US20200361855A1 - Tetrahydro-1h-cyclopenta[cd]indene derivatives as hypoxia inducible factor-2(alpha) inhibitors - Google Patents

Tetrahydro-1h-cyclopenta[cd]indene derivatives as hypoxia inducible factor-2(alpha) inhibitors Download PDF

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US20200361855A1
US20200361855A1 US16/851,018 US202016851018A US2020361855A1 US 20200361855 A1 US20200361855 A1 US 20200361855A1 US 202016851018 A US202016851018 A US 202016851018A US 2020361855 A1 US2020361855 A1 US 2020361855A1
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compound
hydroxy
fluoro
pharmaceutically acceptable
acceptable salt
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Jiping Fu
Yan Lou
Yigang HE
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Nikang Therapeutics Inc
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Nikang Therapeutics Inc
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Assigned to NIKANG THERAPEUTICS, INC. reassignment NIKANG THERAPEUTICS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FU, JIPING, HE, YIGANG, LOU, YAN
Publication of US20200361855A1 publication Critical patent/US20200361855A1/en
Priority to US17/218,129 priority patent/US11267782B2/en
Priority to AU2021256998A priority patent/AU2021256998A1/en
Priority to PCT/US2021/027811 priority patent/WO2021212062A1/en
Priority to TW110113853A priority patent/TW202204314A/zh
Priority to CN202180028716.0A priority patent/CN115485262A/zh
Priority to EP21724110.8A priority patent/EP4136069A1/en
Priority to CA3179508A priority patent/CA3179508A1/en
Priority to US17/377,356 priority patent/US20210347729A1/en
Priority to US17/670,423 priority patent/US11753366B2/en
Priority to US17/686,385 priority patent/US11420936B2/en
Priority to US17/868,707 priority patent/US20220380302A1/en
Priority to US18/351,283 priority patent/US20230373909A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Definitions

  • the present disclosure provides certain tetrahydro-H-cyclopenta[cd]indene compounds that are Hypoxia Inducible Factor 2 ⁇ (HIF-2 ⁇ ) inhibitors and are therefore useful for the treatment of diseases treatable by inhibition of HIF-2 ⁇ . Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and processes for preparing such compounds.
  • HIF-2 ⁇ Hypoxia Inducible Factor 2 ⁇
  • hypoxia is as an important regulator of both physiological and pathological processes, including various types of cancer, liver disease such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), inflammatory disease such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), pulmonary diseases such as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and iron load disorders.
  • NASH nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
  • IBD inflammatory bowel disease
  • PAH pulmonary arterial hypertension
  • hypoxia is well-known to drive cancer progression and is associated with poor patient prognosis, resistance to chemotherapy and radiation treatment.
  • drugs that can effectively block the hypoxic response pathway in tumors.
  • signaling modules involved in the hypoxic response, that have been explored as therapeutic targets for treating cancer
  • HIF- ⁇ proteins continue to draw interest as they offer the possibility to broadly inhibit downstream hypoxia effects within both tumor and tumor microenvironment.
  • directly targeting HIF- ⁇ proteins offers an exciting opportunity to attack tumors on multiple fronts (see Keith, et al. Nature Rev. Cancer 12: 9-22, 2012).
  • Hypoxia-Inducible Factors are key transcription factors in the hypoxia pathway, therefore serve as attractive targets for therapeutic intervention.
  • the half-life of HIF- ⁇ proteins is tightly regulated by the oxidative status within the cell.
  • HIF-specific prolyl-hydroxylases PLD
  • hydroxylates specific proline residues on the HIF proteins which is then recognized by the tumor suppressor von Rippel-Lindau (VHL).
  • VHL tumor suppressor von Rippel-Lindau
  • the binding of VHL further recruits E3 ubiquition-ligase complex that targets HIF- ⁇ proteins for proteasome mediated degradation.
  • HIF- ⁇ proteins Under hypoxic conditions, when PHDs are inhibited as they require oxygen to be functional, HIF- ⁇ proteins accumulate and enter the nucleus to actively drive gene expression. In addition, genetic mutations of the VHL gene which result in loss of VHL function lead to constitutively active HIF- ⁇ proteins independent of oxygen levels. Upon activation, these transcription factors stimulate the expression of genes that collectively regulate anaerobic metabolism, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, cell survival, extracellular matrix remodeling, pH homeostasis, amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, and genomic instability.
  • HIF-1 ⁇ and HIF-2 ⁇ dimerize with HIF-1 ⁇ (also named as ARNT: aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator) and the dimer subsequently binds to hypoxia response elements (HRE) on target genes.
  • HIF-1 ⁇ also named as ARNT: aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator
  • HRE hypoxia response elements
  • the expression of HIF-1 ⁇ is independent of oxygen levels or VHL status, thus, transcriptional activity of the complex is primarily controlled by the availability of the HIF- ⁇ proteins.
  • HIF-1 ⁇ and HIF-2 ⁇ differ in their tissue distribution, sensitivity to hypoxia, timing of activation and target gene specificity (Hu, et al. Mol. Cell Biol. 23: 9361-9374, 2003 and Keith, et al. Nature Rev. Cancer 12: 9-22, 2012).
  • HIF-1 ⁇ mRNA is ubiquitously expressed, the expression of HIF-2 ⁇ mRNA is found predominantly in kidney fibroblasts, hepatocytes and intestinal lumen epithelial cells. Neither HIF- ⁇ is detected in normal tissue with the exception of HIF-2 ⁇ , which is expressed in macrophages (see Talks, et al. Am. J. Pathol. 157: 411-421, 2000).
  • HIF-1 ⁇ exhibits a transient, acute transcriptional response.
  • HIF-2 ⁇ presents a more prolonged transcriptional effect.
  • HIF-2 ⁇ has greater transcriptional activity than HIF-1 ⁇ under moderately hypoxic conditions like those encountered in end capillaries (see Holmquist-Menge/bier, et al. Cancer Cell 10: 413-423, 2006).
  • hypoxia-regulated genes are regulated by both HIF-1 ⁇ and HIF-2 ⁇ , certain genes are only responsive to a specific HIF- ⁇ protein.
  • lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) are mostly controlled by HIF-1 ⁇ , while Oct-4 and erythropoietin (EPO) are exclusively regulated by HIF-2 ⁇ .
  • LDHA lactate dehydrogenase A
  • PGK phosphoglycerate kinase
  • PDK1 pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1
  • HIF- ⁇ proteins In general, the relative contributions of HIF- ⁇ proteins on gene transcription are both cell type specific, and disease specific. In fact, there are reports supporting the HIF- ⁇ proteins playing conflicting roles in tumorigenesis.
  • One example is the regulation of HIF- ⁇ on MYC, which is an important transcription factor and frequently overexpressed in human cancers. It has been shown that HIF-2 ⁇ activation increases MYC transcription activity, while HIF-1 ⁇ inhibits MYC activity. As a result, in MYC driven tumors, HIF-2 ⁇ inhibition decreased proliferation whereas HIF-1 ⁇ inhibition increased growth (see Gordan, et al. Cancer Cell 11: 335-347, 2007 and Koshiji et al. EMBO J. 23: 1949-1956, 2004).
  • HIF-2 ⁇ is demonstrated to be a key driver of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC) with VHL deficiency and several other pseudohypoxic tumors including but not limited to glioblastoma, neuroblastoma, somatostatinomas, leiomyomas/leiomyosarcomas, polycythaemia and retinal abnormalities etc.
  • ccRCC Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
  • an HIF-2 ⁇ inhibitor will offer therapeutic benefits with limited toxicity than a pan-HIF- ⁇ inhibitor.
  • HIF-2 ⁇ In addition to a direct role in regulating growth-promoting genes in tumor cells (e.g. ccRCC), HIF-2 ⁇ also mediates the immunosuppressive effect of hypoxia on the tumor microenvironment. Expression of HIF-2 ⁇ has been detected in cells of the myeloid lineage, and accumulation of HIF-2a protein has been readily detected in various human cancers (see Talks K L, et al. Am J Pathol. 2000; 157(2):411-421). Overexpression of HIF-2 ⁇ in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) is associated with high-grade human tumors and is correlated with poor prognosis.
  • TAMs tumor-associated macrophages
  • HIF-2 ⁇ promotes the polarization of macrophages to the immunosuppressive M2 phenotype and enhances migration and invasion of tumor-associated macrophages (see Imtiyaz H Z et al. J Clin Invest. 2010; 120(8):2699-2714). Furthermore, HIF-2 ⁇ can indirectly promote additional immunosuppressive pathways (e.g. adenosine and arginase etc.) by modulating the expression of key signaling regulators such as adenosine A2B/A2A receptors and arginase.
  • additional immunosuppressive pathways e.g. adenosine and arginase etc.
  • key signaling regulators such as adenosine A2B/A2A receptors and arginase.
  • IBD Inflammatory bowel disease
  • HIF-1 ⁇ and HIF-2 ⁇ can bind to the same canonical HREs, multiple studies have demonstrated that HIF-1 ⁇ and HIF-2 ⁇ regulate distinct subset of genes, leading to contrasting effect in symptoms of IBD.
  • HIF-1 ⁇ in intestinal epithelial cells is widely recognized as a major protective factor in IBD (see Karhausen J, et al. J Clin Invest. 2004; 114(8):1098-1106; Furuta G T, et al. J Exp Med. 2001; 193(9):1027-1034).
  • HIF-2 ⁇ activation contributes to IBD through multiple mechanisms, including directly regulating a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor- ⁇ to drive inflammation, and indirectly disrupting intestine barrier integrity through increasing the turnover of tight junction protein occluding (see Xue X, et al. Gastroenterology. 2013; 145(4):831-841; Glover L E, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013; 110(49):19820-19825). Therefore, in IBD, a HIF-2 ⁇ inhibitor holds promise of suppressing chronic activation of HIF-2 ⁇ to revert the pro-inflammatory response and increase the intestinal barrier integrity.
  • PAH is a life-threatening disease with very poor prognosis.
  • Progressive pulmonary vascular remodeling characterized by concentric pulmonary arterial wall thickening and obliterative intimal lesions, is one of the major causes for the elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) in patients with PAH (see Aggarwal S, etal. Compr Physiol. 2013 July; 3(3):1011-34).
  • PVR pulmonary vascular resistance
  • PAP pulmonary arterial pressure
  • HIF-2 ⁇ is found to contribute to the process of hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling, reduced plasticity of the vascular bed, and ultimately, debilitating PAH (see Andrew S., et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016 Aug.
  • HIF-2 ⁇ regulates the expression of key genes that contribute to iron absorption, which, when disrupted, leads to iron load disorders.
  • HIF-2 ⁇ knockout results in a significant decrease in the duodenal levels of Dmtl, Dcytb and FPN mRNAs, all important genes in iron transport and absorption. More importantly, these effects were not compensated by HIF-1 ⁇ (see Mastrogiannaki M, et al. J Clin Invest. 2009; 119(5):1159-1166).
  • a small molecule that targets HIF-2 ⁇ holds potential of improving iron homeostasis in patients with iron disorders. Therefore, identification of small molecules that inhibit HIF-2 ⁇ activity is desirable.
  • the present disclosure fulfills this and related needs.
