US20220131617A1 - Systems and methods for creating in a transmitter a stream of symbol frames configured for efficient processing in a receiver - Google Patents
Systems and methods for creating in a transmitter a stream of symbol frames configured for efficient processing in a receiver Download PDFInfo
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- US20220131617A1 US20220131617A1 US17/489,720 US202117489720A US2022131617A1 US 20220131617 A1 US20220131617 A1 US 20220131617A1 US 202117489720 A US202117489720 A US 202117489720A US 2022131617 A1 US2022131617 A1 US 2022131617A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/50—Transmitters
- H04B10/516—Details of coding or modulation
- H04B10/548—Phase or frequency modulation
- H04B10/556—Digital modulation, e.g. differential phase shift keying [DPSK] or frequency shift keying [FSK]
- H04B10/5561—Digital phase modulation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/27—Arrangements for networking
- H04B10/272—Star-type networks or tree-type networks
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/50—Transmitters
- H04B10/516—Details of coding or modulation
- H04B10/54—Intensity modulation
- H04B10/541—Digital intensity or amplitude modulation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/60—Receivers
- H04B10/61—Coherent receivers
- H04B10/612—Coherent receivers for optical signals modulated with a format different from binary or higher-order PSK [X-PSK], e.g. QAM, DPSK, FSK, MSK, ASK
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0227—Operation, administration, maintenance or provisioning [OAMP] of WDM networks, e.g. media access, routing or wavelength allocation
- H04J14/0254—Optical medium access
- H04J14/0256—Optical medium access at the optical channel layer
- H04J14/0258—Wavelength identification or labelling
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/32—Carrier systems characterised by combinations of two or more of the types covered by groups H04L27/02, H04L27/10, H04L27/18 or H04L27/26
- H04L27/34—Amplitude- and phase-modulated carrier systems, e.g. quadrature-amplitude modulated carrier systems
- H04L27/38—Demodulator circuits; Receiver circuits
- H04L27/3809—Amplitude regulation arrangements
Definitions
- Embodiments of the present invention organize symbols representing multiple bits into parallel symbol blocks, which form frames for transmission to a receiver. Attributes of the frames can provide processing advantages.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a telecommunications transmitter according to some embodiments of the invention.
- FIG. 2 illustrates an example of streams of frames each comprising symbol blocks according to some embodiments of the invention.
- FIG. 3 shows an example of a framer according to some embodiments of the invention.
- FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a method by which a framer can operate according to some embodiments of the invention.
- FIGS. 5A-5D show examples relating to the method of FIG. 4 according to some embodiments of the invention.
- directions e.g., above, below, top, bottom, side, up, down, under, over, upper, lower, horizontal, vertical, “x,” “y,” “z,” etc.
- directions are relative and provided solely by way of example and for ease of illustration and discussion and not by way of limitation.
- elements e.g., elements a, b, c
- such reference is intended to include any one of the listed elements by itself, any combination of less than all of the listed elements, and/or a combination of all of the listed elements.
- substantially means sufficient to work for the intended purpose. If used with respect to a numerical value or range, substantially means within ten percent. The term “ones” means more than one.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a communications transmitter 100 for mapping user bits into quadrature modulated symbols, organizing the symbols into frames comprising symbol blocks, and transmitting the frames to a remote communications receiver (not shown).
- the transmitter 100 can comprise a digital signal processing (DSP) circuitry to perform various DSP operations, digital-to-analog converters (DACs), and supporting analog circuitry (e.g., amplifiers, multiplexers, couplers, etc.)
- DSP digital signal processing
- DACs digital-to-analog converters
- supporting analog circuitry e.g., amplifiers, multiplexers, couplers, etc.
- a communication or client information (e.g., a message, a file, a multi-media object, a web page, or the like) 170 to be sent to a remote receiver (not shown) is processed (represented generically by preprocessing 102 ) to produce digital data in the form of bits 110 for transmission to the remote receiver (not shown).
- the bits 110 are sometimes referred to herein as user bits or client bits.
- the pre-processing 102 can include functions such as encoding (e.g., source encoding and channel encoding), encryption, and/or the like.
- the preprocessing 102 can receive bits at its input eliminating rather than or in addition to the client information 170 .
- a framer 120 can map the bits 110 into symbols and organize the symbols into frames each comprising multiple blocks of symbols.
- the framer 120 can thus be understood a module of the transmitter 100 that performs bit parsing, bit-to-symbol mapping, and/or symbol reformatting using the bits output by the preprocessing 102 to generate so-called “waveform frames,” which can be actual frames of symbols to be transmitted over a communications medium (not shown) to a receiver (not shown).
- the framer 120 can thus be a waveform framer.
- the framer 120 can produce from the bits 110 multiple streams of frames 112 and 113 (sometimes referred to herein as “frame streams”).
- the framer 120 produces a first frame stream 112 and a second frame stream 113 .
- Each of the frame streams 112 and 113 can undergo further digital and analog processing 130 , which can result in the first frame stream 112 being modulated onto a first carrier signal 122 and the second frame stream 113 being modulated onto a second carrier signal 124 .
- a combiner 140 can combine the carrier signals 122 and 124 into a composite signal 132 , which can be launched by a transmission module 150 into a channel or communications medium (not shown) for transmission to a receiver (not shown).
- the composite signal 132 can be a communications signal.
- composite signal 132 can be a baseband communications signal or any type of bandpass communications signal including a modulated optical signal or any other type of modulated electromagnetic signal whether transmitted wirelessly or over a physical medium such as a fiber, a cable, etc.
- the composite signal 132 can be a dual-polarization optical signal in which the carrier signals 122 and 124 can be mutually orthogonal optical signals.
- the first carrier signal 122 can be a horizontally polarized optical signal
- the second carrier signal 124 can be a vertically polarized optical signal.
- the transmission module 150 can be a module comprising various transmitter front-end elements, e.g., an amplifier, a multiplexer, a fiber pigtail, a coupler, an antenna, or the like), which can couple or launch the composite signal 132 into the channel or the communications medium for transmission.
- various transmitter front-end elements e.g., an amplifier, a multiplexer, a fiber pigtail, a coupler, an antenna, or the like
- the framer 120 can map the bits 110 into quadrature symbols.
- a quadrature symbol comprises an in-phase (I) component and a quadrature (Q) component.
- the I and Q component pairs for each symbol can be carried on separate signals (not shown).
- the first stream 112 can comprise two signals (not shown): one signal (not shown) carrying the I components of the symbols, and another signal (not shown) carrying the corresponding Q components.
- the second stream 113 can also comprise I and Q signals (not shown).
- each symbol can comprise an I/Q component pair and any signal or stream of symbols can comprise two signals or streams one carrying the I components and the other carrying the corresponding Q components of the symbols.
- any stream of symbols whether a stream of individual symbols, a stream of symbol blocks, or a stream of frames, though depicted or discussed herein in terms of a single symbol entity can comprise two streams or signals in which one stream or signal comprises the I components and another stream or signal comprises the Q components.
- each symbol can comprise any number of predetermined components (or dimensions).
- symbols associated with multi-dimensional modulation formats whose number of dimensions is greater than two, will have as many components as the number of dimensions of the underlying modulation format.
- a two-dimensional modulation format can be defined in a two-dimensional space spanned by quadrature signals (e.g., I and Q)
- a three-dimensional modulation format can be defined over a three-dimensional space spanned an additional dimension to I and Q, e.g., time, space, etc.
- symbols are described herein as multi-component (or multi-dimensional) symbols having two components (or dimensions), i.e., I and Q.
- quadrature modulation formats including phase shift keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) formats.
- quadrature modulation formats include QPSK, 8-PSK, 8-QAM, 16-PSK, 16-QAM, 32-QAM, 64-QAM, 128-QAM, 256-QAM, and the like.
- the foregoing or other known or later developed quadrature modulation formats can be utilized in embodiments of the invention.
- the “order” of a quadrature modulation format corresponds to the number of different symbols in the format's symbol constellation. The smaller the number of symbols in the constellation the lower the order, and the greater the number of symbols in the constellation the greater the order. Also, the greater the order, the greater the number of bits 110 each symbol represents.
