US20220110860A1 - Transdermal formulations - Google Patents

Transdermal formulations Download PDF

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US20220110860A1
US20220110860A1 US17/560,152 US202117560152A US2022110860A1 US 20220110860 A1 US20220110860 A1 US 20220110860A1 US 202117560152 A US202117560152 A US 202117560152A US 2022110860 A1 US2022110860 A1 US 2022110860A1
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formulation
active agent
skin
acid
subject
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Joseph M. Fracassi
Thomas J. SCARLATA
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Nexzol Pharma Inc
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Nexzol Pharma Inc
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
    • A61K31/165—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
    • A61K31/165—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide
    • A61K31/167—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide having the nitrogen of a carboxamide group directly attached to the aromatic ring, e.g. lidocaine, paracetamol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
    • A61K31/192—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having aromatic groups, e.g. sulindac, 2-aryl-propionic acids, ethacrynic acid 
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
    • A61K31/195—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
    • A61K31/195—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group
    • A61K31/197—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group the amino and the carboxyl groups being attached to the same acyclic carbon chain, e.g. gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA], beta-alanine, epsilon-aminocaproic acid or pantothenic acid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
    • A61K31/4709—Non-condensed quinolines and containing further heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/506—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
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    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/55—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having seven-membered rings, e.g. azelastine, pentylenetetrazole
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/57—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone
    • A61K31/573—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone substituted in position 21, e.g. cortisone, dexamethasone, prednisone or aldosterone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
    • A61K47/10—Alcohols; Phenols; Salts thereof, e.g. glycerol; Polyethylene glycols [PEG]; Poloxamers; PEG/POE alkyl ethers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/16—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing nitrogen, e.g. nitro-, nitroso-, azo-compounds, nitriles, cyanates
    • A61K47/18—Amines; Amides; Ureas; Quaternary ammonium compounds; Amino acids; Oligopeptides having up to five amino acids
    • A61K47/183—Amino acids, e.g. glycine, EDTA or aspartame
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
    • A61K47/32—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. carbomers, poly(meth)acrylates, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0014—Skin, i.e. galenical aspects of topical compositions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/10—Anti-acne agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/18—Antioxidants, e.g. antiradicals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]

Definitions

  • the present technology relates generally to the field of transdermal formulations.
  • transdermal formulation comprising about 0.05% w/w to about 50% w/w of an active agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises
  • the formulation is a topical formulation.
  • the topical formulation is a semi-solid formulation selected from a gel, a lotion, a cream, an ointment, a serum, or a foam.
  • the formulation consists of
  • the active agent is one or more selected from anti-acne agents, anesthetics, anti-infectives, anti-rosacea agents, antibiotics, antifungals, antihistamines, anti-neoplastics, anti-psoriatics, antivirals, depigmenting agents, keratolytics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, photochemotherapeutics, rubefacients, steroids, astringents, debriding agents, and emollients.
  • the active agent comprises one or more anti-acne agents selected from benzoyl peroxide; tretinoin; adapalene; benzoyl peroxide and hydrocortisone; benzoyl peroxide and sulfur; resorcinol and sulfur; benzoyl peroxide and salicylic acid; benzoyl peroxide and erythromycin; benzoyl peroxide and clindamycin; erythromycin; benzoyl peroxide and adapalene; clindamycin and tretinoin; dapsone; salicylic acid; azelaic acid; clindamycin; and tetracycline.
  • anti-acne agents selected from benzoyl peroxide; tretinoin; adapalene; benzoyl peroxide and hydrocortisone; benzoyl peroxide and sulfur; resorcinol and sulfur; benzoyl peroxide and salicylic acid; benzoyl peroxid
  • the active agent comprises one or more anesthetics selected from capsaicin, lidocaine, menthol, and methyl salicylate; pramoxine; hydrocortisone and lidocaine; tetracaine; dibucaine; prilocaine and lidocaine; menthol and lidocaine; benzalkonium chloride and lidocaine; dyclonine; phenol; camphor, methyl salicylate, and lidocaine; capsaicin, menthol, and lidocaine; cocaine; ethyl chloride; pentafluoropropane and tetrafluoroethane; pramoxine and zinc acetate; and prilocaine and lidocaine.
  • anesthetics selected from capsaicin, lidocaine, menthol, and methyl salicylate; pramoxine; hydrocortisone and lidocaine; tetracaine; dibucaine; prilocaine and lidoca
  • the active agent comprises one or more anti-infectives selected from docosanol; boric acid; malathion; silver; sinecatechins; crotamiton; iodoquinol; benzyl alcohol; benzyl benzoate; cadexomer iodine; gentian violet; spinosad; ivermectin; acetic acid; imiquimod; permethrin; lindane; piperonyl butoxide and pyrethrins; hydrogen peroxide; aloe polysaccharides and iodoquinol; chloroxine; and nitrofurazone.
  • anti-infectives selected from docosanol; boric acid; malathion; silver; sinecatechins; crotamiton; iodoquinol; benzyl alcohol; benzyl benzoate; cadexomer iodine; gentian violet; spinosad; ivermec
  • the active agent comprises one or more anti-rosacea agents selected from azelaic acid, ivermectin, metronidazole, brimonidine, and oxymetazoline.
  • the active agent comprises one or more antibiotics selected from mupirocin; bacitracin and polymyxin b; bacitracin, neomycin, polymyxin b, and pramoxine; gentamicin; sulfacetamide sodium; silver sulfadiazine; sulfur, rumblemulin and sulfur; rumblemulin; erythromycin; bacitracin, neomycin, and polymyxin b; pramoxine, neomycin, and polymyxin b; bacitracin; mafenide; neomycin and polymyxin b; neomycin; ozenoxacin; and tetracycline.
  • antibiotics selected from mupirocin; bacitracin and polymyxin b; bacitracin, neomycin, polymyxin b, and pramoxine; gentamicin; sulfacetamide sodium; silver
  • the active agent comprises one or more antifungals selected from clotrimazole; tolnaftate; miconazole; clioquinol, naftifine, miconazole and zinc oxide; oxiconazole; econazole; ciclopirox; sertaconazole; ketoconazole; undecylenic acid; nystatin; efinaconazole; terbinafine; tavaborole; butenafine; ketoconazole and pyrithione zinc; luliconazole; salicylic acid and sodium thiosulfate; and sulconazole.
  • antifungals selected from clotrimazole; tolnaftate; miconazole; clioquinol, naftifine, miconazole and zinc oxide; oxiconazole; econazole; ciclopirox; sertaconazole; ketoconazole; undecylenic acid; nystatin; efina
  • the active agent comprises one or more antihistamines selected from diphenhydramine and doxepin.
  • the active agent comprises one or more anti-neoplastics selected from fluorouracil, imiquimod, ingenol, and mechlorethamine.
  • the active agent comprises one or more anti-psoriatics selected from tazarotene; betamethasone and calcipotriene; calcitriol; ammoniated mercury; anthralin; halobetasol and tazarotene; methoxsalen; and resorcinol.
  • the active agent comprises one or more antivirals selected from penciclovir and acyclovir.
  • the active agent comprises one or more depigmenting agents selected from fluocinolone, hydroquinone, and tretinoin; and hydroquinone.
  • the active agent comprises one or more keratolytics selected from salicylic acid, podofilox, and Podophyllum resin.
  • the active agent comprises one or more non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs selected from diclofenac; indomethacin; capsaicin and diclofenac; and ibuprofen.
  • the active agent comprises one or more photochemotherapeutics selected from aminolevulinic acid, methoxsalen, and methyl aminolevulinate.
  • the active agent comprises one or more rubefacients selected from trolamine salicylate; methyl salicylate; camphor and menthol and methyl salicylate; menthol; camphor and menthol; camphor; capsaicin, menthol, and methyl salicylate; camphor and phenol; capsaicin and menthol; and menthol and methyl salicylate.
  • rubefacients selected from trolamine salicylate; methyl salicylate; camphor and menthol and methyl salicylate; menthol; camphor and menthol; camphor; capsaicin, menthol, and methyl salicylate; camphor and phenol; capsaicin and menthol; and menthol and methyl salicylate.
  • the active agent comprises one or more steroids selected from hydrocortisone; fluocinolone; diflorasone; prednicarbate; clocortolone; halcinonide; fluticasone; amcinonide; ammonium lactate and halobetasol; mometasone; clobetasol; flurandrenolide; desonide; betamethasone; desoximetasone; fluocinonide; halobetasol; triamcinolone; alclometasone; hydrocortisone, salicylic acid, and sulfur; and hydrocortisone and urea.
  • steroids selected from hydrocortisone; fluocinolone; diflorasone; prednicarbate; clocortolone; halcinonide; fluticasone; amcinonide; ammonium lactate and halobetasol; mometasone; clobetasol; flurandrenolide; des
  • the active agent comprises one or more astringents selected from witch hazel; aluminum acetate; and aluminum sulfate and calcium acetate.
  • the active agent comprises one or more debriding agents selected from balsam peru, castor oil, and trypsin; and collagenase.
  • the active agent comprises one or more emollients selected from urea; aloe vera; glycerin; lanolin; salicylic acid and urea; vitamins A and D; ammonium lactate; ammonium lactate and urea; hydrocortisone and urea; lactic acid and urea; petrolatum; and vitamins A, D, and E.
  • emollients selected from urea; aloe vera; glycerin; lanolin; salicylic acid and urea; vitamins A and D; ammonium lactate; ammonium lactate and urea; hydrocortisone and urea; lactic acid and urea; petrolatum; and vitamins A, D, and E.
  • the active agent is one or more selected from cyclobenzaprine; gabapentin; baclofen; colchicine; minoxidil; balsam peru; benzoin; dexpanthenol; diphenhydramine and hydrocortisone; lactic acid; sulfur; zinc oxide; pyrithione zinc; salicylic acid and sulfur; calamine; coal tar, salicylic acid, and sulfur; aluminum chloride hexahydrate; bimatoprost; sodium hyaluronate; coal tar; eflornithine; arnica ; selenium sulfide; pimecrolimus; bentoquatam; tacrolimus; allantoin, camphor, and phenol; glycopyrronium; capsaicin; crisaborole; alitretinoi; balsam peru and castor oil; becaplermin; bexarotene; coal tar and salicylic acid; epinephrine; formaldehyde
  • the formulation includes hemp oil or a phytocannabinoid, such as cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabinol (CBN), cannabitriol (CBT), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannabidivarin (CBDV), beta caryophyllene, or tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
  • CBD cannabidiol
  • CBD cannabigerol
  • CBC cannabichromene
  • CBN cannabinol
  • CBT cannabitriol
  • CBD cannabidiolic acid
  • CBD cannabidiolic acid
  • CBD cannabidiolic acid
  • CBD cannabidiolic acid
  • CBD cannabidivarin
  • beta caryophyllene beta caryophyllene
  • THC tetrahydrocannabinol
  • the formulation exhibits a lag effect wherein, following four consecutive hourly applications of the formulation to skin, the amount of the active agent delivered through the skin after 21 hours is greater than the amount delivered through the skin after 5 hours, as assessed in an in vitro permeation study using human cadaver skin.
