US20200317815A1 - Plasma kallikrein inhibitors and uses thereof for treating hereditary angioedema attack - Google Patents

Plasma kallikrein inhibitors and uses thereof for treating hereditary angioedema attack Download PDF

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US20200317815A1
US20200317815A1 US16/817,671 US202016817671A US2020317815A1 US 20200317815 A1 US20200317815 A1 US 20200317815A1 US 202016817671 A US202016817671 A US 202016817671A US 2020317815 A1 US2020317815 A1 US 2020317815A1
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antibody
treatment
hae
attack
lanadelumab
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Joan Yesid Mendivil Medina
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Takeda Pharmaceutical Co Ltd
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Dyax Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/40—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against enzymes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/02—Inorganic compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
    • A61K47/12—Carboxylic acids; Salts or anhydrides thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/16—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing nitrogen, e.g. nitro-, nitroso-, azo-compounds, nitriles, cyanates
    • A61K47/18—Amines; Amides; Ureas; Quaternary ammonium compounds; Amino acids; Oligopeptides having up to five amino acids
    • A61K47/183—Amino acids, e.g. glycine, EDTA or aspartame
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/26—Carbohydrates, e.g. sugar alcohols, amino sugars, nucleic acids, mono-, di- or oligo-saccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates, sorbitan fatty acid esters or glycyrrhizin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A61P7/10—Antioedematous agents; Diuretics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/14—Vasoprotectives; Antihaemorrhoidals; Drugs for varicose therapy; Capillary stabilisers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/545—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the dose, timing or administration schedule
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
    • C07K2317/21—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin from primates, e.g. man
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/76—Antagonist effect on antigen, e.g. neutralization or inhibition of binding

Definitions

  • Plasma kallikrein is a serine protease component of the contact system and a potential drug target for different inflammatory, cardiovascular, infectious (sepsis) and oncology diseases (Sainz I. M. et al., Thromb Haemost 98, 77-83, 2007).
  • the contact system is activated by either factor XIIa upon exposure to foreign or negatively charged surfaces or on endothelial cell surfaces by prolylcarboxypeptidases (Sainz I. M. et al., Thromb Haemost 98, 77-83, 2007).
  • C1-inhibitor protein C1-INH
  • HAE hereditary angioedema
  • HAE hereditary angioedema
  • pKal human plasma kallikrein
  • the present disclosure provides a method for treating hereditary angioedema (HAE) attack or reducing the rate of HAE attack, the method comprising: (i) administering (e.g., subcutaneously) to a subject in need thereof an antibody that binds human plasma kallikrein at about 300 mg every about two weeks in a first treatment period, which is about 4-9 months (e.g., 6 months); (ii) monitoring the subject for HAE attack during the first treatment period; and (iii) reducing the dosage of the antibody to about 300 mg every about 4 weeks in the subject, who is free of HAE attack in the first treatment period.
  • HAE hereditary angioedema
  • the antibody used in the method described herein comprises the same heavy chain complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) and the same light chain CDRs as DX-2930.
  • the antibody may comprise a heavy chain immunoglobulin variable domain (V H ) of SEQ ID NO: 3 and a light chain immunoglobulin variable domain (V L ) of SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • V H heavy chain immunoglobulin variable domain
  • V L light chain immunoglobulin variable domain
  • Such an antibody may be a full-length antibody (e.g., an IgG1 molecule).
  • the antibody may be an antigen-binding fragment thereof.
  • the antibody may comprise a heavy chain of SEQ ID NO:1 and a light chain of SEQ ID NO:2.
  • any of the antibodies described herein may be formulated in a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may comprise sodium phosphate, citric acid, histidine, sodium chloride, and polysorbate 80.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises sodium phosphate at a concentration of about 30 mM, citric acid at a concentration of about 19 mM, histidine at a concentration of about 50 mM, sodium chloride is at a concentration of about 90 mM, and polysorbate 80 at about 0.01%.
  • the subject to be treated in any of the methods described herein may be a human patient having a low body weight, for example, less than 35 kg. In some instances, the human patient is a pediatric patient.
