US20220282276A1 - Chemically-modified adeno-associated virus - Google Patents

Chemically-modified adeno-associated virus Download PDF

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US20220282276A1
US20220282276A1 US17/625,902 US202017625902A US2022282276A1 US 20220282276 A1 US20220282276 A1 US 20220282276A1 US 202017625902 A US202017625902 A US 202017625902A US 2022282276 A1 US2022282276 A1 US 2022282276A1
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aav
capsid
chemically
aav vector
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David Deniaud
Mathieu Mevel
Eduard AYUSO
Aurélien Leray
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Universite de Nantes
Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale INSERM
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes
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Universite de Nantes
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Definitions

  • the invention relates to chemically modified adeno-associated (AAV) virus and their use in gene therapy.
  • AAV adeno-associated
  • Gene therapy was originally developed to correct defective genes that underlie genetic diseases.
  • gene therapy is more and more used in the treatment of a broad range of acquired diseases such as cancers.
  • Gene therapy is based on the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid into a patient's cell nucleus.
  • the nucleic acids may then be inserted into the genome of the targeted cell or may remain episomal.
  • Delivery of a therapeutic nucleic acid to a subject's target cells can be carried-out by various methods, including the use of synthetic and viral vectors.
  • synthetic and viral vectors e.g, retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, and the like
  • AAV recombinant adeno-associated virus
  • rAAV recombinant AAV
  • Voretigene neparvovec (Luxturna®), which is an adeno-associated viral vector serotype 2 (AAV2) capsid comprising a cDNA encoding for the human retinal pigment epithelium 65 kDa protein (hRPE65), for the treatment of vision loss due to inherited retinal dystrophy caused by confirmed biallelic RPE65 mutations.
  • AAV2 adeno-associated viral vector serotype 2
  • Zolgensma® (ona shogene abeparvovec-xioi) has just been approved by the FDA for the treatment of pediatric patients less than 2 years of age with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).
  • SMA spinal muscular atrophy
  • Zolgensma® is a AAV9 vector able to deliver a functional, non-mutated copy of the defective gene in SMA, namely the SMN 1 gene, in motoneurons.
  • Anti-AAV neutralizing antibodies can completely prevent transduction in a target tissue, resulting in lack of efficacy, particularly when the vector is administered directly into the bloodstream.
  • subjects seropositive to AAV-Nabs are generally excluded from gene therapy trials.
  • a further limitation of AAV lies on their broad tropism, which may result in transgene expression in other tissues other than those where transgene expression is desired.
  • AAV as gene vector may also suffer from a reduced therapeutic index.
  • the administration of high dose of AAV is needed to achieve effective transduction.
  • AAV2 vectors can efficiently target the liver, the transgene expression can be restricted to a very small of the transfected hepatocytes due to intracellular proteasome-mediated degradation of the vectors, whereby high dose or AAV-2 may be required to achieve the sought therapeutic effect.
  • high doses pose a challenge not only for vector production but also increases the risk of immune response, among which the induction of Nabs.
  • Several strategies have been proposed to overcome the drawbacks of AAV, especially those of the AAV of serotype 2 (AAV2) in gene therapy. Certain of them are based on the modification of the capsid proteins of the vectors.
  • a non-natural amino acid such as an amino acid comprising an azido
  • a non-natural amino acid is inserted into the capsid by genetic modification prior to a coupling step with a ligand by click reaction so as to change its tropism for the target cell.
  • Another strategy resides in the direct chemical modification of the viral capsid without any preliminary site-directed mutagenesis of the capsid proteins.
  • the invention relates to an adeno-associated Virus (AAV) having at least one chemically-modified tyrosine residue in its capsid, wherein said chemically-modified tyrosine residue is of formula (I):
  • AAV adeno-associated Virus
  • X 1 is selected from the group consisting of:
  • Ar is an aryl or a heteroaryl moiety optionally substituted.
  • X 1 is preferably at position ortho of the phenol group.
  • the at least one chemically-modified tyrosine residue is of formula (Ia):
  • X 1 is of formula (a) and/or “Ar” is selected from substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, pyridyl, naphthyl, and anthracenyl.
  • the at least one chemically-modified tyrosine in the capsid of the AAV is of formula (1c):
  • Spacer when present, may be selected from the group consisting of saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched C 2 -C 40 hydrocarbon chains, optionally substituted, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, pHPMA, PLGA, polymers of alkyl diamines and combinations thereof, and/or “M” may comprise, or consist of, cell-type targeting ligand, preferably selected from a mono- or a polysaccharide, a hormone, including a steroid hormone, a peptide such as RGD peptide, a muscle targeting peptide (MTP) or Angiopep-2, a protein or a fragment thereof, a membrane receptor or a fragment thereof, an aptamer, an antibody including heavy-chain antibody, and fragments thereof such as Fab, Fab′, and VHH, a ScFv, a aptmer, a peptide aptamer, vitamins and drugs such as CB1 and/or CB2 ligands.
  • “Spacer” (when present) is selected from the group consisting of linear or branched C 2 -C 20 alkyl chains, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, pHPMA, PLGA, polymer of alkyl diamine and combinations thereof, said polymers having from 2 to 20 monomers and/or “M” comprises, or consists of, a cell-type specific ligand derived from a protein selected from transferrin, Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), and basic Fibroblast Growth Factor ⁇ FGF, a mono- or a polysaccharide comprising one or several galactose, mannose, N-acetylgalactosamine residues, bridge GalNac, or mannose-6-phosphate, a MTP selected from SEQ ID NO:1 to SEQ ID NO:7, and vitamins such as folic acid.
  • EGF Epidermal Growth Factor
  • ⁇ FGF basic Fibroblast Growth Factor
  • M is a cell-type specific ligand for specifically targeting hepatocytes and comprises at least one moiety of formula (III):
  • Spacer is a polyethylene glycol chain comprising from 2 to 10 monomers.
  • the AAV comprises at least one chemically modified tyrosine in its capsid which is of formula (II):
  • the AAV of the invention further has at least one additional chemically modified amino acid residue in the capsid, which is different from a tyrosine residue, said amino acid residue preferably bearing an amino group chemically modified with a group of formula (V):
  • the AAV of the invention may be of any type.
  • the AAV may be a recombinant AAV, preferably selected from AAV having a wildtype capsid, naturally-occurring serotype AAV, variant AAV, pseudotype AAV, AAV with hybrid or mutated capsids, and self-complementary AAV.
  • the invention also relates to a method for chemically-modifying the capsid of an AAV, more precisely for chemically modifying at least one tyrosine residue in the capsid of an AAV, which comprises incubating said AAV with a chemical reagent bearing a reactive group selected from an aryl diazonium salt, and a 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-dione (PTAD) moiety in conditions conducive for reacting said reactive group with a tyrosine residue present in the capsid of the AAV so as to form a covalent bound.
  • a chemical reagent bearing a reactive group selected from an aryl diazonium salt, and a 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-dione (PTAD) moiety in conditions conducive for reacting said reactive group with a tyrosine residue present in the capsid of the AAV so as to form a covalent bound.
