Classifications

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  • A61K31/5375—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine
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Definitions

• the present invention relates to organic compounds useful for therapy or prophylaxis in a mammal, and in particular to monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitors for the treatment or prophylaxis of neuroinflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, pain, cancer, mental disorders, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, neurotoxicity, stroke, epilepsy, anxiety, migraine, depression, inflammatory bowel disease, abdominal pain, abdominal pain associated with irritable bowel syndrome and/or visceral pain in a mammal.
• MLM monoacylglycerol lipase
• Endocannabinoids are signaling lipids that exert their biological actions by interacting with cannabinoid receptors (CBRs), CB1 and CB2. They modulate multiple physiological processes including neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and tissue regeneration (Iannotti, F. A., et al., Progress in lipid research 2016, 62, 107-28.).
• CBRs cannabinoid receptors
• CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors
• DAGL diacyglycerol lipases
• MAGL monoacylglycerol lipase
• MAGL is expressed throughout the brain and in most brain cell types, including neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia cells (Chanda, P. K., et al., Molecular pharmacology 2010, 78, 996; Viader, A., et al., Cell reports 2015, 12, 798.).
• 2-AG hydrolysis results in the formation of arachidonic acid (AA), the precursor of prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs).
• Oxidative metabolism of AA is increased in inflamed tissues.
• the cyclo-oxygenase which produces PGs
• the 5-lipoxygenase which produces LTs.
• PGE2 is one of the most important. These products have been detected at sites of inflammation, e.g. in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients suffering from neurodegenerative disorders and are believed to contribute to inflammatory response and disease progression.
• mice lacking MAGL exhibit dramatically reduced 2-AG hydrolase activity and elevated 2-AG levels in the nervous system while other arachidonoyl-containing phospho- and neutral lipid species including anandamide (AEA), as well as other free fatty acids, are unaltered.
• AEA arachidonoyl-containing phospho- and neutral lipid species including anandamide
• levels of AA and AA-derived prostaglandins and other eicosanoids including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), D2 (PGD2), F2 (PGF2), and thromboxane B2 (TXB2), are strongly decreased.
• Phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) enzymes have been viewed as the principal source of AA, but cPLA 2 -deficient mice have unaltered AA levels in their brain, reinforcing the key role of MAGL in the brain for AA production and regulation of the brain inflammatory process.
• Neuroinflammation is a common pathological change characteristic of diseases of the brain including, but not restricted to, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, neurotoxicity, stroke, epilepsy and mental disorders such as anxiety and migraine).
• neurodegenerative diseases e.g. multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, neurotoxicity, stroke, epilepsy and mental disorders such as anxiety and migraine.
• LPS lipopolysaccharide
• LPS treatment also induces a widespread elevation in pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1-a (IL-1-a), IL-1b, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) that is prevented in Mgll ⁇ / ⁇ mice.
• IL-1-a interleukin-1-a
• IL-6 IL-6
• TNF-a tumor necrosis factor-a
• Neuroinflammation is characterized by the activation of the innate immune cells of the central nervous system, the microglia and the astrocytes. It has been reported that anti-inflammatory drugs can suppress in preclinical models the activation of glia cells and the progression of disease including Alzheimer's disease and mutiple sclerosis (Lleo, A., Cell Mol Life Sci. 2007, 64, 1403). Importantly, genetic and/or pharmacological disruption of MAGL activity also blocks LPS-induced activation of microglial cells in the brain (Nomura, D. K., et al., Science 2011, 334, 809).
• MAGL activity was shown to be protective in several animal models of neurodegeneration including, but not restricted to, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis.
• an irreversible MAGL inhibitor has been widely used in preclinical models of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration (Long, J. Z., et al., Nature chemical biology 2009, 5, 37).
• Systemic injection of such inhibitor recapitulates the Mgll ⁇ / ⁇ mice phenotype in the brain, including an increase in 2-AG levels, a reduction in AA levels and related eicosanoids production, as well as the prevention of cytokines production and microglia activation following LPS-induced neuroinflammation (Nomura, D. K., et al., Science 2011, 334, 809), altogether confirming that MAGL is a druggable target.
• 2-AG the endogenous levels of the MAGL natural substrate in the brain, 2-AG, are increased.
• 2-AG has been reported to show beneficial effects on pain with, for example, anti-nociceptive effects in mice (Ignatowska-Jankowska, B., et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2015, 353, 424) and on mental disorders, such as depression in chronic stress models (Thong, P., et al., Neuropsychopharmacology 2014, 39, 1763).
• oligodendrocytes (OLs), the myelinating cells of the central nervous system, and their precursors (OPCs) express the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) on their membrane.
• CB2 cannabinoid receptor 2
• 2-AG is the endogenous ligand of CB1 and CB2 receptors. It has been reported that both cannabinoids and pharmacological inhibition of MAGL attenuate OLs's and OPCs's vulnerability to excitotoxic insults and therefore may be neuroprotective (Bernal-Chico, A., et al., Glia 2015, 63, 163).
• MAGL inhibition increases the number of myelinating OLs in the brain of mice, suggesting that MAGL inhibition may promote differentiation of OPCs in myelinating OLs in vivo (Alpar, A., et al., Nature communications 2014, 5, 4421). Inhibition of MAGL was also shown to promote remyelination and functional recovery in a mouse model of progressive multiple sclerosis (Feliu, A., et al., Journal of Neuroscience 2017, 37, 8385).
• MAGL as an important decomposing enzyme for both lipid metabolism and the endocannabinoids system, additionally as a part of a gene expression signature, contributes to different aspects of tumourigenesis, including in glioblastoma (Qin, H., et al., Cell Biochem. Biophys.
• CBRs cannabinoid receptors
• CB1 receptors are present throughout the GI tract of animals and healthy humans, especially in the enteric nervous system (ENS) and the epithelial lining, as well as smooth muscle cells of blood vessels in the colonic wall (Wright K. et al., Gastroenterology 2005, 129(2), 437-453; Duncan, M. et al., Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005, 22(8), 667-683).
• CB1 Activation of CB1 produces anti-emetic, anti-motility, and anti-inflammatory effect, and help to modulate pain (Perisetti, A. et al., Ann Gastroenterol 2020, 33(2), 134-144).
• CB2 receptors are expressed in immune cells such as plasma cells and macrophages, in the lamina intestinal of the GI tract (Wright K. et al., Gastroenterology 2005, 129(2), 437-453), and primarily on the epithelium of human colonic tissue associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
• IBD inflammatory bowel disease
• Activation of CB2 exerts anti-inflammatory effect by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines.
• Expression of MAGL is increased in colonic tissue in UC patients (Marquez L.
• MAGL inhibition prevents TNBS-induced mouse colitis and decreases local and circulating inflammatory markers via a CB1/CB2 MoA (Marquez L. et al., PLoS One 2009, 4(9), e6893). Furthermore, MAGL inhibition improves gut wall integrity and intestinal permeability via a CB1 driven MoA (Wang, J. et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020, 525(4), 962-967).