  • the subject may be a human patient having, suspected of having, or at risk for HAE (e.g., Type I or Type II).
  • FIG. 1 is a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) diagram documenting the systemic literature review used to identify studies for an indirect treatment comparison.
  • a dagger indicates inappropriate studies excluded because of differences and/or lack of clarity in study design, study population, intervention, endpoints, and/or patient characteristics, as summarized in Table 2.
  • a double-dagger indicates the exclusion of four unnecessary non-randomized control trials, as one randomized control trial for IV C1-INH (Cinryze®) was identified as appropriate for NMA. The four nRCTs for this same intervention were excluded.
  • C1-INH C1 esterase inhibitor
  • IV intravenous
  • NMA network meta-analysis
  • nRCT non-randomized controlled trial
  • PRISMA Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
  • RCT randomized controlled trial
  • SC subcutaneous.
  • FIG. 2 is a final network diagram for an indirect treatment comparison of lanadelumab (HELP Study; Banerji et al., JAMA. 320(20):2108-21, 2018.) and IV C1-INH (CHANGE Study; Zuraw et al., N Engl J Med. 363(6):513-22, 2010).
  • the CHANGE study is a crossover study.
  • C1-INH C1 esterase inhibitor
  • IV intravenous
  • q2w every two weeks
  • q4w every four weeks
  • SC subcutaneous.
  • FIG. 3 includes attack rate ratios (95% credible interval, CrI) for all treatments compared to placebo.
  • the rate ratios for lanadelumab vs. placebo were derived from HELP study data and are based on 26 weeks of treatment.
  • the rate ratios for IV C1-INH vs. placebo are derived from CHANGE study data and are based on 12 weeks of treatment.
  • C1-INH C1 esterase inhibitor
  • CrI credible interval
  • IV intravenous
  • q2w every two weeks
  • q4w every four weeks
  • SC subcutaneous.
  • FIGS. 4A-4B include time to first attack hazard ratios (95% credible interval, CrI) for all treatments compared to placebo after day 0 ( FIG. 4A ) and after day 70 ( FIG. 4B ).
  • the data for the IV C1-INH are from the CHANGE trial.
  • C1-INH C1 esterase inhibitor
  • CrI credible interval
  • IV intravenous
  • q2w every two weeks
  • q4w every four weeks
  • SC subcutaneous.
  • FIGS. 5A-5B include predicted survival curves for time to first attack after day 0 ( FIG. 5A ) and after day 70 ( FIG. 5B ).
  • the data are labeled with predicted median (95% confidence interval) percentage of patients who were attack-free at 60 months.
  • the data for the IV C1-INH are from the CHANGE trial.
  • the data in FIG. 5A are as follows: lanadelumab (300 SC q2w), 26.00%, lanadelumab (300 SC q4w), 13.70%, lanadelumab (150 SC q4w), 17.60%, IV C1-inhibitor, 6.50%, and placebo, 0.60%.
  • 5B are as follows: lanadelumab (300 SC q2w), 46.20%, lanadelumab (300 SC q4w), 9.30%, lanadelumab (150 SC q4w), 16.50%, IV C1-inhibitor, 0.90%, and placebo, 0.00%.
  • C1-INH C1 esterase inhibitor
  • IV intravenous
  • q2w every two weeks
  • q4w every four weeks
  • SC subcutaneous.
  • FIG. 6 is a network of evidence for the comparators in the HELP (HELP-03) and CHANGE studies. Cinryze® is a C1-INH, C1 esterase inhibitor.
  • FIG. 7 is a predicted survival graph comparing time to first attack after 0 days of treatment with placebo in the HELP (HELP-03) and CHANGE studies.
  • FIG. 8 is a predicted survival graph comparing time to first attack after 70 days of treatment with placebo in the HELP (HELP-03) and CHANGE studies.
  • FIG. 9 is a predicted survival graph comparing time to first attack after 0 days of treatment with placebo or Cinryze® (C1-INH) in the CHANGE study.