  • PTAD 4-phenyl-1,2,4-
  • the method of the invention comprises incubating the AAV with a chemical reagent of formula (VId)
  • the invention also relates to an AAV obtainable or obtained by the method of the invention.
  • a further object of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising an AAV as defined above and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Said AAV or said pharmaceutical composition can be used as a diagnostic agent or as a drug, preferably in gene therapy.
  • FIG. 1 , FIG. 4C , FIG. 6C , FIG. 7C and FIG. 8C AAV capsid protein integrity measured by SDS-PAGE and silver staining.
  • 10 12 vg of AAV2-Luc-GFP, AAV2-GFP and AAV8-GFP vectors was added to a solution of 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 or 8 (3E5 or 3E6 eq) in TBS buffer (pH 9.3) and incubated for 4 h at RT.
  • 10 10 vg of each condition was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and silver staining.
  • VP1, VP2 and VP3 are the three proteins constituting the AAV capsid. Capsid protein molecular weight is indicated at the right of the images according to a protein ladder.
  • AAV2+2 AAV2 incubated with compound 2 (invention)
  • AAV2+3 AAV2 incubated with compound 3 (comparative)
  • AAV2+4 AAV2 incubated with compound 4 (comparative)
  • AAV2+6 AAV2 incubated with compound 6 (invention)
  • AAV2+7 AAV2 incubated with compound 7 (invention)
  • AAV2+8 AAV2 incubated with compound 8 (comparative)
  • AAV8 +4 AAV8 incubated with compound 4 (comparative)
  • AAV8+2 AAV2 incubated with compound 2 (invention).
  • FIG. 2 , FIG. 5 , FIG. 6 , FIG. 7 , FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 dot blot analysis.
  • 10 12 vg of AAV2-Luc-GFP, AAV2-GFP or AAV8-GFP vectors was added to a solution of compounds 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11 and 12 (3E5 or 3E6 eq) in TBS buffer (pH 9.3) and incubated for 4 h at RT.
  • A-B 10 9 vg of each condition was analyzed by dot blot using the A20 or ADK8 antibody that recognizes the assembled capsid (A), or using a FITC-soybean lectin or FITC-concanavalin A lectin that recognizes the GalNAc and mannose sugar (B).
  • FIG. 3 , FIG. 4 Western blots. 10 12 vg of AAV2-Luc-GFP or AAV2-GFP vectors were added to a solution of compounds 2, 3 or 4 (3E5 or 3E6 eq) in TBS buffer (pH 9.3) and incubated for 4 h at RT. 10 12 vg of the samples was analyzed by Western blot using a polyclonal antibody against the capsid proteins to detect VP proteins (A) or using a FITC-soybean lectin that recognizes the GalNAc sugar (B-C). VP1, VP2 and VP3 are the three proteins constituting the AAV capsid. Capsid protein molecular weight is indicated at the right of the images according to a protein ladder. B and C are images from the same blot with short (B) and long (C) exposure times during development.
  • FIG. 10 Infectivity of AAV2-GFP and AAV2+2: AAV2 chemically modified with compound 2 (invention) (3E5 and 3E6 eq) on HEK cells by FACS analysis.
  • FIG. 11 Infectivity of AAV2-GFP and AAV2+2: AAV2 chemically modified with compound 2 (invention) (3E5 and 3E6 eq) on HuH7 cells by FACS analysis.
  • FIG. 12A and 12B show examples of “M” moieties according to the invention.
  • the methods described in the prior art for chemically modifying AAV capsids target amino acid residues bearing amino groups such as arginine and lysine.
  • amino acid residues of interest such as surface-exposed tyrosine residues.
  • surface exposed tyrosine may play a pivotal role in in the immunogenicity as well as in the proteasome degradation AAV in cell.
  • the Inventors have conceived a new method enabling to chemically modify tyrosine residues present on the surface of AAV capsid. This method relies on the specific reaction of an aryl diazonium group or PTAD group with the phenyl group in tyrosine residue resulting in covalent coupling.
  • the inventors prepared several PTAD and diazonium ligands bearing sugar moiety for chemically modifying the capsids of AAV vectors on tyrosine residues.
  • N-acetyl galactosamine and mannose moiety can be covalently immobilized on the surface of AAV capsid by incubating AAV particles with an aryl diazonium bearing N-acetyl galactosamine or mannose (compounds 2, 6,7 and 12) in aqueous buffer at basic pH, as evidenced by dot blot analysis with soybean and concanavalin A lectin detection.
  • the Inventor further showed that the covalent coupling did not alter capsid protein subunits VP1, VP2 and VP3 of AAV2 and AAV8, suggesting that the integrity of AAVs is maintained, as also evidenced by immunostaining with A20 antibody and ADK8 antibody respectively.
  • the Inventors further showed that the AAV2 vectors chemically modified with the diazonium compound 2 still remain infectious in non-hepatic cell line HEK cells but display a transduction efficacy less important than that observed with non-chemically modified vectors ( FIG. 10 ).
  • AAV2 vectors chemically modified with the diazonium compound 2 showed an increased expression of the transgene evidenced by higher fluorescence intensity ( FIG. 11 ).
  • the chemical modification of tyrosine residues of the capsid with sugar-bearing ligands would result in a re-targeting of AAV and modification of their tropism in vivo, whereby off-target effects might be reduced.
  • the invention relates to an Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) having at least one chemically-modified tyrosine residue in its capsid.
  • AAV Adeno-Associated Virus
  • an Adeno-Associated Virus refers to a small, nonenveloped virus of the dependoparvovirus family having a single-stranded linear DNA genome of about 5kb long. Wild-type AAV has two major open reading frames (ORFs) flanked by two inverted terminal repeats (ITRs). The 5′ and 3′ ORFs encode replication and capsid proteins, respectively. The ITR contains 145 nucleotides and serves as the AAV genome replication origin and packaging signal. In recombinant AAV, viral ORFs are replaced by the exogenous gene expression cassette, while the replication and capsid proteins are provided in trans.
  • a recombinant AAV refers to an AAV wherein an exogenous nucleic acid sequence has been introduced in the viral genome.
  • Said exogenous nucleic acid sequence may be of any type and is selected in view of the intended use of the AAV.
  • said nucleic acid may comprises any RNA or DNA sequence.
  • the AAV of the invention is a recombinant AAV.
  • said recombinant AAV is to be used as a gene vector for in vivo or in vitro applications that means that the AAV of the invention is a recombinant AAV vector.
  • AAV as vector in gene therapy, one can refer to Naso et al., Biodrugs, 2017, 31:317-334, the content of which being incorporated herein by reference.
  • a recombinant AAV for use as vector in gene therapy may comprise an exogenous gene expression cassette replacing the viral ORFs and placed between the two ITRs.
  • Said cassette may comprise a promoter, the gene of interest and a terminator.
  • the promoter and the gene of interest are selected depending on the targeted tissue/organ and the condition to treat.