• suppressing the action and/or the activation of MAGL is a promising new therapeutic strategy for the treatment or prevention of neuroinflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, pain, cancer, mental disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, abdominal pain and abdominal pain associated with irritable bowel syndrome. Furthermore, suppressing the action and/or the activation of MAGL is a promising new therapeutic strategy for providing neuroprotection and myelin regeneration. Accordingly, there is a high unmet medical need for new MAGL inhibitors.
• the present invention provides new heterocyclic compounds having the general formulae (Ia) and (Ib)
• the present invention provides a process of manufacturing the urea compounds of formula (Ia) or (Ib) described herein, comprising:
• the present invention provides a compound of formula (Ia) or (Ib) as described herein, when manufactured according to the processes described herein.
• the present invention provides a compound of formula (Ia) or (Ib) as described herein, for use as therapeutically active substance.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (Ia) or (Ib) as described herein and a therapeutically inert carrier.
• the present invention provides the use of a compound of formula (Ia) or (Ib) as described herein or of a pharmaceutical composition described herein for inhibiting monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) in a mammal.
• a compound of formula (Ia) or (Ib) as described herein or of a pharmaceutical composition described herein for inhibiting monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) in a mammal.
• the present invention provides the use of a compound of formula (I) as described herein or of a pharmaceutical composition described herein for the treatment or prophylaxis of neuroinflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, pain, cancer, mental disorders and/or inflammatory bowel disease in a mammal.
• the present invention provides the use of a compound of formula (I) as described herein or of a pharmaceutical composition described herein for the treatment or prophylaxis of multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, neurotoxicity, stroke, epilepsy, anxiety, migraine, depression, hepatocellular carcinoma, colon carcinogenesis, ovarian cancer, neuropathic pain, chemotherapy induced neuropathy, acute pain, chronic pain, spasticity associated with pain, abdominal pain, abdominal pain associated with irritable bowel syndrome and/or visceral pain in a mammal.
• multiple sclerosis Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, neurotoxicity, stroke, epilepsy, anxiety, migraine, depression, hepatocellular carcinoma, colon carcinogenesis, ovarian cancer, neuropathic pain, chemotherapy induced neuropathy, acute pain, chronic pain, spasticity associated with pain, abdominal pain, abdominal pain associated with irritable bowel
• alkyl refers to a mono- or multivalent, e.g., a mono- or bivalent, linear or branched saturated hydrocarbon group of 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
• the alkyl group contains 1 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 1-6 -alkyl”), e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms.
• the alkyl group contains 1 to 3 carbon atoms, e.g., 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms.
• alkyl examples include methyl, ethyl, propyl, 2-propyl (isopropyl), n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, and 2,2-dimethylpropyl.
• Particularly preferred, yet non-limiting examples of alkyl are methyl and tert-butyl.
• alkoxy refers to an alkyl group, as previously defined, attached to the parent molecular moiety via an oxygen atom. Unless otherwise specified, the alkoxy group contains 1 to 12 carbon atoms. In some preferred embodiments, the alkoxy group contains 1 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 1-6 -alkoxy”). In other embodiments, the alkoxy group contains 1 to 4 carbon atoms. In still other embodiments, the alkoxy group contains 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Some non-limiting examples of alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy and tert-butoxy. A particularly preferred, yet non-limiting example of alkoxy is methoxy.
• halogen refers to fluoro (F), chloro (Cl), bromo (Br), or iodo (I).
• halogen refers to fluoro (F), chloro (Cl) or bromo (Br).
• Particularly preferred, yet non-limiting examples of “halogen” or “halo” are fluoro (F) and chloro (Cl).
• cyano refers to a —CN (nitrile) group.
• hydroxy refers to an —OH group.
• alkylsulfonyl refers to an alkyl group, as previously defined, attached to the parent molecular moiety via an SO 2 group.
• carbamoyl refers to a group H 2 N—C(O)—.
• hydroxyalkyl refers to an alkyl group, wherein at least one of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group has been replaced by a hydroxy group.
• hydroxyalkyl refers to an alkyl group wherein 1, 2 or 3 hydrogen atoms, most preferably 1 hydrogen atom of the alkyl group have been replaced by a hydroxy group.
• Preferred, yet non-limiting examples of hydroxyalkyl are hydroxymethyl and hydroxyethyl (e.g. 2-hydroxyethyl).
• a particularly preferred, yet non-limiting example of hydroxyalkyl is 2-hydroxyethyl.
• alkoxyalkyl refers to an alkyl group, wherein at least one of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group has been replaced by a alkoxy group.
• alkoxyalkyl refers to an alkyl group wherein 1, 2 or 3 hydrogen atoms, most preferably 1 hydrogen atom of the alkyl group have been replaced by an alkoxy group.
• a preferred, yet non-limiting example of alkoxyalkyl is 2-methoxyethyl.
• cycloalkyl refers to a saturated or partly unsaturated monocyclic or bicyclic hydrocarbon group of 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C 3 -C 10 -cycloalkyl”). In some preferred embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is a saturated monocyclic hydrocarbon group of 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms.
• “Bicyclic cycloalkyl” refers to cycloalkyl moieties consisting of two saturated carbocycles having two carbon atoms in common, i.e., the bridge separating the two rings is either a single bond or a chain of one or two ring atoms, and to spirocyclic moieties, i.e., the two rings are connected via one common ring atom.
• the cycloalkyl group is a saturated monocyclic hydrocarbon group of 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms, e.g., of 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms.
• Some non-limiting examples of cycloalkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl.
• heterocyclyl and “heterocycloalkyl” are used herein interchangeably and refer to a saturated or partly unsaturated mono- or bicyclic, preferably monocyclic ring system of 3 to 14 ring atoms, preferably 4 to 7 ring atoms, wherein 1, 2, or 3 of said ring atoms are heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, the remaining ring atoms being carbon.
• 1 to 2 of said ring atoms are selected from N and O, the remaining ring atoms being carbon. More preferably, one of said ring atoms is N, the remaining ring atoms being carbon.
• “Bicyclic heterocyclyl” refers to heterocyclic moieties consisting of two cycles having two ring atoms in common, i.e., the bridge separating the two rings is either a single bond or a chain of one or two ring atoms, and to spirocyclic moieties, i.e., the two rings are connected via one common ring atom.
• Some non-limiting examples of heterocyclyl groups include azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidyl, morpholinyl, 2-azaspiro[3.3]heptanyl, and 2,3,3a,4,6,6a-hexahydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrolyl.
• heterocyclyl examples include azetidin-1-yl, 2-azaspiro[3.3]heptan-2-yl, 2,3,3a,4,6,6a-hexahydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-5-yl, and 7-azaspiro[3.5]nonan-7-yl.
• a particularly preferred, yet non-limiting example of heterocyclyl includes azetidin-1-yl.