  • X 1 is CH or N
  • R 1 is hydroxy, halo, amino, —OP(O)(OH) 2 , —OCH 2 OP(O)(OH) 2 , —OCOR 10 , —OCOOR 11 , —OCONR 12 R 13 , —OCHR 14 OCOR 15 or —OCHR 14 OCOOR 15a
  • R 10 , R 11 , and R 15 and R 15a are independently alkyl or alkyl substituted with amino, carboxy or hydroxy
  • R 12 and R 13 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or alkyl substituted with amino, carboxy or hydroxy or R 12 and R 13 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form optionally substituted heterocyclyl
  • each R 14 is hydrogen, alkyl, or haloalkyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl;
  • R 2a is hydrogen; halo, or deuterium
  • R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, cycloalkyl, halo, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or alkoxyalkyl; or
  • R 3 and R 4 together with the carbon to which they are attached form oxo, 3 to 6 membered cycloalkylene, or 4 to 6 membered optionally substituted heterocyclylene;
  • R 5 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, hydroxy, or alkoxy;
  • R 6 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or halo
  • R 5 and R 6 together with the carbon to which they are attached form oxo, alkyldienyl, 3 to 6 membered cycloalkylene, or 4 to 6 membered optionally substituted heterocyclylene; provided R 5 and R 6 and R 3 and R 4 together with the carbon to which they are attached do not form oxo, cycloalkylene or optionally substituted 4 to 6 membered heterocyclylene simultaneously;
  • R 7 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl, or haloalkoxy;
  • L is a bond, S, SO, SO 2 , O, CO, or NR 16 where R 16 is hydrogen or alkyl;
  • R 8 is alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, bicyclic cycloalkyl, oxocycloalkenyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, spirocycloalkyl, spiroheterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl wherein aryl or heteroaryl, each by itself or as part of aralkyl or heteroaralkyl, or heterocyclyl by itself or as part of heterocyclylalkyl is substituted with R a , R b , R c , R g and R h wherein R a , R b , and R c are independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkyloxy, alkoxy,
  • R 9 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfonyl, or heteroaryl wherein the heteroaryl is optionally substituted with R d , R e , and R f independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkoxy, hydroxy, halo, and cyano; or
  • R 9 and R 2 when R 9 and R 2 are attached to the same carbon atom, they can combine to form oxo, alkyldienyl, 3 to 6 membered cycloalkylene, or 4 to 6-membered heterocyclylene;
  • R 9a is hydrogen, halo, or deuterium
  • X 1 is CH or N
  • R 1 is hydroxy, halo, amino, —OP(O)(OH) 2 , —OCH 2 OP(O)(OH) 2 , —OCOR 10 , —OCOOR 11 , —OCONR 12 R 13 , —OCHR 14 OCOR 15 or —OCHR 14 OCOOR 15a
  • R 10 , R 11 , and R 15 and R 15a are independently alkyl or alkyl substituted with amino, carboxy or hydroxy
  • R 12 and R 13 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or alkyl substituted with amino, carboxy or hydroxy or R 12 and R 13 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form optionally substituted heterocyclyl
  • each R 14 is hydrogen, alkyl, or haloalkyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl;
  • R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, cycloalkyl, halo, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or alkoxyalkyl; or
  • R 3 and R 4 together with the carbon to which they are attached form oxo, 3 to 6 membered cycloalkylene, or 4 to 6 membered optionally substituted heterocyclylene;
  • R 5 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, hydroxy, or alkoxy;
  • R 6 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or halo
  • R 5 and R 6 together with the carbon to which they are attached form 3 to 6 membered cycloalkylene or 4 to 6 membered optionally substituted heterocyclylene; provided R 5 and R 6 and R 3 and R 4 together with the carbon to which they are attached do not form cycloalkylene or optionally substituted 4 to 6 membered heterocyclylene simultaneously;
  • R 7 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl, or haloalkoxy;
  • L is a bond, S, SO, SO 2 , O, CO, or NR 16 where R 16 is hydrogen or alkyl;
  • R 8 is alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, bicyclic cycloalkyl, oxocycloalkenyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, spirocycloalkyl, spiroheterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl wherein aryl or heteroaryl, each by itself or as part of aralkyl or heteroaralkyl, or heterocyclyl by itself or as part of heterocyclylalkyl is substituted with R a , R b , and R c independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkyloxy, alkoxy, hydroxy, halo, cyano, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl,
  • R 9 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfonyl, or heteroaryl wherein the heteroaryl is optionally substituted with R d , R e , and R f independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkoxy, hydroxy, halo, and cyano; or
  • R 9 and R 2 when R 9 and R 2 are attached to the same carbon atom, they can combine to form oxo, alkyldienyl, 3 to 6 membered cycloalkylene, or 4 to 6-membered heterocyclylene;
  • this disclosure is directed to a method of treating a disease treatable by inhibition of HIF2a in a patient, preferably the patient is in need of such treatment, which method comprises administering to the patient, preferably a patient in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (IA) or (I) (or any of the embodiments thereof described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the disease is cancer such as renal cancer, glioblastoma (see PNAS 2017, 114, E6137-E6146), renal cell carcinoma, neuroblastoma, pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (see European Journal of Cancer 2017, 86, 1-4), somatostatinomas, hemangioblastomas, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), pituitary tumors, leiomyomas, leiomyosarcomas, polycythaemia or retinal tumors.
  • cancer such as renal cancer, glioblastoma (see PNAS 2017, 114, E6137-E6146), renal cell carcinoma, neuroblastoma, pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (see European Journal of Cancer 2017, 86, 1-4), somatostatinomas, hemangioblastomas, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), pituitary tumors, leiomyomas, leiomyosarcomas, polycy
  • VHL von Hippel-Lindau
  • PAH pulmonary artery hypertension
  • reflux esophagitis see Current Opinion in Pharmacology 2017, 37: 93-99
  • hepatic steatosis see Nature Medicine 2017, 23, 1298-1308
  • NASH inflammatory disease such
  • the disclosure is directed to a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (IA) or (I) (or any of the embodiments thereof described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the disclosure is directed to a compound of Formula (IA) or (I), (or any embodiments thereof described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as a medicament.
  • the compound Formula (I) (and any embodiments thereof described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is useful for the treatment of one or more of diseases disclosed in the second aspect above.
  • a compound of Formula (IA) or (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (and any embodiments thereof disclosed herein) in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease in a patient in which the activity of HIF2 ⁇ contributes to the pathology and/or symptoms of the disease.
  • the disease is one or more of diseases disclosed in the second aspect above.
  • a method of inhibiting HIF2 ⁇ comprises contacting HIF2 ⁇ with a compound of Formula (IA) or (I) (or any of the embodiments thereof described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; or contacting HIF2 ⁇ with a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (IA) or (I) (or any of the embodiments thereof described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • any of the aforementioned aspects involving the treatment of cancer are further embodiments comprising administering the compound of Formula (IA) or (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (or any embodiments thereof disclosed herein) in combination with at least one additional anticancer agent such as an EGFR inhibitor gefitinib, erlotinib, afatinib, icotinib, neratnib, rociletinib, cetuximab, panitumumab, zalutumumab, nimotuzumab, or matuzumab.
  • additional anticancer agent such as an EGFR inhibitor gefitinib, erlotinib, afatinib, icotinib, neratnib, rociletinib, cetuximab, panitumumab, zalutumumab, nimotuzumab, or matuzumab.
  • the compound of Formula (IA) or (I) (and any embodiments thereof described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in combination with a HER2/neu inhibitor including lapatinib, trastuzumab, and pertuzumab.
  • the compound of Formula (IA) or (I) (and any embodiments thereof described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in combination with a PI3k/mTOR inhibitor including idelalisib, buparlisib, BYL719, and LY3023414.
  • the compound of Formula (IA) or (I) (and any embodiments thereof described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in combination with a VEGF inhibitor such as bevacizumab, and/or a multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as sorafenib, sunitinib, pazopanib, and cabozantinib.
  • a VEGF inhibitor such as bevacizumab
  • a multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as sorafenib, sunitinib, pazopanib, and cabozantinib.
  • the compound of Formula (IA) or (I) (and any embodiments thereof described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in combination with a an immunotherapeutic agents such as PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors, CTLA4 inhibitors, IDO inhibitors, TDO inhibitors, A2A agonists, A2B agonists, STING agonists, RIG-1 agonists, Tyro/Axl/Mer inhibitors, glutaminase inhibitors, arginase inhibitors, CD73 inhibitors, CD39 inhibitors, TGF- ⁇ inhibitors, IL-2, interferon, PI3K- ⁇ inhibitors, CSF-1R inhibitors, GITR agonists, OX40 agonists, TIM-3 antagonists, LAG-3 antagonists, CAR-T therapies, and therapeutic vaccines.
  • a an immunotherapeutic agents such as PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors, CTLA4 inhibitors, IDO inhibitors, TDO inhibitors, A2A agonists, A2B
  • X 1 is CH
  • R 1 is hydroxy
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are fluoro
  • R 7 , R 2a and R 9a are hydrogen
  • L is O
  • R 8 is 3-cyano-5-fluorophenyl.
  • a ninth aspect provided is a process of making a compound of Formula (IA) where R 2 is hydrogen, R 9 is fluoro and X 1 , R 1 , R 3 to R 8 , L, R 2a and R 9a are as defined in the first aspect above, i.e. Formula (IA-3):
  • X 1 is CH
  • R 1 is hydroxy
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are fluoro
  • R 7 , R 2a and R 9a are hydrogen
  • L is O
  • R 8 is 3-cyano-5-fluorophenyl.
  • Alkyl means a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of one to six carbon atoms or a branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of three to six carbon atoms, e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, 2-propyl, butyl, pentyl, and the like. It will be recognized by a person skilled in the art that the term “alkyl” may include “alkylene” groups.
  • Alkylene means a linear saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of one to six carbon atoms or a branched saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of three to six carbon atoms unless otherwise stated e.g., methylene, ethylene, propylene, 1-methylpropylene, 2-methylpropylene, butylene, pentylene, and the like.
  • Alkenyl means a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical of two to six carbon atoms or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical of three to six carbon atoms containing a double bond, e.g., propenyl, butenyl, and the like.
  • Alkyldienyl is alkenyl as defined above that is attached via the terminal divalent carbon.
  • alkenyl as defined above that is attached via the terminal divalent carbon.
  • the alkyldienyl group is enclosed by the box which is indicated by the arrow.
  • Haloalkyldienyl is alkyldienyl that is substituted with one or two halo, each group as defined herein.
  • Alkynyl means a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical of two to six carbon atoms or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical of three to six carbon atoms containing a triple bond, e.g., propynyl, butynyl, and the like.
  • Alkylthio means a —SR radical where R is alkyl as defined above, e.g., methylthio, ethylthio, and the like.
  • Alkylsulfonyl means a —SO 2 R radical where R is alkyl as defined above, e.g., methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, and the like.
  • Alkylsulfoxide means a —SOR radical where R is alkyl as defined above, e.g., methylsulfoxide, ethylsulfoxide, and the like.
  • Amino means a —NH 2 .
  • Alkylamino means a —NHR radical where R is alkyl as defined above, e.g., methylamino, ethylamino, propylamino, or 2-propylamino, and the like.
  • Aminoalkyl means a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical of one to six carbon atoms or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical of three to six carbons substituted with —NR′R′′ where R′ and R′′ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or alkylcarbonyl, each as defined herein, e.g., aminomethyl, aminoethyl, methylaminomethyl, and the like.
  • Alkoxy means a —OR radical where R is alkyl as defined above, e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, or 2-propoxy, n-, iso-, or tert-butoxy, and the like.
  • Alkoxyalkyl means a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical of one to six carbon atoms or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical of three to six carbons substituted with at least one alkoxy group, such as one or two alkoxy groups, as defined above, e.g., 2-methoxyethyl, 1-, 2-, or 3-methoxypropyl, 2-ethoxyethyl, and the like.
  • Alkoxycarbonyl means a —C(O)OR radical where R is alkyl as defined above, e.g., methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, and the like.
  • Alkylcarbonyl means a —C(O)R radical where R is alkyl as defined herein, e.g., methylcarbonyl, ethylcarbonyl, and the like.
  • Aryl means a monovalent monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radical of 6 to 10 ring atoms e.g., phenyl or naphthyl.
  • Alkyl means a -(alkylene)-R radical where R is aryl as defined above, e.g., benzyl, phenethyl, and the like.
  • Bicyclic cycloalkyl means a fused bicyclic saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of six to ten carbon atoms, and is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from alkyl, halo, alkoxy, hydroxy, and cyano. Examples include, but are not limited to, decalin, octahydro-1H-indene, and the like.
  • Cycloalkyl means a monocyclic saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of three to ten carbon atoms optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from alkyl, alkyldienyl, halo, alkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, haloalkyldienyl and cyanoalkyl. Examples include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 1-cyanocycloprop-1-yl, 1-cyanomethylcycloprop-1-yl, 3-fluorocyclohexyl, and the like. Cycloalkyl may include cycloalkylene as defined herein.
  • Cycloalkylalkyl means a -(alkylene)-R radical where R is cycloalkyl as defined above, e.g., cyclopropylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, and the like.
  • Cycloalkylene means a divalent cycloalkyl, as defined above, unless stated otherwise.
  • “Cycloalkenyl” means a monocyclic monovalent hydrocarbon radical of three to ten carbon atoms containing one or two double bond(s) optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from alkyl, halo, alkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, and cyanoalkyl. Examples include, but are not limited to, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, or cyclohexenyl, and the like.
  • Oxocycloalkenyl means a monocyclic monovalent hydrocarbon radical of three to ten carbon atoms containing one or two double bond(s) and an oxo group, and is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from alkyl, halo, alkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, and cyanoalkyl. Examples include, but are not limited to, 3-oxocyclohex-1-enyl, and the like.
  • Cyanoalkyl means a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical of one to six carbon atoms or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical of three to six carbons substituted with cyano e.g., cyanomethyl, cyanoethyl, and the like.
  • Carboxy means —COOH.
  • Dialkylamino means a —NRR′ radical where R and R′ are alkyl as defined above, e.g., dimethylamino, methylethylamino, and the like.
  • “Disubstituted amino” means a —NRR′ radical where R and R′ are independently alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or alkylcarbonyl, each as defined herein, e.g., dimethylamino, ethylmethylamino, bis-hydroxyethylamino, bis-methoxyethylamino, diethylaminoethylamino, and the like.
  • Halo means fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo, preferably fluoro or chloro.
  • Haloalkyl means alkyl radical as defined above, which is substituted with one or more halogen atoms, e.g., one to five halogen atoms, such as fluorine or chlorine, including those substituted with different halogens, e.g., —CH 2 Cl, —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CF 2 CF 3 , —CF(CH 3 ) 2 , and the like.
  • halogen atoms e.g., one to five halogen atoms, such as fluorine or chlorine, including those substituted with different halogens, e.g., —CH 2 Cl, —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CF 2 CF 3 , —CF(CH 3 ) 2 , and the like.
  • fluoroalkyl When the alkyl is substituted with only fluoro, it can be referred to in this Application
  • Haloalkoxy means a —OR radical where R is haloalkyl as defined above e.g., —OCF 3 , —OCHF 2 , and the like.
  • R is haloalkyl where the alkyl is substituted with only fluoro, it is referred to in this Application as fluoroalkoxy.
  • Hydroalkyl means a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical of one to six carbon atoms or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical of three to six carbons substituted with one or two hydroxy groups, provided that if two hydroxy groups are present they are not both on the same carbon atom.
  • Representative examples include, but are not limited to, hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxy-ethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpropyl, 2-hydroxybutyl, 3-hydroxybutyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-hydroxyethyl, 2,3-dihydroxybutyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl and 2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, preferably 2-hydroxyethyl, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl, and 1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-hydroxyethyl.