  • the recombinant AAV for use in gene therapy may comprise a DNA template for homologous recombination in cells.
  • Such a recombinant AAV can be used in combination with gene editing tools, for promoting homologous recombination in targeted cells, in vivo, in vitro or ex vivo.
  • the gene editing tools can be of any type, and encompass, without being limited to, CRISPR/Cas9, Zinc Finger Nuclease, meganuclease as well as RNA and DNA encoding said proteins.
  • AAV include all types of AAV, including wild-type AAV and recombinant or variant AAV.
  • AAV variants encompass, without being limited to, AAV having a mutated or a synthetic capsid such as AAV with hybrid capsid, pseudotype AAV as well as self-complementary AAV (scAAV).
  • the capsid of a wildtype AAV is composed of three overlapping capsid proteins called viral protein 1 (VP1), VP2, and VP3.
  • Genetic engineering of the capsid refers to amino acid modifications of said capsid protein(s), e.g. in their hypervariable loops.
  • an AAV having a genetically engineered capsid or “An AAV having a mutated capsid” refers to an AAV wherein one or several amino acid modifications has(ve) been introduced in at least one capsid protein (namely VP1, and/or VP2 and/or VP3) as compared to the wild-type version of said capsid protein.
  • an amino acid modification encompass the insertion, deletion or substitution of one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, or 100) amino acids.
  • a chemically-modified tyrosine residue means that at least one tyrosine present in the capsid of the virus has been chemically modified by covalent coupling of a chemical entity, typically by the covalent coupling of a said chemical entity on the phenyl ring of the tyrosine. Said tyrosine is typically a surface exposed residue present in VP1, VP2 or VP3.
  • a surface exposed tyrosine means that the tyrosine is reachable for covalent coupling.
  • Such tyrosine residues can be identified by molecular modelling of the capsid proteins or that of the whole capsid itself.
  • At least one chemically-modified tyrosine residue encompasses at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or more chemically-modified tyrosine residue(s).
  • the chemically-modified AAV of the invention comprises several chemically modified tyrosine residues in its capsid.
  • Said chemically-modified tyrosine may be present on VP1, and/or VP2 and/or VP3.
  • At least 0.1% for instance at least 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40% or more of the surface exposed tyrosine residues of the capsid are chemically modified.
  • the AAV may be either an AAV with wildtype capsid or an AAV having a mutated and/or a synthetic capsid.
  • the AAV of the invention is a recombinant AAV with a wildtype capsid.
  • the AAV is a recombinant AAV having a mutated capsid, namely one or more amino acid modifications in at least one capsid protein as compared to the corresponding parent capsid protein.
  • the AAV is a recombinant AAV having a mutated capsid, wherein the amino acid modification(s) is/are not concerned with any tyrosine residues present in capsid proteins.
  • AAV AAV which can be either wildtype or synthetic. All serotypes are contemplated in the framework of the invention.
  • a “serotype” is traditionally defined on the basis of a lack of cross-reactivity between antibodies to one virus as compared to another virus. Such cross-reactivity differences are usually due to differences in capsid protein sequences/antigenic determinants (e.g., due to VP1, VP2, and/or VP3 sequence differences of AAV serotypes).
  • AAV includes various naturally and synthetic (e.g. hybrid, chimera or shuffled serotypes) serotypes.
  • Such non-limiting serotypes include AAV-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10 (such as -cyl0 or -rh10), -11, -rh74 or engineered AAV capsid variants such as AAV-2i8, AAV2G9, -LK3, -DJ, and -Anc80.
  • synthetic serotypes also include pseudotyped AAV, namely AAV resulting from the mixing of a capsid and genome from different viral serotypes, such as AAV2/5, AAV2/7, and AAV2/8 as well as AAV with hybrid capsids derived from multiple different serotypes such as AAV-DJ, which contains a hybrid capsid derived from eight serotypes.
  • pseudotyped AAV namely AAV resulting from the mixing of a capsid and genome from different viral serotypes, such as AAV2/5, AAV2/7, and AAV2/8 as well as AAV with hybrid capsids derived from multiple different serotypes such as AAV-DJ, which contains a hybrid capsid derived from eight serotypes.
  • Synthetic serotypes also encompass specific variants wherein a new glycan binding site is introduced into the AAV capsid are in particular described in WO2014144229 (disclosing in particular the AAV2G9 serotype).
  • Other AAV serotypes include those disclosed in EP2292779, and EP1310571.
  • other AAV serotypes include those obtained by shuffling, as described in Koerber et al. (Molecular Therapy (2008), 16(10), 1703-1709), peptide insertion (e.g. Deverman et al., Nat Biotechnol (2016), 34(2), 204-209), or rational capsid design (reviewed in BiMing et al., Curr Opin Pharmacol (2015), 24, 94-104).
  • the AAV is selected from naturally-occurring serotypes, preferably from the group consisting of AAV-2, AAV-3b, AAV-5, AAV-8, AAV-9 and AAVrh10, more preferably AAV-2.
  • the AAV of the invention may be a recombinant AAV vector of serotype ⁇ 2.
  • the AAV can target a large variety of cells, tissues and organs.
  • Examples of cells targeted by AAV encompasses, but are not limited to, hepatocytes; cells of the retina; i.e. photoreceptors, retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE),; muscle cells, i.e. myoblasts, satellite cells; cells of the central nervous system (CNS), i.e. neurons, glial; cells of the heart; cells of the peripheral nervous system (PNS); osteoblasts; tumor cells, blood cells such as lymphocytes, hematopoietic cells including hematopoietic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) and the like.
  • RPE retinal pigmented epithelium
  • CNS central nervous system
  • PNS peripheral nervous system
  • osteoblasts tumor cells
  • blood cells such as lymphocytes, hematopoietic cells including hematopoietic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) and the like.
  • tissues and organs which can be targeted by AAV include liver, muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, brain, bone, connective tissue, heart, kidney, lung, lymph node, mammary gland, myelin, prostate, testes, thymus, thyroid, trachea, and the like.
  • Preferred cell types are hepatocytes, retinal cells, muscle cells, cells of the CNS, cells of the PNS and hematopoietic cells.
  • Preferred tissue and organs are liver, muscle, heart, eye, and brain.
  • AAV-2 can be used to transduce the central nervous system (CNS), kidney, and photoreceptor cells while AAV-8 is effective for transducing the CNS, heart, liver, photoreceptor cells, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and skeletal muscle.
  • CNS central nervous system
  • RPE retinal pigment epithelium
  • the AAV can be produced by any methods known in the art, such as transient transfection in cell lines of interest e.g. in HEK293 cells as described in the Example section. To that matter one can refer to Naso et al., Biodrugs, 2017, 31:317-334 which provide a review on AAV as vectors in gene therapy, and describe the traditional methods for producing AAV at the industrial scale.
  • the AAV of the invention may have other amino acid(s) of the capsid which has been chemically modified.