• aryl refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic carbocyclic ring system having a total of 6 to 14 ring members, preferably, 6 to 12 ring members, and more preferably 6 to 10 ring members, and wherein at least one ring in the system is aromatic.
• aryl include phenyl and 9H-fluorenyl (e.g., 9H-fluoren-9-yl).
• a particularly preferred, yet non-limiting example of aryl is phenyl.
• heteroaryl refers to a mono- or multivalent, monocyclic or bicyclic, preferably monocyclic ring system having a total of 5 to 14 ring members, preferably, 5 to 12 ring members, and more preferably 5 to 10 ring members, wherein at least one ring in the system is aromatic, and at least one ring in the system contains one or more heteroatoms.
• heteroaryl refers to a 5-10 membered heteroaryl comprising 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from O, S and N.
• heteroaryl refers to a 5-10 membered heteroaryl comprising 1 to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from O and N.
• heteroaryl examples include 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, indol-1-yl, 1H-indol-2-yl, 1H-indol-3-yl, 1H-indol-4-yl, 1H-indol-5-yl, 1H-indol-6-yl, 1H-indol-7-yl, 1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl, 1,2-benzoxazol-4-yl, 1,2-benzoxazol-5-yl, 1,2-benzoxazol-6-yl, 1,2-benzoxazol-7-yl, 1H-indazol-3-yl, 1H-indazol-4-yl, 1H-indazol-5-yl, 1H-indazol-6-yl, 1H-indazol-7-yl, pyrazol-1-yl, 1H-pyrazol-3-yl, 1H-o-yl
• haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group, wherein at least one of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group has been replaced by a halogen atom, preferably fluoro.
• haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group wherein 1, 2 or 3 hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group have been replaced by a halogen atom, most preferably fluoro.
• Particularly preferred, yet non-limiting examples of haloalkyl are trifluoromethyl (CF 3 ) and trifluoroethyl (e.g., 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl).
• haloalkoxy refers to an alkoxy group, wherein at least one of the hydrogen atoms of the alkoxy group has been replaced by a halogen atom, preferably fluoro.
• haloalkoxy refers to an alkoxy group wherein 1, 2 or 3 hydrogen atoms of the alkoxy group have been replaced by a halogen atom, most preferably fluoro.
• a particularly preferred, yet non-limiting example of haloalkoxy is trifluoromethoxy (—OCF3).
• haloaryl refers to an aryl group, wherein at least one of the hydrogen atoms of the aryl group has been replaced by a halogen atom, preferably fluoro or chloro.
• haloaryl refers to an aryl group wherein 1, 2 or 3 hydrogen atoms of the aryl group have been replaced by a halogen atom, most preferably fluoro.
• a particularly preferred, yet non-limiting example of haloaryl is 4-fluorophenyl.
• aryloxy refers to an aryl group, as previously defined, attached to the parent molecular moiety via an oxygen atom.
• a preferred, yet non-limiting example of aryloxy is phenoxy.
• cycloalkyloxy refers to a cycloalkyl group, as previously defined, attached to the parent molecular moiety via an oxygen atom.
• a preferred, yet non-limiting example of cycloalkyloxy is cyclopropoxy.
• heteroaryloxy refers to a heteroaryl group, as previously defined, attached to the parent molecular moiety via an oxygen atom.
• heteroaryloxy is pyridyloxy (e.g., 2-pyridiyloxy).
• heterocyclyloxy refers to a heterocyclyl group, as previously defined, attached to the parent molecular moiety via an oxygen atom.
• a preferred, yet non-limiting example of heterocyclyloxy is pyrrolidinyloxy (e.g., pyrrolidi-3-yl-oxy).
• salts refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free bases or free acids, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable.
• the salts are formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like, in particular hydrochloric acid, and organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, N-acetylcystein and the like.
• salts derived from an inorganic base include, but are not limited to, the sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium salts and the like.
• Salts derived from organic bases include, but are not limited to salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, ethanolamine, lysine, arginine, N-ethylpiperidine, piperidine, polyimine resins and the like.
• Particular pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of formula (Ia) or (Ib) are hydrochloride salts.
• protective group denotes the group which selectively blocks a reactive site in a multifunctional compound such that a chemical reaction can be carried out selectively at another unprotected reactive site in the meaning conventionally associated with it in synthetic chemistry.
• Protective groups can be removed at the appropriate point.
• Exemplary protective groups are amino-protective groups, carboxy-protective groups or hydroxy-protective groups.
• Particular protective groups are the tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc), benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz), fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) and benzyl (Bn).
• protective groups are the tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc) and the fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc). More particular protective group is the tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc).
• Exemplary protective groups and their application in organic synthesis are described, for example, in “Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry” by T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wutts, 5th Ed., 2014, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
• urea forming reagent refers to a chemical compound that is able to render a first amine to a species that will react with a second amine, thereby forming an urea derivative.
• Non-limiting examples of urea forming reagents include bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate, phosgene, trichloromethyl chloroformate, (4-nitrophenyl)carbonate and 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole.
• the urea forming reagents described in Sartori, G., et al., Green Chemistry 2000, 2, 140 are incorporated herein by reference.
• the compounds of formula (Ia) or (Ib) can contain several asymmetric centers and can be present in the form of optically pure enantiomers, mixtures of enantiomers such as, for example, racemates, optically pure diastereioisomers, mixtures of diastereoisomers, diastereoisomeric racemates or mixtures of diastereoisomeric racemates.
• the asymmetric carbon atom can be of the “R” or “S” configuration.
• MAGL refers to the enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase.
• the terms “MAGL” and “monoacylglycerol lipase” are used herein interchangeably.
• treatment includes: (1) inhibiting the state, disorder or condition (e.g., arresting, reducing or delaying the development of the disease, or a relapse thereof in case of maintenance treatment, of at least one clinical or subclinical symptom thereof); and/or (2) relieving the condition (i.e., causing regression of the state, disorder or condition or at least one of its clinical or subclinical symptoms).
• the benefit to a patient to be treated is either statistically significant or at least perceptible to the patient or to the physician.
• a medicament is administered to a patient to treat a disease, the outcome may not always be effective treatment.
• prophylaxis as used herein includes: preventing or delaying the appearance of clinical symptoms of the state, disorder or condition developing in a mammal and especially a human that may be afflicted with or predisposed to the state, disorder or condition but does not yet experience or display clinical or subclinical symptoms of the state, disorder or condition.
• neuroinflammation as used herein relates to acute and chronic inflammation of the nervous tissue, which is the main tissue component of the two parts of the nervous system; the brain and spinal cord of the central nervous system (CNS), and the branching peripheral nerves of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
• Chronic neuroinflammation is associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis.
• Acute neuroinflammation usually follows injury to the central nervous system immediately, e.g., as a result of traumatic brain injury (TBI).
• TBI traumatic brain injury
• TBI traumatic brain injury
• intracranial injury relates to damage to the brain resulting from external mechanical force, such as rapid acceleration or deceleration, impact, blast waves, or penetration by a projectile.