- the transmitter 100 and hence, its DSP circuit (not shown), and hence, the framer 120 comprised by the DSP can support several predetermined operating modes identified by an operating mode identifier signal 114 .
- the term the “supported operating modes” describe several predetermined operating modes that a DSP of a transmitter comprising the framer 120 , and hence, the framer 120 system itself, can be configured to operate at.
- the “selected operating mode” is used herein to describe the selected one of the supported operating modes.
- Each one of the supported operating modes is associated with a first plurality of modulation formats and a second plurality of modulation formats to be used in generating different types of symbols from bits 110 , as described in greater detail herein.
- supported modulation format(s) is understood herein to refer to the superset of the modulation format(s) associated with the supported operating modes.
- selected modulation format(s) is understood herein to correspond to the modulation format(s) associated with the selected operating mode as identified by the signal 114 .
- the framer 120 can be configured to map some of the bits 110 into any of several supported modulation formats associated with the selected operating mode as identified by the signal 114 .
- the framer 120 is capable of mapping some bits 110 into the selected first and second plurality of modulation formats associated with the operating mode as identified by the signal 114 .
- each operating mode is described herein as being associated with a first modulation format and a second modulation format.
- the second modulation format is described herein as being the same for all supported operating modes.
- the selected first modulation format and the second modulation format can each be any of the QAM formats listed above.
- the second modulation format can be a lower order than each of the supported first modulation formats.
- the second modulation format can be, for example, QPSK, while each of the supported first modulation formats can be any of QAM formats with order greater than QPSK.
- FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a frame stream 200 that can be generated by the framer 120 .
- the first frame stream 112 and/or the second frame stream 113 in FIG. 1 can be like frame stream 200 .
- the frame stream 200 can comprise frames 202 each of which can comprise a fixed number Y of symbol blocks 210 .
- Each symbol block 210 can comprise a fixed number N of symbols (which can facilitate parallel processing in the transmitter 100 and/or the receiver (not shown)).
- the numbers Y and N can be constant for every supported operating mode.
- a quadrature modulated symbol comprises an I/Q component pair.
- the stream 200 can thus comprise two similar streams of frames (not shown): one carrying the I components of each symbol, and the other carrying the corresponding Q components of each symbol.
- the stream 200 is illustrated as a single stream carrying symbols, but it is to be understood that each symbol comprises an I and a Q component.
- each symbol block 210 can comprise data symbols 232 , support symbols 230 , marker symbols SOF 220 and MRK 224 , and padding 234 .
- the data symbols 232 can correspond to bits 110 mapped in accordance with the selected first modulation format
- the support symbols 230 can correspond to others of the bits 110 mapped in accordance with the second modulation format.
- the support symbols 230 can be in approximately the same location in every block 210 in a frame 202 .
- the exact start index of the support symbols 230 e.g., with respect to the beginning of each block 210 that contains the support symbols 230 , and the number of support symbols 230 can be predetermined and can vary depending on the selected operating mode.
- the exact start index of the data symbols 232 e.g., with respect to the beginning of each block 210 that contains the data symbols 232
- the number of data symbols 232 can be predetermined and can vary depending on the selected operating mode.
- one or more of the blocks 210 in a frame 202 can include special markers comprising distinct patterns of symbols. It is noted that what is sometimes referred to as a unique word in the industry is an example of such a special marker.
- the symbols of the special markers can correspond to the second modulation format or a modulation format that is different than both the first modulation format and the second modulation format.
- the symbols of a special marker typically do not correspond to any of bits 110 .
- the first block 210 and the X th block 210 in a frame 202 include such special markers.
- the first block 210 can include the start-of-frame SOF 220 symbol pattern that marks the start of each frame 202 .
- the X th block 210 of a frame 202 can include the intermediate marker MRK 224 symbol pattern, which can serve any number of purposes including marking a particular location (e.g., an approximately middle) of the frame 202 .
- the SOFs 220 in all of the frames 202 in the stream 200 can be the same, and the MRKs 224 can likewise be the same in all the frames 202 in the stream 200 .
- the SOFs 220 and MRKs 224 can, however, be different from each other. If the framer 120 produces more than one frame stream such as the first frame stream 112 and second frame stream 113 shown in FIG. 1 , the SOFs 220 and MRKs 224 in one stream (e.g., 112 ) can be different than the SOFs and MRKs in another stream (e.g., 113 ). Moreover, as noted, the first frame stream 112 can be decomposed into a first frame stream I (not shown) and a first frame stream Q (not shown), which carry I and Q components of respective symbols of the first frame stream 112 , respectively.
- the second frame stream 113 can be decomposed into a second frame stream I (not shown) and a second frame stream Q (not shown).
- the SOFs 220 and MRKs 224 in each component stream e.g., I stream of 112 , Q stream of 112 , I stream of 113 and Q stream of 113
- Each operating mode can be associated with a distinct set of symbol patterns of SOFs 220 and MRKs 224 .
- the start index of the SOFs 220 and MRKs 224 can be the same regardless of the selected operating mode.
- the SOFs 220 and MRKs 224 can have a start index of one as they are located at the beginning of each block that they are contained in.
- the location of SOFs 220 and MRKs 224 in each frame 202 can be the same regardless of the selected operating mode.
- the numbers of symbols contained in the SOFs 220 and the MRKs 224 associated with a given operating mode depend on that operating mode. That is, the SOFs 220 and the MRKs 224 can have a different number of symbols in one supported operating mode compared to another.
- the last (Y th ) block 210 can comprise padding 234 (e.g., padded symbols) as needed to complete the Y th block 210 .
- the number of bits 110 that can be carried by each frame 202 is a predetermined fixed value.
- the predetermined number of bits 110 to be carried in each frame 202 for a given operating mode can be determined based on the number of forward error correction (FEC) codewords that can be fit in a frame 202 .
- FEC forward error correction
- the bits 110 are mapped to the data symbols 232 based on the selected first modulation format and others of the bits 110 are mapped to the support symbols 230 based on the second modulation format.
- the last block (Y th ) 210 of each frame 202 may have some positions left unfilled. Both the number of bits that will be left unmapped and the number of padding bits needed to fill the unfilled positions in the last block 210 of each frame 202 can also be predetermined for each supported operating mode.
- the unmapped bits can be first padded with a predetermined number of padding bits, e.g., randomly generated bits or bits extracted from a known sequence, and the resulting set of bits can then be mapped to data symbols based on the selected first modulation format, and stored in the padding 234 of the last block (Y th ) 210 .
- a predetermined number of padding bits e.g., randomly generated bits or bits extracted from a known sequence
- the SOF 220 can comprise a distinct pattern of symbols that can be readily detected, e.g., via correlations, at the receiver (not shown). Hence, the SOF 220 are designed to have desirable auto- and cross-correlation properties to facilitate determining boundaries of frames at a receiver (not shown).
- the receiver might perform differential decoding on the received samples (including SOF 220 ) before initiating its search for frame boundaries to increase resiliency of the frame boundary search process to various impairments and/or distortions. For example, during signal acquisition, the frequency offset present in the signal might hinder access to absolute phase information. Since differential encoding associates transmitted bits with phase transitions rather than absolute phases, such bits can be recovered via differential decoding at the receiver without the need for absolute phases to have been determined.
- the SOF 220 can be designed to have desirable auto- and cross-correlation properties when used with and without differential decoding.
- a receiver can thus allow a receiver (not shown) to identify the start of frames in the received samples even when the transmission signal is subjected to various impairments and/or distortions.
- FIG. 3 illustrates an example configuration (labeled 300 in FIG. 3 ) of the framer 120 .
- FIG. 3 is discussed as generating frames that correspond to the frames 202 illustrated in FIG. 2 .
- the framer 300 is not so limited.
- the framer 300 can generate from the bits 110 each block 210 of the frames 202 shown in FIG. 2 .
- each of the first block through the Y, block 210 of a frame 202 can be generated in a framer output 380 .
- the symbols of a SOF 220 or MRK 224 (if present) and the first group of data symbols 232 a of each block 210 can be provided by a symbol generator 304 to a first region 382 of the framer output 380
- the support symbols 230 of each block 210 can be provided by the symbol generator 304 to a second region 384 of the framer output 380
- the second group of data symbols 232 b of each block 210 and padding 234 (if present) can be provided by the symbol generator 304 to a third region 386 of the framer output 380 .