  • the penetration enhancer comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, lauryl alcohol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl acetamide, N-methyl pyrrolidone, oleic acid, azone, oxazolidinone derivative, urea, terpene, or any combination thereof.
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • the thickening agent comprises a cross-linked polyacrylic acid polymer; a cellulose derivative; xanthan gum, locust beam gum, guar gum or derivative thereof; alginic acid; inorganic polymer; PEMULENTM (a copolymer of acrylic acid and C10-C30 alkyl acrylate cross-linked with allyl pentaerythritol); or any combination thereof.
  • the buffering agent comprises triethanolamine, potassium hydroxide, cocoamidodiethyl amine, or any combination thereof.
  • the sequestering agent comprises EDTA, or a salt and/or solvate thereof; citric acid; tartaric acid; or any combination thereof.
  • the preservative comprises phenoxyethanol, a urea derivative, ethylhexylglycerine, hydantoin, benzoic, sorbic acid, anisic acid, or any combination thereof.
  • a method for treating acne, bacterial skin infection, dandruff, photoaging of the skin, or rosacea, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein.
  • a method for treating acne, bacterial vaginitis, balanoposthitis, head lice, perioral dermatitis, or rosacea, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein.
  • a method for treating pain, atopic dermatitis, dermatitis, eczema, lichen simplex chronicus, or pruritus, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein.
  • a method for treating Condylomata acuminata , human papilloma viral infection, keratosis, molluscum contagiosum, mycosis fungoides, skin cancer, or warts, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein.
  • a method for treating acne, bacterial skin infection, eczema, facial wrinkles, human papilloma viral infection, impetigo, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, skin pigmentation disorder, or vitiligo, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein.
  • a method for treating cold sores or herpes simplex in a subject in need thereof comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein.
  • a method for treating melasma in a subject in need thereof comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein.
  • a method for treating acne, Condylomata acuminate , dandruff, human papilloma viral infection, or warts, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein.
  • a method for treating pain, keratosis, or osteoarthritis, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein.
  • a method for treating keratosis or vitiligo, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein.
  • a method for treating pain, bursitis, cold symptoms, dermatitis, osteoarthritis, pruritus, Raynaud's Syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, or tendonitis, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein.
  • a method for drying up oily skin in a subject in need thereof comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein.
  • a method of cleaning a wound in a subject in need thereof comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein.
  • a method of moisturizing skin in a subject in need thereof comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein.
  • a method of treating musculoskeletal pain and/or inflammation in a subject in need thereof comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of administering to one or more regions of skin on the subject laser therapy and a transdermal formulation, wherein the transdermal formulation comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of about 0.05% w/w to about 50% w/w of a phytocannabinoid dispersed in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of
  • FIG. 1 depicts permeation results of an exemplary formulation of the present technology through human cadaver skin using Franz diffusion cells after repeat applications. Results are shown for measurements at 2, 4, 6, and 8 hour time-points.
  • FIG. 2 depicts permeation results of the same exemplary formulation of the present technology of FIG. 1 through human cadaver skin using Franz diffusion cells after repeat applications. Results are shown for measurements at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 hour time-points.
  • FIG. 3 depicts cannabidiol (CBD) retention results after the 24-hour time-point shown in FIG. 2 .
  • CBD cannabidiol
  • FIG. 4 depicts permeation results of the same exemplary formulation of the present technology of FIG. 1 compared to a marketed formulation (denoted as marketed competitor) through human cadaver skin using Franz diffusion cells. Results are shown for measurements at 4, 6, 8, and 22-hour time-points.
  • FIG. 5 depicts CBD retention results after the 22-hour time-point shown in FIG. 4 .
  • FIG. 6 depicts self-reported pain scores in an open label study for treatment of joint and/or muscle pain. Average pain scores were on a scale of 1 to 10.
  • FIG. 7 depicts delivered dose results of another exemplary formulation of the present technology compared to a marketed formulation through human cadaver skin using Franz diffusion cells.
  • the left-hand bar represents the marketed formulation
  • the right-hand bar represents the exemplary formulation of the present technology.
  • FIG. 8 depicts percent delivery of active agent of the exemplary formulation of the present technology of FIG. 7 compared to a marketed formulation through human cadaver skin using Franz diffusion cells.
  • the left-hand bar represents the marketed formulation
  • the right-hand bar represents the exemplary formulation of the present technology.
  • FIG. 9 depicts flux results of the exemplary formulation of the present technology of FIG. 7 compared to a marketed formulation through human cadaver skin using Franz diffusion cells.
  • the left-hand bar represents the marketed formulation
  • the right-hand bar represents the exemplary formulation of the present technology.
  • subject refers to an animal, such as a mammal (including a human), that has been or will be the object of treatment, observation or experiment. “Subject” and “patient” may be used interchangeably, unless otherwise indicated. Mammals include, but are not limited to, mice, rodents, rats, simians, humans, farm animals, dogs, cats, sport animals, and pets. The methods described herein may be useful in human therapy and/or veterinary applications.
  • the subject is a mammal.
  • the subject is a human.
  • therapeutically effective amount and “effective amount” are used interchangeably and refer to an amount of a compound that is sufficient to effect treatment as defined below, when administered to a patient (e.g., a human) in need of such treatment in one or more doses.
  • the therapeutically effective amount will vary depending upon the patient, the disease being treated, the weight and/or age of the patient, the severity of the disease or disorder, or the manner of administration as determined by a qualified prescriber or caregiver.
  • treatment means administering a formulation disclosed herein for the purpose of: (i) delaying the onset of a disease/disorder, that is, causing the clinical symptoms of the disease/disorder not to develop or delaying the development thereof; (ii) inhibiting the disease/disorder, that is, arresting the development of clinical symptoms; and/or (iii) relieving the disease/disorder, that is, causing the regression of clinical symptoms or the severity thereof.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable is meant a material that is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, e.g., the material may be incorporated into a pharmaceutical composition administered to a patient without causing any undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the other components of the composition in which it is contained.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable is used to refer to a pharmaceutical carrier or excipient, it is implied that the carrier or excipient has met the required standards of toxicological and manufacturing testing or that it is included on the Inactive Ingredient Guide prepared by the U.S. Food and Drug administration.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an active agent can be used instead of the free base form of the active agent in any formulation disclosed herein.
  • musculoskeletal refers to joints, tendons, ligaments, skeletal muscles (e.g., muscles that contract to pull on tendons and move the bones of the skeleton, maintain posture and body position, support soft tissues, guard entrances and exits to the digestive and urinary tracts; and maintain body temperature), nerves, and cartilage. Accordingly, in some embodiments, musculoskeletal pain/inflammation is located at one or more joints, tendons, ligaments, skeletal muscles, nerves, and cartilage.
  • transdermal refers to topical application to a skin surface for local and/or systemic effect(s) depending on the active agent in the formulation.
  • transdermal formulations comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of about 0.05% w/w to about 50% w/w active agent and pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
  • transdermal formulations comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of about 0.05% w/w to about 50% w/w active agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of:
  • transdermal formulations comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of about 0.05% w/w to about 30% w/w active agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of
  • transdermal formulations comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of about 0.05% w/w to about 50% w/w active agent dispersed in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of:
  • transdermal formulations comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of about 0.05% w/w to about 30% w/w active agent dispersed in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of
  • transdermal formulations consisting of
  • the formulation disclosed herein may be in the form of a topical formulation.
  • Topical formulations include, but are not limited to, gels, lotions, creams, ointments, pastes, serums, foams, sprays, powders, or liquids (e.g., suspension or solution).
  • the topical formulation may be a semi-solid formulation.
  • a semi-solid formulation includes, but is not limited to, a gel, a lotion, a cream, an ointment, a suspension, a paste, a serum, and a foam.
  • the formulation disclosed herein may be in the form of a lotion, cream, gel, paste, serum, or ointment. In some embodiments, the formulation disclosed herein is a gel.
  • the active agent may be selected from one or more of anti-acne agents, anesthetics, anti-infectives, anti-rosacea agents, antibiotics, antifungals, antihistamines, anti-neoplastics, anti-psoriatics, antivirals, depigmenting agents, keratolytics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, photochemotherapeutics, rubefacients, steroids, astringents, debriding agents, and emollients.
  • anti-acne agents anesthetics, anti-infectives, anti-rosacea agents, antibiotics, antifungals, antihistamines, anti-neoplastics, anti-psoriatics, antivirals, depigmenting agents, keratolytics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, photochemotherapeutics, rubefacients, steroids, astringents, debriding agents, and emollients.
  • Anti-acne agents may be selected from one or more of benzoyl peroxide; tretinoin; adapalene; benzoyl peroxide and hydrocortisone; benzoyl peroxide and sulfur; resorcinol and sulfur; benzoyl peroxide and salicylic acid; benzoyl peroxide and erythromycin; benzoyl peroxide and clindamycin; erythromycin; benzoyl peroxide and adapalene; clindamycin and tretinoin; dapsone; salicylic acid; azelaic acid; clindamycin; and tetracycline.
  • the active agent is an anti-acne agent, and the anti-acne agent is benzoyl peroxide. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-acne agent, and the anti-acne agent is tretinoin. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-acne agent, and the anti-acne agent is adapalene. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-acne agent, and the anti-acne agent is benzoyl peroxide and hydrocortisone. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-acne agent, and the anti-acne agent is benzoyl peroxide and sulfur.
  • the active agent is an anti-acne agent, and the anti-acne agent is resorcinol and sulfur. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-acne agent, and the anti-acne agent is benzoyl peroxide and salicylic acid. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-acne agent, and the anti-acne agent is benzoyl peroxide and erythromycin. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-acne agent, and the anti-acne agent is benzoyl peroxide and clindamycin.
  • the active agent is an anti-acne agent, and the anti-acne agent is erythromycin. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-acne agent, and the anti-acne agent is benzoyl peroxide and adapalene. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-acne agent, and the anti-acne agent is clindamycin and tretinoin. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-acne agent, and the anti-acne agent is dapsone. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-acne agent, and the anti-acne agent is salicylic acid.