  • FIG. 10 is a predicted survival graph comparing time to first attack after 0 days of treatment with placebo, 300 mg lanadelumab every 2 weeks (300 mg q2w), or 300 mg lanadelumab every 4 weeks (300 mg q4w) in the HELP (HELP-03) study.
  • FIG. 11 is a predicted survival graph comparing time to first attack after 70 days of treatment with placebo or Cinryze® (C1-INH) in the CHANGE study.
  • FIG. 12 is a predicted survival graph comparing time to first attack after 70 days of treatment with placebo, 300 mg lanadelumab every 2 weeks (300 mg q2w), or 300 mg lanadelumab every 4 weeks (300 mg q4w) in the HELP (HELP-03) study.
  • the term “about” or “approximately” means within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend in part on how the value is measured or determined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. For example, “about” can mean within an acceptable standard deviation, per the practice in the art. Alternatively, “about” can mean a range of up to ⁇ 20%, preferably up to ⁇ 10%, more preferably up to ⁇ 5%, and more preferably still up to ⁇ 1% of a given value. Alternatively, particularly with respect to biological systems or processes, the term can mean within an order of magnitude, preferably within 2-fold, of a value. Where particular values are described in the application and claims, unless otherwise stated, the term “about” is implicit and in this context means within an acceptable error range for the particular value.
  • an antibody refers to an immunoglobulin molecule capable of specific binding to a target, such as a carbohydrate, polynucleotide, lipid, polypeptide, etc., through at least one antigen recognition site located in the variable region of the immunoglobulin molecule.
  • An antibody may include at least one heavy (H) chain that comprises a heavy chain immunoglobulin variable domain (V H ), at least one light chain that comprises a light chain immunoglobulin variable domain (V L ), or both.
  • an antibody can include a heavy (H) chain variable region (abbreviated herein as V H or HV) and a light (L) chain variable region (abbreviated herein as V L or LV).
  • an antibody includes two heavy (H) chain variable regions and two light (L) chain variable regions.
  • antibody encompasses not only intact (i.e., full-length) polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies, but also antigen-binding fragments thereof (such as Fab, Fab′, F(ab′) 2 , Fv), single chain (scFv), domain antibody (dAb) fragments (de Wildt et. al., Euro. J. Immunol.
  • immunoglobulins comprising an antibody portion, humanized antibodies, chimeric antibodies, diabodies, linear antibodies, single chain antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies) and any other modified configuration of the immunoglobulin molecule that comprises an antigen recognition site of the required specificity, including glycosylation variants of antibodies, amino acid sequence variants of antibodies, and covalently modified antibodies.
  • An antibody includes an antibody of any class, such as IgD, IgE, IgG, IgA, or IgM (or sub-class thereof), and the antibody need not be of any particular class.
  • immunoglobulins can be assigned to different classes.
  • immunoglobulins There are five major classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, and several of these may be further divided into subclasses (isotypes), e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1 and IgA2.
  • the heavy-chain constant domains that correspond to the different classes of immunoglobulins are called alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, and mu, respectively.
  • the subunit structures and three-dimensional configurations of different classes of immunoglobulins are well known.
  • Antibodies may be from any source, but primate (human and non-human primate) and primatized are preferred.
  • the V H and/or V L regions may include all or part of the amino acid sequence of a naturally-occurring variable domain.
  • the sequence may omit one, two or more N- or C-terminal amino acids, internal amino acids, may include one or more insertions or additional terminal amino acids, or may include other alterations.
  • a polypeptide that includes immunoglobulin variable domain sequence can associate with another immunoglobulin variable domain sequence to form an antigen binding site, e.g., a structure that preferentially interacts with plasma kallikrein.
  • V H and V L regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed “complementarity determining regions” (“CDRs”), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed “framework regions” (“FRs”).
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • FRs framework regions
  • the extent of the framework region and CDRs have been defined (see, Kabat, E. A., et al. (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest , Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242, and Chothia, C. et al. (1987) J. Mol. Biol. 196:901-917). Kabat definitions are used herein.
  • Each VH and VL is typically composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4.
  • the heavy chain or light chain of the antibody can further include all or part of a heavy or light chain constant region.