- each block 210 As each block 210 is generated, it can be output from the framer output 380 , producing the frame stream 200 illustrated in FIG. 2 .
- the framer 300 can comprise a controller 310 , a framer input 330 , a marker module 340 , a data symbol mapper 350 , a support symbol mapper 360 , a padding module 370 , and a framer output 380 .
- the controller 310 can control operation of the framer 300 .
- the controller 310 can comprise a tracker 312 , which can keep track of an index of the current block 210 in a frame 202 that is being created.
- the controller 210 can receive the operating mode identifier signal 114 and determine based on the signal 114 the associated predetermined sizes and locations of each type of symbols in each block 210 of each frame 202 to be generated in a selected operating mode.
- the controller 310 can issue control signals 316 to other elements of the framer 300 to create a current block 210 in the framer output 380 in accordance with the selected first modulation format as indicated by the signal 114 and the current block index as tracked by the tracker 312 .
- the framer input 330 can receive bits 110 and provide sets of the bits 110 to an input 352 of the data symbol mapper 350 , an input 362 of the support symbol mapper 360 , and/or an input 388 of the padding module 370 in accordance with the control signals 316 .
- the framer input 330 can comprise a buffer for buffering the bits 110 .
- the data symbol mapper 350 can map bits 110 provided to its input 352 into data symbols in accordance with the selected first modulation format as indicated by the signal 114 .
- An output 354 of the data symbol mapper 350 can selectively provide the data symbols to the first region 382 and/or the third region 386 of the framer output 380 .
- the control signals 316 can control which and how many of the bits 110 from the framer input 330 are provided to the data symbol mapper 350 .
- the control signals 316 can further control the locations within the first region 382 and/or the third region 386 of the framer output 380 to which the data symbols are provided.
- the support symbol mapper 360 can map bits 110 provided to its input 362 into support symbols in accordance with the second modulation format.
- An output 364 of the support symbol mapper 360 can selectively provide the support symbols to the second region 384 of the framer output 380 .
- the control signals 316 can control which and how many of the bits 110 from the framer input 330 are provided to the support symbol mapper 360 .
- the marker module 340 can selectively provide the symbols of an SOF 220 and/or MRK 224 over its output 344 to the first region 382 in the framer output 380 .
- the marker module 340 can be capable of providing a selected one of multiple different SOFs 220 and/or MRKs 224 based on the control signals 316 which are determined based on the selected operating mode as identified by the signal 114 .
- each selectable SOF 220 can comprise a different pattern of symbols.
- each selectable MRK 224 can comprise a different pattern of symbols.
- the control signals 316 can select a particular one of the available SOFs 220 and/or MRKs 224 to provide to the first region 382 .
- the control signals 316 can also control the location within the framer output 380 , and thus the location within the symbol block 210 being created, to which the selected SOF 220 or MRK 224 is provided.
- the padding module 370 can selectively provide padding 234 of padded symbols, as described previously, over its output 374 to the third region 386 in the framer output 380 .
- the control signals 316 can control the location within the framer output 380 , and thus the location within the symbol block 210 being created, to which the padding 234 is provided.
- the framer output 380 can receive outputs 344 , 354 , 364 , and 374 from the marker module 340 , data symbol mapper 350 , support symbol mapper 360 , and padding module 370 , respectively, as discussed above. As noted, this output can comprise a newly constructed block 210 . The framer output 380 can then output the newly constructed block 210 . The controller 310 can control the frame output 380 with control signals 316 . In some embodiments, the framer output 380 can comprise a buffer.
- FIG. 4 shows an example of a method 400 for constructing a stream of frames from user bits according to some embodiments of the invention.
- method 400 is discussed below with respect to the framer 300 as shown in FIG. 3 operating to produce the exemplary frame stream 200 shown in FIG. 2 , but the method 400 is not so limited.
- the method 400 of FIG. 4 is shown and described as executing serially, but the present invention is not limited by the illustrated order, as some aspects could occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other aspects from that shown and described herein.
- 412 - 416 can be performed substantially simultaneously.
- Acts 432 - 438 can similarly be performed substantially simultaneously as can 452 - 458 and/or 472 - 478 .
- the controller 310 can comprise a tracker 312 that keeps track of the block 210 currently being constructed.
- the tracker 312 maintains an index that identifies the position of the current block 210 in its frame 202 .
- An index is but an example, and the current block 210 can be tracked in other ways.
- the process branches to create the type of the current block to be created.
- the block index e.g., as kept by the tracker 312 of the controller 310
- the method 400 branches from 404 to 430 .
- the controller 310 controls the framer 300 to create the first block 210 in a frame 202 .
- Acts 432 - 438 illustrate an example.
- the marker module 340 can provide a selected SOF 220 symbol pattern to a selected location in the first region 382 of the framer output 380 .
- the size (e.g., in symbols) of an SOF 220 can vary with the signal 114 .
- the controller 310 can thus provide controls signals 316 that cause the marker module 340 to provide the desired SOF 220 to the desired location in the first region 382 of the framer output 380 .
- An example of an SOF 220 symbol pattern 502 being provided from the marker module 340 to the first region 382 is shown in FIG. 5A .
- a sufficient number of bits 110 for mapping to data symbols to fill the remaining symbol positions in the first region 382 are provided from the frame input 330 to the data symbol mapper 350 .
- the data symbol mapper 350 maps the bits 110 to data symbols and provides the data symbols to the remaining positions in the first region 382 .
- the number of bits 110 to provide to the data symbol mapper 350 at 434 can depend on the signal 114 .
- the number of bits per data symbol, the number of symbols to provide to the first region 382 , and the number of symbol in the SOF 220 provided at 432 can depend on the signal 114 .
- the controller 310 can determine from the signal 114 the number of bits 110 to provide to the data symbol mapper 350 and the locations in the first region 328 for the resulting data symbols.
- the controller 310 can provide control signals 316 in accordance with the foregoing determinations.
- An example of data symbols 504 being provided from the data symbol mapper 350 to the first region 382 is shown in FIG. 5A .
- a sufficient number of bits 110 for mapping to support symbols for the second region 384 of the framer output 380 are provided from the frame input 330 to the support symbol mapper 360 , which provides the resulting support symbols to the second region 384 .
- the number of support symbols to be provided to the second region 384 can depend on the signal 114 .
- the controller 310 can determine from the signal 114 the number of bits 110 to provide to the support symbol mapper 360 and the locations in the second region 384 for the resulting support symbols.
- the second modulation format of the support symbols can be fixed and thus not depend on the signal 114 .
- the controller 310 can provide control signals 316 in accordance with the foregoing determinations.
- An example of support symbols 506 being provided from the support symbol mapper 360 to the second region 384 is shown in FIG. 5A .
- a sufficient number of bits 110 for mapping to data symbols for the third region 386 are provided from the frame input 330 to the data symbol mapper 350 , which provides the resulting data symbols to the third region 386 .
- the size (e.g., in number of symbols) of the third region 386 can depend on the signal 114 .
- the controller 310 can determine from the state of the signal 114 the number of bits 110 to provide to the data symbol mapper 360 and the locations in the third region 328 for the resulting data symbols.
- the controller 310 can provide control signals 316 in accordance with the foregoing determinations.
- An example of data symbols 508 being provided from the data symbol mapper 350 to the third region 386 is shown in FIG. 5A .
- the block index can be incremented.
- the first symbol block 210 created in the frame output 380 can be output onto stream 200 .
- the method 400 can then return to 404 .
- this time the block index indicates the second block 210 , and the method 400 branches to 410 .
- the controller 310 controls the framer 300 to create a regular block (the second block 210 ).
- Acts 412 - 416 illustrate an example of creating a regular block like the second block 210 .
- a sufficient number of bits 110 for mapping to data symbols for the first region 382 are provided from the frame input 330 to the data symbol mapper 350 , which provides the resulting data symbols to the first region 382 .
- Act 412 can be similar to 438 .
- the number of bits per data symbol as well as the number of symbols to be provided to the first region 382 can depend on the signal 114 .
- the controller 310 can determine from the forgoing the number of bits 110 to provide to the data symbol mapper 350 .