  • the active agent is an anti-acne agent, and the anti-acne agent is azelaic acid. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-acne agent, and the anti-acne agent is clindamycin. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-acne agent, and the anti-acne agent is tetracycline.
  • Anesthetics may be selected from one or more of capsaicin, lidocaine, menthol, and methyl salicylate; pramoxine; hydrocortisone and lidocaine; tetracaine; dibucaine; prilocaine and lidocaine; menthol and lidocaine; benzalkonium chloride and lidocaine; dyclonine; phenol; camphor, methyl salicylate, and lidocaine; capsaicin, menthol, and lidocaine; cocaine; ethyl chloride; pentafluoropropane and tetrafluoroethane; pramoxine and zinc acetate; and prilocaine and lidocaine.
  • the active agent is an anesthetic, and the anesthetic is capsaicin, lidocaine, menthol, and methyl salicylate. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anesthetic, and the anesthetic is pramoxine. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anesthetic, and the anesthetic is hydrocortisone and lidocaine. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anesthetic, and the anesthetic is tetracaine. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anesthetic, and the anesthetic is dibucaine. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anesthetic, and the anesthetic is prilocaine and lidocaine.
  • the active agent is an anesthetic, and the anesthetic is menthol and lidocaine. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anesthetic, and the anesthetic is benzalkonium chloride and lidocaine. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anesthetic, and the anesthetic is dyclonine. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anesthetic, and the anesthetic is phenol. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anesthetic, and the anesthetic is camphor, methyl salicylate, and lidocaine.
  • the active agent is an anesthetic, and the anesthetic is capsaicin, menthol, and lidocaine.
  • the active agent is an anesthetic, and the anesthetic is cocaine.
  • the active agent is an anesthetic, and the anesthetic is ethyl chloride.
  • the active agent is an anesthetic, and the anesthetic is pentafluoropropane and tetrafluoroethane.
  • the active agent is an anesthetic, and the anesthetic is pramoxine and zinc acetate.
  • the active agent is an anesthetic, and the anesthetic is prilocaine and lidocaine.
  • Anti-infectives may be selected from one or more of docosanol; boric acid; malathion; silver; sinecatechins; crotamiton; iodoquinol; benzyl alcohol; benzyl benzoate; cadexomer iodine; gentian violet; spinosad; ivermectin; acetic acid; imiquimod; permethrin; lindane; piperonyl butoxide and pyrethrins; hydrogen peroxide; aloe polysaccharides and iodoquinol; chloroxine; and nitrofurazone.
  • the active agent is an anti-infective, and the anti-infective is docosanol. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-infective, and the anti-infective is boric acid. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-infective, and the anti-infective is malathion. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-infective, and the anti-infective is silver. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-infective, and the anti-infective is sinecatechins. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-infective, and the anti-infective is crotamiton.
  • the active agent is an anti-infective, and the anti-infective is iodoquinol. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-infective, and the anti-infective is benzyl alcohol. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-infective, and the anti-infective is benzyl benzoate. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-infective, and the anti-infective is cadexomer iodine. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-infective, and the anti-infective is gentian violet. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-infective, and the anti-infective is spinosad.
  • the active agent is an anti-infective, and the anti-infective is ivermectin. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-infective, and the anti-infective is acetic acid. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-infective, and the anti-infective is imiquimod. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-infective, and the anti-infective is permethrin. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-infective, and the anti-infective is lindane. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-infective, and the anti-infective is piperonyl butoxide and pyrethrins.
  • the active agent is an anti-infective, and the anti-infective is hydrogen peroxide. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-infective, and the anti-infective is aloe polysaccharides and iodoquinol. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-infective, and the anti-infective is chloroxine. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-infective, and the anti-infective is nitrofurazone.
  • Anti-rosacea agents may be selected from one or more of azelaic acid, ivermectin, metronidazole, brimonidine, and oxymetazoline.
  • the active agent is an anti-rosacea agent, and the anti-rosacea agent is azelaic acid. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-rosacea agent, and the anti-rosacea agent is ivermectin. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-rosacea agent, and the anti-rosacea agent is metronidazole. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-rosacea agent, and the anti-rosacea agent is brimonidine. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-rosacea agent, and the anti-rosacea agent is oxymetazoline.
  • Antibiotics may be selected from one or more of mupirocin; bacitracin and polymyxin b; bacitracin, neomycin, polymyxin b, and pramoxine; gentamicin; sulfacetamide sodium; silver sulfadiazine; sulfur, rumblemulin and sulfur; rumblemulin; erythromycin; bacitracin, neomycin, and polymyxin b; pramoxine, neomycin, and polymyxin b; bacitracin; mafenide; neomycin and polymyxin b; neomycin; ozenoxacin; and tetracycline.
  • the active agent is an antibiotic, and the antibiotic is mupirocin. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antibiotic, and the antibiotic is bacitracin and polymyxin b. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antibiotic, and the antibiotic is bacitracin, neomycin, polymyxin b, and pramoxine. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antibiotic, and the antibiotic is gentamicine. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antibiotic, and the antibiotic is sulfacetamide sodium. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antibiotic, and the antibiotic is silver sulfadiazine. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antibiotic, and the antibiotic is sulfur, rumblemulin and sulfur.
  • the active agent is an antibiotic, and the antibiotic is rumblemulin. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antibiotic, and the antibiotic is erythromycin. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antibiotic, and the antibiotic is bacitracin, neomycin, and polymyxin b. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antibiotic, and the antibiotic is pramoxine, neomycin, and polymyxin b. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antibiotic, and the antibiotic is bacitracin. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antibiotic, and the antibiotic is mafenide. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antibiotic, and the antibiotic is neomycin and polymyxin b.
  • the active agent is an antibiotic, and the antibiotic is neomycin. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antibiotic, and the antibiotic is ozenoxacin. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antibiotic, and the antibiotic is tetracycline.
  • Antifungals may be selected from one or more of clotrimazole; tolnaftate; miconazole; clioquinol, naftifine, miconazole and zinc oxide; oxiconazole; econazole; ciclopirox; sertaconazole; ketoconazole; undecylenic acid; nystatin; efinaconazole; terbinafine; tavaborole; butenafine; ketoconazole and pyrithione zinc; luliconazole; salicylic acid and sodium thiosulfate; and sulconazole.
  • the active agent is an antifungal, and the antifungal is clotrimazole. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antifungal, and the antifungal is tolnaftate. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antifungal, and the antifungal is miconazole. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antifungal, and the antifungal is clioquinol, naftifine, miconazole and zinc oxide. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antifungal, and the antifungal is oxiconazole. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antifungal, and the antifungal is econazole.
  • the active agent is an antifungal, and the antifungal is ciclopirox. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antifungal, and the antifungal is sertaconazole. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antifungal, and the antifungal is ketoconazole. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antifungal, and the antifungal is undecylenic acid. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antifungal, and the antifungal is nystatin. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antifungal, and the antifungal is efinaconazole. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antifungal, and the antifungal is terbinafine.
  • the active agent is an antifungal, and the antifungal is tavaborole. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antifungal, and the antifungal is butenafine. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antifungal, and the antifungal is ketoconazole and pyrithione zinc. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antifungal, and the antifungal is luliconazole. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antifungal, and the antifungal is salicylic acid and sodium thiosulfate. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antifungal, and the antifungal is sulconazole.
  • Antihistamines may be selected from diphenhydramine and doxepin, or a combination thereof.
  • the active agent is an antihistamine, and the antihistamine is diphenhydramine. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antihistamine, and the antihistamine is doxepin.
  • Anti-neoplastics may be selected from one or more of fluorouracil, imiquimod, ingenol, and mechlorethamine.
  • the active agent is an anti-neoplastic, and the anti-neoplastic is fluorouracil. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-neoplastic, and the anti-neoplastic is imiquimod. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-neoplastic, and the anti-neoplastic is ingenol. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-neoplastic, and the anti-neoplastic is mechlorethamine.
  • Anti-psoriatics may be selected from one or more of tazarotene; betamethasone and calcipotriene; calcitriol; ammoniated mercury; anthralin; halobetasol and tazarotene; methoxsalen; and resorcinol.
  • the active agent is an anti-psoriatic, and the anti-psoriatic is tazarotene. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-psoriatic, and the anti-psoriatic is betamethasone and calcipotriene. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-psoriatic, and the anti-psoriatic is calcitriol. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-psoriatic, and the anti-psoriatic is ammoniated mercury. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-psoriatic, and the anti-psoriatic is anthralin.
  • the active agent is an anti-psoriatic, and the anti-psoriatic is halobetasol and tazarotene. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-psoriatic, and the anti-psoriatic is methoxsalen. In some embodiments, the active agent is an anti-psoriatic, and the anti-psoriatic is resorcinol.
  • Antivirals may be selected from penciclovir and acyclovir, or a combination thereof.
  • the active agent is an antiviral, and the antiviral is penciclovir. In some embodiments, the active agent is an antiviral, and the antiviral is acyclovir.
  • Depigmenting agents may be selected from fluocinolone, hydroquinone, and tretinoin; and hydroquinone, or a combination thereof.
  • the active agent is a depigmenting agent, and the depigmenting agent is fluocinolone, hydroquinone, and tretinoin. In some embodiments, the active agent is a depigmenting agent, and the depigmenting agent is hydroquinone.
  • Keratolytics may be selected from one or more of salicylic acid, podofilox, and Podophyllum resin.
  • the active agent is a keratolytic, and the keratolytic is salicylic acid. In some embodiments, the active agent is a keratolytic, and the keratolytic is podofilox. In some embodiments, the active agent is a keratolytic, and the keratolytic is Podophyllum resin.
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be selected from one or more of diclofenac; indomethacin; capsaicin and diclofenac; and ibuprofen.
  • the active agent is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug is diclofenac. In some embodiments, the active agent is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug is indomethacin. In some embodiments, the active agent is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug is capsaicin and diclofenac. In some embodiments, the active agent is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug is ibuprofen.
  • Photochemotherapeutics may be selected from one or more of aminolevulinic acid, methoxsalen, and methyl aminolevulinate.
  • the active agent is a photochemotherapeutic, and the photochemotherapeutic is aminolevulinic acid. In some embodiments, the active agent is a photochemotherapeutic, and the photochemotherapeutic is methoxsalen. In some embodiments, the active agent is a photochemotherapeutic, and the photochemotherapeutic is methyl aminolevulinate.