• neurodegenerative diseases relates to diseases that are related to the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, including death of neurons.
• Examples of neurodegenerative diseases include, but are not limited to, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
• mental disorders also called mental illnesses or psychiatric disorders
• psychiatric disorders relates to behavioral or mental patterns that may cause suffering or a poor ability to function in life. Such features may be persistent, relapsing and remitting, or occur as a single episode. Examples of mental disorders include, but are not limited to, anxiety and depression.
• pain relates to an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
• pain include, but are not limited to, nociceptive pain, chronic pain (including idiopathic pain), neuropathic pain including chemotherapy induced neuropathy, phantom pain and phsychogenic pain.
• a particular example of pain is neuropathic pain, which is caused by damage or disease affecting any part of the nervous system involved in bodily feelings (i.e., the somatosensory system).
• “pain” is neuropathic pain resulting from amputation or thoracotomy.
• “pain” is chemotherapy induced neuropathy.
• neurotoxicity relates to toxicity in the nervous system. It occurs when exposure to natural or artificial toxic substances (neurotoxins) alter the normal activity of the nervous system in such a way as to cause damage to nervous tissue.
• neurotoxicity include, but are not limited to, neurotoxicity resulting from exposure to substances used in chemotherapy, radiation treatment, drug therapies, drug abuse, and organ transplants, as well as exposure to heavy metals, certain foods and food additives, pesticides, industrial and/or cleaning solvents, cosmetics, and some naturally occurring substances.
• cancer refers to a disease characterized by the presence of a neoplasm or tumor resulting from abnormal uncontrolled growth of cells (such cells being “cancer cells”).
• cancer explicitly includes, but is not limited to, hepatocellular carcinoma, colon carcinogenesis and ovarian cancer.
• mammal as used herein includes both humans and non-humans and includes but is not limited to humans, non-human primates, canines, felines, murines, bovines, equines, and porcines. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the term “mammal” refers to humans.
• the present invention provides compounds of formula (Ia) or (Ib)
• the invention also provides the following enumerated Embodiments (E) of the first aspect (A1) of the invention:
• the present invention provides pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds according to formula (Ia) or (Ib) as described herein.
• the present invention provides compounds according to formula (Ia) or (Ib) as described herein as free bases.
• the compounds of formula (Ia) or (Ib) are isotopically-labeled by having one or more atoms therein replaced by an atom having a different atomic mass or mass number.
• isotopically-labeled (i.e., radiolabeled) compounds of formula (Ia) or (Ib) are considered to be within the scope of this disclosure.
• isotopes that can be incorporated into the compounds of formula (Ia) or (Ib) include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, and iodine, such as, but not limited to 2 H, 3 H, 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 13 N, 15 N, 15 O, 17 O, 18 O, respectively.
• Certain isotopically-labeled compounds of formula (Ia) or (Ib), for example, those incorporating a radioactive isotope are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution studies.
• the radioactive isotopes tritium, i.e.
• a compound of formula (Ia) or (Ib) can be enriched with 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, 95, or 99 percent of a given isotope.
• substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium, i.e. 2 H, may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements.
• Isotopically-labeled compounds of formula (Ia) or (Ib) can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the Examples as set out below using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagent in place of the non-labeled reagent previously employed.
• protective groups as described e.g., in “Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry” by T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wutts, 5th Ed., 2014, John Wiley & Sons, New York
• Such protective groups can be removed at a later stage of the synthesis using standard methods described in the literature.
• compounds of formula (Ia) or (Ib) can be obtained as mixtures of diastereomers or enantiomers, which can be separated by methods well known in the art e.g., chiral HPLC, chiral SFC or chiral crystallization. Racemic compounds can e.g., be separated into their antipodes via diastereomeric salts by crystallization with optically pure acids or by separation of the antipodes by specific chromatographic methods using either a chiral adsorbent or a chiral eluent. It is equally possible to separate starting materials and intermediates containing stereogenic centers to afford diastereomerically/enantiomerically enriched starting materials and intermediates.
• the compounds of formula (Ia) or (Ib) can be manufactured by the methods given below, by the methods given in the examples or by analogous methods.
• Appropriate reaction conditions for the individual reaction steps are known to a person skilled in the art.
• reaction conditions described in literature affecting the described reactions see for example: “Comprehensive Organic Transformations: A Guide to Functional Group Preparations”, Richard C. Larock, 2nd Ed., 1999, John Wiley & Sons, N. Y.). It was found convenient to carry out the reactions in the presence or absence of a solvent. There is no particular restriction on the nature of the solvent to be employed, provided that it has no adverse effect on the reaction or the reagents involved and that it can dissolve the reagents, at least to some extent.
• the described reactions can take place over a wide range of temperatures, and the precise reaction temperature is not critical to the invention. It is convenient to carry out the described reactions in a temperature range between ⁇ 78° C. to reflux.
• the time required for the reaction may also vary widely, depending on many factors, notably the reaction temperature and the nature of the reagents. However, a period of from 0.5 hours to several days will usually suffice to yield the described intermediates and compounds.
• the reaction sequence is not limited to the one displayed in the schemes, however, depending on the starting materials and their respective reactivity, the sequence of reaction steps can be freely altered.
• urea forming reagent such as bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate using a suitable base and solvent such as, e.g. sodium bicarbonate in DCM, to give compounds of formula I (step a).
• a urea forming reagent such as bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate using a suitable base and solvent such as, e.g. sodium bicarbonate in DCM
• urea forming reagents include but are not limited to phosgene, trichloromethyl chloroformate, (4-nitrophenyl)carbonate or 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole.
• 3-aminopiperidin-4-ol derivatives 3 in which “PG” signifies a suitable protective group such as a Cbz or Boc protective group can be acylated for example with chloro- or bromoacetyl chloride 4, in which “LG” signifies a suitable leaving group (e.g., Cl or Br), using a suitable base such as sodium or potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide or sodium acetate in an appropriate solvent such as THF, water, acetone or mixtures thereof, to provide intermediates 5 (step a).
• PG signifies a suitable protective group
• LG signifies a suitable leaving group (e.g., Cl or Br)
• Intermediates 5 can be cyclized to intermediates 6 using methods well known in the art, for example by treatment of 5 with sodium hydride in THF or potassium tert-butoxide in IPA and water (step b). Reactions of that type are described in literature (e.g., Rafinski, Z., et al., J. Org. Chem. 2015, 80, 7468; Dugar, S., et al., Synthesis 2015, 47, 712; WO2005/066187).
• Intermediates 1 can be obtained as mixtures of diastereomers and enantiomers, respectively, or as single stereoisomers depending on whether racemic mixtures or enantiomerically pure forms of cis- or trans-3-aminopiperidin-4-ol derivatives 3 are employed in their syntheses.
• Intermediates 3 are commercially available and their synthesis has also been described in literature (e.g., WO2005/066187; WO2011/0059118; WO2016/185279).