  • Heterocyclyl means a saturated or unsaturated monovalent monocyclic group of 4 to 8 ring atoms in which one or two ring atoms are heteroatom selected from N, O, or S(O), where n is an integer from 0 to 2, the remaining ring atoms being C, unless stated otherwise. Additionally, one or two ring carbon atoms in the heterocyclyl ring can optionally be replaced by a —CO— group.
  • heterocyclyl includes, but is not limited to, pyrrolidino, piperidino, homopiperidino, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, morpholino, piperazino, tetrahydro-pyranyl, thiomorpholino, and the like.
  • heterocyclyl ring is unsaturated it can contain one or two ring double bonds provided that the ring is not aromatic.
  • heterocyclyl group contains at least one nitrogen atom, it is also referred to herein as heterocycloamino and is a subset of the heterocyclyl group.
  • Heterocyclylalkyl or “heterocycloalkyl” means a -(alkylene)-R radical where R is heterocyclyl ring as defined above e.g., tetraydrofuranylmethyl, piperazinylmethyl, morpholinylethyl, and the like.
  • Heterocyclylene means a divalent heterocyclyl, as defined above, unless stated otherwise. When heterocyclene contains 4, 5, or 6 rings atoms, it may be referred to herein as 4 to 6 membered heterocyclylene.
  • Heteroaryl means a monovalent monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic radical of 5 to 10 ring atoms, unless otherwise stated, where one or more, (in one embodiment, one, two, or three), ring atoms are heteroatom selected from N, O, or S, the remaining ring atoms being carbon.
  • Representative examples include, but are not limited to, pyrrolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, furanyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, and the like.
  • the terms “heteroaryl” and “aryl” are mutually exclusive. When the heteroaryl ring contains 5- or 6 ring atoms it is also referred to herein as 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl.
  • Heteroarylene means a divalent heteroaryl radical as defined above.
  • Heteroaralkyl means a -(alkylene)-R radical where R is heteroaryl as defined above, e.g., pyridinylmethyl, and the like.
  • R is heteroaryl as defined above, e.g., pyridinylmethyl, and the like.
  • heteroaryl ring in heteroaralkyl contains 5- or 6 ring atoms it is also referred to herein as 5- or 6-membered heteroaralkyl.
  • R 2 and R 9 are attached to the ring carbon atom that is meta to the ring carbon attached to R 1 ” means the R 2 and R 9 are located as indicated below:
  • any definition herein may be used in combination with any other definition to describe a composite structural group.
  • the trailing element of any such definition is that which attaches to the parent moiety.
  • the composite group alkoxyalkyl means that an alkoxy group attached to the parent molecule through an alkyl group.
  • the present disclosure also includes protected derivatives of compounds of Formula (IA) or (I).
  • compounds of Formula (IA) or (I) when compounds of Formula (IA) or (I) contain groups such as hydroxy, carboxy, thiol or any group containing a nitrogen atom(s), these groups can be protected with suitable protecting groups.
  • suitable protecting groups A comprehensive list of suitable protective groups can be found in T. W. Greene, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 5 th Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2014), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the protected derivatives of compounds of the present disclosure can be prepared by methods well known in the art.
  • the present disclosure also includes polymorphic forms of compounds of Formula (IA) or (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Polymorphs are different crystalline forms of a compound that differ in arrangements of the molecules of that compound in a crystal lattice. Therefore, a single compound may give rise to a variety of polymorphic forms.
  • the polymorphs of a compound usually have different melting points, solubilities, densities and optical properties.
  • Polymorphic forms of a compound can be distinguished by a number of techniques such as X-ray diffractometry, IR or Raman spectroscopy.
  • prodrug refers to a compound that is made more active in vivo.
  • Certain compounds of Formula (IA) or (I) may also exist as prodrugs, as described in Hydrolysis in Drug and Prodrug Metabolism: Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Enzymology (Testa, Bernard and Mayer, Joachim M. Wiley-VHCA, Zurich, Switzerland 2003).
  • Prodrugs of the compounds of Formula (IA) or (I) are structurally modified forms of the compound that readily undergo chemical changes under physiological conditions to provide the active compound. Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they may be easier to administer than the compound, or parent drug. They may, for instance, be bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent drug is not.
  • prodrug derivatives are known in the art, such as those that rely on hydrolytic cleavage or oxidative activation of the prodrug.
  • An example, without limitation, of a prodrug would be a compound which is administered as an ester (the “prodrug”), but then is metabolically hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid, the active entity.
  • Additional examples include peptidyl derivatives of a compound of Formula (IA) or (I).
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” of a compound means a salt that is pharmaceutically acceptable and that possesses the desired pharmacological activity of the parent compound.
  • Such salts include:
  • acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like; or formed with organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-toluenesulfonic acid, camphorsulf
  • a metal ion e.g., an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth ion, or an aluminum ion
  • organic base such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine, and the like.
  • the compounds of Formula (IA) or (I) may have asymmetric centers.
  • Compounds of Formula (IA) or (I) containing an asymmetrically substituted atom may be isolated in optically active or racemic forms.
  • Individual stereoisomers of compounds can be prepared synthetically from commercially available starting materials which contain chiral centers or by preparation of mixtures of enantiomeric products followed by separation such as conversion to a mixture of diastereomers followed by separation or recrystallization, chromatographic techniques, direct separation of enantiomers on chiral chromatographic columns, or any other appropriate method known in the art.
  • Certain compounds of Formula (IA) or (I) can exist as tautomers and/or geometric isomers. All possible tautomers and cis and trans isomers, as individual forms and mixtures thereof are within the scope of this disclosure. Additionally, as used herein the term alkyl includes all the possible isomeric forms of said alkyl group albeit only a few examples are set forth. Furthermore, when the cyclic groups such as aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl are substituted, they include all the positional isomers albeit only a few examples are set forth. Furthermore, all hydrates of a compound of Formulae (IA) and (I) are within the scope of this disclosure.
  • the compounds of Formula (IA) or (I) may also contain unnatural amounts of isotopes at one or more of the atoms that constitute such compounds.
  • Unnatural amounts of an isotope may be defined as ranging from the amount found in nature to an amount 100% of the atom in question. that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms.
  • Exemplary isotopes that can be incorporated into a compound of Formula (IA) or (I) (and any embodiment thereof disclosed herein including specific compounds) include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, and iodine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 13 N, 15 N, 15 O, 17 O, 18 O, 32 P, 33 P, 35 S, 18 F, 36 C, 123 I, and 125 I respectively.
  • Isotopically-labeled compounds e.g., those labeled with 3 H and 14 C
  • Tritiated (i.e., 3 H) and carbon-14 (i.e., 14 C) isotopes can be useful for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium (i.e., 2 H) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability (e.g., increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements).
  • substituents such as deuterium (i.e., 2 H) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability (e.g., increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements).
  • one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by 2 H or 3 H, or one or more carbon atoms are replaced by 13 C- or 14C-enriched carbon.
  • Positron emitting isotopes such as 15 O, 13 N, 11 C, and 15 F are useful for positron emission tomography (PET) studies to examine substrate receptor occupancy.
  • Isotopically labeled compounds can generally be prepared by following procedures analogous to those disclosed in the Schemes or in the Examples herein, by substituting an isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.
  • the R 7 substituent can replace any hydrogen on the benzo portion of the tricyclic ring, including the hydrogen of CH when X 1 is CH.
  • Optionally substituted aryl means aryl that is optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents independently selected from alkyl, hydroxyl, cycloalkyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, and cyano.
  • Optionally substituted heteroaryl means heteroaryl as defined above that is optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents independently selected from alkyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, hydroxyl, cycloalkyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, and cyano.
  • Optionally substituted heterocyclyl means heterocyclyl as defined above that is optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents independently selected from alkyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, hydroxyl, cycloalkyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, and cyano, unless stated otherwise.
  • Optionally substituted heterocyclylene is divalent optionally substituted heterocyclyl as defined above.
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient” means a carrier or an excipient that is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe, non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable, and includes a carrier or an excipient that is acceptable for veterinary use as well as human pharmaceutical use. “A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier/excipient” as used in the specification and claims includes both one and more than one such excipient.
  • “Spirocycloalkyl” means a saturated bicyclic ring having 6 to 10 ring carbon atoms wherein the rings are connected through only one atom, the connecting atom is also called the spiroatom, most often a quaternary carbon (“spiro carbon”).
  • the spirocycloalkyl ring is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from alkyl, halo, alkoxy, hydroxy, and cyano. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, spiro[3.3]heptane, spiro[3.4]octane, spiro[3.5]nonane, spiro[4.4]nonane (1:2:1:1), and the like.
  • “Spiroheterocyclyl” means a saturated bicyclic ring having 6 to 10 ring atoms in which one, two, or three ring atoms are heteroatom selected from N, O, or S(O) n , where n is an integer from 0 to 2, the remaining ring atoms being C and the rings are connected through only one atom, the connecting atom is also called the spiroatom, most often a quaternary carbon (“spiro carbon”).
  • the spiroheterocyclyl ring is optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents independently selected from alkyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, hydroxyl, cycloalkyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, and cyano.
  • Representative examples include, but are not limited to, 2,6-diazaspiro[3.3]heptane, 2,6-diazaspiro[3.4]octane, 2-azaspiro[3.4]octane, 2-azaspiro[3.5]nonane, 2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane, and the like.
  • disease as used herein is intended to be generally synonymous, and is used interchangeably with, the terms “disorder,” “syndrome,” and “condition” (as in medical condition), in that all reflect an abnormal condition of the human or animal body or of one of its parts that impairs normal functioning, is typically manifested by distinguishing signs and symptoms, and causes the human or animal to have a reduced duration or quality of life.
  • combination therapy means the administration of two or more therapeutic agents to treat a disease or disorder described in the present disclosure. Such administration encompasses co-administration of these therapeutic agents in a substantially simultaneous manner, such as in a single capsule having a fixed ratio of active ingredients or in multiple, separate capsules for each active ingredient. In addition, such administration also encompasses use of each type of therapeutic agent in a sequential manner. In either case, the treatment regimen will provide beneficial effects of the drug combination in treating the conditions or disorders described herein.
  • patient is generally synonymous with the term “subject” and includes all mammals including humans. Examples of patients include humans, livestock such as cows, goats, sheep, pigs, and rabbits, and companion animals such as dogs, cats, rabbits, and horses. Preferably, the patient is a human.
  • Treating” or “treatment” of a disease includes:
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” means the amount of a compound of the present disclosure or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that, when administered to a patient for treating a disease, is sufficient to affect such treatment for the disease.
  • the “therapeutically effective amount” will vary depending on the compound, the disease and its severity and the age, weight, etc., of the mammal to be treated.
  • inhibiting includes any measurable decrease or complete inhibition to achieve a desired result. For example, there may be a decrease of about, at most about, or at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or more, or any range derivable therein, reduction of HIF-2 ⁇ activity compared to normal.
  • the present disclosure includes:
  • R 2a and R 9a are independently hydrogen or deuterium.
  • the compound of Formula (IA) or (I), or a pharmaceutical salt thereof is wherein R is hydroxy.
  • the compound of Formula (IA) or (I), or a pharmaceutical salt thereof is wherein R 1 is amino or halo, preferably R 1 is amino.
  • the compound of Formula (IA) or (I), or a pharmaceutical salt thereof is wherein R 1 is —OCOR 10 , —OCOOR 11 , —OCONR 12 R 13 , —OCHR 14 OCOR 15 or —OCHR 14 OCOOR 15a where R 10 , R 11 , R 15 , and R 15a are as defined in the Summary.
  • the compound of Formula (IA) or (I), or a pharmaceutical salt thereof is wherein R 1 is —OP(O)(OH) 2 , or —OCH 2 OP(O)(OH) 2 .
  • the compounds of Formula (IA) or (I), or a pharmaceutical salt thereof are those wherein R 6 is halo, preferably R 6 is fluoro.
  • the compounds of Formula (IA) or (I), or a pharmaceutical salt thereof are those wherein R 6 is alkyl, preferably R 6 is methyl.
  • the compounds of Formula (IA) (I), or a pharmaceutical salt thereof are those wherein R 6 is hydrogen or deuterium.
  • the compounds of Formula (IA) or (I), or a pharmaceutical salt thereof are those wherein R 6 is cycloalkyl, preferably R 6 is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.
  • the compounds of Formula (IA) or (I), or a pharmaceutical salt thereof are those wherein R 5 is halo or haloalkyl, preferably R 5 is difluoromethyl or trifluoromethyl.
  • the compounds of Formula (IA) or (I), or a pharmaceutical salt thereof are those wherein R 5 is alkyl, preferably R 5 is methyl or ethyl.
  • the compounds of Formula (IA) or (I), or a pharmaceutical salt thereof are those wherein R 5 is hydrogen or alkoxy.
  • the compounds of Formula (IA) or (I), or a pharmaceutical salt thereof are those wherein R 5 and R 6 together with the carbon to which they are attached form 3 to 6 membered cycloalkylene, preferably R 5 and R 6 together with the carbon to which they are attached form cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene, or cyclopentylene each optionally substituted with one or two fluoro.
  • the compounds of Formula (IA) or (I), or a pharmaceutical salt thereof are those wherein R 5 and R 6 together with the carbon to which they are attached form or 4 to 6 membered optionally substituted heterocyclylene, preferably R 5 and R 6 together with the carbon to
  • the compounds of Formula (IA) or (I), or a pharmaceutical salt thereof are those wherein R 3 and R 4 are independently halo.