  • Rubefacients may be selected from one or more of trolamine salicylate; methyl salicylate; camphor, menthol, and methyl salicylate; menthol; camphor and menthol; camphor; capsaicin, menthol, and methyl salicylate; camphor and phenol; capsaicin and menthol; and menthol and methyl salicylate.
  • the active agent is a rubefacient, and the rubefacient is trolamine salicylate. In some embodiments, the active agent is a rubefacient, and the rubefacient is methyl salicylate. In some embodiments, the active agent is a rubefacient, and the rubefacient is camphor, menthol, and methyl salicylate. In some embodiments, the active agent is a rubefacient, and the rubefacient is menthol. In some embodiments, the active agent is a rubefacient, and the rubefacient is camphor and menthol. In some embodiments, the active agent is a rubefacient, and the rubefacient is camphor.
  • the active agent is a rubefacient, and the rubefacient is capsaicin, menthol, and methyl salicylate.
  • the active agent is a rubefacient, and the rubefacient is camphor and phenol.
  • the active agent is a rubefacient, and the rubefacient is capsaicin and menthol.
  • the active agent is a rubefacient, and the rubefacient is menthol and methyl salicylate.
  • Steroids may be selected from one or more of hydrocortisone; fluocinolone; diflorasone; prednicarbate; clocortolone; halcinonide; fluticasone; amcinonide; ammonium lactate and halobetasol; mometasone; clobetasol; flurandrenolide; desonide; betamethasone; desoximetasone; fluocinonide; halobetasol; triamcinolone; alclometasone; hydrocortisone, salicylic acid, and sulfur; and hydrocortisone and urea.
  • the active agent is a steroid, and the steroid is hydrocortisone. In some embodiments, the active agent is a steroid, and the steroid is fluocinolone. In some embodiments, the active agent is a steroid, and the steroid is diflorasone. In some embodiments, the active agent is a steroid, and the steroid is prednicarbate. In some embodiments, the active agent is a steroid, and the steroid is clocortolone. In some embodiments, the active agent is a steroid, and the steroid is halcinonide. In some embodiments, the active agent is a steroid, and the steroid is fluticasone.
  • the active agent is a steroid, and the steroid is amcinonide. In some embodiments, the active agent is a steroid, and the steroid is ammonium lactate and halobetasol. In some embodiments, the active agent is a steroid, and the steroid is mometasone. In some embodiments, the active agent is a steroid, and the steroid is clobetasol. In some embodiments, the active agent is a steroid, and the steroid is flurandrenolide. In some embodiments, the active agent is a steroid, and the steroid is desonide.
  • the active agent is a steroid, and the steroid is betamethasone. In some embodiments, the active agent is a steroid, and the steroid is desoximetasone. In some embodiments, the active agent is a steroid, and the steroid is fluocinonide. In some embodiments, the active agent is a steroid, and the steroid is halobetasol. In some embodiments, the active agent is a steroid, and the steroid is triamcinolone. In some embodiments, the active agent is a steroid, and the steroid is alclometasone.
  • the active agent is a steroid, and the steroid is hydrocortisone, salicylic acid, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the active agent is a steroid, and the steroid is hydrocortisone and urea.
  • Astringents may be selected from one or more of witch hazel; aluminum acetate; and aluminum sulfate and calcium acetate.
  • the active agent is an astringent, and the astringent is witch hazel. In some embodiments, the active agent is an astringent, and the astringent is aluminum acetate. In some embodiments, the active agent is an astringent, and the astringent is aluminum sulfate and calcium acetate.
  • Debriding agents may be selected from one or more of balsam peru, castor oil, and trypsin; and collagenase.
  • the active agent is a debriding agent, and the debriding agent is balsam peru, castor oil, and trypsin. In some embodiments, the active agent is a debriding agent, and the debriding agent is collagenase.
  • Emollients may be selected from one or more of urea; aloe vera; glycerin; lanolin; salicylic acid and urea; vitamins A and D; ammonium lactate; ammonium lactate and urea; hydrocortisone and urea; lactic acid and urea; petrolatum; and vitamins A, D, and E.
  • the active agent is an emollient, and the emollient is urea. In some embodiments, the active agent is an emollient, and the emollient is aloe vera. In some embodiments, the active agent is an emollient, and the emollient is glycerin. In some embodiments, the active agent is an emollient, and the emollient is lanolin. In some embodiments, the active agent is an emollient, and the emollient is salicylic acid and urea. In some embodiments, the active agent is an emollient, and the emollient is vitamins A and D.
  • the active agent is an emollient, and the emollient is ammonium lactate. In some embodiments, the active agent is an emollient, and the emollient is ammonium lactate and urea. In some embodiments, the active agent is an emollient, and the emollient is hydrocortisone and urea. In some embodiments, the active agent is an emollient, and the emollient is lactic acid and urea. In some embodiments, the active agent is an emollient, and the emollient is petrolatum. In some embodiments, the active agent is an emollient, and the emollient is vitamins A, D, and E.
  • the active agent may be one or more selected from cyclobenzaprine; gabapentin; baclofen; colchicine; minoxidil; balsam peru; benzoin; dexpanthenol; diphenhydramine and hydrocortisone; lactic acid; sulfur; zinc oxide; pyrithione zinc; salicylic acid and sulfur; calamine; coal tar, salicylic acid, and sulfur; aluminum chloride hexahydrate; bimatoprost; sodium hyaluronate; coal tar; eflornithine; arnica ; selenium sulfide; pimecrolimus; bentoquatam; tacrolimus; allantoin, camphor, and phenol; glycopyrronium; capsaicin; crisaborole; alitretinoi; balsam peru and castor oil; becaplermin; bexarotene; coal tar and salicylic acid; epinephrine; formaldehyde; jo
  • the active agent comprises hemp oil or a phytocannabinoid, such as cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabinol (CBN), cannabitriol (CBT), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannabidivarin (CBDV), beta caryophyllene, or tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
  • CBD cannabidiol
  • CBD cannabigerol
  • CBC cannabichromene
  • CBN cannabinol
  • CBT cannabitriol
  • CBD cannabidiolic acid
  • CBD cannabidiolic acid
  • CBD cannabigerolic acid
  • CBD cannabidivarin
  • beta caryophyllene or tetrahydrocannabinol
  • THC tetrahydrocannabinol
  • the formulation does
  • a “phytocannabinoid” may be synthetic or natural.
  • a “natural phytocannabinoid” refers to a phytocannabinoid isolated from a natural source, such as a plant.
  • a “synthetic phytocannabinoid” refers to a phytocannabinoid prepared synthetically.
  • the natural phytocannibinoid is a hemp-derived phytocannabinoid.
  • hemp oil comprises one or more phytocannabinoids.
  • the active agent may be microencapsulated.
  • the microencapsulated active agent comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the active agent encapsulated within liposomes. In some embodiments, the active agent is not microencapsulated.
  • the active agent may be present in the formulation disclosed herein in an amount of about 0.05% w/w to about 50% w/w. This includes about 0.05% w/w to about 45% w/w, about 0.05% w/w to about 40% w/w, about 0.05% w/w to about 35% w/w, about 0.05% w/w to about 30% w/w, about 0.05% w/w to about 25% w/w, about 0.05% w/w to about 20% w/w, about 0.05% w/w to about 15% w/w, about 0.05% w/w to about 10% w/w, about 0.05% w/w to about 5% w/w, about 0.05% w/w to about 4% w/w, about 0.05% w/w to about 3% w/w, about 0.05% w/w to about 2% w/w, about 0.05% w/w to about 1% w/w, about
  • the active agent may be present in the formulation disclosed herein in an amount of about 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, 0.80, 0.90, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50% w/w, including increments therein.
  • the active agent may be present in the formulation disclosed herein in an amount of about 1 mg to about 500 mg. This includes about 1 mg to about 25 mg; about 1 mg to about 50 mg; about 1 mg to about 75 mg; about 1 mg to about 100 mg, 1 mg to about 125 mg, 1 mg to about 150 mg, 1 mg to about 175 mg, 1 mg to about 200 mg, 1 mg to about 225 mg, 1 mg to about 250 mg, 1 mg to about 275 mg, 1 mg to about 300 mg, 1 mg to about 325 mg, 1 mg to about 350 mg, 1 mg to about 375 mg, 1 mg to about 400 mg, 1 mg to about 425 mg, 1 mg to about 450 mg, 1 mg to about 475 mg; about 25 mg to about 50 mg, about 25 mg to about 75 mg, about 25 mg to about 100 mg, 25 mg to about 125 mg, 25 mg to about 150 mg, 25 mg to about 175 mg, 25 mg to about 200 mg, 25 mg to about 225 mg, 25 mg to about 250 mg, 25 mg to about 275 mg, 25 mg to about 500
  • the active agent may be present in the formulation disclosed herein in an amount of about 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190
  • the active agent may be present in the formulation disclosed herein in an amount of about 1 mg/mL to about 500 mg/mL. This includes about 1 mg/mL to about 25 mg/mL; about 1 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL; about 1 mg/mL to about 75 mg/mL; about 1 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL to about 125 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL to about 150 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL to about 175 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL to about 225 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL to about 250 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL to about 275 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL to about 300 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL to about 325 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL to about 350 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL to about 375 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL to about 400 mg/mL,
  • the active agent may be present in the formulation disclosed herein in an amount of about 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190
  • the formulations described herein include a penetration enhancer.
  • the penetration enhancer is selected from diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, lauryl alcohol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl acetamide, N-methyl pyrrolidone, oleic acid, azone, oxazolidinone derivatives, urea, terpenes (including, but not limited to, menthol, linalyl alcohol, eugenol, limonene, pinene, and squalene), or any combination thereof.
  • the penetration enhancer comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.
  • the penetration enhancer is present in the formulation disclosed herein in an amount of about 3% w/w to about 30% w/w. This includes about 3% w/w to about 25% w/w, about 3% w/w to about 20% w/w, about 5% w/w to about 30% w/w, about 5% w/w to about 25% w/w, about 5% w/w to about 20% w/w, about 8% w/w to about 30% w/w, about 8% w/w to about 25% w/w, about 8% w/w to about 20% w/w, about 10% w/w to about 30% w/w, about 10% w/w to about 25% w/w, about 10% w/w to about 20% w/w, about 15% w/w to about 30% w/w, about 15% w/w to about 25% w/w, and about 15% w/w to about 20% w/w.
  • the penetration enhancer is present in the formulation disclosed herein in an amount of about 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30% w/w, including increments therein. In some embodiments, the penetration enhancer is present in the formulation disclosed herein in an amount of about 18% w/w.