• Optically pure trans-configured intermediates 1B and 1C can be obtained for example according to Scheme 3.
• PG signifies a suitable protective group such as a Cbz or Boc
• PG a suitable protective group such as a Cbz or Boc
• intermediates 2 are intermediates of type II in which m, and n are as described herein, B is an optionally further substituted aryl or heteroaryl ring and R 1 to R 3 are each independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (cyclo)alkyl, (cyclo)alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, R b R c N, cyano, heterocycle, methylsulfonyl and halogen, wherein substituted alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl is as defined herein, R b is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl and R c is alkyl or aryl or R b and R c , taken together with the nitogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally further substituted 4-11-membered, mono- or bicyclic heterocyclic ring.
• Intermediates of that type can be prepared by methods well known in the art and as exemplified by the general synthetic procedures outlined in Scheme 4.
• PG signifies a suitable protecting group and X is bromide or iodide
• cross-coupling reactions such as Negishi, Heck, Stille, Suzuki, Sonogashira or Buchwald-Hartwig coupling reactions with compounds 11, either commercially available or prepared by methods known in the art
• FG signifies a suitable functional group such as, e.g., chloro, bromo, iodo, —OSO 2 alkyl (e.g., mesylate (methanesulfonate)), —OSO 2 fluoroalkyl (e.g., triflate (trifluoromethanesulfonate)) or —OSO 2 aryl (e.g., tosylate (p-toluenesulfonate)) (step a). Reactions of this type are broadly described in literature and well known to persons skilled in the art.
• boronic esters 11b e.g., 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (pinacol) ester
• a suitable catalyst e.g., dichloro[1,1′ -bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene]palladium(II) dichloromethane adduct, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) or palladium(II)acetate with triphenylphosphine
• an appropriate solvent e.g., dioxane, dimethoxyethane, water, toluene, DMF or mixtures thereof
• a suitable base e.g., Na 2 CO 3 , NaHCO 3 , KF, K 2 CO 3 or TEA
• Suzuki reactions of this type are broadly described in literature (e.g., Suzuki, A., Pure Appl. Chem. 1991, 63, 419; Suzuki, A., Miyaura, N., Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2457; Suzuki, A., J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 576, 147; Polshettiwar, N., Decottignies, A., Len, C., Fihri, A., ChemSusChem 2010, 3, 502) and are well known to those skilled in the art.
• aryl- or heteroaryl-trifluoroborates 11c can be used in the cross-coupling reaction applying a palladium catalyst such as, e.g., tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(0), palladium(II) acetate or dichloro[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]-palladium(II) dichloromethane adduct in the presence of a suitable base such as cesium carbonate or potassium phosphate in solvents such as toluene, THF, dioxane, water or mixtures thereof, at temperatures between room temperature and the boiling point of the solvent or solvent mixture.
• a palladium catalyst such as, e.g., tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(0), palladium(II) acetate or dichloro[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]-pal
• intermediates 10 can be reacted with aryl or heteroaryl stannanes 11d in which FG is Sn(alkyl) 3 and alkyl is perferable n-butyl or methyl, using a suitable catalyst and solvent such as, e.g. tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(0) in DMF at temperatures between room temperature and the boiling point of the solvent or solvent mixture to provide intermediates 12 (step a).
• a suitable catalyst and solvent such as, e.g. tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(0) in DMF at temperatures between room temperature and the boiling point of the solvent or solvent mixture to provide intermediates 12 (step a).
• Stille reactions of that type are well known in the art and described in literature, e.g., Farina, V., Krishnamurthy, V., Scott, W. J., Org. React. 1997, 50, 1-652; Cordovilla, C., Bartol
• intermediates 10 can be reacted with aryl or heteroarylzinc halides 11e in which FG is ZnHal and Hal preferably bromide or iodide, either commercially available or prepared by literature methods, using an appropriate catalyst and solvent system such as, e.g., [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) and copper(I)iodide in DMA, or tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) in THF or DMF at temperatures between room temperature and the boiling point of the solvent to provide intermediates 12 (step a).
• an appropriate catalyst and solvent system such as, e.g., [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) and copper(I)iodide in DMA, or tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) in THF or D
• Negishi reactions of that type are well known in the art and also described in literature, e.g., Gayryushin, A., Kofink, C., Manolikakes, G., Knochel, P., Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 4871; Haas, D., Hammann, J. M., Greiner, R., Knochel, P., ACS Catal. 2016, 6, 1540; Negishi, E.-I., Acc. Chem. Res. 1982, 15, 340.
• intermediates 12 may be prepared by converting intermediates 10 in which X is for example iodide into the corresponding zinc species by applying literature methods (e.g., reaction of 10 with Zn powder in the presence of chlorotrimethylsilane and 1,2-dibromoethane in a suitable solvent such as DMA) and coupling of the zinc species with aryl- or heteroarylbromides- or iodides under the conditions mentioned before.
• literature methods e.g., reaction of 10 with Zn powder in the presence of chlorotrimethylsilane and 1,2-dibromoethane in a suitable solvent such as DMA
• intermediates 10 in which X is preferably bromide can be subjected to a cross-electrophile coupling with aryl- or heteroarylbromides llf in which FG signifies bromide under irradiation with a 420 nm blue light lamp using an appropriate photo catalyst such as bis[3,5-difluoro-2-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridyl]phenyl]iridium(1+) 4-tert-butyl-2-(4-tert-butyl-2-pyridyl)pyridine hexafluorophosphate (Ir[dF(CF 3 )ppy] 2 (dtbbpy))PF 6 ), a nickel catalyst like NiCl 2 glyme (dichloro(dimethoxyethane)nickel), 4,4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′-dipyridyl and tris(trimethylsilyl)silane, in the presence
• step c Removal of the protective group from intermediates 12 applying methods well known in the art and as described for example under Scheme 2 (step c), furnishes intermediates II (step b).
• Intermediates 12 may alternatively be prepared from intermediates 10 and aryl or heteroaryl bromides 13, either commercially available or prepared by methods known in the art, applying the transformations described before under step a to furnish intermediates 14 (step c).
• Intermediates 14 can be further reacted with compounds 15 applying the same synthetic strategies as described before under step a to provide intermediates 12 (step d).
• R 3 signifies an amine group of type R b R c N in which R b is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl and R c is alkyl or aryl or in which R b and R c , taken together with the nitogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally further substituted 4-11-membered, mono- or bicyclic heterocyclic ring, can be synthesized for example from reaction of 14 with primary or secondary amines R b R c NH and using for example a suitable catalyst (e.g., Pd(OAc) 2 , Pd 2 (dba) 3 ), ligand (e.g., BINAP, Xphos, BrettPhos, RuPhos), base (e.g., Cs 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 , KOt-Bu, LiHMDS, K 3 PO 4 ) and solvent (e.g., toluene, THF, dioxane)).