  • the antibody is a tetramer of two heavy immunoglobulin chains and two light immunoglobulin chains, wherein the heavy and light immunoglobulin chains are inter-connected by, e.g., disulfide bonds.
  • the heavy chain constant region includes three immunoglobulin domains, CH1, CH2 and CH3.
  • the light chain constant region includes a CL domain.
  • the variable region of the heavy and light chains contains a binding domain that interacts with an antigen.
  • the constant regions of the antibodies typically mediate the binding of the antibody to host tissues or factors, including various cells of the immune system (e.g., effector cells) and the first component (C1q) of the classical complement system.
  • the light chains of the immunoglobulin may be of type kappa or lambda.
  • the antibody is glycosylated.
  • An antibody can be functional for antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and/or complement-mediated cytotoxicity.
  • One or more regions of an antibody can be human or effectively human.
  • one or more of the variable regions can be human or effectively human.
  • one or more of the CDRs can be human, e.g., HC CDR1, HC CDR2, HC CDR3, LC CDR1, LC CDR2, and/or LC CDR3.
  • Each of the light chain (LC) and/or heavy chain (HC) CDRs can be human.
  • HC CDR3 can be human.
  • One or more of the framework regions can be human, e.g., FR1, FR2, FR3, and/or FR4 of the HC and/or LC.
  • the Fc region can be human.
  • all the framework regions are human, e.g., derived from a human somatic cell, e.g., a hematopoietic cell that produces immunoglobulins or a non-hematopoietic cell.
  • the human sequences are germline sequences, e.g., encoded by a germline nucleic acid.
  • the framework (FR) residues of a selected Fab can be converted to the amino-acid type of the corresponding residue in the most similar primate germline gene, especially the human germline gene.
  • One or more of the constant regions can be human or effectively human.
  • At least 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 92, 95, 98, or 100% of an immunoglobulin variable domain, the constant region, the constant domains (CH1, CH2, CH3, and/or CL1), or the entire antibody can be human or effectively human.
  • An antibody can be encoded by an immunoglobulin gene or a segment thereof.
  • exemplary human immunoglobulin genes include the kappa, lambda, alpha (IgA1 and IgA2), gamma (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4), delta, epsilon and mu constant region genes, as well as the many immunoglobulin variable region genes.
  • Full-length immunoglobulin “light chains” (about 25 KDa or about 214 amino acids) are encoded by a variable region gene at the NH2-terminus (about 110 amino acids) and a kappa or lambda constant region gene at the COOH-terminus.
  • Full-length immunoglobulin “heavy chains” (about 50 KDa or about 446 amino acids), are similarly encoded by a variable region gene (about 116 amino acids) and one of the other aforementioned constant region genes, e.g., gamma (encoding about 330 amino acids).
  • the length of human HC varies considerably because HC CDR3 varies from about 3 amino-acid residues to over 35 amino-acid residues.
  • antigen-binding fragment of a full length antibody refers to one or more fragments of a full-length antibody that retain the ability to specifically bind to a target of interest.
  • binding fragments encompassed within the term “antigen-binding fragment” of a full length antibody and that retain functionality include (i) a Fab fragment, a monovalent fragment consisting of the V L , V H , C L and CH1 domains; (ii) a F(ab′) 2 fragment, a bivalent fragment including two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) a Fd fragment consisting of the V H and CH1 domains; (iv) a Fv fragment consisting of the V L and V H domains of a single arm of an antibody, (v) a dAb fragment (Ward et al., (1989) Nature 341:544-546), which consists of a V H domain; and (vi) an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR
  • the two domains of the Fv fragment, V L and V H are coded for by separate genes, they can be joined, using recombinant methods, by a synthetic linker that enables them to be made as a single protein chain in which the V L and V H regions pair to form monovalent molecules known as single chain Fv (scFv).
  • scFv single chain Fv
  • Antibody fragments can be obtained using any appropriate technique including conventional techniques known to those with skill in the art.
  • the term “monospecific antibody” refers to an antibody that displays a single binding specificity and affinity for a particular target, e.g., epitope.