- the controller 310 can provide control signals 316 in accordance with the foregoing.
- An example of data symbols 514 being provided from the data symbol matter 350 to the first region 382 is shown in FIG. 5B .
- a sufficient number of bits 110 for mapping to support symbols for the second region 384 are provided from the frame input 330 to the support symbol mapper 350 , which provides the resulting support symbols to the second region 384 .
- Act 414 can be performed in a generally similar manner as 436 .
- An example of support symbols 516 being provided from the support symbol mapper 360 to the second region 384 is shown in FIG. 5B .
- a sufficient number of bits 110 for mapping to data symbols for the third region 386 are provided from the frame input 330 to the data symbol mapper 360 , which provides the resulting data symbols to the third region 386 .
- Act 416 can be performed in a generally similar manner as 438 .
- An example of data symbols 518 being provided from the data symbol mapper 350 to the third region 386 is shown in FIG. 5B .
- the block index can be incremented.
- the second symbol block 210 created in the frame output 380 can be output onto stream 200 .
- Acts 404 , 412 - 16 , 484 , and 488 can be repeated to create and output into stream 200 each block 210 from the third block to the (X ⁇ 1) th block 210 .
- the block index is incremented at 484 to the (X) th block 210 , and at 404 , the method 400 branches to 450 .
- the controller 310 controls the framer 300 to create the X th block 210 .
- Acts 452 - 458 illustrate an example of creating an X th block 210 . As shown, the X th block 210 can be similar to the first block 210 .
- Actions 452 - 458 can be performed in a similar manner to 432 - 438 except that a MRK 224 rather than a SOF 220 is provided by the marker module 340 .
- Examples of an MRK 224 symbol pattern 522 and data symbols 524 being provided from the marker module 340 and the data symbol mapper 350 to the first region 382 , support symbols 526 being provided from the support symbol mapper 360 to the second region 384 , and data symbols 528 being provided from the data symbol mapper 350 to the third region 386 are shown in FIG. 5C .
- the block index can be incremented, and at 488 , the X th symbol block 210 created in the frame output 380 can be output onto stream 200 . Acts 404 , 412 - 16 , 484 , and 488 can then be repeated to create and output into stream 200 each block 210 from the (X+1) th block to the (Y ⁇ 1) th block 210 . After creating the (Y ⁇ 1) th block 210 , the block index is incremented at 484 to the (Y) th block 210 , and at 404 , the method 400 branches to 470 , where the controller 310 controls the framer 300 to create the Y th block 210 . Acts 472 - 478 illustrate an example of creating a block like the Y th block 210 .
- a sufficient number of bits 110 for mapping to data symbols for the first region 382 are provided from the frame input 330 to the data symbol mapper 360 , which provides the resulting data symbols to the first region 382 .
- Act 472 can be performed in a generally similar manner as 412 .
- An example of data symbols 534 being provided from the data symbol mapper 350 to the first region 382 is shown in FIG. 5D .
- a sufficient number of bits 110 for mapping to support symbols for the second region 384 are provided from the frame input 330 to the support symbol mapper 360 , which provides the resulting support symbols to the second region 384 .
- Act 474 can be performed in a generally similar manner as 436 .
- An example of support symbols 536 being provided from the support symbol mapper 360 to the second region 384 is shown in FIG. 5D .
- a sufficient number of bits 110 for mapping to data symbols for the third region 386 are provided from the frame input 330 to the data symbol mapper 350 .
- the symbol mapper 350 maps the bits 110 to data symbols and provides the data symbols to the corresponding positions in the third region 386 .
- the number of bits per data symbol as well as the number of symbols to be provided to the third region 386 of the Y th block and the number of symbol positions to be occupied by data symbols depend on the signal 114 .
- the controller 310 can determine from the forgoing the number of bits 110 to provide to the data symbol mapper 350 and the locations in the third region 386 for the resulting data symbols.
- the controller 310 can provide control signals 316 in accordance with the foregoing determinations.
- An example of data symbols 538 being provided from the data symbol mapper 350 to the third region 386 is shown in FIG. 5D .
- the padding module 370 can provide padding to the third region 386 as discussed above.
- the controller 310 can determine from the signal 114 the size of the padding 234 .
- the controller 310 can provide control signals 316 in accordance with the foregoing.
- An example of padding 540 being provided from the padding module 370 to the third region 386 is shown in FIG. 5D .
- the block index can be reset.
- the Y th symbol block 210 created in the frame output 380 can be output onto stream 200 .
- the method 400 has now created one of the exemplary frames 202 shown in FIG. 2 .
- the method 400 can then return to 404 to continue generating frames 202 .
- the frames 202 comprising blocks 210 output at 488 can be output for transmission by the transmission module 150 of FIG. 1 to a remote transmitter (not shown).
- a block 210 can be created substantially simultaneously in the framer output 380 .
- 412 - 416 can be performed substantially simultaneously to create a regular block in the framer output 380 .
- 432 - 438 can be performed substantially simultaneously to create a first block 210 in the framer output 380
- 452 - 458 can be performed substantially simultaneously to create an X th 210 block 210 in the framer output 380 .
- 472 - 478 can be performed substantially simultaneously to create an Y th block 210 in the framer output 380 .
- some or all of the foregoing acts can be performed serially.
- frame stream 200 can be an example of frame stream 112 and/or frame stream 113 of FIG. 1 .
- multiple instantiations of the framer 300 can create multiple frame streams (e.g., 112 and 113 ) from multiple groups of bits 110 .
- a frame stream 200 can be created from first bits (e.g., 110 ), resulting in frame stream 112
- a second frame stream 200 can be created from second bits (not shown but can be like bits 110 ), resulting in frame stream 113 .
- the framer 300 of FIG. 3 can be modified to create multiple frame streams like 200 .
- a divider (not shown) can divide the symbols output by the data symbol mapper 350 and support symbol mapper 360 between, for example, two framer outputs (not shown but each can be like 380 ).
- the blocks 210 and frames 202 illustrated in FIG. 2 are merely examples. In other embodiments, other examples of blocks and frames can be created.
- 410 in FIG. 4 can be an example of generating a block comprising both data symbols and support symbols
- 430 and 450 can be examples of generating a block comprising a marker pattern of symbols and both data symbols and support symbols
- 470 can be an example of generating a block comprising both data and support symbols and padding.
- FIG. 1 or 3 can be implemented in software, hardware (e.g., digital logic and/or analog circuits), and/or a combination of the foregoing. Any such software, for example, can reside in a digital memory (not shown) from which it is executed by the controller 310 . Alternatively, one or more of the elements of FIG. 1 or 3 can comprise a processor (not shown) for executing software from a memory (not shown).
- the controller 310 whether configured in software, hardware, or a combination of hardware and software, can be a separate module as illustrated in FIG. 3 . Alternatively, the controller 310 can be distributed among any one or more of the other modules illustrated in FIG. 3 .
- the method 400 illustrated by FIG. 4 can be implemented in any such configuration of software and/or the hardware as discussed above.
Abstract
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/983,226, filed 3 Aug. 2020, which claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/132,325, filed 14 Sep. 2018, which are incorporated herein in their entirety.
- The demand for high-throughput data transmission is ever increasing. For example, the need has been growing in the industry to transmit increasingly larger quantities of data at increasingly faster speeds. This has given rise to the need to improve the efficiency of process both in the transmitter and the receiver. Embodiments of the present invention organize symbols representing multiple bits into parallel symbol blocks, which form frames for transmission to a receiver. Attributes of the frames can provide processing advantages.
