissue |
Family Cites Families (22)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3551554A (en) | 1968-08-16 | 1970-12-29 | Crown Zellerbach Corp | Enhancing tissue penetration of physiologically active agents with dmso |
US3617185A (en) * | 1968-08-19 | 1971-11-02 | Gaf Corp | Stable highly concentrated solutions of basic dyes |
JPS56129274A (en) | 1980-03-14 | 1981-10-09 | Pilot Pen Co Ltd:The | Water ink composition for ink jet recording |
US4572831A (en) | 1982-10-19 | 1986-02-25 | Rosen Gerald M | Skin-marking compositions and devices, and their use |
JPH03103483A (en) | 1989-09-14 | 1991-04-30 | Dainippon Ink & Chem Inc | Aqueous ink for ink jet recording |
GB9219909D0 (en) * | 1992-09-21 | 1992-11-04 | Sandoz Ltd | Improvements in or relating to organic compounds |
DE69409478T3 (en) * | 1993-12-20 | 2002-11-14 | Mitsubishi Chem Corp | Aqueous ink for inkjet recording |
US5713890A (en) | 1994-07-20 | 1998-02-03 | University Of Utah | Marking pen for coloring the skin |
US6541538B1 (en) * | 1998-08-26 | 2003-04-01 | Westvaco Corporation | Resin for ink-jet printing ink |
CA2356705A1 (en) * | 1998-11-20 | 2000-06-02 | The General Hospital Corporation | Permanent, removable tissue markings |
US6056737A (en) | 1999-03-12 | 2000-05-02 | Gerald M. Rosen | Skin-marking devices and their use |
US6264731B1 (en) | 1999-11-29 | 2001-07-24 | Xerox Corporation | Ink compositions containing 1,3,5-trioxane or tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether |
US7411008B2 (en) * | 2001-11-07 | 2008-08-12 | Novartis Ag | Ink formulations and uses thereof |
US6786957B2 (en) | 2002-01-22 | 2004-09-07 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Aqueous ink-jet inks for printing on commercial offset coated media |
EP1473336B1 (en) * | 2002-02-08 | 2007-09-19 | FUJIFILM Corporation | Ink and ink sets for ink jet printing and method of ink jet printing |
US20040116907A1 (en) * | 2002-09-10 | 2004-06-17 | Tartaglia Arthur A. | Surgical marker |
KR100499312B1 (en) | 2002-11-22 | 2005-07-04 | 세기유화주식회사 | Manufacturing method of printing ink and printing ink manufactured by the method |
US6814793B2 (en) * | 2002-12-18 | 2004-11-09 | Lexmark International, Inc. | Bleed control using cationic dyes as dispersant in pigment dispersions |
US7877133B2 (en) | 2003-05-23 | 2011-01-25 | Senorx, Inc. | Marker or filler forming fluid |
JP5014981B2 (en) * | 2004-04-21 | 2012-08-29 | ノバルティス アーゲー | Curable colored ink for the production of colored silicone hydrogel lenses |
CN100558830C (en) | 2005-12-12 | 2009-11-11 | 云南凯乐弗印务材料有限公司 | With methylcarbonate and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is the environment-friendly ink of mixed solvent |
US20070203504A1 (en) | 2006-02-27 | 2007-08-30 | Blair Denny | Skin-marking devices and their use |
-
2009
- 2009-11-06 US US12/613,813 patent/US11359103B2/en active Active
- 2009-11-06 WO PCT/US2009/063582 patent/WO2010054219A2/en active Application Filing
-
2020
- 2020-09-01 US US17/009,256 patent/US11203697B2/en active Active
-
2022
- 2022-06-13 US US17/839,320 patent/US20220306879A1/en active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4500321A (en) * | 1980-06-04 | 1985-02-19 | Ciba-Geigy Corporation | Process for the preparation of concentrated fluid dye compositions |
US20050011404A1 (en) * | 2003-07-15 | 2005-01-20 | Sanjay Patel | Eradicable gel ink, methods of eradication of the same, eradicable ink kit, and eradicated ink complex |
US20060106312A1 (en) * | 2004-11-17 | 2006-05-18 | Farmer Richard C | Pen device for mapping of tissue |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20200392356A1 (en) | 2020-12-17 |
US11203697B2 (en) | 2021-12-21 |
WO2010054219A3 (en) | 2010-08-19 |
WO2010054219A2 (en) | 2010-05-14 |
US11359103B2 (en) | 2022-06-14 |
US20100121343A1 (en) | 2010-05-13 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US11203697B2 (en) | Scrub-resistant ink and methods and apparatus for fabrication and use thereof | |
US11891530B2 (en) | Writing gel ink | |
EP1841828B1 (en) | Method of highlighting with a reversible highlighting mixture, highlighting kit, and highlighted complex | |
TW200528524A (en) | Highlightable and highlighted mixtures, marking instruments, and methods of using the same | |
JP3304612B2 (en) | Fluorescent color ink composition for writing instruments | |
JP2007016095A (en) | Water-erasable ink composition | |
JP2007204573A (en) | Water-based ink composition | |
JPH09111176A (en) | Oil-based ink composition for marking pen | |
US6275816B1 (en) | Aqueous ink composition for ball-point pen | |
JP7466899B2 (en) | Water-based marking ink composition | |
TW200908991A (en) | Use of genipin as marker pigment for skin | |
JPH09302298A (en) | Oil-base ballpoint pen ink | |
JP2007204534A (en) | Oily ink composition for writing utensil | |
JP2014091747A (en) | Ink composition for a marking pen | |
JP2023097141A (en) | Ink composition for marking | |
JPS5815578A (en) | Water ink | |
JPH0517717A (en) | Alcoholic marking-pen ink composition | |
US7473309B2 (en) | Water-based ink composition and ballpoint pen using the same | |
JPH0559316A (en) | Water-base ink composition | |
JP2017210551A (en) | Aqueous ink composition for writing boards and writing instrument prepared therewith | |
JP2004224918A (en) | Water-based ink for ballpoint pen, having viscosity reduced by shear | |
JPH0586319A (en) | Water-base ink composition | |
JPS5968381A (en) | Ink composition for machine recording | |
JP5557427B2 (en) | Ballpoint pen refills placed on the same cylinder type | |
JP2006045429A (en) | Aqueous ink composition and aqueous ball-point pen using the same |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: DOCKETED NEW CASE - READY FOR EXAMINATION |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: VISCOT MEDICAL, LLC, NEW JERSEY Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:STROUD, ERIC;PIERINGER, GARY J.;REEL/FRAME:060483/0578 Effective date: 20091211 |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: NON FINAL ACTION MAILED |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: RESPONSE TO NON-FINAL OFFICE ACTION ENTERED AND FORWARDED TO EXAMINER |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: NON FINAL ACTION MAILED |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: RESPONSE TO NON-FINAL OFFICE ACTION ENTERED AND FORWARDED TO EXAMINER |