• a suitable catalyst e.g
• Intermediates 18 can be prepared by an olefination reaction such as the widely described Wittig or Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) reaction using phosphonium salts or phosphonate carbanions 20a or 20b with aldehydes or ketones 19, which are either commercially available or prepared by methods known in the art.
• HWE Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons
• Phosphoranes 20a can be formed by treating the corresponding phosphonium salts with a suitable base such as BuLi, NaH, or KOtBu in a suitable solvent such as THF, dioxane or Methyl-THF and may be isolated or used in situ.
• a suitable solvent such as, e.g., THF, Methyl-THF or DMSO.
• Phosphonium salts in turn are readily available from an aryl halide 17, wherein LG is a halogen selected from Cl, Br or I and B is as defined herein, and triphenylphosphine in a suitable solvent such as toluene (step aa). Heating may be applied to accelerate the reaction or drive the reaction to completion (e.g., H. J. Cristau, F. Plisset in PATAI'S Chemistry of Functional Groups, Frank R. Hartley (ed.), 7 Aug. 2006, Saul Patai (series ed.)).
• a suitable solvent such as toluene
• intermediates 18 can be obtained using a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) reaction using aldehydes/ketones 19 and phosphonates 20b, wherein R a is alkyl, for example methyl or ethyl.
• Phosphonates 20b are in situ ⁇ -metalated using a suitable base and solvent such as NaH, nBuLi or KOtBu in THF (step a).
• Phosphonates 20b are readily prepared using for example the Arbuzov reaction by alkylation of an aryl halide 17 wherein LG is a halogen selected from Cl, Br or I and B is as defined herein, with commercially available trialkyl phosphite (step ab, see e.g., Brill, T. B., Landon, S. J., Chem. Rev. 1984, 84, 577).
• the double bond in intermediates 18 can be reduced for example by hydrogenation under atmospheric pressure in the presence of a suitable catalyst such as Pd(OH) 2 or Pd/C in a suitable solvent such as MeOH, EtOH or EtOAc or mixtures thereof to yield intermediates 21 (step b).
• a suitable catalyst such as Pd(OH) 2 or Pd/C in a suitable solvent such as MeOH, EtOH or EtOAc or mixtures thereof to yield intermediates 21 (step b).
• step c Removal of the protective group from intermediates 21 applying methods well known in the art and as described for example under Scheme 2 (step c), furnishes intermediates III (step c).
• intermediates 22 can be prepared by an olefination reaction such as the widely described Wittig or Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) reaction using phosphonium salts or phosphonate carbanions with spiro ketones 21, which are either commercially available or prepared by methods known in the art, as described above (step a).
• HWE Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons
• the double bond in intermediates 22 can be reduced for example by hydrogenation under atmospheric pressure in the presence of a suitable catalyst such as Pd(OH) 2 or Pd/C in a suitable solvent such as MeOH, EtOH or EtOAc or mixtures thereof to yield intermediates 23 (step b).
• a suitable catalyst such as Pd(OH) 2 or Pd/C in a suitable solvent such as MeOH, EtOH or EtOAc or mixtures thereof to yield intermediates 23 (step b).
• step c Removal of the protective group from intermediates 23 applying methods well known in the art and as described for example under Scheme 2 (step c), furnishes intermediates IV (step c).
• Intermediates 26 may be prepared from alcohols 25 in which PG is a suitable protective group such as a Cbz, Boc or Bn that can be alkylated with compounds 24 in which LG is a suitable leaving group such as chlorine, bromine, iodine, OSO 2 alkyl (e.g., methanesulfonate), OSO 2 fluoroalkyl (e.g., trifluoromethanesulfonate) or OSO 2 aryl (e.g., p-toluenesulfonate) using a suitable base, such as sodium hydride, KOtBu, in an appropriate solvent (e.g., in DMF or THF) at temperatures between 0° C. and the boiling temperature of the solvent (step a).
• PG is a suitable protective group such as a Cbz, Boc or Bn that can be alkylated with compounds 24 in which LG is a suitable leaving group such as chlorine, bromine, iodine, OSO 2 alkyl
• step c Removal of the protective group from intermediates 23 applying methods well known in the art and as described for example under Scheme 2 (step c), furnishes intermediates V (step b).
• the present invention provides a process of manufacturing the urea compounds of formula (Ia) or (Ib) described herein, comprising:
• urea forming reagent is selected from bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate, phosgene, trichloromethyl chloroformate, (4-nitrophenyl)carbonate and 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole, preferably wherein said urea forming reagent is bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate.
• the present invention provides a compound of formula (Ia) or (Ib) as described herein, when manufactured according to any one of the processes described herein.
• the present invention provides the use of compounds of formula (Ia) or (Ib) as described herein for inhibiting MAGL in a mammal.
• the present invention provides compounds of formula (Ia) or (Ib) as described herein for use in a method of inhibiting MAGL in a mammal.
• the present invention provides the use of compounds of formula (Ia) or (Ib) as described herein for the preparation of a medicament for inhibiting MAGL in a mammal.
• the present invention provides a method for inhibiting MAGL in a mammal, which method comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of formula (Ia) or (Ib) as described herein to the mammal.
• the 2-AG assay was carried out in 384 well assay plates (PP, Greiner Cat #784201) in a total volume of 20 ⁇ L.
• Compound dilutions were made in 100% DMSO (VWR Chemicals 23500.297) in a polypropylene plate in 3-fold dilution steps to give a final concentration range in the assay from 12.5 ⁇ M to 0.8 pM.
• 0.25 ⁇ L compound dilutions (100% DMSO) were added to 9 ⁇ L MAGL in assay buffer (50 mM TRIS (GIBCO, 15567-027), 1 mM EDTA (Fluka, 03690-100 ml) and 0.01% (v/v) Tween.
• a C18 SPE cartridge (G9205A) was used in an ACN/water liquid setup.
• the mass spectrometer was operated in negative electrospray mode following the mass transitions 303.1 ⁇ 259.1 for arachidonic acid and 311.1 ⁇ 267.0 for d8-arachidonic acid.
• the activity of the compounds was calculated based on the ratio of intensities [arachidonic acid/d8-arachidonic acid].
• the present invention provides compounds of formula (Ia) or (Ib) and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts as described herein, wherein said compounds of formula (Ia) or (Ib) and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts have IC 50 's for MAGL inhibition below 25 ⁇ M, preferably below 10 ⁇ M, more preferably below 5 ⁇ M as measured in the MAGL assay described herein.
• compounds of formula (Ia) or (Ib) and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts as described herein have IC 50 (MAGL inhibition) values between 0.000001 ⁇ M and 25 ⁇ M, particular compounds have IC 50 values between 0.000005 ⁇ M and 10 ⁇ M, further particular compounds have IC 50 values between 0.00005 ⁇ M and 5 ⁇ M, as measured in the MAGL assay described herein.
• IC 50 MAGL inhibition
• the present invention provides compounds of formula (I) as described herein for use as therapeutically active substance.