  • the formulations described herein include a thickening agent.
  • the thickening agent is selected from a cross-linked polyacrylic acid polymer (e.g, a carbomer); a cellulose derivative (e.g., hydroxyethylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose); xanthan gum, locust beam gum, guar gum or derivative thereof; alginic acid; inorganic polymer (such as Weegum, a silicate of aluminum and magnesium); PEMULENTM (a copolymer of acrylic acid and C10-C30 alkyl acrylate cross-linked with allyl pentaerythritol); or any combination thereof.
  • a cross-linked polyacrylic acid polymer e.g, a carbomer
  • a cellulose derivative e.g., hydroxyethylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl
  • the thickening agent comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a cross-linked polyacrylic acid polymer.
  • the cross-linked polyacrylic acid polymer is a carbomer.
  • Commercial carbomers include, but are not limited to, CARBOPOL® polymers such as CARBOPOL® Ultrez 10 NF, CARBOPOL® Ultrez 20, CARBOPOL® ETD 2020 NF, CARBOPOL® 71G NF, CARBOPOL® 971P NF, CARBOPOL® 974P NF, CARBOPOL® 980 NF, CARBOPOL® 981 NF, and CARBOPOL® 5984 EP.
  • CARBOPOL® Ultrez 10 NF and CARBOPOL® ETD 2020 NF are carbomer homopolymers or copolymers that contain a block copolymer of polyethylene glycol and a long chain alkyl acid ester.
  • the thickening agent is present in the formulation disclosed herein in an amount of about 0.8% w/w to about 1.3% w/w. This includes about 0.8% w/w to about 1.2% w/w, about 0.8% w/w to about 1.1% w/w, about 0.8% w/w to about 1.0% w/w, about 0.9% w/w to about 1.3% w/w, about 0.9% w/w to about 1.2% w/w, about 0.9% w/w to about 1.1% w/w, about 1.0% w/w to about 1.3% w/w, and about 1.0% w/w to about 1.2% w/w.
  • the thickening agent is present in the formulation disclosed herein in an amount of about 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, or 1.3% w/w, including increments therein. In some embodiments, the thickening agent is present in the formulation disclosed herein in an amount of about 1% w/w.
  • the formulations described herein include a buffering agent.
  • the buffering agent is selected from triethanolamine, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, cocoamidodiethylamine, or any combination thereof.
  • the buffering agent comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of triethanolamine.
  • the buffering agent is present in the formulation disclosed herein in an amount of about 0.25% w/w to about 6% w/w. This includes about 0.25% w/w to about 5% w/w, about 0.25% w/w to about 4% w/w, about 0.25% w/w to about 3% w/w, about 0.25% w/w to about 2% w/w, about 0.25% w/w to about 1% w/w, about 0.5% w/w to about 6% w/w, 0.5% w/w to about 5% w/w, about 0.5% w/w to about 4% w/w, about 0.5% w/w to about 3% w/w, about 0.5% w/w to about 2% w/w, and about 0.5% w/w to about 1% w/w.
  • the buffering agent is present in the formulation disclosed herein in an amount of about 0.25, 0.30, 0.35, 0.40, 0.45, 0.50, 0.55, 0.60, 0.65, 0.70, 0.75, 0.80, 0.85, 0.90, 0.95, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00, 2.25, 2.50, 2.75, 3.00, 3.25, 3.50, 3.75, 4.00, 4.25, 4.50, 4.75, 5.00, 5.25, 5.50, 5.75, or 6.00% w/w, including increments therein.
  • the formulations described herein include a sequestering agent.
  • the sequestering agent is selected from EDTA, or a salt and/or solvate thereof; citric acid; tartaric acid; or any combination thereof.
  • the sequestering agent comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of EDTA, or a salt and/or solvate thereof.
  • the sequestering agent is present in the formulation disclosed herein in an amount of about 0.05% w/w to about 0.08% w/w. This includes about 0.05% w/w to about 0.07% w/w, about 0.06% w/w to about 0.08% w/w, about 0.06% w/w to about 0.07% w/w, and about 0.07% w/w to about 0.08% w/w. In some embodiments, the sequestering agent is present in the formulation disclosed herein in an amount of about 0.05, 0.055, 0.06, 0.065, 0.07, 0.075, or 0.08% w/w, including increments therein.
  • the formulations described herein include a preservative.
  • the preservative is selected from phenoxyethanol, urea derivatives (such as, but not limited to, diazolidinyl urea and imidazolidinyl urea), ethylhexylglycerine, hydantoin, benzoic, sorbic acid, anisic acid, or any combination thereof.
  • the preservative comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of phenoxyethanol.
  • the preservative is present in the formulation disclosed herein in an amount of about 0.4% w/w to about 0.8% w/w. This includes about 0.4% w/w to about 0.7% w/w, about 0.4% w/w to about 0.6% w/w, about 0.4% w/w to about 0.5% w/w, about 0.5% w/w to about 0.8% w/w, about 0.5% w/w to about 0.7% w/w, about 0.5% w/w to about 0.6% w/w, about 0.6% w/w to about 0.8% w/w, about 0.6% w/w to about 0.7% w/w, and about 0.7% w/w to about 0.8% w/w.
  • the preservative is present in the formulation disclosed herein in an amount of about 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.65, 0.7, 0.75, or 0.8% w/w, including increments therein.
  • the formulations described herein may include one or more other components suitable for use in a transdermal composition.
  • Deionized water is added to the formulation as needed (q.s.).
  • the formulations described herein comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of up to about 95.45% w/w deionized water. This includes about 11.82% w/w to about 95.45% w/w, and about 31.82% w/w to about 95.45% w/w, and ranges in between.
  • the formulation comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of 79.5% w/w deionized water.
  • compositions described herein are alcohol-free.
  • alcohol-free as it pertains to a formulation described herein means that the formulation is formulated without methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol, n-propanol, tert-butanol, n-butanol, and other alcohols of similarly low boiling point.
  • the formulation disclosed herein exhibits a delivery profile that includes a lag effect wherein, following four consecutive hourly applications of the formulation to skin, the amount of active agent delivered through the skin after 21 hours is greater than the amount delivered through the skin after 5 hours, as assessed in an in vitro permeation study using human cadaver skin. In some embodiments, the formulation disclosed herein exhibits a delivery profile that includes a lag effect wherein, following four consecutive hourly applications of the formulation to skin, the amount of phytocannabinoid delivered through the skin after 21 hours is greater than the amount delivered through the skin after 5 hours, as assessed in an in vitro permeation study using human cadaver skin.
  • the formulation disclosed herein exhibits a lag effect wherein, following three consecutive hourly applications of the formulation to skin, the amount of active agent delivered through the skin after 22 hours is greater than the amount delivered through the skin after 5 hours, as assessed in an in vitro permeation study using human cadaver skin. In some embodiments, the formulation disclosed herein exhibits a lag effect wherein, following three consecutive hourly applications of the formulation to skin, the amount of phytocannabinoid delivered through the skin after 22 hours is greater than the amount delivered through the skin after 5 hours, as assessed in an in vitro permeation study using human cadaver skin.
  • the formulation transdermally delivers active agent to skin in an amount of at least 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, or 23 ⁇ g/cm 2 of skin, as assessed in an in vitro retention study using human cadaver skin after 24 hours following an initial application of the formulation to the skin.
  • the formulation transdermally delivers phytocannabinoid to skin in an amount of at least 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, or 23 ⁇ g/cm 2 of skin, as assessed in an in vitro retention study using human cadaver skin after 24 hours following an initial application of the formulation to the skin.
  • lipophilicity of the formulation of the present technology is modulated such that active agent in the formulation can permeate into the skin, accumulate within the skin, and then be delivered through the skin, thereby exhibiting a lag effect as described herein.
  • kits for treating pain and/or inflammation in a subject in need thereof comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of topically administering to one or more regions of skin on the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation disclosed herein.
  • kits for treating pain in a subject in need thereof comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of topically administering to one or more regions of skin on the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation disclosed herein.
  • provided herein are methods of treating inflammation in a subject in need thereof, the methods comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of topically administering to one or more regions of skin on the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation disclosed herein.
  • kits for treating musculoskeletal pain and/or inflammation in a subject in need thereof comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of topically administering to one or more regions of skin on the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation disclosed herein.
  • a subject in need thereof comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of administering to one or more regions of skin on the subject laser therapy and a transdermal formulation disclosed herein.
  • laser therapy has become more common for treating indications such as but not limited to chronic and acute pain conditions over the past several years.
  • lotions of any type are normally contraindicated during treatment as lotions can cause attenuation of the laser power, thus reducing the effectiveness of the laser treatment. Additionally, absorption of the laser energy within the lotion can cause a heating effect creating discomfort for the patient.
  • laser therapy refers to application of laser light to one or more regions of a subject for therapeutic effect.
  • suitable laser therapy parameters for use in such methods, such as but not limited to, laser light wavelength, laser light power, laser therapy dosage, and duration of treatment, based on principles known in the art.
  • the musculoskeletal pain and/or inflammation is located at one or more of the foot, ankle, knee, hip, hand, wrist, elbow, neck, scalp, back, chest, abdomen, shoulder, arm, or leg, of the subject. In some embodiments, the musculoskeletal pain and/or inflammation is located at skeletal muscles of the subject.
  • kits for relieving pain associated with osteoarthritis of one or more joints in a subject in need thereof comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation disclosed herein to one or more regions of skin covering the one or more joints on the subject.
  • the one or more joints are located at one or more of the foot, ankle, knee, hip, hand, wrist, elbow, neck, back, or shoulder of the subject.
  • provided herein are methods for treating acne, bacterial skin infection, dandruff, photoaging of the skin, or rosacea, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein, wherein the active agent comprises or consists of an anti-acne agent.
  • provided herein are methods for treating allergic urticaria, anal itching, aphthous ulcer, atopic dermatitis, back pain, bacterial skin infection, external burn, cold sore, dermal ulcer, hemorrhoids, insect bites, minor cuts, minor skin irritation, muscle pain, muscle spasm, neuropathic pain, poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac, postherpetic neuralgia, premature ejaculation, pruritus, scrapes, skin rash, sunburn, or urticaria, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein, wherein the active agent comprises or consists of an anesthetic.
  • atopic dermatitis bacterial vaginitis, basal cell carcinoma, cold sores, Condylomata acuminata , dandruff, dermal ulcer, dermatitis, eczema, head lice, herpes simplex, human papilloma viral infection, keratosis, lichen simplex chronicus, molluscum contagiosum, pruritus, rosacea, scabies, seborrheic dermatitis, or seborrheic keratosis, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein, wherein the active agent comprises or consists of an anti-infective agent.