  • This term includes a “monoclonal antibody” or “monoclonal antibody composition,” which as used herein refers to a preparation of antibodies or fragments thereof of single molecular composition, irrespective of how the antibody was generated.
  • Antibodies are “germlined” by reverting one or more non-germline amino acids in framework regions to corresponding germline amino acids of the antibody, so long as binding properties are substantially retained.
  • the inhibition constant (K i ) provides a measure of inhibitor potency; it is the concentration of inhibitor required to reduce enzyme activity by half and is not dependent on enzyme or substrate concentrations.
  • the apparent K i (K i,app ) is obtained at different substrate concentrations by measuring the inhibitory effect of different concentrations of inhibitor (e.g., inhibitory binding protein) on the extent of the reaction (e.g., enzyme activity); fitting the change in pseudo-first order rate constant as a function of inhibitor concentration to the Morrison equation (Equation 1) yields an estimate of the apparent K i value.
  • the K i is obtained from the y-intercept extracted from a linear regression analysis of a plot of K i,app versus substrate concentration.
  • binding affinity refers to the apparent association constant or K A .
  • the K A is the reciprocal of the dissociation constant (K D ).
  • a binding antibody may, for example, have a binding affinity of at least 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 1010 and 1011 M-1 for a particular target molecule, e.g., plasma kallikrein. Higher affinity binding of a binding antibody to a first target relative to a second target can be indicated by a higher K A (or a smaller numerical value K D ) for binding the first target than the K A (or numerical value K D ) for binding the second target.
  • the binding antibody has specificity for the first target (e.g., a protein in a first conformation or mimic thereof) relative to the second target (e.g., the same protein in a second conformation or mimic thereof; or a second protein).
  • Differences in binding affinity can be at least 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70, 80, 90, 100, 500, 1000, 10,000 or 10 5 fold.
  • Binding affinity can be determined by a variety of methods including equilibrium dialysis, equilibrium binding, gel filtration, ELISA, surface plasmon resonance, or spectroscopy (e.g., using a fluorescence assay).
  • Exemplary conditions for evaluating binding affinity are in HBS-P buffer (10 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 0.005% (v/v) Surfactant P20). These techniques can be used to measure the concentration of bound and free binding protein as a function of binding protein (or target) concentration.
  • the concentration of bound binding protein ([Bound]) is related to the concentration of free binding protein ([Free]) and the concentration of binding sites for the binding protein on the target where (N) is the number of binding sites per target molecule by the following equation:
  • K A it is not always necessary to make an exact determination of K A , though, since sometimes it is sufficient to obtain a quantitative measurement of affinity, e.g., determined using a method such as ELISA or FACS analysis, is proportional to K A , and thus can be used for comparisons, such as determining whether a higher affinity is, e.g., 2 fold higher, to obtain a qualitative measurement of affinity, or to obtain an inference of affinity, e.g., by activity in a functional assay, e.g., an in vitro or in vivo assay.
  • a functional assay e.g., an in vitro or in vivo assay.
  • binding antibody refers to an antibody that can interact with a target molecule.
  • target molecule is used interchangeably with “ligand.”
  • a “plasma kallikrein binding antibody” refers to an antibody that can interact with (e.g., bind) plasma kallikrein, and includes, in particular, antibodies that preferentially or specifically interact with and/or inhibit plasma kallikrein. An antibody inhibits plasma kallikrein if it causes a decrease in the activity of plasma kallikrein as compared to the activity of plasma kallikrein in the absence of the antibody and under the same conditions.
  • a “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which the amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a similar side chain.
  • Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined in the art. These families include amino acids with basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid), uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine), nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan), beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine).
  • one or more framework and/or CDR amino acid residues of a binding protein may include one or more mutations (for example, substitutions (e.g., conservative substitutions or substitutions of non-essential amino acids), insertions, or deletions) relative to a binding protein described herein.
  • a plasma kallikrein binding protein may have mutations (e.g., substitutions (e.g., conservative substitutions or substitutions of non-essential amino acids), insertions, or deletions) (e.g., at least one, two, three, or four, and/or less than 15, 12, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2 mutations) relative to a binding protein described herein, e.g., mutations which do not have a substantial effect on protein function.