  • the AAV may comprise one or several amino groups of the capsid which have been modified by the method disclosed in WO2017/212019, namely by reacting said amino group(s) in the capsid with a ligand bearing an isothiocyanate reactive groups.
  • the AAV of the invention may have one or several arginine residues of the capsid modified by glycation, e.g. by reaction with methylglyoxal as described in Horowitz (supra).
  • the at least one chemically-modified tyrosine residue in the capsid is of formula (I):
  • the AAV of the invention has at least one chemically-modified tyrosine residue in its capsid, wherein said at least one chemically-modified tyrosine residue is of formula (Ia):
  • Ar is a substituted or unsubstitued aryl or heteroaryl moiety.
  • aryl refers to an aromatic ring system, which preferably has 6-14 atoms, having at least one ring having a conjugated pi electron system and which optionally may be substituted.
  • An “aryl” may contain more than one aromatic ring such as fused ring systems or an aryl group substituted with another aryl group.
  • Aryl encompass, without being limited to, phenyl, anthracenyl, naphthyl, indenyl, divalent biphenyl.
  • Heteroaryl refers to a heteroaryl group.
  • Heteroaryl group refers to a chemical group, preferably having 5-14 ring atoms, wherein 1 to 4 heteroatoms are ring atoms in the aromatic ring and the remainder of the ring atoms being carbon atoms. Suitable heteroatoms include oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, and selenium.
  • Suitable heteroaryl groups include furanyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrrolyl, N-alkyl pyrrolyl, pyridyl-N-oxide, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, quinazolinyl, and quinolinyl.
  • bicyclic heteroaryl groups encompass, without being limited to bicyclic heteroaryl groups that may be mentioned include 1H-indazolyl, benzo[1,2,31]thiadiazolyl, benzo[1,2,5]thiadiazolyl, benzothiophenyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridyl, quinolinyl, indolyl and isoquinolinyl groups
  • “Substituted” or “optionally substituted” includes groups substituted by one or several substituents, typically 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 substituents.
  • the substituents may be independently selected from C 1 -C 6 alkyl, aryl group, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, C 2 -C 6 heterocycloalkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkylamino, C 1 -C 6 aminoalkyl-, C 1 -C 6 alkylaminoalkyl-, —N 3 , —NH 2 , —F, —I, —Br, —Cl, —CN, C 1 -C 6 alkanoyl, C 1 -C 6 carboxy esters, C 1 -C 6 acylamino, —COOH, —CONH 2 , —NO 2 , —SO 3 H, C 1 -C 6 aminoalkyl, C 1 -C 6 hydroxyalky
  • Preferred substituents are halogens, —OH, NH 2 , NO 2 , C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, C 1 -C 3 hydroxyalkyl, and C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl.
  • “Ar” is selected from aryl and hereoaryl comprising from 5 to 14 ring atoms, e.g. from 6 to 10 ring atoms, said aryl or heteroaryl being optionally substituted.
  • said aryl or heteroaryl group may comprise 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from halogens, —OH, NH 2 , NO 2 , C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, C 1 -C 3 hydroxyalkyl, and C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl.
  • “Ar” is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, pyridyl, naphthyl, and anthracenyl.
  • Said aromatic compounds may comprise from 1 to 3 substituents, preferably independently selected from halogens, —OH, NH 2 , NO 2 , C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, C 1 -C 3 hydroxyalkyl, and C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl.
  • Spacer is an optional chemical group, which can be thus present or absent.
  • Spacer is used to link the “Ar” group to the functional moiety “M”.
  • “Spacer” may be any chemical chain which can comprise heteroatoms as well as cyclic moieties such as cycloalkyl or aromatic groups. “Spacer” may comprise up to 1000 carbon atoms and even more. The length and the chemical nature of the spacer may be optimized depending on the “M” moiety which is intended to be coupled with the tyrosine residues and the biological effect which is sought. Indeed, further to its linking function, “Spacer” may be used to refine the properties of the functional moiety “M”.
  • “Spacer” may decrease the steric hindrance of “M” with respect to the capsid, improve the accessibility of “M” for binding with a biological entity of interest, improve the binding of “M” with an entity of interest and/or increase the solubility of “M”.
  • “Spacer” is a chemical chain group comprising from 2 to 1000 carbon atoms, preferably from 2 to 500 carbon atoms, from 2 to 300 carbon atoms, e.g. from 2 to 100 carbon atoms, 2 to 40 carbon atoms, from 4 to 30 carbon atoms or from 4 to 20 carbon atoms.
  • “Spacer” is selected from the group consisting of polymers including homopolymers, copolymers and block polymers, peptides, oligosaccharides, and a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chains optionally interrupted by one or several heteroatoms (e.g.
  • S, O, Se, P or NH optionally having at least one of its extremity an heteroatom such as S, O and NH, and optionally substituted by one or several substituents such as hydroxyl, halogens, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, —CN, —CF 3 , or C 1 -C 3 alkyl, and combinations thereof.
  • spacer group may comprise several hydrocarbon chains, oligomer chains or polymeric chains (e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6) linked by any appropriate group, such as —O—, —S—, —NHC(O)—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)—O—C(O)—, —NH—, —NH—CO—NH—, —O—CO—NH—, NH—(CS)—NH—, NH—CS— phosphodiester or phosphorothioate groups.
  • the spacer may be selected from the group consisting of polyethers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polypropylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyesters such as polylactate, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, polysilicone, polyamide such as polycaprolactone and poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) (pHPMA), poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polymers of alkyl diamines, unsaturated or saturated, branched or unbranched, hydrocarbon chains optionally having an heteroatom such as O, NH and S on at least one end, and combinations thereof.
  • polyethers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polypropylene glycol
  • PVA polyvinyl alcohol
  • polyesters such as polylactate, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, polysilicone
  • polyamide such as polycaprolactone and poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) (pHPMA
  • alkyl diamine refers to NH 2 —(CH 2 ) r —NH 2 with r is an integer from 2 to 20, for instance from 2 to 10 such as 2, 3, 4, and 5.
  • a polymer of alkyl diamines (also known as polyamines) refers to a compound of formula NH 2 -—[(CH 2 ) r —NH] t —H with r being as defined above and t is an integer of at least 2, for example of at least 3, 4, 5, 10 or more.
  • Polymers of alkyl diamines of interest are, for instance, spermidine, and spermine
  • the spacer comprises at least one polyethylene glycol moiety comprising from 2 to 40 monomers, e.g. from 2 to 10 or 2 to 6 monomers.
  • the spacer may comprise from 2 to 10 triethyleneglycol blocks linked together by linkers.
  • the spacer may be a C 12 hydrophilic triethylene glycol ethylamine derivative.
  • the spacer may be a saturated or unsaturated C 2 -C 40 hydrocarbon chain, in particular a C 10 -C 20 alkyl chain or a C 2 -C 10 alkyl chain such as a C 6 alkyl chain.
  • the alkyl chain may have a group such as NH, S or O on at least one end.
  • the spacer may be selected from spermidine, putrescine, spermine and combinations thereof.