  • provided herein are methods for treating acne, bacterial vaginitis, balanoposthitis, head lice, perioral dermatitis, or rosacea, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein, wherein the active agent comprises or consists of an anti-rosacea agent.
  • provided herein are methods for treating acne, bacterial skin infection, external burn, dandruff, impetigo, nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus , paronychia, perioral dermatitis, rosacea, seborrheic dermatitis, secondary cutaneous bacterial infections, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein, wherein the active agent comprises or consists of an antibiotic.
  • provided herein are methods for treating pain, atopic dermatitis, dermatitis, eczema, lichen simplex chronicus, or pruritus, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein, wherein the active agent comprises or consists of an antihistamine.
  • kits for treating Condylomata acuminata , human papilloma viral infection, keratosis, molluscum contagiosum, mycosis fungoides, skin cancer, or warts, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein, wherein the active agent comprises or consists of an anti-neoplastic.
  • provided herein are methods for treating acne, bacterial skin infection, eczema, facial wrinkles, human papilloma viral infection, impetigo, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, skin pigmentation disorder, or vitiligo, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein, wherein the active agent comprises or consists of an anti-psoriatic.
  • methods for treating cold sores or herpes simplex in a subject in need thereof comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein, wherein the active agent comprises or consists of an antiviral.
  • метод ⁇ melasma in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein, wherein the active agent comprises or consists of a depigmenting agent.
  • provided herein are methods for treating acne, Condylomata acuminate , dandruff, human papilloma viral infection, or warts, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein, wherein the active agent comprises or consists of an keratolytic.
  • provided herein are methods for treating pain, keratosis, or osteoarthritis, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein, wherein the active agent comprises or consists of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
  • keratosis or vitiligo or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein, wherein the active agent comprises or consists of a photochemotherapeutic.
  • provided herein are methods for treating pain, bursitis, cold symptoms, dermatitis, osteoarthritis, pruritus, Raynaud's Syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, or tendonitis, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein, wherein the active agent comprises or consists of a rubefacient.
  • provided herein are methods for treating anal itching, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, atopic dermatitis, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, dermatitis, dermatologic lesion, eczema, granuloma annulare, hemorrhoids, intertrigo, Lichen planus, Lichen sclerosus , necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, plantar fibromatosis, pruritus, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, skin rash, stomatitis, or urticaria, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein, wherein the active agent comprises or consists of a steroid.
  • methods for drying up oily skin in a subject in need thereof comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein, wherein the active agent comprises or consists of an astringent.
  • methods of cleaning a wound in a subject in need thereof comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein, wherein the active agent comprises or consists of a debriding agent.
  • provided herein are methods of moisturizing skin in a subject in need thereof, the method, consisting essentially of, or consisting of comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation described herein, wherein the active agent comprises or consists of an emollient.
  • the transdermal formulation disclosed herein is administered by topical application to the region of skin on the subject without microneedle delivery.
  • the transdermal formulation disclosed herein is administered once every hour for an initial period of two hours for a total of three applications and then subsequently administered 3-4 times per day. In some embodiments, the transdermal formulation disclosed herein is administered once every hour for an initial period of three hours for a total of four applications and then subsequently administered 3-4 times per day. In some embodiments, the transdermal formulation disclosed herein is administered once every hour for an initial period of four hours for a total of five applications and then subsequently administered 3-4 times per day.
  • the formulations disclosed herein may be provided in any suitable container, such as a jar, a tube, or a container with a pump dispenser, optionally, a unit dose pump dispenser.
  • the formulation disclosed herein is provided in a container with a medical grade pump dispenser, optionally, a unit dose pump dispenser.
  • the formulation disclosed herein is provided in a container with a medical grade pump dispenser with a cooling tip, optionally, a unit dose pump dispenser.
  • Skin samples from suitable human donors shipped and stored frozen at ⁇ 20° C. were used. The skins were removed from the freezer and allowed to equilibrate to room temperature. They were then punched with a steel punch to fit the top of the receptor cell. They were visually examined under stereoptic magnifier to confirm the absence of any skin defects. Receptor compartments were filled with the receptor fluid. Skin pieces were mounted on the receptor cells, the donor compartments were placed on top, and both compartments were clamped together. The skins were then allowed to hydrate in contact with the receptor fluid for ⁇ 1 hour. Any cells showing leakage were replaced.
  • each formulation was tested versus controls (e.g., composition of the present invention versus marketed formulation). Each test formulation was applied at a dose of 10 mg and spread uniformly over a skin sample of 0.55 cm 2 .
  • the Franz cells were maintained at 35° C. and the receptor compartment was continuously stirred with a magnetic stir bar. A sample was taken from each receptor compartment at predetermined time intervals (e.g., 2, 4, 6/8 and 22/24 hour). The samples were assayed by HPLC.
  • the set of cells was divided into 4 groups of 5 Franz cells. Approximately 10 mg of Formulation A100 was applied to the skin of each donor compartment of the cells. The skin was obtained from a human male (63 years old, 158 lbs, back skin, 500 ⁇ m thickness).
  • Formulation A100 application The first group of (5) cells was treated as in Example 2 with no further formulation application.
  • Formulation A100 application+1 repeat application In the second group of (5) cells, after 1 hour, the remaining formulation at the surface of the skin samples was first removed and the samples were further wiped and cleaned quickly with a cotton swab. Then, another application of approximately 10 mg of formulation was applied.
  • Formulation A100 application+2 repeat applications In the third group of (5) cells, after each of 1 hour and 2 hours, the remaining formulation at the surface of the skin samples was first removed and the samples were further wiped and cleaned quickly with a cotton swab, and then further applications of approximately 10 mg of formulation were re-applied.
  • Formulation A100 application+3 repeat applications In the fourth group of (5) cells, after each of 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours, the remaining formulation at the surface of the skin samples was first removed and the samples were further wiped and cleaned quickly with a cotton swab, and then further applications of approximately 10 mg of formulation were re-applied.
  • results are shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 .
  • administration of 3 repeat applications demonstrates the highest permeated amount after 8 hours, the permeated amount remains low (approximately 0.3 ⁇ g/cm 2 or less), as are the permeation amounts for the single application, 1 repeat-application and 2-repeat application ( FIG. 1 ).
  • the permeation values display a 16-fold to 30-fold increase after 24 hours ( FIG. 2 ).
  • Lag time was determined to be 3.3 hours. (Lag time is the intercept of steady-state absorption flux straight line with the time line axis which takes place after absorption has started. It reflects the delayed absorption into viable tissue related to the penetration into the stratum corneum. Direct lag time measurement in vivo is not possible but is estimated by extrapolation of the linear portion of the permeation plot to the time axis.)
  • Skin samples were assayed to determine the amount of active agent retained in the skin as follows. After 24 hours of the permeation study of Example 2, the skin pieces were first wiped clean with cotton swabs and inspected visually to ensure that no formulation remained. The skin pieces were carefully and quickly wiped twice with Ethanol/water (80:20) impregnated cotton swabs and blotted dry each time with Kimwipes (cellulose cloths). The skins were placed into capped 1.5-dram vials to which 2 ml of ethanol (100%) were added and then sealed with Parafilm (paraffin wax). The vials were stirred overnight at 35° C. to allow the retained active agent to be extracted into ethanol. After cooling to room temperature, the samples were centrifuged and the supernatant was analyzed by HPLC.
  • Results are shown in FIG. 3 . No significant skin retention differences across the different treatment groups were observed after 24 hours.
  • Each test formulation was applied at a dose of 10 mg and spread uniformly.
  • the Franz cells were maintained at 35° C. and the receptor compartment was continuously stirred with a magnetic stir bar.
  • a sample was taken from each receptor compartment at predetermined time intervals (preferably, 2, 4, 6/8 and 22/24 hour). The samples were assayed by HPLC.
  • the marketed formulation contained hemp extract (includes cannabidiol), camphor, menthol, beeswax, clove oil, cotton, seed oil, eucalyptus oil, jojoba seed oil, peppermint oil, sorbic acid, and tea tree oil.
  • Results are shown in FIG. 4 .
  • the marketed formulation did not show any permeation as measured up to 8 hours, and showed a small amount of permeation after 22 hours.
  • Formulation A100 (formulation of Example 1) several times daily to treat joint and/or muscle pain.
  • Overall pain scores decreased by 4.5 points, an improvement of 65%.
  • Subjects reported that Formulation A100 applied smoothly and absorbed quickly into the skin without leaving a residue.
  • composition as described herein comprising cannabigerol as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising cannabichromene as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising cannabinol as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising cannabitriol as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising cannabidiolic acid as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising cannabigerolic acid as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising cannabidivarin as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising beta caryophyllene as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising tretinoin as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising adapalene as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising capsaicin as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising lidocaine/prilocaine as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising docosanol as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising mupirocin as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • Example 21 Formulation of Bacitracin/Polymyxin b (Formulation A260)
  • composition as described herein comprising bacitracin/polymyxin b as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising clotrimazole as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising tolnaftate as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising miconazole as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising diphenhydramine as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising fluorouracil as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising tazarotene as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising acyclovir as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising hydroquinone as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising urea as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising salicylic acid as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising diclofenac as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising indomethacin as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising trolamine salicylate as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising methyl salicylate as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising fluocinolone as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising hydrocortisone as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising minoxidil as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising cyclobenzaprine as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising gabapentin as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising baclofen as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising colchicine as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • composition as described herein comprising ibuprofen as the active agent is set forth in the following table.
  • Skin samples from a single suitable human donor shipped and stored frozen at ⁇ 20° C. were used. The skin was removed from the freezer, allowed to equilibrate to room temperature, and cut to ⁇ 2 cm ⁇ 2 cm pieces prior to testing. Twelve Franz diffusion cells with a 3.3 mL receiver volume and 0.55 cm 2 diffusional area were used. Receptor compartments were filled with the receptor fluid (water with 2% HPBCD and 0.1 wt. % NaN 3 ). Skin pieces were mounted on the receptor cells, the donor compartments were placed on top, and both compartments were clamped together. The skins were then allowed to hydrate in contact with the receptor fluid for ⁇ 20 minutes. Any cells showing leakage were replaced.