• the present invention provides the use of compounds of formula (I) as described herein for the treatment or prophylaxis of neuroinflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, pain, cancer, mental disorders and/or inflammatory bowel disease in a mammal.
• the present invention provides the use of compounds of formula (I) as described herein for the treatment or prophylaxis of neuroinflammation and/or neurodegenerative diseases in a mammal.
• the present invention provides the use of compounds of formula (I) as described herein for the treatment or prophylaxis of neurodegenerative diseases in a mammal.
• the present invention provides the use of compounds of formula (I) as described herein for the treatment or prophylaxis of cancer in a mammal.
• the present invention provides the use of compounds of formula (I) as described herein for the treatment or prophylaxis of inflammatory bowel disease in a mammal.
• the present invention provides the use of compounds of formula (I) as described herein for the treatment or prophylaxis of pain in a mammal.
• the present invention provides the use of compounds of formula (I) as described herein for the treatment or prophylaxis of multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, neurotoxicity, stroke, epilepsy, anxiety, migraine, depression, hepatocellular carcinoma, colon carcinogenesis, ovarian cancer, neuropathic pain, chemotherapy induced neuropathy, acute pain, chronic pain, spasticity associated with pain, abdominal pain, abdominal pain associated with irritable bowel syndrome and/or visceral pain in a mammal.
• multiple sclerosis Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, neurotoxicity, stroke, epilepsy, anxiety, migraine, depression, hepatocellular carcinoma, colon carcinogenesis, ovarian cancer, neuropathic pain, chemotherapy induced neuropathy, acute pain, chronic pain, spasticity associated with pain, abdominal pain, abdominal pain associated with irritable bowel syndrome and/or visceral pain in a
• the present invention provides the use of compounds of formula (I) as described herein for the treatment or prophylaxis of multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and/or Parkinson's disease in a mammal.
• the present invention provides the use of compounds of formula (I) as described herein for the treatment or prophylaxis of multiple sclerosis in a mammal.
• the present invention provides compounds of formula (I) as described herein for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of neuroinflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, pain, cancer, mental disorders and/or inflammatory bowel disease in a mammal.
• the present invention provides compounds of formula (I) as described herein for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of neuroinflammation and/or neurodegenerative diseases in a mammal.
• the present invention provides compounds of formula (I) as described herein for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of cancer in a mammal.
• the present invention provides compounds of formula (I) as described herein for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of neurodegenerative diseases in a mammal.
• the present invention provides compounds of formula (I) as described herein for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of inflammatory bowel disease in a mammal.
• the present invention provides compounds of formula (I) as described herein for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of pain in a mammal.
• the present invention provides compounds of formula (I) as described herein for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, neurotoxicity, stroke, epilepsy, anxiety, migraine, depression, hepatocellular carcinoma, colon carcinogenesis, ovarian cancer, neuropathic pain, chemotherapy induced neuropathy, acute pain, chronic pain, spasticity associated with pain, abdominal pain, abdominal pain associated with irritable bowel syndrome and/or visceral pain in a mammal.
• multiple sclerosis Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, neurotoxicity, stroke, epilepsy, anxiety, migraine, depression, hepatocellular carcinoma, colon carcinogenesis, ovarian cancer, neuropathic pain, chemotherapy induced neuropathy, acute pain, chronic pain, spasticity associated with pain, abdominal pain, abdominal pain associated with irritable bowel syndrome and/or visceral pain in a ma
• the present invention provides compounds of formula (I) as described herein for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and/or Parkinson's disease in a mammal.
• the present invention provides compounds of formula (I) as described herein for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of multiple sclerosis in a mammal.
• the present invention provides the use of compounds of formula (I) as described herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of neuroinflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, pain, cancer, mental disorders and/or inflammatory bowel disease in a mammal.
• the present invention provides the use of compounds of formula (I) as described herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of neuroinflammation and/or neurodegenerative diseases in a mammal.
• the present invention provides the use of compounds of formula (I) as described herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of neurodegenerative diseases in a mammal.
• the present invention provides the use of compounds of formula (I) as described herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of cancer in a mammal.
• the present invention provides the use of compounds of formula (I) as described herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of inflammatory bowel disease in a mammal.
• the present invention provides the use of compounds of formula (I) as described herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of pain in a mammal.
• the present invention provides the use of compounds of formula (I) as described herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, neurotoxicity, stroke, epilepsy, anxiety, migraine, depression, hepatocellular carcinoma, colon carcinogenesis, ovarian cancer, neuropathic pain, chemotherapy induced neuropathy, acute pain, chronic pain, spasticity associated with pain, abdominal pain, abdominal pain associated with irritable bowel syndrome and/or visceral pain in a mammal.
• multiple sclerosis Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, neurotoxicity, stroke, epilepsy, anxiety, migraine, depression, hepatocellular carcinoma, colon carcinogenesis, ovarian cancer, neuropathic pain, chemotherapy induced neuropathy, acute pain, chronic pain, spasticity associated with pain, abdominal pain, abdominal pain associated with irritable bowel syndrome and/or
• the present invention provides the use of compounds of formula (I) as described herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and/or Parkinson's disease in a mammal.
• the present invention provides the use of compounds of formula (I) as described herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of multiple sclerosis in a mammal.
• the present invention provides a method for the treatment or prophylaxis of neuroinflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, pain, cancer, mental disorders and/or inflammatory bowel disease in a mammal, which method comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) as described herein to the mammal.
• the present invention provides a method for the treatment or prophylaxis of neuroinflammation and/or neurodegenerative diseases in a mammal, which method comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) as described herein to the mammal.
• the present invention provides a method for the treatment or prophylaxis of neurodegenerative diseases in a mammal, which method comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) as described herein to the mammal.
• the present invention provides a method for the treatment or prophylaxis of cancer in a mammal, which method comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) as described herein to the mammal.
• the present invention provides a method for the treatment or prophylaxis of inflammatory bowel disease in a mammal, which method comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) as described herein to the mammal.
• the present invention provides a method for the treatment or prophylaxis of pain in a mammal, which method comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) as described herein to the mammal.
• the present invention provides a method for the treatment or prophylaxis of multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, neurotoxicity, stroke, epilepsy, anxiety, migraine, depression, hepatocellular carcinoma, colon carcinogenesis, ovarian cancer, neuropathic pain, chemotherapy induced neuropathy, acute pain, chronic pain, spasticity associated with pain, abdominal pain, abdominal pain associated with irritable bowel syndrome and/or visceral pain in a mammal, which method comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) as described herein to the mammal.
• the present invention provides a method for the treatment or prophylaxis of multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and/or Parkinson's disease in a mammal, which method comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) as described herein to the mammal.
• the present invention provides a method for the treatment or prophylaxis of multiple sclerosis in a mammal, which method comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) as described herein to the mammal.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (Ia) or (Ib) as described herein and a therapeutically inert carrier.
• the present invention provides the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed in examples 32 and 33, respectively.
• the compounds of formula (Ia) or (Ib) and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be used as medicaments (e.g. in the form of pharmaceutical preparations).