  • the compounds of Formula (IA) or (I), or a pharmaceutical salt thereof are those wherein R 3 is halo and R 4 is hydrogen.
  • the compounds of Formula (IA) or (I), or a pharmaceutical salt thereof are those wherein X 1 is CH or CR 7 .
  • the compounds of Formula (IA) or (I), or a pharmaceutical salt thereof are those wherein X 1 is N.
  • the compound of embodiment 1A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (IIa1) or (IIb1):
  • the compound or subembodiment within embodiment 1A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (IIa1).
  • the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (IIb1).
  • the compound of embodiment 1A or subembodiment within embodiment 1A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (IIa1′) or (IIb1′)
  • the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (IIa1′).
  • the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (IIb1′).
  • the compound of embodiment 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (IIa) or (IIb):
  • the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (IIa).
  • the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (IIb).
  • the compound of embodiment 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (IIa′) or (IIb′):
  • the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (IIa′).
  • the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (IIb′).
  • the compound of embodiment 1A or subembodiment within embodiment 1A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (IIIa1) or (IIIb1):
  • the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (IIIa1).
  • the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (IIIb1).
  • the compound of embodiment 1A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (IIIa1′) or (IIIb1′):
  • the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (IIIa1′).
  • the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (IIIb1′).
  • the compound of embodiment 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (IIIa) or (IIIb):
  • the compound of embodiment 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (IIIa′) or (IIIb′):
  • the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (IIIa′).
  • the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (IIb′).
  • the compound of embodiment 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (IVa) or (IVb):
  • R 5 and R 6 together with the carbon to which they are attached form 3 to 6 membered cycloalkylene, preferably cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene or cyclopentylene optionally substituted with one or two fluoro.
  • the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (IVa).
  • the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (IVb).
  • the compound of embodiment 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (Va) or (Vb):
  • R 5 and R 6 together with the carbon to which they are attached form or 4 to 6 membered optionally substituted heterocyclylene, preferably R 5 and R 6 together with the carbon to which they are attached form.
  • the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (Va).
  • the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (Vb).
  • the compound of embodiment 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (VIa) or (VIb):
  • R 5 and R 6 together with the carbon to which they are attached form 3 to 6 membered cycloalkylene, preferably cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene or cyclopentylene optionally substituted with one or two fluoro.
  • the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (VIa).
  • the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (VIb)
  • the compound of embodiment 1A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (VIIa1) or (VIIb1):
  • the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (VIIa1).
  • the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (VIIb1).
  • the compound of embodiment 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (VIIa) or (VIIb):
  • the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (VIIa).
  • the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the structure of formula (VIIb).
  • the compound of any one of embodiments 1A to 7 and subembodiments contained therein are where one of R 3 and R 4 is halo, preferably fluoro. In a first subembodiment, R 3 is fluoro and R 4 is hydrogen.
  • the compound of any one of embodiments 1A to 7 and subembodiments contained therein are where R 3 and R 4 are halo, preferably R 3 and R 4 are fluoro.
  • the compound of any one of embodiments 1A to 9 and subembodiments contained therein is wherein L is O, S, SO, SO 2 , or NH.
  • L is O, S, SO, SO 2 , or NH.
  • L is O.
  • S is S.
  • L is NH.
  • L is SO or SO 2 .
  • the compound of any one of embodiments 1A to 10 and subembodiments contained therein is wherein R 8 is cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, bicyclic cycloalkyl, oxocycloalkenyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, spirocycloalkyl, spiroheterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl wherein aryl or heteroaryl, each by itself or as part of aralkyl or heteroaralkyl, or heterocyclyl by itself or as part of heterocyclylalkyl is substituted with R a , R b , and R
  • the compound of any one of embodiments 1A, 2A, 2Aa, 3A, 3Aa, 7A, and 8 to 10 and subembodiments contained therein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is wherein R 8 is phenyl substituted with R a , R b , R c , R g and R h wherein R a , R b , and R c are independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkyloxy, alkoxy, hydroxy, halo, cyano, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, and optionally substituted heterocyclyl and R g and R h are independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, and halo.
  • R a , R b , and R c are independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, and cyano.
  • R a , R b , and R c are independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, methyl, methoxy, hydroxy, chloro, fluoro, cyano, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethoxy, and trifluoromethoxy and R g and R h are independently hydrogen or deuterium.
  • R 8 is 3-chloro-5-fluorophenyl, 3,5-difluorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-cyano-5-fluorophenyl, 3-chloro-5-cyanophenyl, 3-cyano-5-methylphenyl, 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl, 3-chloro-5-fluorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methyl, 3-cyanophenyl, 3-trifluoromethylphenyl, 3,4-dichlorophenyl, 3-chloro-2-methylphenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3,5-dimethylphenyl, 2-chloro-6-methylphenyl, 2,6-difluorophenyl, 3,4,5-trifluorophenyl, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl, 3-cyano-4-fluorophenyl, 3-cyano-5-
  • the compound of any one of embodiments 2, 2a, 3, 3a to 6, and 7 to 10 and subembodiments contained therein is wherein R 8 is phenyl substituted with R a , R b , and R c independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkyloxy, alkoxy, hydroxy, halo, cyano, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, and optionally substituted heterocyclyl.
  • R a , R b , and R c are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, and cyano.
  • R a , R b , and R c are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, hydroxy, chloro, fluoro, cyano, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethoxy, and trifluoromethoxy.
  • R 8 is 3-chloro-5-fluorophenyl, 3,5-difluorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-cyano-5-fluorophenyl, 3-chloro-5-cyanophenyl, 3-cyano-5-methylphenyl, 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl, 3-chloro-5-fluorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methyl, 3-cyanophenyl, 3-trifluoromethylphenyl, 3,4-dichlorophenyl, 3-chloro-2-methylphenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3,5-dimethylphenyl, 2-chloro-6-methylphenyl, 2,6-difluorophenyl, 3,4,5-trifluorophenyl, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl, 3-cyano-4-fluorophenyl, or 3-cyano-5-d
  • the compound of any one of embodiments 1A to 10 and subembodiments contained therein is wherein R is cycloalkyl or cycloalkylalkyl each optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from alkyl, halo, alkoxy, cyano, alkyldienyl, haloalkyldienyl, and hydroxy.
  • R 8 is cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopropylethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclobutylethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclopentylethyl, or cyclohexylmethyl, each optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from alkyl, halo, alkoxy, cyano, and hydroxy.
  • R 6 is cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopropylethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclobutylethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclopentylethyl, or cyclohexylmethyl, each substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, cyano, and fluoro, preferably R 8 is cyclopropylmethyl, 1-cyanocyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, 2-fluorocyclopropylmethyl, or 1-cyanocyclobutylmethyl.
  • R 8 is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, each optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from alkyl, halo, alkoxy, cyano, and hydroxy.
  • R 8 is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, each optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from methyl, cyano, methoxy, and fluoro, preferably, R 8 is cyclobutyl, 3-fluorocyclobutyl, 3,3-difluorocyclobutyl, 3-cyanocyclobutyl, 3-fluorocyclohexyl, or 3-cyano-3-methylcyclobutyl.
  • the compound of any one of embodiments 1A to 10 and subembodiments contained therein is wherein R 8 is heteroaryl substituted with R a , R b , and R c independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkyloxy, alkoxy, hydroxy, halo, cyano, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, and optionally substituted heterocyclyl.
  • R 8 is 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl e.g., pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, thienyl, furanyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, or pyrazinyl, each substituted with R a , R b , and R c wherein R a and R b are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, and cyano and R c is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy.
  • R a and R b are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, and cyano
  • R c is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, and haloal
  • R 8 is pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridazin-3-yl, pyridazin-4-yl, pyrimidin-5-yl, pyrimidin-2-yl, thien-2-yl, furan-2-yl, thiazol-5-yl, oxazol-5-yl, imidazol-5-yl, furan-3-yl thien-3-yl, thiazol-4-yl, pyridin-4-yl, oxazol-2-yl, imidazol-2-yl, pyridin-2-yl, pyrazin-2-yl or thiazol-2-yl, each substituted with R a , R b , and R c wherein R a and R b are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, hydroxy, chloro, fluoro, difluoromethyl, trifluoro
  • the compound of any one of embodiments 1A to 10 and subembodiments contained therein is wherein R 8 is bicyclic heteroaryl substituted with R a , R b , and R c , wherein R a and R b are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, and cyano and R c is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, and aminoalkyl.
  • the compound of any one of embodiments 1A to 10 and subembodiments contained therein is wherein R 8 is heterocyclyl, wherein heterocyclyl is substituted with R a , R b , and R c wherein R a and R b are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, and cyano and R c is hydrogen, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or aminoalkyl.
  • R 8 is tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrohydropyranyl, or oxetanyl, each independently substituted with R a and R b wherein R a and R b are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, and fluoro.
  • the compound of any one of embodiments 1A to 10 and subembodiments contained therein is wherein R 8 is spiroheterocyclyl.
  • the spiroheterocyclyl ring contains at least one nitrogen atom.
  • the spiroheterocyclyl ring contains at least one oxygen atom.
  • the compound of any one of embodiments 1A to 17 and subembodiments contained therein is wherein R 7 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, fluoro, trifluoromethyl or trifluoromethoxy. In a first subembodiment, R 7 is hydrogen.
  • the compound of any one of embodiments 1A to 18 and subembodiments contained therein is wherein R 2 is hydrogen, fluoro, methyl or ethyl.
  • R 2 is hydrogen.
  • R 2 is methyl.
  • R 2 is fluoro.
  • the compound of any one of embodiments 1A to 19 and subembodiments contained therein is wherein R 9 is hydrogen, alkyl, halo, hydroxy, or alkoxy.
  • R 9 is hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, or fluoro.
  • the compound of any one of embodiments 1A to 20 and subembodiments contained therein is wherein R 2 and R 9 are attached to the same carbon atom.
  • R 2 and R 9 are attached to the ring carbon atom that is meta to the ring carbon attached to R 1 .
  • the compound of any one of embodiments 1A, 2A, 2Aa, 3A, 3Aa, 7A, 8 to 10, 12A and 13 to 18 and subembodiments contained therein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is wherein R 2 and R 9 are attached to the ring carbon atom that is meta to the ring carbon attached to R 1 and wherein R 2 is hydrogen or deuterium and R 9 is hydrogen, methyl, or fluoro.
  • embodiment 22B the compound of embodiment 22A and subembodiments contained therein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is wherein R 2 is hydrogen or deuterium and R 9 is fluoro.
  • R 2a and R 9a are independently hydrogen, deuterium, or fluoro, preferably hydrogen or fluoro, more preferably hydrogen.
  • the compound of any one of embodiments 1A to 18 and 22C and subembodiments contained therein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is wherein R 2 and R 9 are attached to the same carbon atom and together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form oxo. In a first subembodiment of embodiment 22, R 2 and R 9 are attached to the ring carbon atom that is meta to the ring carbon attached to R 1 .
  • the compound of any one of embodiments 1A to 18 and 22C and subembodiments contained therein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is wherein R 2 and R 9 are attached to the same carbon atom and together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form 3 to 6 membered cycloalkylene.
  • R 2 and R 9 are attached to the same carbon atom and together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form cycloproplene.
  • R 2 and R 9 are attached to the ring carbon atom that is meta to the ring carbon attached to R 1 .
  • the compound of any one of embodiments 1A to 18 and 22C and subembodiments contained therein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is wherein R 2 and R 9 are attached to the same carbon atom and together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form 4 to six membered heterocyclylene.
  • R 2 and R 9 are attached to the same carbon atom and together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form oxetan-4-yl.
  • R 2 and R 9 are attached to the ring carbon atom that is meta to the ring carbon attached to R 1 .
  • the compound of any one of embodiments 1A to 18 and subembodiments contained therein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is wherein R 2 and R 9 are attached to the same carbon atom and together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form alkyldienyl, preferably vinydienyl.
  • R 2 and R 9 are attached to the ring carbon atom that is meta to the ring carbon attached to R 1 .
  • the compound of any one of embodiments 1A, 2A, 2Aa, 12A, 13 to 20 and subembodiments contained therein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is a compound of formula (VIIIa1) or (VIIIb1):
  • the compound has formula (VIIIb1).
  • the compound of embodiment 26 and subembodiment contained therein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is wherein R 2 is hydrogen or deuterium and R 9 is hydrogen, fluoro, or methyl, preferably fluoro, and R 2a and R 9a are independently hydrogen, deuterium, or fluoro.
  • R 2a and R 9a are independently hydrogen or deuterium.
  • R 2a and R 9a are independently hydrogen or fluoro.
  • the compound of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 2a, and 12 to 20 and subembodiments contained therein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is a compound of formula (VIIIa) or (VIIIb):
  • the compound has formula (VIIIb).
  • the compound of embodiment 28 and subembodiment contained therein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is wherein R 2 is hydrogen and R 9 is hydrogen, fluoro, or methyl.
  • the compound of any one of embodiments 26 to 29 and subembodiment contained therein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is wherein R 7 is hydrogen and R 8 is 3-cyano-5-fluorophenyl or 3-cyano-5-fluoro-2,4,6-trideuteriophenyl.
  • R 9 listed in seventh sub-embodiment of embodiment 20 can independently be combined with one or more of the embodiments 1A-30 and/or subembodiments contained therein.