  • Formulation A480 was compared to a marketed formulation containing ibuprofen (10 wt. %). Each formulation was applied at a finite dose of 10 ⁇ L (corresponding to 18 mg/cm 2 ) and spread uniformly over the addressed skin surface area. Six replicates were tested, with receptor well sampling at 4 time points (1 h, 2 h, 8 h, and 24 h). The receptor well was maintained at 32° C., and the receptor fluid in the receptor wells was stirred by magnetic stir bar throughout the experiment. Sampling was analyzed by LC-MS/MS. At the 24-hour time point, the skin pieces were washed twice with ethanol/water (1:1) and wiped dry with Kimwipes (cellulose cloths).
  • the successive topmost layers of the stratum corneum were removed by applying cellophane tape to the skin and then pulling off the tape (3 ⁇ ), and the tape strips were discarded.
  • the epidermis and dermis were separated, and extractions were performed on the epidermal and dermal skin sections. Results are shown in FIGS. 7-9 .
  • Skin samples from a single suitable human donor shipped and stored frozen at ⁇ 20° C. will be used.
  • the skin will be removed from the freezer, allowed to equilibrate to room temperature, and cut to ⁇ 2 cm ⁇ 2 cm pieces prior to testing.
  • Twelve Franz diffusion cells with a 3.3 mL receiver volume and 0.55 cm 2 diffusional area will be used.
  • Receptor compartments will be filled with the receptor fluid (water with 2% HPBCD and 0.1 wt. % NaN 3 ). Skin pieces will be mounted on the receptor cells, the donor compartments will be placed on top, and both compartments will be clamped together. The skins will be then allowed to hydrate in contact with the receptor fluid for ⁇ 20 minutes. Any cells showing leakage will be replaced.
  • any one of Formulations A110 to A470 will be compared to a marketed formulation containing the corresponding active agent. Each formulation will be applied at a finite dose of 10 ⁇ L (corresponding to 18 mg/cm 2 ) and spread uniformly over the addressed skin surface area. Six replicates will be tested, with receptor well sampling at 4 time points (1 h, 2 h, 8 h, and 24 h). The receptor well will be maintained at 32° C., and the receptor fluid in the receptor wells will be stirred by magnetic stir bar throughout the experiment. Sampling will be analyzed by LC-MS/MS. At the 24-hour time point, the skin pieces will be washed twice with ethanol/water (1:1) and wiped dry with Kimwipes (cellulose cloths).
  • Formulations A110-A470 will have a higher delivered dose ( ⁇ g/cm 2 ) at the 8-hour and 24-hour time points than the corresponding marketed formulation.
  • Laser light (Epoch Laser Model 980 Therapeutic Laser) was applied to a glass slide atop a Laser Power meter measurement head at a fixed distance. The measured optical power was 4.9 watts. Formulation A100 was then applied to the clear glass slide. The laser light was then applied at the same fixed distance, and the measured optical power was 4.7 watts. The lens was then cleaned of any residue and another reading was taken and the optical power returned to 4.9 watts. The experiment was repeated a total of 2 more times for a total of three times. The resultant measurements were the same in all three instances. The percentage loss was calculated with Formulation A100 applied. The average loss was 4%.
  • Formulation A100 was applied to the back of the experimenter's hand and the laser immediately applied thereafter using a typical therapeutic setting of 6 watts recommended by the manufacturer. No increased warming sensation was experienced when compared to the laser being applied without Formulation A100.
  • a transdermal formulation comprising about 0.05% w/w to about 50% w/w of an active agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises
  • Para. B The formulation of Para. A, wherein the formulation is a topical formulation.
  • Para. C The formulation of Para. B, wherein the topical formulation is a semi-solid formulation selected from a gel, a lotion, a cream, an ointment, a serum, or a foam.
  • Para. D The formulation of any one of Paras. A-C, consisting of
  • Para. E The formulation of any one of Paras. A-D, wherein the active agent is one or more selected from anti-acne agents, anesthetics, anti-infectives, anti-rosacea agents, antibiotics, antifungals, antihistamines, anti-neoplastics, anti-psoriatics, antivirals, depigmenting agents, keratolytics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, photochemotherapeutics, rubefacients, steroids, astringents, debriding agents, and emollients.
  • the active agent is one or more selected from anti-acne agents, anesthetics, anti-infectives, anti-rosacea agents, antibiotics, antifungals, antihistamines, anti-neoplastics, anti-psoriatics, antivirals, depigmenting agents, keratolytics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, photochemotherapeutics, rubefacients, steroids,
  • Para. F The formulation of Para. E, wherein the active agent comprises one or more anti-acne agents selected from benzoyl peroxide; tretinoin; adapalene; benzoyl peroxide and hydrocortisone; benzoyl peroxide and sulfur; resorcinol and sulfur; benzoyl peroxide and salicylic acid; benzoyl peroxide and erythromycin; benzoyl peroxide and clindamycin; erythromycin; benzoyl peroxide and adapalene; clindamycin and tretinoin; dapsone; salicylic acid; azelaic acid; clindamycin; and tetracycline.
  • anti-acne agents selected from benzoyl peroxide; tretinoin; adapalene; benzoyl peroxide and hydrocortisone; benzoyl peroxide and sulfur; resorcinol and sulfur; benzoyl peroxide
  • Para. G The formulation of Para. E, wherein the active agent comprises one or more anesthetics selected from capsaicin, lidocaine, menthol, and methyl salicylate; pramoxine; hydrocortisone and lidocaine; tetracaine; dibucaine; prilocaine and lidocaine; menthol and lidocaine; benzalkonium chloride and lidocaine; dyclonine; phenol; camphor, methyl salicylate, and lidocaine; capsaicin, menthol, and lidocaine; cocaine; ethyl chloride; pentafluoropropane and tetrafluoroethane; pramoxine and zinc acetate; and prilocaine and lidocaine.
  • anesthetics selected from capsaicin, lidocaine, menthol, and methyl salicylate; pramoxine; hydrocortisone and lidocaine; tetracaine; di
  • Para. H The formulation of Para. E, wherein the active agent comprises one or more anti-infectives selected from docosanol; boric acid; malathion; silver; sinecatechins; crotamiton; iodoquinol; benzyl alcohol; benzyl benzoate; cadexomer iodine; gentian violet; spinosad; ivermectin; acetic acid; imiquimod; permethrin; lindane; piperonyl butoxide and pyrethrins; hydrogen peroxide; aloe polysaccharides and iodoquinol; chloroxine; and nitrofurazone.
  • anti-infectives selected from docosanol; boric acid; malathion; silver; sinecatechins; crotamiton; iodoquinol; benzyl alcohol; benzyl benzoate; cadexomer iodine; gentian violet
  • Para. I The formulation of Para. E, wherein the active agent comprises one or more anti-rosacea agents selected from azelaic acid, ivermectin, metronidazole, brimonidine, and oxymetazoline.
  • Para. J The formulation of Para. E, wherein the active agent comprises one or more antibiotics selected from mupirocin; bacitracin and polymyxin b; bacitracin, neomycin, polymyxin b, and pramoxine; gentamicin; sulfacetamide sodium; silver sulfadiazine; sulfur, rumblemulin and sulfur; rumblemulin; erythromycin; bacitracin, neomycin, and polymyxin b; pramoxine, neomycin, and polymyxin b; bacitracin; mafenide; neomycin and polymyxin b; neomycin; ozenoxacin; and tetracycline.
  • antibiotics selected from mupirocin; bacitracin and polymyxin b; bacitracin, neomycin, polymyxin b, and pramoxine; gentamic
  • Para. K The formulation of Para. E, wherein the active agent comprises one or more antifungals selected from clotrimazole; tolnaftate; miconazole; clioquinol, naftifine, miconazole and zinc oxide; oxiconazole; econazole; ciclopirox; sertaconazole; ketoconazole; undecylenic acid; nystatin; efinaconazole; terbinafine; tavaborole; butenafine; ketoconazole and pyrithione zinc; luliconazole; salicylic acid and sodium thiosulfate; and sulconazole.
  • the active agent comprises one or more antifungals selected from clotrimazole; tolnaftate; miconazole; clioquinol, naftifine, miconazole and zinc oxide; oxiconazole; econazole; ciclopirox; sertaconazole; ketoconazole
  • Para. L The formulation of Para. E, wherein the active agent comprises one or more antihistamines selected from diphenhydramine and doxepin.
  • Para. M The formulation of Para. E, wherein the active agent comprises one or more anti-neoplastics selected from fluorouracil, imiquimod, ingenol, and mechlorethamine.
  • the active agent comprises one or more anti-neoplastics selected from fluorouracil, imiquimod, ingenol, and mechlorethamine.
  • Para. N The formulation of Para. E, wherein the active agent comprises one or more anti-psoriatics selected from tazarotene; betamethasone and calcipotriene; calcitriol; ammoniated mercury; anthralin; halobetasol and tazarotene; methoxsalen; and resorcinol.
  • the active agent comprises one or more anti-psoriatics selected from tazarotene; betamethasone and calcipotriene; calcitriol; ammoniated mercury; anthralin; halobetasol and tazarotene; methoxsalen; and resorcinol.
  • Para. O The formulation of Para. E, wherein the active agent comprises one or more antivirals selected from penciclovir and acyclovir.
  • Para. P The formulation of Para. E, wherein the active agent comprises one or more depigmenting agents selected from fluocinolone, hydroquinone, and tretinoin; and hydroquinone.
  • Para. Q The formulation of Para. E, wherein the active agent comprises one or more keratolytics selected from salicylic acid, podofilox, and Podophyllum resin.
  • Para. R The formulation of Para. E, wherein the active agent comprises one or more non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs selected from diclofenac; indomethacin; capsaicin and diclofenac; and ibuprofen.
  • the active agent comprises one or more non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs selected from diclofenac; indomethacin; capsaicin and diclofenac; and ibuprofen.
  • Para. S The formulation of Para. E, wherein the active agent comprises one or more photochemotherapeutics selected from aminolevulini c acid, methoxsalen, and methyl aminolevulinate.
  • Para. T The formulation of Para. E, wherein the active agent comprises one or more rubefacients selected from trolamine salicylate; methyl salicylate; camphor and menthol and methyl salicylate; menthol; camphor and menthol; camphor; capsaicin, menthol, and methyl salicylate; camphor and phenol; capsaicin and menthol; and menthol and methyl salicylate.
  • the active agent comprises one or more rubefacients selected from trolamine salicylate; methyl salicylate; camphor and menthol and methyl salicylate; menthol; camphor and menthol; camphor; capsaicin, menthol, and methyl salicylate; camphor and phenol; capsaicin and menthol; and menthol and methyl salicylate.