-
FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a telecommunications transmitter according to some embodiments of the invention. -
FIG. 2 illustrates an example of streams of frames each comprising symbol blocks according to some embodiments of the invention. -
FIG. 3 shows an example of a framer according to some embodiments of the invention. -
FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a method by which a framer can operate according to some embodiments of the invention. -
FIGS. 5A-5D show examples relating to the method ofFIG. 4 according to some embodiments of the invention. - This specification describes exemplary embodiments and applications of various embodiments of the invention. The invention, however, is not limited to the exemplary embodiments and applications or to the manner in which the exemplary embodiments and applications operate or are described herein. Moreover, the figures may show simplified or partial views, and the dimensions of elements in the figures may be exaggerated or otherwise not in proportion for clarity. In addition, as the terms “on,” “attached to,” or “coupled to” are used herein, one object (e.g., a material, a layer, a substrate, etc.) can be “on,” “attached to,” or “coupled to” another object regardless of whether the one object is directly on, attached, or coupled to the other object or there are one or more intervening objects between the one object and the other object. Also, directions (e.g., above, below, top, bottom, side, up, down, under, over, upper, lower, horizontal, vertical, “x,” “y,” “z,” etc.), if provided, are relative and provided solely by way of example and for ease of illustration and discussion and not by way of limitation. In addition, where reference is made to a list of elements (e.g., elements a, b, c), such reference is intended to include any one of the listed elements by itself, any combination of less than all of the listed elements, and/or a combination of all of the listed elements.
- As used herein, “substantially” means sufficient to work for the intended purpose. If used with respect to a numerical value or range, substantially means within ten percent. The term “ones” means more than one.
-
FIG. 1 illustrates an example of acommunications transmitter 100 for mapping user bits into quadrature modulated symbols, organizing the symbols into frames comprising symbol blocks, and transmitting the frames to a remote communications receiver (not shown). Although not shown, thetransmitter 100 can comprise a digital signal processing (DSP) circuitry to perform various DSP operations, digital-to-analog converters (DACs), and supporting analog circuitry (e.g., amplifiers, multiplexers, couplers, etc.) The frames cleverly organize the symbols to facilitate speedy and efficient processing both at thetransmitter 100 and the receiver (not shown). - As shown, a communication or client information (e.g., a message, a file, a multi-media object, a web page, or the like) 170 to be sent to a remote receiver (not shown) is processed (represented generically by preprocessing 102) to produce digital data in the form of
bits 110 for transmission to the remote receiver (not shown). Thebits 110 are sometimes referred to herein as user bits or client bits. The pre-processing 102 can include functions such as encoding (e.g., source encoding and channel encoding), encryption, and/or the like. In some embodiments, the preprocessing 102 can receive bits at its input eliminating rather than or in addition to theclient information 170. - A
framer 120 can map thebits 110 into symbols and organize the symbols into frames each comprising multiple blocks of symbols. Theframer 120 can thus be understood a module of thetransmitter 100 that performs bit parsing, bit-to-symbol mapping, and/or symbol reformatting using the bits output by the preprocessing 102 to generate so-called “waveform frames,” which can be actual frames of symbols to be transmitted over a communications medium (not shown) to a receiver (not shown). Theframer 120 can thus be a waveform framer. - As shown, the
framer 120 can produce from thebits 110 multiple streams offrames 112 and 113 (sometimes referred to herein as “frame streams”). In the example illustrated inFIG. 1 , theframer 120 produces afirst frame stream 112 and asecond frame stream 113. Each of theframe streams analog processing 130, which can result in thefirst frame stream 112 being modulated onto afirst carrier signal 122 and thesecond frame stream 113 being modulated onto asecond carrier signal 124. Acombiner 140 can combine thecarrier signals composite signal 132, which can be launched by atransmission module 150 into a channel or communications medium (not shown) for transmission to a receiver (not shown). - The
composite signal 132 can be a communications signal. For example,composite signal 132 can be a baseband communications signal or any type of bandpass communications signal including a modulated optical signal or any other type of modulated electromagnetic signal whether transmitted wirelessly or over a physical medium such as a fiber, a cable, etc. For example, thecomposite signal 132 can be a dual-polarization optical signal in which the carrier signals 122 and 124 can be mutually orthogonal optical signals. For example, thefirst carrier signal 122 can be a horizontally polarized optical signal, and thesecond carrier signal 124 can be a vertically polarized optical signal. Thetransmission module 150 can be a module comprising various transmitter front-end elements, e.g., an amplifier, a multiplexer, a fiber pigtail, a coupler, an antenna, or the like), which can couple or launch thecomposite signal 132 into the channel or the communications medium for transmission. - The
framer 120 can map thebits 110 into quadrature symbols. As is known, a quadrature symbol comprises an in-phase (I) component and a quadrature (Q) component. As is also known, the I and Q component pairs for each symbol can be carried on separate signals (not shown). Thus, thefirst stream 112 can comprise two signals (not shown): one signal (not shown) carrying the I components of the symbols, and another signal (not shown) carrying the corresponding Q components. Similarly, thesecond stream 113 can also comprise I and Q signals (not shown). For ease of illustration and discussion, however, descriptions herein are made in reference to symbols, but it is to be understood that each symbol can comprise an I/Q component pair and any signal or stream of symbols can comprise two signals or streams one carrying the I components and the other carrying the corresponding Q components of the symbols. Thus, any stream of symbols, whether a stream of individual symbols, a stream of symbol blocks, or a stream of frames, though depicted or discussed herein in terms of a single symbol entity can comprise two streams or signals in which one stream or signal comprises the I components and another stream or signal comprises the Q components. In general, each symbol can comprise any number of predetermined components (or dimensions). For example, symbols associated with multi-dimensional modulation formats, whose number of dimensions is greater than two, will have as many components as the number of dimensions of the underlying modulation format. As an example, while a two-dimensional modulation format can be defined in a two-dimensional space spanned by quadrature signals (e.g., I and Q), a three-dimensional modulation format can be defined over a three-dimensional space spanned an additional dimension to I and Q, e.g., time, space, etc. However, without loss of generality, symbols are described herein as multi-component (or multi-dimensional) symbols having two components (or dimensions), i.e., I and Q. - Many different quadrature modulation formats are known including phase shift keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) formats. Examples of quadrature modulation formats include QPSK, 8-PSK, 8-QAM, 16-PSK, 16-QAM, 32-QAM, 64-QAM, 128-QAM, 256-QAM, and the like. The foregoing or other known or later developed quadrature modulation formats can be utilized in embodiments of the invention. As is known, the “order” of a quadrature modulation format corresponds to the number of different symbols in the format's symbol constellation. The smaller the number of symbols in the constellation the lower the order, and the greater the number of symbols in the constellation the greater the order. Also, the greater the order, the greater the number of
bits 110 each symbol represents. - The
transmitter 100, and hence, its DSP circuit (not shown), and hence, theframer 120 comprised by the DSP can support several predetermined operating modes identified by an operatingmode identifier signal 114. As described herein, the term the “supported operating modes” describe several predetermined operating modes that a DSP of a transmitter comprising theframer 120, and hence, theframer 120 system itself, can be configured to operate at. Similarly, the “selected operating mode” is used herein to describe the selected one of the supported operating modes. Each one of the supported operating modes is associated with a first plurality of modulation formats and a second plurality of modulation formats to be used in generating different types of symbols frombits 110, as described in greater detail herein. The term “supported modulation format(s)” is understood herein to refer to the superset of the modulation format(s) associated with the supported operating modes. The term “selected modulation format(s)” is understood herein to correspond to the modulation format(s) associated with the selected operating mode as identified by thesignal 114. - The