  • the present disclosure includes:
  • X 1 is CH or N
  • R 1 is hydroxy, halo, amino, —OP(O)(OH) 2 , —OCH 2 OP(O)(OH) 2 , —OCOR 10 , —OCOOR 11 , —OCONR 12 R 13 , —OCHR 14 OCOR 15 or —OCHR 14 OCOOR 15a
  • R 10 , R 11 , and R 15 and R 15a are independently alkyl or alkyl substituted with amino, carboxy or hydroxy
  • R 12 and R 13 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or alkyl substituted with amino, carboxy or hydroxy or R 12 and R 13 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form optionally substituted heterocyclyl
  • each R 14 is hydrogen, alkyl, or haloalkyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl;
  • R 2a is hydrogen or deuterium
  • R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, cycloalkyl, halo, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or alkoxyalkyl; or
  • R 3 and R 4 together with the carbon to which they are attached form oxo, 3 to 6 membered cycloalkylene, or 4 to 6 membered optionally substituted heterocyclylene;
  • R 5 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, hydroxy, or alkoxy;
  • R 6 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or halo
  • R 5 and R 6 together with the carbon to which they are attached form oxo, alkyldienyl, 3 to 6 membered cycloalkylene, or 4 to 6 membered optionally substituted heterocyclylene; provided R 5 and R 6 and R 3 and R 4 together with the carbon to which they are attached do not form oxo, cycloalkylene or optionally substituted 4 to 6 membered heterocyclylene simultaneously;
  • R 7 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl, or haloalkoxy;
  • L is a bond, S, SO, SO 2 , O, CO, or NR 16 where R 16 is hydrogen or alkyl;
  • R 8 is alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, bicyclic cycloalkyl, oxocycloalkenyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, spirocycloalkyl, spiroheterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl wherein aryl or heteroaryl, each by itself or as part of aralkyl or heteroaralkyl, or heterocyclyl by itself or as part of heterocyclylalkyl is substituted with R a , R b , R c , R g and/or R h wherein R a , R b , and R c are independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkyloxy, alk
  • R 9 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylsulfoxide, alkylsulfonyl, or heteroaryl wherein the heteroaryl is optionally substituted with R d , R e , and R f independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkoxy, hydroxy, halo, and cyano; or
  • R 9 and R 2 when R 9 and R 2 are attached to the same carbon atom, they can combine to form oxo, alkyldienyl, 3 to 6 membered cycloalkylene, or 4 to 6-membered heterocyclylene;
  • R 9a is hydrogen or deuterium
  • X 1 is CH or N
  • R 1 is hydroxy, halo, amino, —OP(O)(OH) 2 , —OCH 2 OP(O)(OH) 2 , —OCOR 10 , —OCOOR 11 , —OCONR 12 R 13 , —OCHR 14 OCOR 15 or —OCHR 14 OCOOR 15a
  • R 10 , R 11 , R 15 , and R 15a are independently alkyl or alkyl substituted with amino, carboxy or hydroxy
  • R 12 and R 13 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or alkyl substituted with amino, carboxy or hydroxy or R 12 and R 13 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form optionally substituted heterocyclyl
  • each R 14 is hydrogen, alkyl, or haloalkyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkynyl, or alkenyl;
  • R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, cycloalkyl, halo, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or alkoxyalkyl; or
  • R 3 and R 4 together with the carbon to which they are attached form oxo, 3 to 6 membered cycloalkylene, or 4 to 6 membered optionally substituted heterocyclylene;
  • R 5 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, hydroxy, or alkoxy;
  • R 6 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or halo
  • R 5 and R 6 together with the carbon to which they are attached form 3 to 6 membered cycloalkylene or 4 to 6 membered optionally substituted heterocyclylene; provided R 5 and R 6 and R 3 and R 4 together with the carbon to which they are attached do not form cycloalkylene or optionally substituted 4 to 6 membered heterocyclylene simultaneously;
  • R 7 is hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl, or haloalkoxy;
  • L is a bond, S, SO, SO 2 , o, CO, or NR 16 where R 16 is hydrogen or alkyl;
  • R 8 is alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, bicyclic cycloalkyl, oxocycloalkenyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, spirocycloalkyl, spiroheterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl wherein aryl or heteroaryl, each by itself or as part of aralkyl or heteroaralkyl, or heterocyclyl by itself or as part of heterocyclylalkyl is substituted with R a , R b , and/or R c independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkyloxy, alkoxy, hydroxy, halo, cyano, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalky
  • R 9 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylsulfoxide, or alkylsulfonyl, or heteroaryl wherein the heteroaryl is optionally substituted with R d , R e , and R f independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkoxy, hydroxy, halo, and cyano; or
  • R 9 and R 2 when R 9 and R 2 are attached to the same carbon atom, they can combine to form oxo, alkyldienyl, 3 to 6 membered cycloalkylene, or 4 to 6-membered heterocyclylene;
  • R 5 and R 6 together with the carbon to which they are attached form 3 to 6 membered cycloalkylene, preferably cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene or cyclopentylene optionally substituted with one or two fluoro.
  • R 5 and R 6 together with the carbon to which they are attached form 3 to 6 membered cycloalkylene, preferably cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene or cyclopentylene optionally substituted with one or two fluoro.
  • R 8 is cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, bicyclic cycloalkyl, oxocycloalkenyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, spirocycloalkyl, spiroheterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl wherein aryl or heteroaryl, each by itself or as part of aralkyl or heteroaralkyl, or heterocyclyl by itself or as part of heterocyclylalkyl is substituted with R a , R b , and R c independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkyloxy, alkoxy, hydroxy, halo, cyano, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, alkeny
  • R 8 is phenyl substituted with R a , R b , R c , R g and R h wherein R a , R b , and R c are independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkyloxy, alkoxy, hydroxy, halo, cyano, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, and optionally substituted heterocyclyl and R g and R h are independently selected from hydrogen, and halo.
  • R 8 is 3-chloro-5-fluorophenyl, 3,5-difluorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-cyano-5-fluorophenyl, 3-chloro-5-cyanophenyl, 3-cyano-5-methylphenyl, 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl, 3-chloro-5-fluorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methyl, 3-cyanophenyl, 3-trifluoromethylphenyl, 3,4-dichlorophenyl, 3-chloro-2-methylphenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3,5-dimethylphenyl, 2-chloro-6-methylphenyl, 2,6-difluorophenyl, 3,4,5-trifluorophenyl, 3,4-diflu
  • R 8 is phenyl substituted with R a , R b , and R c independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkyloxy, alkoxy, hydroxy, halo, cyano, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, and optionally substituted heterocyclyl.
  • R 8 is 3-chloro-5-fluorophenyl, 3,5-difluorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methoxyphenyl, 3-cyano-5-fluorophenyl, 3-chloro-5-cyanophenyl, 3-cyano-5-methylphenyl, 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl, 3-chloro-5-fluorophenyl, 3-fluoro-5-methyl, 3-cyanophenyl, 3-trifluoromethylphenyl, 3,4-dichlorophenyl, 3-chloro-2-methylphenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3,5-dimethylphenyl, 2-chloro-6-methylphenyl, 2,6-difluorophenyl, 3,4,5-trifluorophenyl, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl, 3-
  • R 8 is heteroaryl substituted with R a , R b , and R c independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkyloxy, alkoxy, hydroxy, halo, cyano, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, and optionally substituted heterocyclyl.
  • R 8 is 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl (e.g., pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, thienyl, furanyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, or pyrazinyl), each substituted with R a , R b , and R c wherein R a and R b are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, and cyano and R c is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy.
  • R a and R b are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, and cyano and R c is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, and haloalk
  • R 8 is pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridazin-3-yl, pyridazin-4-yl, pyrimidin-5-yl, pyrimidin-2-yl, thien-2-yl, furan-2-yl, thiazol-5-yl, oxazol-5-yl, imidazol-5-yl, furan-3-yl thien-3-yl, thiazol-4-yl, pyridin-4-yl, oxazol-2-yl, imidazol-2-yl, pyridin-2-yl, pyrazin-2-yl, or thiazol-2-yl, and is substituted with R a , R b , and R c wherein R a and R b are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, hydroxy,
  • the compound of any one of embodiments 40, 42 to 57, 63 to 68A and 71 to 76, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is wherein R 2 and R 9 are attached to the ring carbon atom that is meta to the ring carbon attached to R 1 and wherein R 2 is hydrogen or deuterium and R 9 is hydrogen, methyl, or fluoro.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any one of embodiments 40-92, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • a method of inhibiting HIF2 ⁇ which method comprises contacting HIF2 ⁇ with a compound of any one of embodiments 40-92, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or with a pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 93.
  • a method of treating a disease mediate by HIF2 ⁇ in a patient which method comprises administering to the patient in recognized need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any one of embodiments 40-92, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • a method of treating cancer in a patient which method comprises administering to the patient in recognized need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any one of embodiments 40-92, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the starting materials and reagents used in preparing these compounds are either available from commercial suppliers such as Aldrich Chemical Co., (Milwaukee, Wis.), Bachem (Torrance, Calif.), or Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.) or are prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art following procedures set forth in references such as Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Volumes 1-17 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991); Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Volumes 1-5 and Supplementals (Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989); Organic Reactions, Volumes 1-40 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991), March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, (John Wiley and Sons, 4th Edition) and Larock's Comprehensive Organic Transformations (VCH Publishers Inc., 1989).
  • the reactions described herein take place at atmospheric pressure over a temperature range from about ⁇ 78° C. to about 150° C., such as from about 0° C. to about 125° C. and further such as at about room (or ambient) temperature, e.g., about 20° C.
  • Compounds of formula 1-a and 1-b are commercially available or they can be prepared by methods well known in the art.
  • 2-bromo-4-fluorobenzaldehyde ethyl 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetate
  • ethyl 2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate ethyl 2-bromopropanoate
  • ethyl 2-bromoacetate ethyl 2-bromoacetate
  • the hydroxyl group in 1-c can be oxidized under oxidative conditions such as 2-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) or TPAP, NMO to give a ketone of formula 1-d.
  • the keto group in compound of formula 1-d can be functionalized to provide compound of formula 1-e where R 5 and R 6 are as described in the Summary by methods well known in the art.
  • a compound of formula 1-e where R 5 and R 6 are fluoro can be synthesized from 1-d by treatment with a fluorinating agent such as DAST or SF 4 under conditions well known in the art.
  • Cyclization of 1-e can be achieved by treating it with alkyl lithium reagent such n-BuLi to give ketone 1-f.
  • alkyl lithium reagent such as n-BuLi
  • the carbonyl group in 1-f can be reduced with reducing reagents such as NaBH 4 to provide alcohol 1-g.
  • Compounds of formula 1-g can be converted to compounds of formula 1-h by lithiation of 1-g, followed by treating the lithio intermediate with CBr 4 .
  • Oxidation of 1-h with oxidative reagents such as IBX provides ketone of formula 1-i.
  • Addition of allyl metal reagent such as allyl magnesium bromide to compounds of formula 1-i provides compounds of formula 1-j.
  • compound of formula 1-j can be prepared from 1-f by addition of allyl metal reagent such as allyl magnesium bromide to compounds of formula 1-f illustrated below:
  • Lithiation of 1-g with bases such LDA followed by treating the lithio intermediate with bromination reagent such as CBr 4 or 1,2-dibromotetrafluoroethane provides compound of formula 1-j.
  • bromination reagent such as CBr 4 or 1,2-dibromotetrafluoroethane
  • enantioselective synthesis of compounds of formula 1-g can be achieved by addition of 2-allyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane to compounds of formula 1-f in the presence of a ligand such as 1-m and a suitable base such as tBuONa in organic solvents such as MeOH, toluene as depicted below:
  • Compounds of formula 1-j can undergo cyclization in the presence of Pd catalyst with suitable ligands such as Pd(dppf)Cl 2 CH 2 Cl 2 or Pd(PPh 3 ) 2 Cl 2 to provide compounds of formula 1-k.
  • the fluoro group in compounds of formula 1-k can be converted to a group of formula -L-R 8 where L and R 8 are as described in the Summary by treating compound 1-k with a compound of formula R 8 -LH where L is N, O, or S and R 8 is a defined in the Summary by method well known in the art.
  • Compounds of formula R 8 -LH are commercially available or they can be prepared by methods well known in the art.
  • Compounds of Formula 1-k can be converted to compounds of Formula 1-l by treating it with an oxidative cleavage reagent such as NaIO 4 and RuCl 3 hydrate under conditions well known in the art.
  • the fluoro group in compounds of Formula 1-l can be converted to a group of formula -L-R 8 where L and R 8 are as described in the Summary by treating compound 1-1 with a compound of formula R-LH.
  • Compounds of Formula (I) can be coverted to other compounds of Formula (I) by methods well known in the art.
  • compounds of Formula (I) where with R 1 is hydroxyl, R 2 is hydrogen and R 9 is hydroxy or fluoro can be synthesized from the compounds of Formula (I) where R 9 and R 2 are combined to form oxo by further functionalizing the carbonyl group as illustrated and described in Methods (i) and (ii) below.
  • a compound of Formula (I) where R 1 is hydroxy, R 9 and R 2 are combined to form oxo can be converted to a compound of Formula (I) where R 1 is hydroxy, R 9 is hydroxy by treating it with reducing reagent such as sodium borohydride under conditions well known in the art.
  • a compound of Formula (I) where R 1 is hydroxy, R 9 is hydroxy can be converted to a compound of Formula (I) where R 1 is hydroxy, R 9 is fluoro by treating it with fluorination reagent such as DAST under conditions well known in the art.