  • Para. U The formulation of Para. E, wherein the active agent comprises one or more steroids selected from hydrocortisone; fluocinolone; diflorasone; prednicarbate; clocortolone; halcinonide; fluticasone; amcinonide; ammonium lactate and halobetasol; mometasone; clobetasol; flurandrenolide; desonide; betamethasone; desoximetasone; fluocinonide; halobetasol; triamcinolone; alclometasone; hydrocortisone, salicylic acid, and sulfur; and hydrocortisone and urea.
  • steroids selected from hydrocortisone; fluocinolone; diflorasone; prednicarbate; clocortolone; halcinonide; fluticasone; amcinonide; ammonium lactate and halobetasol; mometasone; clobe
  • Para. V The formulation of Para. E, wherein the active agent comprises one or more astringents selected from witch hazel; aluminum acetate; and aluminum sulfate and calcium acetate.
  • Para. W The formulation of Para. E, wherein the active agent comprises one or more debriding agents selected from balsam peru, castor oil, and trypsin; and collagenase.
  • the active agent comprises one or more debriding agents selected from balsam peru, castor oil, and trypsin; and collagenase.
  • Para. X The formulation of Para. E, wherein the active agent comprises one or more emollients selected from urea; aloe vera; glycerin; lanolin; salicylic acid and urea; vitamins A and D; ammonium lactate; ammonium lactate and urea; hydrocortisone and urea; lactic acid and urea; petrolatum; and vitamins A, D, and E.
  • the active agent comprises one or more emollients selected from urea; aloe vera; glycerin; lanolin; salicylic acid and urea; vitamins A and D; ammonium lactate; ammonium lactate and urea; hydrocortisone and urea; lactic acid and urea; petrolatum; and vitamins A, D, and E.
  • Para. Y The formulation of any one of Paras. A-D, wherein the active agent is one or more selected from cyclobenzaprine; gabapentin; baclofen; colchicine; minoxidil; balsam peru; benzoin; dexpanthenol; diphenhydramine and hydrocortisone; lactic acid; sulfur; zinc oxide; pyrithione zinc; salicylic acid and sulfur; calamine; coal tar, salicylic acid, and sulfur; aluminum chloride hexahydrate; bimatoprost; sodium hyaluronate; coal tar; eflornithine; Arnica ; selenium sulfide; pimecrolimus; bentoquatam; tacrolimus; allantoin, camphor, and phenol; glycopyrronium; capsaicin; crisaborole; alitretinoi; balsam peru and castor oil; becaplermin; bexarotene; coal tar and salicylic
  • Para. Z The formulation of any one of Paras. A-Y, wherein the formulation exhibits a lag effect wherein, following four consecutive hourly applications of the formulation to skin, the amount of the active agent delivered through the skin after 21 hours is greater than the amount delivered through the skin after 5 hours, as assessed in an in vitro permeation study using human cadaver skin.
  • Para. AA The formulation of any one of Paras. A-Z, wherein the penetration enhancer comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, lauryl alcohol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl acetamide, N-methyl pyrrolidone, oleic acid, azone, oxazolidinone derivative, urea, terpene, or any combination thereof.
  • the penetration enhancer comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, lauryl alcohol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl acetamide, N-methyl pyrrolidone, oleic acid, azone, oxazolidinone derivative, urea, terpene, or any combination thereof.
  • Para. AB The formulation of any one of Paras. A-AA, wherein the thickening agent comprises a cross-linked polyacrylic acid polymer; a cellulose derivative; xanthan gum, locust beam gum, guar gum or derivative thereof; alginic acid; inorganic polymer; PEMULENTM (a copolymer of acrylic acid and C10-C30 alkyl acrylate cross-linked with allyl pentaerythritol); or any combination thereof.
  • the thickening agent comprises a cross-linked polyacrylic acid polymer; a cellulose derivative; xanthan gum, locust beam gum, guar gum or derivative thereof; alginic acid; inorganic polymer; PEMULENTM (a copolymer of acrylic acid and C10-C30 alkyl acrylate cross-linked with allyl pentaerythritol); or any combination thereof.
  • Para. AC The formulation of any one of Paras. A-AB, wherein the buffering agent comprises triethanol amine, potassium hydroxide, cocoamidodiethylamine, or any combination thereof.
  • Para. AD The formulation of any one of Paras. A-AC, wherein the sequestering agent comprises EDTA, or a salt and/or solvate thereof; citric acid; tartaric acid; or any combination thereof.
  • the sequestering agent comprises EDTA, or a salt and/or solvate thereof; citric acid; tartaric acid; or any combination thereof.
  • Para. AE The formulation of any one of Paras. A-AD, wherein the preservative comprises phenoxyethanol, a urea derivative, ethylhexylglycerine, hydantoin, benzoic, sorbic acid, anisic acid, or any combination thereof.
  • Para. AF A method for treating acne, bacterial skin infection, dandruff, photoaging of the skin, or rosacea, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation of any one of Paras. A-D and F.
  • Para. AG A method for treating allergic urticaria, anal itching, aphthous ulcer, atopic dermatitis, back pain, bacterial skin infection, external burn, cold sore, dermal ulcer, hemorrhoids, insect bites, minor cuts, minor skin irritation, muscle pain, muscle spasm, neuropathic pain, poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac, postherpetic neuralgia, premature ejaculation, pruritus, scrapes, skin rash, sunburn, or urticaria, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation of any one of Paras. A-D and G.
  • Para. AH A method for treating atopic dermatitis, bacterial vaginitis, basal cell carcinoma, cold sores, Condylomata acuminata , dandruff, dermal ulcer, dermatitis, eczema, head lice, herpes simplex, human papilloma viral infection, keratosis, lichen simplex chronicus, molluscum contagiosum, pruritus, rosacea, scabies, seborrheic dermatitis, or seborrheic keratosis, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation of any one of Paras. A-D and H.
  • Para. AI A method for treating acne, bacterial vaginitis, balanoposthitis, head lice, perioral dermatitis, or rosacea, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation of any one of Paras. A-D and I.
  • Para. AJ A method for treating acne, bacterial skin infection, external burn, dandruff, impetigo, nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus , paronychia, perioral dermatitis, rosacea, seborrheic dermatitis, secondary cutaneous bacterial infections, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation of any one of Paras.
  • A-D and J A method for treating acne, bacterial skin infection, external burn, dandruff, impetigo, nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus , paronychia, perioral dermatitis, rosacea, seborrheic dermatitis, secondary cutaneous bacterial infections, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation of any one of Paras.
  • A-D and J
  • Para. AK A method for treating androgenetic alopecia, balanoposthitis, beef tapeworm infection ( Taenia saginata ), cutaneous candidiasis, dandruff, diaper rash, impetigo, intertrigo, onychomycosis, fingernail onychomycosis, toenail onychomycosis, paronychia, seborrheic dermatitis, Tinea corporis, Tinea cruris, Tinea pedis , or Tinea versicolor , or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation of any one of Paras. A-D and K.
  • Para. AL A method for treating pain, atopic dermatitis, dermatitis, eczema, lichen simplex chronicus, or pruritus, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation of any one of Paras. A-D and L.
  • Para. AM A method for treating Condylomata acuminata , human papilloma viral infection, keratosis, molluscum contagiosum, mycosis fungoides, skin cancer, or warts, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation of any one of Paras. A-D and M.
  • Para. AN A method for treating acne, bacterial skin infection, eczema, facial wrinkles, human papilloma viral infection, impetigo, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, skin pigmentation disorder, or vitiligo, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation of any one of Paras. A-D and N.
  • Para. AO A method for treating cold sores or herpes simplex in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation of any one of Paras. A-D and O.
  • Para. AP A method for treating melasma in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation of any one of Paras. A-D and P.
  • Para. AQ A method for treating acne, Condylomata acuminate , dandruff, human papilloma viral infection, or warts, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation of any one of Paras. A-D and Q.
  • Para. AR A method for treating pain, keratosis, or osteoarthritis, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation of any one of Paras. A-D and R.
  • Para. AS A method for treating keratosis or vitiligo, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation of any one of Paras. A-D and S.
  • Para. AT A method for treating pain, bursitis, cold symptoms, dermatitis, osteoarthritis, pruritus, Raynaud's Syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, or tendonitis, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation of any one of Paras. A-D and T.
  • Para. AU A method for treating anal itching, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, atopic dermatitis, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, dermatitis, dermatologic lesion, eczema, granuloma annulare, hemorrhoids, intertrigo, Lichen planus, Lichen sclerosus , necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, plantar fibromatosis, pruritus, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, skin rash, stomatitis, or urticaria, or any combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation of any one of Paras. A-D and U.
  • Para. AV A method for drying up oily skin in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation of any one of Paras. A-D and V.
  • Para. AW A method of cleaning a wound in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation of any one of Paras. A-D and W.
  • Para. AX A method of moisturizing skin in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising topically administering a therapeutically effective amount of a transdermal formulation of any one of Paras. A-D and X.
  • Para. AY A method of treating musculoskeletal pain and/or inflammation in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of administering to one or more regions of skin on the subject laser therapy and a transdermal formulation, wherein the transdermal formulation comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of about 0.05% w/w to about 50% w/w of a phytocannabinoid dispersed in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of
  • Para. AZ The method of Para. AY, wherein the formulation comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of:
  • Para. BA The method of Para. AY or Para. AZ, wherein the phytocannabinoid is cannabidiol.
  • Para. BB The method of Para. BA, wherein the cannabidiol is microencapsulated cannabidiol.
  • Para. BC The method of Para. BB, wherein the microencapsulated cannabidiol comprises cannabidiol encapsulated within liposomes.

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US20210401770A1 (en) * 2019-06-28 2021-12-30 Nexzol Pharma, Inc. Transdermal formulation for the treatment of pain and/or inflammation
CN116036103A (zh) * 2023-02-23 2023-05-02 广东人人康药业有限公司 一种复方氢醌乳剂及其制备方法和应用

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US11723880B2 (en) * 2019-06-28 2023-08-15 Nexzol Pharma, Inc. Transdermal formulation for the treatment of pain and/or inflammation
CN116036103A (zh) * 2023-02-23 2023-05-02 广东人人康药业有限公司 一种复方氢醌乳剂及其制备方法和应用

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WO2020263643A1 (fr) 2020-12-30
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CA3144250A1 (fr) 2020-12-30
AU2020301119A1 (en) 2022-01-20

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