framer 120 can be configured to map some of thebits 110 into any of several supported modulation formats associated with the selected operating mode as identified by thesignal 114. For example, in some embodiments, theframer 120 is capable of mapping somebits 110 into the selected first and second plurality of modulation formats associated with the operating mode as identified by thesignal 114. Without loss of generality and for brevity of discussion, however, each operating mode is described herein as being associated with a first modulation format and a second modulation format. Moreover, the second modulation format is described herein as being the same for all supported operating modes. For example, the selected first modulation format and the second modulation format can each be any of the QAM formats listed above. For example, the second modulation format can be a lower order than each of the supported first modulation formats. The second modulation format can be, for example, QPSK, while each of the supported first modulation formats can be any of QAM formats with order greater than QPSK. -
FIG. 2 illustrates an example of aframe stream 200 that can be generated by theframer 120. Thefirst frame stream 112 and/or thesecond frame stream 113 inFIG. 1 can be likeframe stream 200. - As shown, the
frame stream 200 can compriseframes 202 each of which can comprise a fixed number Y of symbol blocks 210. Each symbol block 210 can comprise a fixed number N of symbols (which can facilitate parallel processing in thetransmitter 100 and/or the receiver (not shown)). The numbers Y and N can be constant for every supported operating mode. - As noted, a quadrature modulated symbol comprises an I/Q component pair. The
stream 200 can thus comprise two similar streams of frames (not shown): one carrying the I components of each symbol, and the other carrying the corresponding Q components of each symbol. For ease of discussion and simplicity, however, thestream 200 is illustrated as a single stream carrying symbols, but it is to be understood that each symbol comprises an I and a Q component. - As shown, each symbol block 210 can comprise data symbols 232,
support symbols 230,marker symbols SOF 220 andMRK 224, andpadding 234. The data symbols 232 can correspond tobits 110 mapped in accordance with the selected first modulation format, and thesupport symbols 230 can correspond to others of thebits 110 mapped in accordance with the second modulation format. - As shown, the
support symbols 230 can be in approximately the same location in everyblock 210 in aframe 202. The exact start index of thesupport symbols 230, e.g., with respect to the beginning of eachblock 210 that contains thesupport symbols 230, and the number ofsupport symbols 230 can be predetermined and can vary depending on the selected operating mode. Similarly, the exact start index of the data symbols 232, e.g., with respect to the beginning of eachblock 210 that contains the data symbols 232, and the number of data symbols 232 can be predetermined and can vary depending on the selected operating mode. - Moreover, one or more of the
blocks 210 in aframe 202, e.g.,SOF 220 andMRK 224, can include special markers comprising distinct patterns of symbols. It is noted that what is sometimes referred to as a unique word in the industry is an example of such a special marker. The symbols of the special markers can correspond to the second modulation format or a modulation format that is different than both the first modulation format and the second modulation format. The symbols of a special marker typically do not correspond to any ofbits 110. - In the example shown in
FIG. 1 , thefirst block 210 and the Xth block 210 in aframe 202 include such special markers. For example, thefirst block 210 can include the start-of-frame SOF 220 symbol pattern that marks the start of eachframe 202. The Xth block 210 of aframe 202 can include theintermediate marker MRK 224 symbol pattern, which can serve any number of purposes including marking a particular location (e.g., an approximately middle) of theframe 202. TheSOFs 220 in all of theframes 202 in thestream 200 can be the same, and theMRKs 224 can likewise be the same in all theframes 202 in thestream 200. TheSOFs 220 andMRKs 224 can, however, be different from each other. If theframer 120 produces more than one frame stream such as thefirst frame stream 112 andsecond frame stream 113 shown inFIG. 1 , theSOFs 220 andMRKs 224 in one stream (e.g., 112) can be different than the SOFs and MRKs in another stream (e.g., 113). Moreover, as noted, thefirst frame stream 112 can be decomposed into a first frame stream I (not shown) and a first frame stream Q (not shown), which carry I and Q components of respective symbols of thefirst frame stream 112, respectively. Similarly, thesecond frame stream 113 can be decomposed into a second frame stream I (not shown) and a second frame stream Q (not shown). In such cases, theSOFs 220 andMRKs 224 in each component stream (e.g., I stream of 112, Q stream of 112, I stream of 113 and Q stream of 113) can be different from one another. Each operating mode can be associated with a distinct set of symbol patterns ofSOFs 220 andMRKs 224. For example, the start index of theSOFs 220 andMRKs 224 can be the same regardless of the selected operating mode. For example, theSOFs 220 andMRKs 224 can have a start index of one as they are located at the beginning of each block that they are contained in. As another example, as also noted above, the location ofSOFs 220 andMRKs 224 in eachframe 202 can be the same regardless of the selected operating mode. However, the numbers of symbols contained in theSOFs 220 and theMRKs 224 associated with a given operating mode depend on that operating mode. That is, theSOFs 220 and theMRKs 224 can have a different number of symbols in one supported operating mode compared to another. - As shown, the last (Yth) block 210 can comprise padding 234 (e.g., padded symbols) as needed to complete the Yth block 210. For each supported operating mode, the number of
bits 110 that can be carried by eachframe 202 is a predetermined fixed value. For example, the predetermined number ofbits 110 to be carried in eachframe 202 for a given operating mode can be determined based on the number of forward error correction (FEC) codewords that can be fit in aframe 202. As also noted, thebits 110 are mapped to the data symbols 232 based on the selected first modulation format and others of thebits 110 are mapped to thesupport symbols 230 based on the second modulation format. For a selected operating mode as identified by thesignal 114, if all the associated predetermined number ofbits 110 to be carried in eachframe 202 cannot be mapped to the associated predetermined number of data symbols 232 and the associated predetermined number ofsupport symbols 230, then somebits 110 will be left unmapped. Also, due to such mismatch, the last block (Yth) 210 of eachframe 202 may have some positions left unfilled. Both the number of bits that will be left unmapped and the number of padding bits needed to fill the unfilled positions in thelast block 210 of eachframe 202 can also be predetermined for each supported operating mode. Therefore, the unmapped bits can be first padded with a predetermined number of padding bits, e.g., randomly generated bits or bits extracted from a known sequence, and the resulting set of bits can then be mapped to data symbols based on the selected first modulation format, and stored in thepadding 234 of the last block (Yth) 210. - The
SOF 220 can comprise a distinct pattern of symbols that can be readily detected, e.g., via correlations, at the receiver (not shown). Hence, theSOF 220 are designed to have desirable auto- and cross-correlation properties to facilitate determining boundaries of frames at a receiver (not shown). In some embodiments, the receiver might perform differential decoding on the received samples (including SOF 220) before initiating its search for frame boundaries to increase resiliency of the frame boundary search process to various impairments and/or distortions. For example, during signal acquisition, the frequency offset present in the signal might hinder access to absolute phase information. Since differential encoding associates transmitted bits with phase transitions rather than absolute phases, such bits can be recovered via differential decoding at the receiver without the need for absolute phases to have been determined. In such embodiments, theSOF 220 can be designed to have desirable auto- and cross-correlation properties when used with and without differential decoding. Using differentially decoded SOFs, a receiver can thus allow a receiver (not shown) to identify the start of frames in the received samples even when the transmission signal is subjected to various impairments and/or distortions. -
FIG. 3 illustrates an example configuration (labeled 300 inFIG. 3 ) of theframer 120. For ease of description,FIG. 3 is discussed as generating frames that correspond to theframes 202 illustrated inFIG. 2 . Theframer 300, however, is not so limited. - As will be seen, the
framer 300 can generate from thebits 110 eachblock 210 of theframes 202 shown inFIG. 2 . For example, each of the first block through the Y, block 210 of aframe 202 can be generated in aframer output 380. For example, the symbols of aSOF 220 or MRK 224 (if present) and the first group ofdata symbols 232 a of eachblock 210 can be provided by asymbol generator 304 to afirst region 382 of theframer output 380, thesupport symbols 230 of eachblock 210 can be provided by thesymbol generator 304 to asecond region 384 of theframer output 380, and the second group ofdata symbols 232 b of eachblock 210 and padding 234 (if present) can be provided by thesymbol generator 304 to athird region 386 of theframer output 380. As eachblock 210 is generated, it can be output from theframer output 380, producing theframe stream 200 illustrated inFIG. 2 . - In the example shown in
FIG. 3 , theframer 300 can comprise acontroller 310, aframer input 330, amarker module 340, adata symbol mapper 350, asupport symbol mapper 360, apadding module 370, and aframer output 380. - The