  • HIF-2 ⁇ mediated diseases include but are not limited to, various types of cancer, liver disease such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), inflammatory disease such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), pulmonary diseases such as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and iron load disorders.
  • liver disease such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
  • IBD inflammatory bowel disease
  • PAH pulmonary arterial hypertension
  • iron load disorders include iron load disorders.
  • HIF-2 ⁇ plays an important role in the initiation and progression of many human cancers. Many extensive studies have demonstrated the critical role of increased HIF-2 ⁇ activity in driving clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) (see review by Shen and Kaelin, Seminars in Cancer Biology 23: 18-25, 2013). Abnormal HIF-2 ⁇ activity is largely due to loss of function of a tumor suppressor, VHL. It is known that over eighty percent of ccRCC have defective VHL either through deletion, mutation or disturbed post-translational modification. Defective VHL leads to constitutively active HIF- ⁇ proteins regardless of oxygen level.
  • HIF-2 ⁇ is the key oncogenic substrate of VHL (see Kondo, et al. Cancer Cell 1: 237-246, 2002; Kondo, et al. PLoS Biology 1: 439-444, 2002; Maranchi, et al. Cancer Cell 1: 247-255, 2002; Zimmer, et al. Mol. Cancer Res 2: 89-95, 2004).
  • knockdown of HIF-2 ⁇ in VHL-null tumors inhibited tumor formation; while reintroduction of VHL and overexpression of HIF-2 ⁇ overcame the tumor suppressive role of VHL.
  • single nucleotide polymorphism in HIF-2 ⁇ is associated with resistant to PHD-mediated degradation, has been linked to an increased risk of developing RCC.
  • the VHL-HIF-2 ⁇ axis has also been implicated in ccRCC tumor metastasis through its downstream CXCR4 and CYTIP (see Vanharanta et al. Nature Medicine 19: 50-59, 2013; Peter Staller et al. Nature. 2003 Sep. 18; 425(6955):307-11).
  • VHL Defective VHL not only predisposes patients to kidney cancer (with a 70% lifetime risk), but also to hemangioblastomas, pheochromocytoma, endolymphatic sac tumors and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Tumors derived from defective VHL are frequently driven by the constitutively active downstream HIF- ⁇ proteins, with the majority of these dependent on HIF-2 ⁇ activity (see Maher, et al. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 19: 617-623, 2011). Both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms can lead to the loss of function in VHL.
  • HIF- ⁇ has been found in many cancers including RCC, multiple myeloma, retinoblastoma, NSCLC, pancreatic endocrine tumors, squamous cell carcinoma, acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (see reviewed in Nguyen, et al. Arch. Phann. Res 36: 252-263, 2013).
  • HIF-2 ⁇ has also been linked to cancers of the retina, adrenal gland and pancreas through both loss of function in VHL and activating mutations in HIF-2 ⁇ .
  • HIF-2 ⁇ target gene products e.g., VEGF, PDGF, and cyclin Dl
  • HIF-2 ⁇ targeted therapy could be beneficial for the above cancers when driven by these signaling events downstream of abnormal HIF-2 ⁇ pathway activation.
  • HIF- ⁇ proteins are also frequently upregulated in the intratumor environment of rapidly growing tumors, due to the hypoxic condition resulting from poor vascularization in large tumors.
  • the activated HIF- ⁇ pathways in turn, further promotes tumor cell survival and proliferation by transcriptionally upregulating various essential factors.
  • HIF-2 ⁇ has been demonstrated to augment the growth of APC mutant colorectal cancer through its regulation of genes involved in proliferation, iron utilization and inflammation (see Xue, et al.
  • HCC hepatocellular carcinoma
  • HIF-2 as activity has been linked to the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), in addition to lung cancer, in mouse models (see Karoor, et al. Cancer Prev. Res. 5: 1061-1071, 2012). HIF-2 ⁇ activity has also been demonstrated to be important in cancers of the central nervous system (see Holmquist-Mengelbier, et al. Cancer Cell 10: 413-423, 2006 and Li, et al. Cancer Cell 15: 501-513, 2009). HIF-2 ⁇ knockdown reduced tumor growth in preclinical animal models of neuroblastoma, Conversely, increased level of HIF-2 ⁇ correlated with advanced disease, poor prognosis and higher VEGF levels, which likely contribute to the poor clinical outcome.
  • COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • HIF-2 ⁇ expression has been correlated with a poor survival in glioma.
  • inhibition of HIF-2 ⁇ in glioma stem cells reduced cell proliferation and survival in vitro and tumor initiation in vivo.
  • HIF-1 ⁇ is expressed in both neural progenitors and brain tumor stem cells, HIF-2 ⁇ is found exclusively in the latter.
  • survival of glioma patients correlates to with HIF-2 ⁇ , but not HIF-1 ⁇ level.
  • HIF-2 ⁇ effector is cyclin D, an essential partner for the activation of CDK4 and CDK6. Therefore, administration of a HIF-2 ⁇ inhibitor with CDK4/6 inhibitors, including abemaciclib (Verzenio®), palbociclib (Ibrance®) and ribociclib (Kisqali®) should result in downregulation of cyclin D, thereby increasing antiproliferative effects of CDK4/6 inhibitors.
  • abemaciclib Verzenio®
  • palbociclib Ibrance®
  • ribociclib Kisqali®
  • HIF-2 ⁇ targeted therapy could improve the response to radiation therapy in various cancers.
  • Somatostatinomas are somatostatin-producing neuroendocrine tumors that are rare but often malignant. It has been found that HIF-2 ⁇ mutations lead to the disruption of the prolyl hydroxylation domain (PHD) of HIF-2 ⁇ , thus abolish the modification by PHDs, and subsequently reduce HIF-2 ⁇ degradation mediated by VHL (see Yang, et al. Blood. 121: 2563-2566, 2013). The stabilized HIF-2 ⁇ can then translocate to the nucleus, driving increased expression of hypoxia-related genes to contribute to somatostatinoma. Thus, a HIF-2 ⁇ inhibitor will provide an alternative approach in treating somatostatinoma.
  • PHD prolyl hydroxylation domain
  • Polycythaemia is a hematologic disorder characterized by elevated hematocrit (the volume percentage of red blood cells in the blood), also known as erythrocytosis.
  • Gain-of-function mutations in HIF-2 ⁇ are associated with autosomal dominant erythrocytosis (see Percy, et al. N. Engl. J. Med. 358: 162-8, 2008 and Wilson et al. Case Rep Hematol. 6373706, 2016).
  • mutations in PHD of HIF-2 ⁇ which is responsible in signaling HIF-2 ⁇ for ubiquitination and degradation by VHL, have also been found to drive polycythaemia.
  • HIF-2 ⁇ n which is stabilized either by gain of function HIF-2 ⁇ mutations or by loss of function mutations in PHD, VHL
  • an HIF-2 ⁇ inhibitor should be able to suppress HIF-2 ⁇ downstream genes, such as EPO and thereby reducing hematocrit of polycythaemia.
  • Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors that often develop on a background of predisposing genetic mutations, including loss of function in VHL or PHD2 or activating mutations of HIF-2 ⁇ , all of which result in highly expressed HIF-2 ⁇ protein and subsequently downstream genes to promote oncogenic progression (see Dahia, Nat Rev Cancer. 14:108-19, 2014). Furthermore, germline heterozygous mutations in genes encoding succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) subunits and the SDH complex assembly factor 2 protein (SDHAF2) have been described in patients with hereditary phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL).
  • SDH succinate dehydrogenase
  • SDHAF2 SDH complex assembly factor 2 protein
  • Retinal capillary hemangioblastomas can be the ocular manifestations of VHL diseases, which are caused by loss of tumor suppressor VHL. Upregulation of HIF-2 ⁇ upon loss of VHL has been detected in retinal hemangioblastoma patients and is indicated to contribute to the aggressive course of retinal hemangioblastomas, resulting in the resistance to multiple anti-VEGF and radiation therapies (see Wang, et al. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 252:1319-1327, 2014). Moreover, uncontrolled blood vessel growth is a central pathological component of many human blindness disorders, including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and retinopathy of prematurity.
  • HIF-2 ⁇ may have potential utility in treating various diseases of blindness.
  • systemic reduction of HIF-2 ⁇ expression with a hypomorphic Hif-2 ⁇ allele caused marked decreases in retinal neovascularization that was accompanied by defects in EPO expression (see Morita, et al. EMBO J. 22: 1134-46, 2003).
  • HIF-2 ⁇ In addition to a direct role in promoting the initiation, progression and metastasis of tumor cells (e.g. ccRCC), HIF-2 ⁇ also indirectly contributes to tumorigenesis through augmenting the immunosuppressive effect of hypoxia within the tumor microenvironment. Expression of HIF-2 ⁇ has been detected in cells of the myeloid lineage (see Talks K L, et dal. Am J Pathol. 2000; 157(2):411-421). For example, HIF-2 ⁇ is shown to favor the polarization of macrophages to the immunosuppressive M2 phenotype and enhances migration and invasion of tumor-associated macrophages (see Imtiyaz H Z et al. J Clin Invest. 2010; 120(8):2699-2714).
  • HIF-2 ⁇ is associated with high-grade human tumors and correlates with poor prognosis.
  • HIF-2 ⁇ can indirectly promote additional immunosuppressive pathways (e.g. adenosine and arginase etc.) by modulating the expression of key signaling regulators such as adenosine A2B/A2A receptors and arginase.
  • additional immunosuppressive pathways e.g. adenosine and arginase etc.
  • key signaling regulators such as adenosine A2B/A2A receptors and arginase.
  • HIF-2 ⁇ proteins Due to the key roles of HIF-2 ⁇ proteins in regulating physiological response to the fluctuation of oxygen levels, they have been causally associated with many hypoxia-related pathological processes in addition to cancer.
  • PAH a debilitating and life-threatening disease with very poor prognosis.
  • HIF-2 ⁇ contributes to the process of hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling, reduced plasticity of the vascular bed, and ultimately, debilitating PAH (see Andrew S., et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016 Aug. 2; 113(31): 8801-8806, Tang H, et al. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2018 Feb. 1; 314(2):L256-L275).
  • hypoxia-related pathological processes is IBD, a chronic relapsing inflammatory disease of the intestine. It is found that intestinal inflammation and subsequently IBD arose when a dysregulated epithelial oxygen tension occurs and intensifies across epithelial villi in the intestine (see Shah Y. M., Molecular and Cellular Pediatrics, 2016 December; 3(1):1). HIF-2 ⁇ activation contributes to IBD, while HIF-1 ⁇ in intestinal epithelial cells is considered as a major protective factor in IBD (see Karhausen J, et al.
  • HIF-2 ⁇ activation not only leads to the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines which promotes IBD directly, but also results in loss of intestine barrier integrity, thus indirectly contributes to the manifestation of IBD.
  • an HIF-2 ⁇ inhibitor holds the promise of reverting the pro-inflammatory condition and increasing the intestinal barrier integrity, thus alleviate the symptoms of IBD.
  • HIF-2 ⁇ inhibitor also represents a novel therapeutic approach in NASH, for which limited therapeutic options are available.
  • a recent study showed that an intestine-specific disruption of HIF-2 ⁇ led to a significant reduction of hepatic steatosis and obesity induced by high-fat-diet.
  • intestine HIF-2 ⁇ positively regulates the gene encoding neuraminidase 3, thus regulates ceramide metabolism which contributes to the development of NASH (see Xie C, etal. Nat Med. 2017 November; 23(11):1298-1308). Therefore, an HIF-2 ⁇ inhibitor should have preventive and therapeutic effects on metabolic disorders, such as NASH.
  • HIF-2 ⁇ HIF-1 ⁇
  • HIF-2 ⁇ HIF-1 ⁇
  • Mastrogiannaki M, et al. J Clin Invest. 2009; 119(5):1159-1166 a small molecule inhibitor that targets HIF-2 ⁇ holds promise of improving iron homeostasis in patients with iron disorders.
  • the present invention provides a method for treating or lessening the severity of a disease, condition, or disorder where activation or over activation of HIF-2 ⁇ is implicated in the disease state.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating renal cell carcinoma of a subject with a compound disclosed herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • HIF-2 ⁇ inhibitors also have therapeutic potentials for a broad range of non-cancer indications including but not limited to NASH, IBD, PAH, and iron overload.
  • HIF2 ⁇ inhibitory activity of the compounds of the present disclosure can be tested using the in vitro assay described in Biological Examples 1 below.
  • the compounds of this disclosure will be administered in a therapeutically effective amount by any of the accepted modes of administration for agents that serve similar utilities.
  • Therapeutically effective amounts of compounds this disclosure may range from about 0.01 to about 500 mg per kg patient body weight per day, which can be administered in single or multiple doses.
  • a suitable dosage level may be from about 0.1 to about 250 mg/kg per day; about 0.5 to about 100 mg/kg per day.
  • a suitable dosage level may be about 0.01 to about 250 mg/kg per day, about 0.05 to about 100 mg/kg per day, or about 0.1 to about 50 mg/kg per day. Within this range the dosage can be about 0.05 to about 0.5, about 0.5 to about 5 or about 5 to about 50 mg/kg per day.
  • compositions can be provided in the form of tablets containing about 1.0 to about 1000 milligrams of the active ingredient, particularly about 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 750, 800, 900, and 1000 milligrams of the active ingredient.
  • the actual amount of the compound of this disclosure, i.e., the active ingredient will depend upon numerous factors such as the severity of the disease to be treated, the age and relative health of the patient, the potency of the compound being utilized, the route and form of administration, and other factors.