  • the spacer group is selected from the group consisting of linear or branched C 2 -C 20 alkyl chains, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, pHPMA, PLGA, polymers of diamino alkyl and combinations thereof.
  • said polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, PLGA, pHPMA and polymer of alkyl diamines comprise from 2 to 40 monomers, preferably from 2 to 10 or from 10 to 20 monomers.
  • the group “spacer” may comprise one or several (e.g. 2, 3, 4 or 5) triethyelene glycol blocks.
  • the functional moiety “M” may be of any type. “M” is typically selected depending on the biological effect which is sought when chemically modifying the capsid of the AAV.
  • M may comprise a moiety selected from a targeting agent, a steric shielding agent, a labelling agent, or a drug.
  • M may be also a (nano)-particle, including a magnetic (nano-) particle and a quantum dot.
  • M may be an iron, stain, silicium, gold or carbon (nano)-particle.
  • M comprises, or consists of, a labeling agent, e.g. a fluorescent dye such as fluorescein, rhodamine, boron-dipyrromethene (Bodipy) dyes, and alexa fluor, or a radionuclide.
  • a labeling agent e.g. a fluorescent dye such as fluorescein, rhodamine, boron-dipyrromethene (Bodipy) dyes, and alexa fluor, or a radionuclide.
  • M comprises, or consists of, a steric shielding agent, e.g. an agent able to mask certain epitopes of the capsid, whereby avoiding the binding of neutralizing antibodies.
  • a steric shielding agent e.g. an agent able to mask certain epitopes of the capsid, whereby avoiding the binding of neutralizing antibodies.
  • M may be a polyethylene glycol (PEG), pHPMA or a polysaccharide.
  • M comprises, or consists of, a steric shielding agent able to mask tyrosine residues, whereby proteasome-degradation of the AAV in cellulo is avoided.
  • M comprises, or consists of, a cell-type specific ligand, namely a ligand enabling to target a specific type of cell.
  • a ligand may enable to modify the tropism of the AAV, namely its capacity to selectively infect and/or transduce a given cell line, tissue or organ.
  • M may be a ligand which specifically binds to a membrane biological entity (e.g. a membrane receptor) of the targeted cell.
  • Said ligand may be, for instance, a mono- or a polysaccharide, a hormone, including a steroid hormone, a peptide such as RGD peptide, Angiopep-2, muscle targeting peptides , a protein or a fragment thereof, a membrane receptor or a fragment thereof, CB1 and CB2 ligands, an aptamer, an antibody including heavy-chain antibody, and fragments thereof such as Fab, Fab', and VHH, a ScFv, a aptmer, a peptide aptamer, a small chemical molecules known to bind to the targeted biological entity and the likes.
  • a hormone including a steroid hormone, a peptide such as RGD peptide, Angiopep-2, muscle targeting peptides , a protein or a fragment thereof, a membrane receptor or a fragment thereof, CB1 and CB2 ligands, an aptamer, an antibody including heavy-chain antibody, and fragments
  • M comprises, or consists of, a cell-type specific ligand derived from proteins such as transferrin, Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), and basic Fibroblast Growth Factor ⁇ FGF.
  • EGF Epidermal Growth Factor
  • ⁇ FGF basic Fibroblast Growth Factor
  • M comprises, or consists of, a cell-type specific ligand derived from mono- or polysaccharides, e.g. comprising one or several galactose, mannose, mannose-6-phosphate, N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNac) and bridged GalNac.
  • the mono- or polysaccharides can be natural or synthetic.
  • M comprises, or consists of, a cell-type specific ligand derived from vitamins such as folic acid.
  • the cell-type specific ligand included in “M” may be derived from, or may consist in, a muscle targeting peptide (MTP).
  • Said ligand may comprise an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: ASSLNIA (SEQ ID NO: 1); WDANGKT (SEQ ID NO: 2); GETRAPL (SEQ ID NO: 3); CGHHPVYAC (SEQ ID NO: 4); HAIYPRH (SEQ ID NO: 5), cyclic CQLFPLFRC (SEQ ID NO: 6) or the sequence of SEQ ID NO:7 as shown below:
  • cyclic CQLFPLFRC of SEQ ID NO:6 refers to:
  • M is a cancer cell targeting peptide and comprises a peptide such as RGD, including cyclic RGD.
  • M comprises a peptide moiety, such as a muscle targeting peptide (MTP)
  • said peptide moiety may comprise a chemical modification at its N-terminus or C-terminus.
  • the N-terminus of the peptide moiety can be acylated or coupled to a moiety such as —C( ⁇ O)—(PEG moiety)-NH 2 .
  • M comprises, or consists of, a cell-type specific ligand derived from small molecules or hormones such as naproxen, ibuprofen, cholesterol, progesterone or estradiol.
  • M comprises, or consists of, a CB 1 and/or a CB2 ligand, for instance:
  • Galactose-derived ligands which are recognized by asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASPGPr), can be used to specifically target hepatocytes.
  • ASPGPr asialoglycoprotein receptor
  • M is a ligand for specifically targeting hepatocytes and comprises at least one moiety of formula (Ma), (IIIb) or (Mc):
  • M is a ligand for targeting muscle cells, in particular skeletal muscle cells and comprises at least one mannose-6-phosphate moiety:
  • M is a ligand for photoreceptors or neuronal cells and comprises at least one mannose moiety of formula (Me:
  • M is multivalent, which means that it comprises at least two (e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) ligand moieties of interest, such as cell-type specific ligands as described above.
  • M may comprise a polyfunctional linker bearing several (e.g. at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) cell-type ligands.
  • the cell-type ligands can be the same or different.
  • “M” may comprise a moiety of formula (IV):
  • n is a enter from 1 to 100, preferably from 1 to 20.
  • M may comprise a moiety of formula (IV) wherein the GalNac groups are replaced by mannose, phosphate-6-mannose,bridged GalNac, CB1 and/or CB2 ligands or peptides.
  • M may comprise both a labelling moiety such as a fluorescent label or a radionuclide and a cell-type specific ligand.
  • M may be:
  • preferred chemically-modified AAV are those comprising at least one chemically-modified tyrosine of formula (Ia) or (I), wherein X 1 is of formula (a).
  • X 1 is at position ortho of the phenyl group of the tyrosine. Accordingly, the invention relates to AAV particle comprising at least one chemically-modified tyrosine present in the capsid, which is of formula (lb):
  • the chemically-modified tyrosine present in the capsid is of formula (lb) and is further characterized by one or several of the following features:
  • the chemically-modified tyrosine present in the capsid is of formula (Ib) and is further characterized by one or several of the following features:
  • “Ar” is an optionally substituted phenyl.
  • the phenyl can be substituted by one or several substituents selected from halogens such as Cl, Br, I, or F, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 hydroxyalkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, —CN, —NO 2 , and the like.
  • “Ar” is an unsubstituted phenyl, said phenyl being linked to the SPACER group (when n is 1) or to the M group (when n is 0) by a linker X 2 .