  • the mutations can be present in framework regions, CDRs, and/or constant regions. In some embodiments, the mutations are present in a framework region. In some embodiments, the mutations are present in a CDR. In some embodiments, the mutations are present in a constant region. Whether or not a particular substitution will be tolerated, i.e., will not adversely affect biological properties, such as binding activity, can be predicted, e.g., by evaluating whether the mutation is conservative or by the method of Bowie, et al. (1990) Science 247:1306-1310.
  • an “effectively human” immunoglobulin variable region is an immunoglobulin variable region that includes a sufficient number of human framework amino acid positions such that the immunoglobulin variable region does not elicit an immunogenic response in a normal human.
  • An “effectively human” antibody is an antibody that includes a sufficient number of human amino acid positions such that the antibody does not elicit an immunogenic response in a normal human.
  • an “epitope” refers to the site on a target compound that is bound by a binding protein (e.g., an antibody such as a Fab or full length antibody).
  • a binding protein e.g., an antibody such as a Fab or full length antibody.
  • the site can be entirely composed of amino acid components, entirely composed of chemical modifications of amino acids of the protein (e.g., glycosyl moieties), or composed of combinations thereof.
  • Overlapping epitopes include at least one common amino acid residue, glycosyl group, phosphate group, sulfate group, or other molecular feature.
  • a “humanized” immunoglobulin variable region is an immunoglobulin variable region that is modified to include a sufficient number of human framework amino acid positions such that the immunoglobulin variable region does not elicit an immunogenic response in a normal human.
  • Descriptions of “humanized” immunoglobulins include, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,407,213 and 5,693,762.
  • an “isolated” antibody refers to an antibody that is removed from at least 90% of at least one component of a natural sample from which the isolated antibody can be obtained.
  • Antibodies can be “of at least” a certain degree of purity if the species or population of species of interest is at least 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 80, 90, 92, 95, 98, or 99% pure on a weight-weight basis.
  • the methods described herein involve administering multiple doses of an antibody to a human subject in need thereof.
  • the terms “patient,” “subject” or “host” may be used interchangeably.
  • a subject may be a subject that has undergone a prior treatment for HAE, such as a treatment involving an antibody described herein.
  • the subject is a pediatric subject (e.g., an infant, child, or adolescent subject).
  • the human subject is an adolescent less than 18 years old.
  • the human subject is an adolescent between the ages of 12 and 18 years old.
  • the subject is between the ages of 40 and less than 65 years old.
  • the human subject is defined by gender.
  • the subject is female.
  • the human subject is defined by weight. In some embodiments, the human subject weighs less than 50 kg. In some embodiments, the human subject weighs between 50 kg and 75 kg. In some embodiments the human subject weighs between 75 kg and 100 kg. In some embodiments, the human subject weighs 100 kg or more.
  • the human subject is defined by prior history of laryngeal attacks or absence thereof. In some embodiments, the subject has experienced at least one (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) laryngeal attack (i.e. laryngeal HAE attack) prior to administration of the antibodies described herein. In some embodiments, the subject has not experienced a laryngeal attack prior to administration of the antibodies described herein.
  • laryngeal HAE attack i.e. laryngeal HAE attack
  • prekallikrein and “preplasma kallikrein” are used interchangeably herein and refer to the zymogen form of active plasma kallikrein, which is also known as prekallikrein.
  • the term “substantially identical” is used herein to refer to a first amino acid or nucleic acid sequence that contains a sufficient number of identical or equivalent (e.g., with a similar side chain, for example, conserved amino acid substitutions) amino acid residues or nucleotides to a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence such that the first and second amino acid or nucleic acid sequences have (or encode proteins having) similar activities, e.g., a binding activity, a binding preference, or a biological activity.
  • the second antibody has the same specificity and has at least 50%, at least 25%, or at least 10% of the affinity relative to the same antigen.
  • Statistical significance can be determined by any art known method. Exemplary statistical tests include: the Students T-test, Mann Whitney U non-parametric test, and Wilcoxon non-parametric statistical test. Some statistically significant relationships have a P value of less than 0.05 or 0.02. Particular binding proteins may show a difference, e.g., in specificity or binding that are statistically significant (e.g., P value ⁇ 0.05 or 0.02).