  • compositions will be administered as pharmaceutical compositions by any one of the following routes: oral, systemic (e.g., transdermal, intranasal or by suppository), or parenteral (e.g., intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous) administration.
  • routes e.g., oral, systemic (e.g., transdermal, intranasal or by suppository), or parenteral (e.g., intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous) administration.
  • parenteral e.g., intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous
  • compositions can take the form of tablets, pills, capsules, semisolids, powders, sustained release formulations, solutions, suspensions, elixirs, aerosols, or any other appropriate compositions.
  • formulations in the form of tablets, pills or capsules, including enteric coated or delayed release tablets, pills or capsules are preferred.
  • compositions are comprised of in general, a compound of this disclosure in combination with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • Acceptable excipients are non-toxic, aid administration, and do not adversely affect the therapeutic benefit of the compound of this disclosure.
  • excipient may be any solid, liquid, semi-solid or, in the case of an aerosol composition, gaseous excipient that is generally available to one of skill in the art.
  • Solid pharmaceutical excipients include starch, cellulose, talc, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, magnesium stearate, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, sodium chloride, dried skim milk and the like.
  • Liquid and semisolid excipients may be selected from glycerol, propylene glycol, water, ethanol and various oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, e.g., peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil, etc.
  • Preferred liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions include water, saline, aqueous dextrose, and glycols.
  • the compounds may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion.
  • Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative.
  • the compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
  • the formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in powder form or in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example, saline or sterile pyrogen-free water, immediately prior to use.
  • sterile liquid carrier for example, saline or sterile pyrogen-free water
  • Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described.
  • Formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous (oily) sterile injection solutions of the active compounds which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents.
  • Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes.
  • Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran.
  • the suspension may also contain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase the solubility of the compounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.
  • the compounds may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection.
  • the compounds may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
  • compositions may take the form of tablets, lozenges, pastilles, or gels formulated in conventional manner.
  • Such compositions may comprise the active ingredient in a flavored basis such as sucrose and acacia or tragacanth.
  • the compounds may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, or other glycerides.
  • Certain compounds disclosed herein may be administered topically, that is by non-systemic administration. This includes the application of a compound disclosed herein externally to the epidermis or the buccal cavity and the instillation of such a compound into the ear, eye and nose, such that the compound does not significantly enter the blood stream.
  • systemic administration refers to oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal and intramuscular administration.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration include liquid or semi-liquid preparations suitable for penetration through the skin to the site of inflammation such as gels, liniments, lotions, creams, ointments or pastes, and drops suitable for administration to the eye, ear or nose.
  • the active ingredient for topical administration may comprise, for example, from 0.001% to 10% w/w (by weight) of the formulation. In certain embodiments, the active ingredient may comprise as much as 10% w/w. In other embodiments, it may comprise less than 5% w/w. In certain embodiments, the active ingredient may comprise from 2% w/w to 5% w/w. In other embodiments, it may comprise from 0.1% to 1% w/w of the formulation.
  • compounds may be conveniently delivered from an insufflator, nebulizer pressurized packs or other convenient means of delivering an aerosol spray.
  • Pressurized packs may comprise a suitable propellant such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
  • a suitable propellant such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
  • the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount.
  • the compounds according to the disclosure may take the form of a dry powder composition, for example a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.
  • the powder composition may be presented in unit dosage form, in for example, capsules, cartridges, gelatin or blister packs from which the powder may be administered with the aid of an inhalator or insufflator.
  • suitable pharmaceutical excipients and their formulations are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, edited by E. W. Martin (Mack Publishing
  • the level of the compound in a formulation can vary within the full range employed by those skilled in the art.
  • the formulation will contain, on a weight percent (wt. %) basis, from about 0.01-99.99 wt. % of a compound of this disclosure based on the total formulation, with the balance being one or more suitable pharmaceutical excipients.
  • the compound is present at a level of about 1-80 wt. %.
  • the compounds of this disclosure may be used in combination with one or more other drugs in the treatment of diseases or conditions for which compounds of this disclosure or the other drugs may have utility.
  • Such other drug(s) may be administered, by a route and in an amount commonly used therefore, contemporaneously or sequentially with a compound of the present disclosure.
  • a pharmaceutical composition in unit dosage form containing such other drugs and the compound of the present disclosure is preferred.
  • the combination therapy may also include therapies in which the compound of this disclosure and one or more other drugs are administered on different overlapping schedules. It is also contemplated that when used in combination with one or more other active ingredients, the compounds of the present disclosure and the other active ingredients may be used in lower doses than when each is used singly.
  • compositions of the present disclosure also include those that contain one or more other drugs, in addition to a compound of the present disclosure.
  • the above combinations include combinations of a compound of this disclosure not only with one other drug, but also with two or more other active drugs.
  • a compound of this disclosure may be used in combination with other drugs that are used in the prevention, treatment, control, amelioration, or reduction of risk of the diseases or conditions for which a compound of this disclosure is useful.
  • Such other drugs may be administered, by a route and in an amount commonly used therefore, contemporaneously or sequentially with a compound of the present disclosure.
  • a pharmaceutical composition containing such other drugs in addition to the compound of this disclosure can be used.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure also include those that also contain one or more other active ingredients, in addition to a compound of this disclosure.
  • the weight ratio of the compound of this disclosure to the second active ingredient may be varied and will depend upon the effective dose of each ingredient. Generally, an effective dose of each will be used.
  • the subject in need is suffering from or at risk of suffering from cancer
  • the subject can be treated with a compound of this disclosure in any combination with one or more other anti-cancer agents.
  • one or more of the anti-cancer agents are proapoptotic agents.
  • anti-cancer agents include, but are not limited to, any of the following: gossyphol, genasense, polyphenol E, Chlorofusin, all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), bryostatin, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, all trans retinoic acid, doxorubicin, vincristine, etoposide, gemcitabine, imatinib (GleevecTM), geldanamycin, 17-N-Allylamino-17-Demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), flavopiridol, LY294002, bortezomib, trastuzumab, BAY 11-7082, PKC412, or PD184352, TaxolTM, also referred to as “paclitaxel”, which is a well-known anti-cancer drug which acts by enhancing and stabilizing microtubule formation
  • Suitable anti-cancer agents also include inhibitors of kinases associated cell proliferative disorder.
  • kinases include but not limited to Aurora-A, BTK, CDK1, CDK2, CDK3, CDK4, CDK6, CDK5, CDK7, CDK8, CDK9, ephrin receptor kinases, CHK1, CHK2, SRC, Yes, Fyn, Lck, Fer, Fes, Syk, Itk, Bmx, GSK3, JNK, MEK, PAK1, PAK2, PAK3, PAK4, PDK1, PKA, PKC, RAF, Rsk and SGK.
  • inhibitors of CDK4/6 including abemaciclib (Verzenio), palbociclib (Ibrance) and ribociclib (Kisqali), have the potential to be synergistic with HIF-2 ⁇ inhibitors and reverse the resistance to HIF-2 ⁇ inhibition; mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, e.g., U0126, PD98059, PD184352, PD0325901, ARRY-142886, SB239063, SP600125, BAY 43-9006, wortmannin, or LY294002; Syk inhibitors; antibodies (e.g., rituxan); MET inhibitor such as foretinib, carbozantinib, or crizotinib; VEGFR inhibitor such as sunitinib, sorafenib, regorafinib, lenvatinib, vandetanib, carbozantinib, axitinib; EGFR inhibitor such as afatin
  • BEX235 (dactolisib), CAL101 (idelalisib), GSK2636771, TG100-115; MTOR inhibitor such as rapamycin (sirolimus), temsirolimus, everolimus, XL388, XL765, AZD2013, PF04691502, PKI-587, BEZ235, GDC0349; MEK inhibitor such as AZD6244, trametinib, PD184352, pimasertinib, GDC-0973, AZD8330; CSF1R inhibitors (PLX3397, LY3022855, etc.) and CSF1R antibodies (IMC-054, RG7155, etc); TGF beta receptor kinase inhibitor such as LY2157299; BTK inhibitor such as ibrutinib.
  • MTOR inhibitor such as rapamycin (sirolimus), temsirolimus, everolimus, XL388, XL765, AZ
  • anti-cancer agents include proteasome inhibitor such as carfilzomib, MLN9708, delanzomib, or bortezomib; BET inhibitors such as INCB054329, OTX015, CPI-0610; LSD1 inhibitors such as GSK2979552, INCB059872; HDAC inhibitors such as panobinostat, vorinostat; DNA methyl transferase inhibitors such as azacytidine, decitabine), and other epigenetic modulator; SHP-2 inhibitor such as TNO155; Bcl2 inhibitor ABT-199, and other Bcl-2 family protein inhibitors; HIF-2 ⁇ inhibitors such as PT2977 and PT2385; Beta catenin pathway inhibitors, notch pathway inhibitors and hedgehog pathway inhibitors; Antibodies or other therapeutic proteins against VEGF include bevacizumab and aflibercept
  • LXR liver X receptor
  • AhR aryl hydrocarbon receptor
  • anti-cancer agents that can be employed in combination with a compound of this disclosure include Adriamycin, Dactinomycin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine, Cisplatin, acivicin; aclarubicin; acodazole hydrochloride; acronine; adozelesin; aldesleukin; altretamine; ambomycin; ametantrone acetate; aminoglutethimide; amsacrine; anastrozole; anthramycin; asparaginase; asperlin; azacitidine; azetepa; azotomycin; batimastat; benzodepa; bicalutamide; bisantrene hydrochloride; bisnafide dimesylate; bizelesin; bleomycin sulfate; brequinar sodium; bropirimine; busulfan; cactinomycin; calusterone; caracemide; carbetimer; carboplatin; carmus
  • anti-cancer agents that can be employed in combination with a compound of the disclosure include: 20-epi-1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3; 5-ethynyluracil; abiraterone; aclarubicin; acylfulvene; adecypenol; adozelesin; aldesleukin; ALL-TK antagonists; altretamine; ambamustine; amidox; amifostine; aminolevulinic acid; amrubicin; amsacrine; anagrelide; anastrozole; andrographolide; angiogenesis inhibitors; antagonist D; antagonist G; antarelix; anti-dorsalizing morphogenetic protein-1; antiandrogen, prostatic carcinoma; antiestrogen; antineoplaston; antisense oligonucleotides; aphidicolin glycinate; apoptosis gene modulators; apoptosis regulators; apurinic acid; ara-C
  • nitrogen mustards e.g., mechloroethamine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, etc.
  • alkyl sulfonates e.g., busulfan
  • nitrosoureas e.g., carmustine, lomusitne, etc.
  • triazenes decarbazine, etc.
  • antimetabolites include but are not limited to folic acid analog (e.g., methotrexate), or pyrimidine analogs (e.g., cytarabine), purine analogs (e.g., mercaptopurine, thioguanine, pentostatin).
  • folic acid analog e.g., methotrexate
  • pyrimidine analogs e.g., cytarabine
  • purine analogs e.g., mercaptopurine, thioguanine, pentostatin.
  • Examples of natural products useful in combination with a compound of this disclosure include but are not limited to vinca alkaloids (e.g., vincristine), epipodophyllotoxins (e.g., etoposide), antibiotics (e.g., daunorubicin, doxorubicin, bleomycin), enzymes (e.g., L-asparaginase), or biological response modifiers (e.g., interferon alpha).
  • vinca alkaloids e.g., vincristine
  • epipodophyllotoxins e.g., etoposide
  • antibiotics e.g., daunorubicin, doxorubicin, bleomycin
  • enzymes e.g., L-asparaginase
  • biological response modifiers e.g., interferon alpha
  • alkylating agents examples include, but are not limited to, nitrogen mustards (e.g., mechloroethamine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, melphalan, etc.), ethylenimine and methylmelamines (e.g., hexamethlymelamine, thiotepa), alkyl sulfonates (e.g., busulfan), nitrosoureas (e.g., carmustine, lomusitne, semustine, streptozocin, etc.), or triazenes (decarbazine, etc.).
  • nitrogen mustards e.g., mechloroethamine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, melphalan, etc.
  • ethylenimine and methylmelamines e.g., hexamethlymelamine, thiotepa
  • alkyl sulfonates e.g
  • antimetabolites include, but are not limited to folic acid analog (e.g., methotrexate), or pyrimidine analogs (e.g., fluorouracil, floxuridine, cytarabine), purine analogs (e.g., mercaptopurine, thioguanine, pentostatin.
  • folic acid analog e.g., methotrexate
  • pyrimidine analogs e.g., fluorouracil, floxuridine, cytarabine
  • purine analogs e.g., mercaptopurine, thioguanine, pentostatin.
  • hormones and antagonists useful in combination a compound of this disclosure include, but are not limited to, adrenocorticosteroids (e.g., prednisone), progestins (e.g., hydroxyprogesterone caproate, megestrol acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate), estrogens (e.g., diethylstilbestrol, ethinyl estradiol), antiestrogen (e.g., tamoxifen), androgens (e.g., testosterone propionate, fluoxymesterone), antiandrogen (e.g., flutamide), gonadotropin releasing hormone analog (e.g., leuprolide).