  • a further object of the invention is an AAV comprising at least one chemically-modified tyrosine, said chemically-modified tyrosine being of formula (Ic):
  • the chemically-modified tyrosine present in the capsid is of formula (Ic) and is further characterized by one or several of the following features:
  • the chemically-modified tyrosine present in the capsid is of formula (Ic) and is further characterized by one or several of the following features:
  • X 2 is —C( ⁇ O)NH— and is at position para.
  • the invention also relates to an AAV comprising at least one chemically-modified tyrosine present in its capsid, said chemically-modified tyrosine being of formula (Id):
  • n, M and Spacer are as defined above.
  • n 1
  • the chemically-modified tyrosine present in the capsid is of formula (Id) and is further characterized by one or several of the following features:
  • the chemically-modified tyrosine present in the capsid is of formula (Id) and is further characterized by one or several of the following features:
  • the chemically-modified tyrosine present in the capsid is of formula (Ia) with X 1 is of formula (b), preferably at position ortho and is further characterized by one or several of the following features:
  • the chemically-modified tyrosine present in the capsid is of formula (Ia) with X 1 is of formula (b), preferably at position ortho, and is further characterized by one or several of the following features:
  • the AAV of the invention may comprise at least one chemically-modified tyrosine in the capsid, of formula (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) or (IId):
  • the AAV of the invention may comprise at least one chemically-modified tyrosine in the capsid, of formula (IIe), (IIf), or (IIg):
  • the AAV is preferably a recombinant AVV, more preferably a recombinant AAV vector.
  • the AAV may have a “naturally-occurring” capsid or a genetically modified capsid, namely comprising one or several mutations in at least one capsid protein, namely VP1, VP2 and/or VP3.
  • the AAV may be of a serotype selected from AAV-2, AAV-3b, AAV-5, AAV-8, AAV-9 and AAVrh10, more preferably AAV-2.
  • the AAV is of a synthetic serotype.
  • the AAV of the invention may have at least one additional chemically modified amino acid residue in the capsid, which is different from a tyrosine residue, e.g. an arginine or a lysine residues.
  • said amino acid residue bears an amino group in its side chain and is chemically modified with a group of formula (V):
  • N* being the nitrogen of the amino group of the side chain of an amino acid residue, e.g of a lysine residue
  • Ar, Spacer, n and M being as defined in Formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) and (Id). It goes without saying that Ar, Spacer, n and M in formula (V) can be the same or different as those present in the at least one chemically-modified tyrosine as described above.
  • the chemical modification(s) of the capsid of the AAV may modify one or several biological functionalities and/or properties.
  • said chemically-modified AAV may have one or several modified biological properties as compared to the same but non-chemically modified AAV, such as:
  • the chemically-modified AAV of the invention may have a higher transduction efficiency, which may result from increased intracellular trafficking to the nuclei, a decrease in proteasome-degradation, more efficient intranuclear de-capsidation, more rapid vector genome stabilization and/or from a decrease in interaction with neutralizing antibodies and/or from a reduction of antibody-mediated clearance of AAV in vivo, as compared to the non-chemically modified AAV.
  • the AAV may have a higher infectivity efficiency and/or an increase in selectivity for a given cell, tissue or organ as compared to the non-chemically modified AAV either in vivo or in vitro.
  • such modified properties may result in an improvement in the therapeutic index of the AAV, which may result from decrease in the dose to administer to the patient to achieve the sought therapeutic effect and/or a decrease in the toxicity of the AAV.
  • the chemically-modified AAV of the invention shows a preferential tropism for an organ or cell selected from liver, heart, brain, joints, retina and skeletal muscle.
  • the chemically-modified AAV of the invention shows a preferential tropism for cultured cells selected from, but not limited to, hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, myocytes, neurons, motor neurons, retinal pigmented cells, photoreceptors, chondrocytes, hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS).
  • the method of the invention is for obtaining a chemically-modified AAV comprising at least one chemically-modified tyrosine residue in its capsid, wherein said chemically-modified tyrosine residue is of formula (Ia):
  • the AAV particles are incubated with the chemical reagent in conditions suitable to promote the formation of a covalent bond between the phenyl group of a tyrosine residue and said chemical reagent without impairing the structural integrity of said AAV.
  • the incubation may be performed in an aqueous buffer having a pH from 5 to 11, preferably from 7 to 10, e.g. from 8.5 to 10.5 or. from 9 to 10.
  • the buffer may be selected from TRIS buffer, sodium carbonate—sodium bicarbonate buffer, phosphate buffer e.g. PBS or Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (dPBS).
  • the pH of the aqueous buffer may be basic, e.g. above 7 such as from 8.5 to 10, for instance from 9 to 10, e.g. from 9.0 to 9.6.
  • a basic pH may enable to increase reactivity and/or specificity of the aryl diazonium salt reagent towards the phenyl group of tyrosine residue.
  • an appropriate buffer to perform the incubation of the AAV with an aryldiazonium reagent is TRIS buffer.
  • the incubation may last from several minutes to several hours, for instance from 5 min to 6 h, e.g. from 3 to 4 hours. Typically, the incubation is ended when a sufficient yield of coupling is achieved.
  • the temperature of incubation is typically from 10° C. to 50° C.
  • the incubation is performed at room temperature, i.e. at a temperature from 18° C. to 30° C., e.g. at around 20° C.
  • the incubation may be performed under stirring.
  • the molar ratio of the chemical reagent to the AAV particles may be from 1.10 to 1.10 8 , for instance from 1.10 5 to 1.10 7 , e.g. 1.10 6 to 5.10 6 .
  • the medium can comprise one or several additional compounds.
  • the chemical reagent is of formula (VIc)
  • the medium may comprise an oxidant, or a system producing an oxidant, such as H 2 O 2 .
  • the counter-anion present in the aryl diazonium salt reagent can be of any type preferably TsO ⁇ BF 4 ⁇ , Cl ⁇ , AcO ⁇ , PF 6 , TfO ⁇ or CF 3 CO 2
  • the resulting AAV comprises at least one chemically-modified tyrosine of formula (Ib).
  • the chemical reagent is of formula (VIa):
  • the resulting AAV comprises at least one chemically-modified tyrosine of formula (Ic).
  • the chemical reagent is of formula (VId):
  • the resulting AAV comprises at least one chemically-modified tyrosine of formula (Id).
  • the chemical reagent is of formula (VIe):
  • the method of the invention may comprise one or several additional steps prior to, or after the step of incubation as described above.
  • the method of the invention may comprise a step of providing or producing the AAV particles to be chemically modified.
  • the invention may also comprise a step of providing or preparing the chemical reagent.
  • the chemical reagent can be produced by synthetic routes.
  • a chemical reagent of formula (VIIa) may be prepared from the nitro derivative by reducing —NO 2 into —NH 2 , e.g. by hydrogenation with Pd/C as catalyst and then forming the aryldiazonium group from the aniline derivative, e.g. by reaction with tBuONO.