controller 310 can control operation of theframer 300. As shown, thecontroller 310 can comprise atracker 312, which can keep track of an index of thecurrent block 210 in aframe 202 that is being created. As also shown, thecontroller 210 can receive the operatingmode identifier signal 114 and determine based on thesignal 114 the associated predetermined sizes and locations of each type of symbols in eachblock 210 of eachframe 202 to be generated in a selected operating mode. Thecontroller 310 can issue control signals 316 to other elements of theframer 300 to create acurrent block 210 in theframer output 380 in accordance with the selected first modulation format as indicated by thesignal 114 and the current block index as tracked by thetracker 312. - The
framer input 330 can receivebits 110 and provide sets of thebits 110 to aninput 352 of thedata symbol mapper 350, aninput 362 of thesupport symbol mapper 360, and/or aninput 388 of thepadding module 370 in accordance with the control signals 316. In some embodiments, theframer input 330 can comprise a buffer for buffering thebits 110. - The
data symbol mapper 350 can mapbits 110 provided to itsinput 352 into data symbols in accordance with the selected first modulation format as indicated by thesignal 114. Anoutput 354 of thedata symbol mapper 350 can selectively provide the data symbols to thefirst region 382 and/or thethird region 386 of theframer output 380. The control signals 316 can control which and how many of thebits 110 from theframer input 330 are provided to thedata symbol mapper 350. The control signals 316 can further control the locations within thefirst region 382 and/or thethird region 386 of theframer output 380 to which the data symbols are provided. - The
support symbol mapper 360 can mapbits 110 provided to itsinput 362 into support symbols in accordance with the second modulation format. Anoutput 364 of thesupport symbol mapper 360 can selectively provide the support symbols to thesecond region 384 of theframer output 380. The control signals 316 can control which and how many of thebits 110 from theframer input 330 are provided to thesupport symbol mapper 360. - The
marker module 340 can selectively provide the symbols of anSOF 220 and/orMRK 224 over itsoutput 344 to thefirst region 382 in theframer output 380. Themarker module 340 can be capable of providing a selected one of multipledifferent SOFs 220 and/orMRKs 224 based on the control signals 316 which are determined based on the selected operating mode as identified by thesignal 114. For example, as noted, eachselectable SOF 220 can comprise a different pattern of symbols. Similarly, as noted, eachselectable MRK 224 can comprise a different pattern of symbols. The control signals 316 can select a particular one of the available SOFs 220 and/orMRKs 224 to provide to thefirst region 382. The control signals 316 can also control the location within theframer output 380, and thus the location within thesymbol block 210 being created, to which the selectedSOF 220 orMRK 224 is provided. - The
padding module 370 can selectively providepadding 234 of padded symbols, as described previously, over itsoutput 374 to thethird region 386 in theframer output 380. The control signals 316 can control the location within theframer output 380, and thus the location within thesymbol block 210 being created, to which thepadding 234 is provided. - The
framer output 380 can receiveoutputs marker module 340,data symbol mapper 350,support symbol mapper 360, andpadding module 370, respectively, as discussed above. As noted, this output can comprise a newly constructedblock 210. Theframer output 380 can then output the newly constructedblock 210. Thecontroller 310 can control theframe output 380 with control signals 316. In some embodiments, theframer output 380 can comprise a buffer. -
FIG. 4 shows an example of amethod 400 for constructing a stream of frames from user bits according to some embodiments of the invention. For ease of discussion,method 400 is discussed below with respect to theframer 300 as shown inFIG. 3 operating to produce theexemplary frame stream 200 shown inFIG. 2 , but themethod 400 is not so limited. - For purposes of simplicity of explanation, the
method 400 ofFIG. 4 is shown and described as executing serially, but the present invention is not limited by the illustrated order, as some aspects could occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other aspects from that shown and described herein. For example, 412-416 can be performed substantially simultaneously. Acts 432-438 can similarly be performed substantially simultaneously as can 452-458 and/or 472-478. - As noted, the
controller 310 can comprise atracker 312 that keeps track of theblock 210 currently being constructed. In the following description ofmethod 400, it is assumed that thetracker 312 maintains an index that identifies the position of thecurrent block 210 in itsframe 202. An index is but an example, and thecurrent block 210 can be tracked in other ways. - At 404, the process branches to create the type of the current block to be created. When the block index (e.g., as kept by the
tracker 312 of the controller 310) indicates thefirst block 210, themethod 400 branches from 404 to 430. - At 430, the
controller 310 controls theframer 300 to create thefirst block 210 in aframe 202. Acts 432-438 illustrate an example. - At 432, the
marker module 340 can provide a selectedSOF 220 symbol pattern to a selected location in thefirst region 382 of theframer output 380. The size (e.g., in symbols) of anSOF 220 can vary with thesignal 114. Thecontroller 310 can thus providecontrols signals 316 that cause themarker module 340 to provide the desiredSOF 220 to the desired location in thefirst region 382 of theframer output 380. An example of anSOF 220symbol pattern 502 being provided from themarker module 340 to thefirst region 382 is shown inFIG. 5A . - At 434, a sufficient number of
bits 110 for mapping to data symbols to fill the remaining symbol positions in thefirst region 382 are provided from theframe input 330 to thedata symbol mapper 350. Thedata symbol mapper 350 maps thebits 110 to data symbols and provides the data symbols to the remaining positions in thefirst region 382. - The number of
bits 110 to provide to thedata symbol mapper 350 at 434 can depend on thesignal 114. For example, the number of bits per data symbol, the number of symbols to provide to thefirst region 382, and the number of symbol in theSOF 220 provided at 432 can depend on thesignal 114. Thecontroller 310 can determine from thesignal 114 the number ofbits 110 to provide to thedata symbol mapper 350 and the locations in the first region 328 for the resulting data symbols. Thecontroller 310 can providecontrol signals 316 in accordance with the foregoing determinations. An example ofdata symbols 504 being provided from thedata symbol mapper 350 to thefirst region 382 is shown inFIG. 5A . - At 436, a sufficient number of
bits 110 for mapping to support symbols for thesecond region 384 of theframer output 380 are provided from theframe input 330 to thesupport symbol mapper 360, which provides the resulting support symbols to thesecond region 384. - The number of support symbols to be provided to the
second region 384 can depend on thesignal 114. Thecontroller 310 can determine from thesignal 114 the number ofbits 110 to provide to thesupport symbol mapper 360 and the locations in thesecond region 384 for the resulting support symbols. As noted, in some embodiments, the second modulation format of the support symbols can be fixed and thus not depend on thesignal 114. Thecontroller 310 can providecontrol signals 316 in accordance with the foregoing determinations. An example ofsupport symbols 506 being provided from thesupport symbol mapper 360 to thesecond region 384 is shown inFIG. 5A . - At 438, a sufficient number of
bits 110 for mapping to data symbols for thethird region 386 are provided from theframe input 330 to thedata symbol mapper 350, which provides the resulting data symbols to thethird region 386. - As noted, the size (e.g., in number of symbols) of the
third region 386 can depend on thesignal 114. Thecontroller 310 can determine from the state of thesignal 114 the number ofbits 110 to provide to thedata symbol mapper 360 and the locations in the third region 328 for the resulting data symbols. Thecontroller 310 can providecontrol signals 316 in accordance with the foregoing determinations. An example ofdata symbols 508 being provided from thedata symbol mapper 350 to thethird region 386 is shown inFIG. 5A . - At 484, the block index can be incremented. At 488, the
first symbol block 210 created in theframe output 380 can be output ontostream 200. Themethod 400 can then return to 404. Atstep 404, this time the block index indicates thesecond block 210, and themethod 400 branches to 410. - At 410, the
controller 310 controls theframer 300 to create a regular block (the second block 210). Acts 412-416 illustrate an example of creating a regular block like thesecond block 210. - At 412, a sufficient number of
bits 110 for mapping to data symbols for thefirst region 382 are provided from theframe input 330 to thedata symbol mapper 350, which provides the resulting data symbols to thefirst region 382. Act 412 can be similar to 438. For example, the number of bits per data symbol as well as the number of symbols to be provided to thefirst region 382 can depend on thesignal 114. Thecontroller 310 can determine from the forgoing the number ofbits 110 to provide to thedata symbol mapper 350. Thecontroller 310 can providecontrol signals 316 in accordance with the foregoing. An example ofdata symbols 514 being provided from thedata symbol matter 350 to thefirst region 382 is shown inFIG. 5B . - At 414, a sufficient number of
bits 110 for mapping to support symbols for thesecond region 384 are provided from theframe input 330 to thesupport symbol mapper 350, which provides the resulting support symbols to thesecond region 384. Act 414 can be performed in a generally similar manner as 436. An example ofsupport symbols 516 being provided from thesupport symbol mapper 360 to thesecond region 384 is shown inFIG. 5B . - At 416, a sufficient number of