  • adrenocorticosteroids e.g., prednisone
  • progestins e.g., hydroxyprogesterone caproate, megestrol acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate
  • estrogens e
  • platinum coordination complexes e.g., cisplatin, carboblatin
  • anthracenedione e.g., mitoxantrone
  • substituted urea e.g., hydroxyurea
  • methyl hydrazine derivative e.g., procarbazine
  • adrenocortical suppressant e.g., mitotane, aminoglutethimide
  • anti-cancer agents which act by arresting cells in the G2-M phases due to stabilized microtubules and include Erbulozole (also known as R-55104), Dolastatin 10 (also known as DLS-10 and NSC-376128), Mivobulin isethionate (also known as CI-980), Vincristine, NSC-639829, Discodermolide (also known as NVP-XX-A-296), ABT-751 (Abbott, also known as E-7010), Altorhyrtins (such as Altorhyrtin A and Altorhyrtin C), Spongistatins (such as Spongistatin 1, Spongistatin 2, Spongistatin 3, Spongistatin 4, Spongistatin 5, Spongistatin 6, Spongistatin 7, Spongistatin 8, and Spongistatin 9), Cemadotin hydrochloride (also known as
  • immune checkpoint inhibitors can be used in combination with a compound as described herein for treatment of HIF-2 ⁇ -associated diseases, disorders or conditions.
  • exemplary immune checkpoint inhibitors include inhibitors (smack molecules or biologics) against immune checkpoint molecules such as CD27, CD28, CD40, CD122, CD96, CD73, CD39, CD47, OX40, GITR, CSF1R, JAK, PI3K delta, PI3K gamma, TAM, arginase, CD137 (also known as 4-1BB), ICOS, A2AR, A2BR, SHP-2, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, CTLA-4, LAG3, TIM3, VISTA, CD96, TIGIT, PD-1, PD-L1 and PD-L2.
  • the immune checkpoint molecule is a stimulatory checkpoint molecule selected from CD27, CD28, CD40, ICOS, OX40, GITR, CD137 and STING.
  • the immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitory checkpoint molecule selected from B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, CTLA-4, IDO, TDO, Arginase, KIR, LAG3, PD-1, TIM3, CD96, TIGIT and VISTA.
  • the compounds provided herein can be used in combination with one or more agents selected from KIR inhibitors, TIGIT inhibitors, LAIR1 inhibitors, CD160 inhibitors, 2B4 inhibitors and TGFR beta inhibitors.
  • the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of PD-1, e.g., an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody.
  • the anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody is nivolumab, pembrolizumab (also known as MK-3475), pidilizumab, SHR-1210, PDR001, or AMP-224.
  • the anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody is nivolumab, or pembrolizumab or PDR001.
  • the anti-PD1 antibody is pembrolizumab.
  • the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of PD-L1, e.g., an anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody.
  • the anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody is BMS-935559, MED14736, MPDL3280A (also known as RG7446), or MSB0010718C.
  • the anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody is MPDL3280A (atezolizumab) or MED14736 (durvalumab).
  • the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of CTLA-4, e.g., an anti-CTLA-4 antibody.
  • the anti-CTLA-4 antibody is ipilimumab or tremelimumab.
  • the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of LAG3, e.g., an anti-LAG3 antibody.
  • the anti-LAG3 antibody is BMS-986016 or LAG525.
  • the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of GITR, e.g., an anti-GITR antibody.
  • the anti-GITR antibody is TRX518 or, MK-4166, INCAGN01876 or MK-1248.
  • the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of OX40, e.g., an anti-OX40 antibody or OX40L fusion protein.
  • the anti-OX40 antibody is MED10562 or, INCAGN01949, GSK2831781, GSK-3174998, MOXR-0916, PF-04518600 or LAG525.
  • the OX40L fusion protein is MEDI6383
  • Compounds of the invention can also be used to increase or enhance an immune response, including increasing the immune response to an antigen; to improve immunization, including increasing vaccine efficacy; and to increase inflammation.
  • the compounds of the invention can be sued to enhance the immune response to vaccines including, but not limited, Listeria vaccines, oncolytic viral vaccines, and cancer vaccines such as GVAX® (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CF) gene-transfected tumor cell vaccine).
  • GVAX® granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CF) gene-transfected tumor cell vaccine.
  • Anti-cancer vaccines include dendritic cells, synthetic peptides, DNA vaccines and recombinant viruses.
  • Other immune-modulatory agents also include those that block immune cell migration such as antagonists to chemokine receptors, including CCR2 and CCR4; Sting agonists and Toll receptor agonists.
  • anti-cancer agents also include those that augment the immune system such as adjuvants or adoptive T cell transfer.
  • Compounds of this application may be effective in combination with CAR (Chimeric antigen receptor) T cell treatment as a booster for T cell activation
  • Step 1 ethyl 3-(2-bromo-4-fluorophenyl-2,2-difluoro-3-hydroxypropanoate
  • Step 2 ethyl 3-(2-bromo-4-fluorophenyl)-2,2-difluoro-3-oxopropanoate
  • Step 3 ethyl 3-(2-bromo-4-fluorophenyl)-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropanoate
  • Step 7 7-bromo-2,2,3,3,6-pentafluoro-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one
  • Step 8 1-allyl-7-bromo-2,2,3,3,6-pentafluoro-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol
  • Step 9 3,3,4,4,7-pentafluoro-1-methylene-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2aH-cyclopenta[cd]inden-2a-ol
  • Step 10 3-fluoro-5-((3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-2a-hydroxy-1-methylene-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-7-yl)oxy)benzonitrile
  • Step 1 3,3,4,4,7-pentafluoro-2a-hydroxy-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-1-one
  • Step 2 3-fluoro-5-((3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-2a-hydroxy-1-oxo-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-7-yl)oxy)benzonitrile
  • Step 1 3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-7-((5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)oxy)-2a-hydroxy-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-1-one
  • Step 2 3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-7-((5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)oxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2aH-cyclopenta-[cd]indene-1,2a-diol
  • Step 3 1,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-7-((5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)oxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2aH-cyclopenta[cd]inden-2a-ol
  • Step 1 O-(7-(3-cyano-5-fluorophenoxy)-3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-2a-hydroxy-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-1-yl) 1H-imidazole-1-carbothioate
  • Step 2 3-fluoro-5-((3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-2a-hydroxy-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-7-yl)oxy)benzonitrile
  • Step 1 N-(7-bromo-2,2,3,3,6-pentafluoro-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylidene)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide
  • Step 2 N-(1-allyl-7-bromo-2,2,3,3,6-pentafluoro-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide
  • Step 3 2-methyl-N-(3,3,4,4,7-pentafluoro-1-methylene-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2aH-cyclopenta[cd]-inden-2a-yl)propane-2-sulfinamide
  • Step 4 3,3,4,4,7-pentafluoro-1-methylene-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2aH-cyclopenta[cd]inden-2a-amine
  • Step 5 2a-amino-3,3,4,4,7-pentafluoro-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-1-one
  • Step 6 3-((2a-amino-3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1-oxo-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-7-yl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzonitrile
  • Step 7 3-((2a-amino-3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1-hydroxy-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-7-yl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzonitrile
  • Step 8 3-((2a-amino-1,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-7-yl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzonitrile
  • Step 2 3-((2,2-difluoro-7-iodo-1-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzonitrile
  • Step 3 3-((1-allyl-2,2-difluoro-1-hydroxy-7-iodo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzonitrile
  • Step 4 3-((3,3-difluoro-2a-hydroxy-1-methylene-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-5-yl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzonitrile
  • Step 1 ethyl 2,2-difluoro-2-(2,2,3,3,6-pentafluoro-1-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)acetate
  • Step 3 3-fluoro-5-((1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoro-2a-hydroxy-4-oxo-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-5-yl)oxy)benzonitrile
  • Step 4 3-fluoro-5-((1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoro-2a,4-dihydroxy-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-5-yl)oxy)benzonitrile
  • Step 5 3-fluoro-5-((1,1,2,2,3,3,4-heptafluoro-2a-hydroxy-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-5-yl)oxy)benzonitrile
  • Step 2 (1R)-7-bromo-2,2,3,3,6-pentafluoro-1-(prop-2-en-1-yl)inden-1-ol
  • Step 3 (R)-3,3,4,4,7-pentafluoro-1-methylene-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2aH-cyclopenta[cd]inden-2a-ol
  • Step 4 (R)-3,3,4,4,7-pentafluoro-2a-hydroxy-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-1-one
  • Step 5 (R)-3-fluoro-5-((3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-2a-hydroxy-1-oxo-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-7-yl)oxy)benzonitrile
  • Step 6 (R)-3-fluoro-5-((3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-2a-hydroxy-1-oxo-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-7-yl-2,2-d2)oxy)benzonitrile
  • Step 7 3-fluoro-5-(((1R,2aR)-3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1,2a-dihydroxy-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-7-yl-1,2,2-d3)oxy)benzonitrile
  • Step 8 3-fluoro-5-(((1S,2aR)-1,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-2a-hydroxy-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-7-yl-1,2,2-d3)oxy)benzonitrile
  • Step 3 (R)-3-fluoro-5-((3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-2a-hydroxy-1-oxo-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-7-yl)oxy)benzonitrile-2,4,6-d 3
  • Step 4 3-fluoro-5-(((1R,2aR)-3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1,2a-dihydroxy-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-7-yl-1-d)oxy)benzonitrile-2,4,6-d3
  • Step 5 3-fluoro-5-(((1S,2aR)-1,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-2a-hydroxy-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-7-yl-1-d)oxy)benzonitrile-2,4,6-d 3
  • the filtrate was purified by Prep-HPLC to afford 131 mg of product as a mixture of enantiomers.
  • Step 1 (R)-3-((4-(butylimino)-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2a-hydroxy-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-5-yl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzonitrile
  • Step 2 3-fluoro-5-(((2aS,3S)-1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoro-2a-hydroxy-4-oxo-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-5-yl)oxy)benzonitrile and 3-fluoro-5-(((2aS,3R)-1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoro-2a-hydroxy-4-oxo-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-5-yl)oxy)benzonitrile
  • Step 3 3-fluoro-5-(((2aS,3S)-1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoro-2a,4-dihydroxy-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-5-yl)oxy)benzonitrile and 3-fluoro-5-(((2aS,3R)-1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoro-2a,4-dihydroxy-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-5-yl)oxy)benzonitrile
  • Step 4 3-fluoro-5-(((2aS,3S)-1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2a-hydroxy-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-7-yl)oxy)benzonitrile or 3-fluoro-5-(((2aS,3R)-1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2a-hydroxy-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-7-yl)oxy)benzonitrile
  • compound 24a is either be compound 24a1 or 24a2.
  • compound 24b is compound 24b1 or 24b2.
  • the ability of the disclosed compounds to inhibit HIF-2 ⁇ was measured by determining VEGF expression in 786-O cells.
  • About 7500 786-O cells were seeded into each well of a 96-well, white, clear bottom plate (07-200-566, Fisher Scientific) with 200 ul growth medium.
  • compounds were dispensed into wells by Tecan D300e digital dispenser with starting concentration of 10 uM and 1 ⁇ 2 log of dilution down to 1 nM as final concentration. Each concentration of treatment was performed in duplicate. About 20 hours later, medium was removed and fresh medium was added, followed by compounds treatment as described above. 24 hours later, cell culture medium was collected to determine VEGF concentration using an ELISA kit (R&D systems, cat#DVE00) following the manufacturer's instruction.
  • the EC 50 is calculated by GraphPad Prism using the dose-response-inhibition (four parameter) equation.
  • the plate with cells was then subjected to CellTiter-Glo luminescence cell viability assay (Promega) to determine the effect of these compounds on cell numbers after the above treatment.
  • Ingredient Quantity per tablet (mg) compound of this disclosure 400 cornstarch 50 croscarmellose sodium 25 lactose 120 magnesium stearate 5
  • a pharmaceutical composition for inhalation delivery 20 mg of a compound disclosed herein is mixed with 50 mg of anhydrous citric acid and 100 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride solution. The mixture is incorporated into an inhalation delivery unit, such as a nebulizer, which is suitable for inhalation administration.
  • an inhalation delivery unit such as a nebulizer
  • a pharmaceutical topical gel composition 100 mg of a compound disclosed herein is mixed with 1.75 g of hydroxypropyl cellulose, 10 mL of propylene glycol, 10 mL of isopropyl myristate and 100 mL of purified alcohol USP. The resulting gel mixture is then incorporated into containers, such as tubes, which are suitable for topical administration.
  • a pharmaceutical ophthalmic solution composition 100 mg of a compound disclosed herein is mixed with 0.9 g of NaCl in 100 mL of purified water and filtered using a 0.2 micron filter. The resulting isotonic solution is then incorporated into ophthalmic delivery units, such as eye drop containers, which are suitable for ophthalmic administration.
  • a pharmaceutical nasal spray solution 10 g of a compound disclosed herein is mixed with 30 mL of a 0.05M phosphate buffer solution (pH 4.4). The solution is placed in a nasal administrator designed to deliver 100 ul of spray for each application.
  • a 0.05M phosphate buffer solution pH 4.4

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CA3179508A CA3179508A1 (en) 2020-04-16 2021-04-16 Hypoxia inducible factor-2(alpha) inhibitors and their use in the treatment of diseases
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CN202180028716.0A CN115485262A (zh) 2020-04-16 2021-04-16 低氧诱导因子-2(α)抑制剂及其在疾病治疗中的用途
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US17/377,356 US20210347729A1 (en) 2019-04-18 2021-07-15 Tetrahydro-1h-cyclopenta[cd]indene derivatives as hypoxia inducible factor-2(alpha) inhibitors
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US17/686,385 US11420936B2 (en) 2020-04-16 2022-03-03 Hypoxia inducible factor-2(alpha) inhibitors and their use in the treatment of diseases
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