  • tBuONO a chemical reagent of formula (VIIa) may be prepared from the nitro derivative by reducing —NO 2 into —NH 2 , e.g. by hydrogenation with Pd/C as catalyst and then forming the aryldiazonium group from the aniline derivative, e.g. by reaction with tBuONO.
  • the method of the invention may also comprise one or several additional steps following the step of incubation, such as:
  • the method of the invention may further comprise a step of chemically modifying an amino acid residue other than tyrosine residue of the capsid of the AAV.
  • said additional chemically-modified amino acid residue may bear an amino group in its side chain.
  • the method of the invention may comprise a step of incubating the AAV with a chemical reagent of formula (VII):
  • such a step may be performed in an aqueous buffer, such as TRIS buffer, at a pH from 8 to 10, e.g at a pH of about 9.3 and a temperature from 10° C. to 50° C., e.g. at room temperature. More details concerning the implementation of such a step can be found in WO2017/212019, the content of which being incorporated herein by reference.
  • an aqueous buffer such as TRIS buffer
  • This step can be performed prior, concomitantly or after the step of chemically-modifying at least one tyrosine residue in the capsid of the AAV, as described above.
  • the invention also relates to the chemically-modified AAV obtainable, or obtained, by the method of the invention as described above.
  • the invention also relates to a method for modifying one or several biological properties of the AAV, more precisely that of a recombinant AAV intended to be used as gene vector in gene therapy.
  • a method for chemically-modifying the capsid of an AAV more precisely for chemically modifying at least one tyrosine residue in the capsid of an AAV, as described above may enable to:
  • the chemically-modified AAV of the invention can be used as a research tool or as a medicament, for instance as vectors for the delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA and or as a diagnostic mean e.g. as an imaging agent or combination of both, including theragnostic use.
  • the chemically-modified AAV of the invention is used for delivering a nucleic acid into a cell, and is thus a recombinant AAV.
  • the recombinant AAV can be administered to the cell in vivo, ex vivo or in vitro.
  • the cell may be derived from any mammal including humans, primates, cows, mice, sheeps, goats, pigs, rats, and the like.
  • the cell may be of any type, including hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, myocytes, neurons, motor neurons, retinal pigmented cells, photoreceptors, chondrocytes, hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS).
  • HSC hematopoietic stem cells
  • iPS induced pluripotent stem cells
  • the recombinant AAV of the invention may be used to deliver a therapeutic nucleic acid of interest in a subject.
  • the invention thus relates to a method for delivering a therapeutic nucleic acid of interest in a subject in need thereof comprising administering the chemically-modified AAV of the invention to a subject in need thereof.
  • the recombinant AAV of the invention can be delivered by any appropriate route to the subject. Appropriate administration routes encompass, without being limited to, inhalational, topical, intra-tissue (e.g. intramuscular, intracardiac, intrahepatic, intrarenal), conjunctical (e.g. intraretinal, subretinal), mucosal (e.g.
  • buccal, nasal intra-articular, intravitreal, intracranial, intravascular (e.g. intravenous), intraventricular, intracisternal, intraperitoneal and intralymphatic routes.
  • route of administration is selected depending on the targeted tissue/organ, namely depending on the tissue/organ in which the transduction is sought.
  • the dose of AAV to administer to the subject is typically determined by the skilled artisan in view of the specific features of the subject, the therapeutic effect sought and the targeted tissue/organ.
  • One single administration or several administrations of the AAV may be requested to achieve the sought therapeutic effect.
  • the AAV of the invention is typically administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition, namely as a mixture with one or several pharmaceutical excipients.
  • the conditions to be treated by the administration of the AAV may be of any type, and includes genetic disorders as well as acquired disorders. Genetic disorders of interest encompass genetic muscle disorders such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, leukodystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), hemophilia, sickle disease, and inherited retinal dystrophy.
  • the chemically-modified AAV may also be used for treating disorders such as cancers, arthritis, arthrosis, congenital and acquired cardiac diseases, Parkinson disease, Alzheimer's disease as well as infectious diseases such as hepatitis C.
  • Another object of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a chemically-AAV of the invention and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
  • the pharmaceutical excipients may be selected from well-known excipients such as carriers, preservatives, antioxidants, surfactants, buffer, stabilizer agents, and the like.
  • the invention further relates to an in vivo or ex vivo method for delivering a nucleic acid of interest in a cell comprising contacting the chemically-modified AAV of the invention with the cell.
  • the cell may be from the patient. After the transduction, the cell may be transplanted to the patient in need thereof.
  • the cell may be, for instance, hematopoietic stem cells.
  • the nucleic acid of interest may be of any type and is selected depending on the sought effect.
  • the AAV may comprise an exogenous gene expression cassette. Said cassette may comprise a promoter, the gene of interest and a terminator.
  • the AAV of the invention may comprise a DNA template for homologous recombination in cells.
  • Such a recombinant AAV can be used in combination with gene editing tools, for promoting homologous recombination in targeted cells.
  • the gene editing tools can be of any type, and encompass, without being limited to, CRISPR/Cas9, Zinc Finger Nuclease, meganuclease as well as RNA and DNA encoding said proteins.
  • the invention also relates to a host cell transfected with a chemically modified AAV of the invention, said host cell can be of any type.
  • said host cell may be hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, myocytes, neurons, motor neurons, retinal pigmented cells, photoreceptors, chondrocytes, hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS).
  • HSC hematopoietic stem cells
  • iPS induced pluripotent stem cells
  • the ligand 2 is prepared as follows:
  • NMR 13 C (75 MHz, MeOD): ⁇ (ppm) 173.66, 172.08, 172.05, 171.75, 168.22, 151.04, 141.44, 129.85 x 2C, 124.66 x2C, 102.87, 72.18, 71.84, 71.60, 71.39, 71.35, 70.39, 70.21, 68.18, 62.73, 51.56, 41.17, 22.92, 20.55x2C, 20.51.
  • HRMS TOF (ESI+) m/z calcd for C 27 H 37 N 3 O 14 Na(M+Na) + 650.2173, found 650.2172.
  • Diazonium salt derivative 2 was obtained by adding HBF 4 (1.1 eq) and tBuONO (1.1 eq) in ultra-pure water to the amino derivative D. Five minutes after voterxing the formation of the diazonium salt was confirmed by using a solution of 2-hydroxynaphtol. The mixture of a drop of each solution give a red coloration allowing the formation of the diazonium salt.
  • NMR 13 C (100 MHz, MeOD): ⁇ (ppm) 173.59, 172.07, 172.06, 171.76, 170.31, 135.72, 132.66, 129.56, 128.34, 102.77, 72.23, 71.84, 71.65, 71.46, 71.36, 70.58, 70.10, 68.23, 62.75, 51.65, 40.88, 22.90, 20.56, 20.54, 20.52.
  • HRMS TOF (ESI+) m/z calcd for C 27 H 39 N 2 O 12 (M+H) + 583.2503, found 583.2504.