bits 110 for mapping to data symbols for thethird region 386 are provided from theframe input 330 to thedata symbol mapper 360, which provides the resulting data symbols to thethird region 386. Act 416 can be performed in a generally similar manner as 438. An example ofdata symbols 518 being provided from thedata symbol mapper 350 to thethird region 386 is shown inFIG. 5B . - At 484, the block index can be incremented. At 488, the
second symbol block 210 created in theframe output 380 can be output ontostream 200.Acts 404, 412-16, 484, and 488 can be repeated to create and output intostream 200 eachblock 210 from the third block to the (X−1)th block 210. After creating the (X−1)th block 210, the block index is incremented at 484 to the (X)th block 210, and at 404, themethod 400 branches to 450. At 450, thecontroller 310 controls theframer 300 to create the Xth block 210. Acts 452-458 illustrate an example of creating an Xth block 210. As shown, the Xth block 210 can be similar to thefirst block 210. - Actions 452-458 can be performed in a similar manner to 432-438 except that a
MRK 224 rather than aSOF 220 is provided by themarker module 340. Examples of anMRK 224symbol pattern 522 anddata symbols 524 being provided from themarker module 340 and thedata symbol mapper 350 to thefirst region 382,support symbols 526 being provided from thesupport symbol mapper 360 to thesecond region 384, anddata symbols 528 being provided from thedata symbol mapper 350 to thethird region 386 are shown inFIG. 5C . - At 484, the block index can be incremented, and at 488, the Xth symbol block 210 created in the
frame output 380 can be output ontostream 200.Acts 404, 412-16, 484, and 488 can then be repeated to create and output intostream 200 eachblock 210 from the (X+1)th block to the (Y−1)th block 210. After creating the (Y−1)th block 210, the block index is incremented at 484 to the (Y)th block 210, and at 404, themethod 400 branches to 470, where thecontroller 310 controls theframer 300 to create the Yth block 210. Acts 472-478 illustrate an example of creating a block like the Yth block 210. - At 472, a sufficient number of
bits 110 for mapping to data symbols for thefirst region 382 are provided from theframe input 330 to thedata symbol mapper 360, which provides the resulting data symbols to thefirst region 382. Act 472 can be performed in a generally similar manner as 412. An example ofdata symbols 534 being provided from thedata symbol mapper 350 to thefirst region 382 is shown inFIG. 5D . - At 474, a sufficient number of
bits 110 for mapping to support symbols for thesecond region 384 are provided from theframe input 330 to thesupport symbol mapper 360, which provides the resulting support symbols to thesecond region 384. Act 474 can be performed in a generally similar manner as 436. An example ofsupport symbols 536 being provided from thesupport symbol mapper 360 to thesecond region 384 is shown inFIG. 5D . - At 476, a sufficient number of
bits 110 for mapping to data symbols for thethird region 386 are provided from theframe input 330 to thedata symbol mapper 350. Thesymbol mapper 350 maps thebits 110 to data symbols and provides the data symbols to the corresponding positions in thethird region 386. - As noted, the number of bits per data symbol as well as the number of symbols to be provided to the
third region 386 of the Yth block and the number of symbol positions to be occupied by data symbols depend on thesignal 114. Thecontroller 310 can determine from the forgoing the number ofbits 110 to provide to thedata symbol mapper 350 and the locations in thethird region 386 for the resulting data symbols. Thecontroller 310 can providecontrol signals 316 in accordance with the foregoing determinations. An example ofdata symbols 538 being provided from thedata symbol mapper 350 to thethird region 386 is shown inFIG. 5D . - At 478, the
padding module 370 can provide padding to thethird region 386 as discussed above. Thecontroller 310 can determine from thesignal 114 the size of thepadding 234. Thecontroller 310 can providecontrol signals 316 in accordance with the foregoing. An example ofpadding 540 being provided from thepadding module 370 to thethird region 386 is shown inFIG. 5D . - At 480, the block index can be reset. At 488, the Yth symbol block 210 created in the
frame output 380 can be output ontostream 200. Themethod 400 has now created one of theexemplary frames 202 shown inFIG. 2 . Themethod 400 can then return to 404 to continue generatingframes 202. Theframes 202 comprisingblocks 210 output at 488 can be output for transmission by thetransmission module 150 ofFIG. 1 to a remote transmitter (not shown). - In some embodiments, a
block 210 can be created substantially simultaneously in theframer output 380. For example, 412-416 can be performed substantially simultaneously to create a regular block in theframer output 380. Similarly, 432-438 can be performed substantially simultaneously to create afirst block 210 in theframer output 380, and 452-458 can be performed substantially simultaneously to create anX th 210block 210 in theframer output 380. Likewise, 472-478 can be performed substantially simultaneously to create an Yth block 210 in theframer output 380. Alternatively, some or all of the foregoing acts can be performed serially. - As noted,
frame stream 200 can be an example offrame stream 112 and/orframe stream 113 ofFIG. 1 . In some embodiments, multiple instantiations of theframer 300 can create multiple frame streams (e.g., 112 and 113) from multiple groups ofbits 110. For example, aframe stream 200 can be created from first bits (e.g., 110), resulting inframe stream 112, and asecond frame stream 200 can be created from second bits (not shown but can be like bits 110), resulting inframe stream 113. In other embodiments, theframer 300 ofFIG. 3 can be modified to create multiple frame streams like 200. For example, a divider (not shown) can divide the symbols output by thedata symbol mapper 350 andsupport symbol mapper 360 between, for example, two framer outputs (not shown but each can be like 380). - The
blocks 210 and frames 202 illustrated inFIG. 2 are merely examples. In other embodiments, other examples of blocks and frames can be created. For example, 410 inFIG. 4 can be an example of generating a block comprising both data symbols and support symbols; 430 and 450 can be examples of generating a block comprising a marker pattern of symbols and both data symbols and support symbols; and 470 can be an example of generating a block comprising both data and support symbols and padding. - The elements of
FIG. 1 or 3 can be implemented in software, hardware (e.g., digital logic and/or analog circuits), and/or a combination of the foregoing. Any such software, for example, can reside in a digital memory (not shown) from which it is executed by thecontroller 310. Alternatively, one or more of the elements ofFIG. 1 or 3 can comprise a processor (not shown) for executing software from a memory (not shown). - The
controller 310, whether configured in software, hardware, or a combination of hardware and software, can be a separate module as illustrated inFIG. 3 . Alternatively, thecontroller 310 can be distributed among any one or more of the other modules illustrated inFIG. 3 . Themethod 400 illustrated byFIG. 4 can be implemented in any such configuration of software and/or the hardware as discussed above. - Although specific embodiments and applications have been described in this specification, these embodiments and applications are exemplary only, and many variations are possible. In addition to any previously indicated modification, numerous other variations and alternative arrangements may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of this description, and appended claims are intended to cover such modifications and arrangements. Thus, while the information has been described above with particularity and detail in connection with what is presently deemed to be the most practical and preferred aspects, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that numerous modifications, including, but not limited to, form, function, manner of operation and use may be made without departing from the principles and concepts set forth herein. Also, as used herein, examples are meant to be illustrative only and should not be construed to be limiting in any manner.
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US17/489,720 US20220131617A1 (en) | 2018-09-14 | 2021-09-29 | Systems and methods for creating in a transmitter a stream of symbol frames configured for efficient processing in a receiver |
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US16/132,325 US10778339B2 (en) | 2018-09-14 | 2018-09-14 | Systems and methods for creating in a transmitter a stream of symbol frames configured for efficient processing in a receiver |
US16/983,226 US11159243B2 (en) | 2018-09-14 | 2020-08-03 | Systems and methods for creating in a transmitter a stream of symbol frames configured for efficient processing in a receiver |
US17/489,720 US20220131617A1 (en) | 2018-09-14 | 2021-09-29 | Systems and methods for creating in a transmitter a stream of symbol frames configured for efficient processing in a receiver |
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US16/983,226 Continuation US11159243B2 (en) | 2018-09-14 | 2020-08-03 | Systems and methods for creating in a transmitter a stream of symbol frames configured for efficient processing in a receiver |
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US17/489,720 Abandoned US20220131617A1 (en) | 2018-09-14 | 2021-09-29 | Systems and methods for creating in a transmitter a stream of symbol frames configured for efficient processing in a receiver |
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US16/983,226 Active US11159243B2 (en) | 2018-09-14 | 2020-08-03 | Systems and methods for creating in a transmitter a stream of symbol frames configured for efficient processing in a receiver |
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KR20210083254A (en) | 2021-07-06 |
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