• the pharmaceutical preparations can be administered internally, such as orally (e.g. in the form of tablets, coated tablets, dragees, hard and soft gelatin capsules, solutions, emulsions or suspensions), nasally (e.g. in the form of nasal sprays) or rectally (e.g. in the form of suppositories).
• the administration can also be effected parentally, such as intramuscularly or intravenously (e.g. in the form of injection solutions).
• the compounds of formula (Ia) or (Ib) and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be processed with pharmaceutically inert, inorganic or organic adjuvants for the production of tablets, coated tablets, dragees and hard gelatin capsules. Lactose, corn starch or derivatives thereof, talc, stearic acid or its salts etc. can be used, for example, as such adjuvants for tablets, dragees and hard gelatin capsules.
• Suitable adjuvants for soft gelatin capsules are, for example, vegetable oils, waxes, fats, semi-solid substances and liquid polyols, etc.
• Suitable adjuvants for the production of solutions and syrups are, for example, water, polyols, saccharose, invert sugar, glucose, etc.
• Suitable adjuvants for injection solutions are, for example, water, alcohols, polyols, glycerol, vegetable oils, etc.
• Suitable adjuvants for suppositories are, for example, natural or hardened oils, waxes, fats, semi-solid or liquid polyols, etc.
• the pharmaceutical preparations can contain preservatives, solubilizers, viscosity-increasing substances, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, sweeteners, colorants, flavorants, salts for varying the osmotic pressure, buffers, masking agents or antioxidants. They can also contain still other therapeutically valuable substances.
• the dosage can vary in wide limits and will, of course, be fitted to the individual requirements in each particular case.
• the pure enantiomers can be separated by methods described herein or by methods known to the man skilled in the art, such as e.g., chiral chromatography (e.g., chiral SFC) or crystallization.
• Example 3 (12.9 mg, 23%; first eluting isomer) and Example 4 (12.1 mg, 22%; second eluting isomer) as white solids.
• MS (ESI): m/z 424.4 [M+H] + for both examples.
• Example 5 (41 mg, 51%; first eluting isomer) and Example 6 (36 mg, 45%; second eluting isomer) as light brown solids.
• (+)-trans-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[4,3-b][1,4]oxazin-3(4H)-one hydrochloride (17.3 mg, 90 ⁇ mol, 1.0 equiv; BB 5A) and trimethylamine (64.2 mg, 89 ⁇ L, 630 ⁇ mol, 7.0 equiv) in acetonitrile (1.0 mL) was added 1,1′-carbonyl-di(1,2,4-triazole) (14.8 mg, 90 ⁇ mol, 1.0 equiv) and the reaction mixture stirred at rt.
• Step 1 tert-Butyl rac-trans-3-[(2-chloroacetyl)amino]-4-hydroxy-piperidine-1-carboxylate
• Step 2 tert-Butyl rac-trans-3-oxo-4,4a,5,7,8,8a-hexahydropyrido[4,3-b][1,4]oxazine-6-carboxylate
• Step 1 tert-Butyl 3-[4-[1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl]phenyl]azetidine-1-carboxylate
• the vial was sealed and placed under Ar before dimethoxyethane (9 mL) was added.
• nickel(II) chloride ethylene glycol dimethyl ether complex (4.65 mg, 21.2 ⁇ mol, 0.01 equiv; CAS RN 29046-78-4) and 4,4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine (5.68 mg, 21.2 ⁇ mol, 0.01 equiv).
• the vial was sealed, purged with Ar, and dimethoxyethane (4 mL) was added.
• the precatalyst solution was sonicated for 5 min, after which 2 mL were syringed into the reaction vessel.
• reaction mixture was degassed with Ar and irradiated with a blue LED lamp (420 nm) for 1 h.
• the reaction was quenched by exposure to air, filtered and the solvent evaporated.
• the crude reaction mixture was purified by silica gel chromatography using an MPLC system eluting with a gradient of n-heptane:ethyl acetate (100:0 to 70:30) to furnish the title compound as a colorless solid (0.51 g, 66%).
• MS (ESI): m/z 286.1 [M+2H ⁇ tBu] + .
• Step 1 tert-Butyl 3-[[2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]azetidine-1-carboxylate
• Step 1 (+)-tert-Butyl trans-3-oxo-4,4a,5,7,8,8a-hexahydropyrido[4,3-b][1,4]oxazine-6-carboxylate and ( ⁇ )-tert-Butyl trans-3-oxo-4,4a,5,7,8,8a-hexahydropyrido[4,3-b][1,4]oxazine-6-carboxylate
• Step 2 (+)-trans-4a,5,6,7,8,8a-Hexahydro-4H-pyrido[4,3-b][1,4]oxazin-3-one hydrochloride (BB 5A) and ( ⁇ )-trans-4a,5,6,7,8,8a-Hexahydro-4H-pyrido[4,3-b][1,4]oxazin-3-one hydrochloride (BB 5B)
• Step 2 tert-Butyl 3-[(E)-2-[2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]vinyl]azetidine-1-carboxylate
• Step 3 tert-Butyl 3-[2-[2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl]azetidine-1-carboxylate
• Step 4 3-[2-[2-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl]azetidine 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid
• Step 1 tert-Butyl 3-(4-bromophenyl)azetidine-1-carboxylate
• the reaction mixture was heated by microwave irradiation to 80° C. for 30 min.
• the mixture was then poured on water and ethyl acetate (contains an insoluble solid) and the aqueous layer extracted twice with ethyl acetate.
• the organic layers were dried over MgSO 4 , filtered, treated with silica gel and evaporated.
• the compound was purified by silica gel chromatography using an MPLC system eluting with a gradient of n-heptane:ethyl acetate (100:0 to 50:50) to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (1.33 g, 60%).
• MS (ESI): m/z 256.0 [M+2H ⁇ tBu] + .
• Step 2 tert-Butyl 3-[4-(2,4-difluorophenyl)phenyl]azetidine-1-carboxylate
• Step 1 tert-Butyl 3-[4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phenyl]azetidine-1-carboxylate
• Step 2 tert-Butyl 6-[(2,4-difluorophenyl)methylene]-2-azaspiro[3.3]heptane-2-carboxylate
• Step 3 tert-Butyl 6-[(2,4-difluorophenyl)methyl]-2-azaspiro[3.3]heptane-2-carboxylate
• Step 4 6-[(2,4-Difluorophenyl)methyl]-2-azaspiro[3.3]heptane 2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid
• Step 1 tert-Butyl 3-(6-(2-chlorophenoxy)pyridin-3-yl)azetidine-1-carboxylate
• Step 1 tert-Butyl 2-[2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonane-7-carboxylate
• Step 2 2-[2-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonane 2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid
• a compound of formula (Ia) or (Ib) can be used in a manner known per se as the active ingredient for the production of tablets of the following composition:
• a compound of formula (Ia) or (Ib) can be used in a manner known per se as the active ingredient for the production of capsules of the following composition:

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