  • Diazonium salt derivative 5 was obtained by adding HBF 4 (1.1 eq) and tBuONO (1.1 eq) in ultra-pure water to the amino derivative G. Five minutes after voterxing the formation of the diazonium salt was confirmed by using a solution of 2-hydroxynaphtol. The mixture of a drop of each solution give a red coloration allowing the formation of the diazonium salt.
  • Diazonium salt derivative 6 was obtained by adding HBF 4 (1.1 eq) and tBuONO (1.1 eq) in ultra-pure water to the amino derivative I. Five minutes after voterxing the formation of the diazonium salt was confirmed by using a solution of 2-hydroxynaphtol. The mixture of a drop of each solution give a red coloration allowing the formation of the diazonium salt.
  • Diazonium salt derivative 7 was obtained by adding HBF 4 (1.1 eq) and tBuONO (1.1 eq) in ultra-pure water to the amino derivative M. Five minutes after voterxing the formation of the diazonium salt was confirmed by using a solution of 2-hydroxynaphtol. The mixture of a drop of each solution give a red coloration allowing the formation of the diazonium salt.
  • AAV2 vectors were produced from two plasmids: pHelper, PDP2-KANA encoding AAV Rep2-Cap2 and adenovirus helper genes (E2A, VA RNA, and E4) and pVector ss-CAG-Luc-eGFP or pVector ss-CAG-eGFP.
  • AAV8 vectors were produced from two plasmids: pHelper, PDP8-KANA encoding AAV Rep2-Cap8 and adenovirus helper genes (E2A, VA RNA, and E4) pVector ss-CAG-eGFP. All vectors were produced by transient transfection of HEK293 cells with calcium phosphate-HeBS method.
  • Vector producer cells were harvested 48 hours after transfection. For extraction of AAV2 particles, cells were treated firstly with Triton-1% and benzonase (25 U/mL) for 1 hour at 37° C. This step was omitted for AAV8 vectors but subsequent steps were identical. The bulk was centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 20 min and subjected to freeze-thaw cycles to release vector particles. The cellular debris were removed by centrifugation at 2500 rpm for 15 min. Cell lysates were precipitated with PEG overnight and clarified by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 1 hour. The precipitates were then incubated with benzonase for 30 min at 37° C.
  • Vectors were purified by double cesium chloride (CsCl) gradient ultracentrifugation.
  • CsCl cesium chloride
  • Diazonium salts derivatives 2, 5, 6 and 7 were obtained by adding HBF 4 (1.1 eq) and tBuONO (1.1 eq) in ultra-pure water to the amino corresponding compounds. Five minutes after voterxing the formation of the diazonium salt was confirmed by using a solution of 2-hydroxynaphtol. The mixture of a drop of each solution give a red coloration allowing the formation of the diazonium salt.
  • the solutions containing the vectors were then dialyzed against dPBS+0.001% Pluronic to remove free molecules that were non-coupled to the AAV capsid.
  • the coupling was first done with 2 and the procedure of the tyrosine modification and five minute after, with the procedure of the amino group modification using compound 10 at a molar ratio of 3E5 equivalents and incubated during 4h at 20° C.
  • the solutions containing the vectors were then dialyzed against dPBS+0.001% Pluronic to remove free molecules that were non-coupled to the AAV capsid.
  • the compounds were added in small portion to the AAV2-GFP in TBS buffer. Five minutes after the addition, the solutions containing the vectors were then dialyzed against dPBS +0.001% Pluronic to remove free molecules that were non-coupled to the AAV capsid.
  • AAV2 3 ⁇ L of AAV2, AAV8 or chemically modified AAV2 or AAV8 were treated with 20 units of DNase I (Roche #04716728001) at 37° C. for 45 min to remove residual DNA in vector samples.
  • Quantitative real time PCR was performed with a StepOnePlusTM Real-Time PCR System Upgrade (Life technologies). All PCRs were performed in a 20 ⁇ L final volume PCR including primers, probe, PCR Master Mix (TaKaRa) and 5 ⁇ L of template DNA (plasmid standard, or sample DNA). qPCR was carried out with an initial denaturation step at 95° C. for 20 seconds, followed by 45 cycles of denaturation at 95° C. for 1 second and annealing/extention at 56° C. for 20 seconds.
  • Plasmid Standard were generated with seven serial dilutions (containing 10 8 to 10 2 copies of plasmid) of a plasmid pTR-UF-11 (ATCC ® MBA-331TM) linearized by Sca-I Restriction Enzyme.
  • the membrane was probed with antisera to AAV2 and chemically modified AAV2 (polyclonal or B1 monoclonal),with FITC-Soybean Agglutinin or FITC-Concanavalin A overnight at 4° C. Three washings were carried out between each stage to remove unbound reagents with PBS-Tween (0.1%) for 15 min at RT. Bands were visualized by chemiluminescence using alkaline phosphatase (AP) or horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated secondary antibodies and captured on X-ray film.
  • AP alkaline phosphatase
  • HRP horseradish peroxidase
  • Non-denatured AAV2 or AAV8 and chemically modified AAV2 or AAV8 were deposited on a nitrocellulose paper soaked briefly in PBS prior to assembling the dot blot manifold (Bio-Rad). Nitrocellulose membrane was treated as for western blotting. To visualize the assembled capsid, the membrane was probed with antisera to AAV2 capsid (A20 antibody) or antisera to AAV8 (ADK8 antibody).
  • HEK293 and HUH7 cells were seeded in a 24-well plate at a density of approximately 2.5 ⁇ 105 cells/well in 2mL of DMEM growth medium. Cells were then incubated overnight at 37° C. to reach 50% confluence at 37° C. and 5% CO2. Cells were transduced at MOI of 1 E 4 and 1 E 5 with AAV2 or chemically modified AAV2 vectors in culture medium. All AAV vectors encoded for GFP. The percentage of GFP positive cells was measured by FACS analysis 48 h after the transduction.
  • AAV2 was co-incubated with compound 7 (invention), revealing the efficient click tyrosine reaction on the AAV2 ( FIG. 7 -B). Indeed, no detection was observed with compound 8 (comparative) lacking the diazonium group, proving that compound 7 was covalently linked, and not physically adsorbed, to AAV2.
  • capsid subunits from AAV2-Luc and AAV2-GFP incubated with 3 and 4 (comparative) at the same ratio did not yield positive bands after incubation with the specific lectin indicating that no coupling occurred without the diazonium function ( FIG. 3 -B,C, FIG. 4 -B).
  • the infectivity was evaluated by FACS analysis on HEK293 and HuH7 cells. Both the % of cells expressing GFP as well as the intensity of GFP was measured. As showed in FIG. 10 , and FIG. 11 the GalNAC-AAV2-GFP particles are infectious on the two cells lines. The chemical modification of these particles have an important impact on the transduction efficiencies and de-targeting properties. When using a hepatic cell line HuH7, the viral particles chemically modified with compound 2 showed a higher level of transduction than that obtained when using the non-hepatic cell line HEK293.

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