  • the terms “induce”, “inhibit”, “potentiate”, “elevate”, “increase”, “decrease” or the like, e.g., which denote distinguishable qualitative or quantitative differences between two states, may refer to a difference, e.g., a statistically significant difference, between the two states.
  • a “therapeutically effective dosage” preferably modulates a measurable parameter, e.g., plasma kallikrein activity, by a statistically significant degree or at least about 20%, more preferably by at least about 40%, even more preferably by at least about 60%, and still more preferably by at least about 80% relative to untreated subjects.
  • a measurable parameter e.g., plasma kallikrein activity
  • the ability of a compound to modulate a measurable parameter e.g., a disease-associated parameter, can be evaluated in an animal model system predictive of efficacy in human disorders and conditions. Alternatively, this property of a composition can be evaluated by examining the ability of the compound to modulate a parameter in vitro.
  • treating refers to the application or administration of a composition including one or more active agents to a subject, who has HAE, a symptom of HAE, is suspected of having HAE, or a predisposition toward or risk of having HAE, with the purpose to cure, heal, alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate, improve, or affect the disease, the symptoms of the disease, or the predisposition toward the disease.
  • “Prophylactic treatment,” also known as “preventive treatment,” refers to a treatment that aims at protecting a person from, or reducing the risk for a disease to which he or she has been, or may be, exposed.
  • the treatment methods described herein aim at preventing occurrence and/or recurrence of HAE.
  • preventing refers to subjecting the subject to a pharmaceutical treatment, e.g., the administration of a drug, such that at least one symptom of the disease is prevented, that is, administered prior to clinical manifestation of the unwanted condition (e.g., disease or other unwanted state of the host animal) so that it protects the host against developing the unwanted condition.
  • a pharmaceutical treatment e.g., the administration of a drug
  • Preventing a disease may also be referred to as “prophylaxis” or “prophylactic treatment.”
  • prophylactically effective amount refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired prophylactic result. Typically, because a prophylactic dose is used in subjects prior to or at an earlier stage of disease, the prophylactically effective amount will be less than the therapeutically effective amount.
  • Plasma kallikrein binding antibodies for use in the methods described herein can be full-length (e.g., an IgG (including an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4), IgM, IgA (including, IgA1, IgA2), IgD, and IgE) or can include only an antigen-binding fragment (e.g., a Fab, F(ab′) 2 or scFv fragment.
  • the binding antibody can include two heavy chain immunoglobulins and two light chain immunoglobulins, or can be a single chain antibody.
  • Plasma kallikrein binding antibodies can be recombinant proteins such as humanized, CDR grafted, chimeric, deimmunized, or in vitro generated antibodies, and may optionally include constant regions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences.
  • the plasma kallikrein binding antibody is a monoclonal antibody.
  • the disclosure features an antibody (e.g., an isolated antibody) that binds to plasma kallikrein (e.g., human plasma kallikrein and/or murine kallikrein) and includes at least one immunoglobulin variable region.
  • the antibody includes a heavy chain (HC) immunoglobulin variable domain sequence and/or a light chain (LC) immunoglobulin variable domain sequence.
  • the antibody binds to and inhibits plasma kallikrein, e.g., human plasma kallikrein and/or murine kallikrein.
  • the antibodies described herein have the same CDR sequences as DX-2930, e.g., heavy chain CDR sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 5-7 and light chain CDR sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 8-10.
  • the antibody comprises the same CDR sequences as DX-2930 and a LC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence that is at least 85, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100% identical to a LC variable domain described herein (e.g., overall or in framework regions).
  • the antibody comprises the same CDR sequences as DX-2930 and an HC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence that is at least 85, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100% identical to a HC variable domain described herein (e.g., overall or in framework regions).
  • the antibody comprises the same CDR sequences as DX-2930 and LC sequence that is at least 85, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100% identical to a LC sequence described herein (e.g., overall or in framework regions).
  • the antibody comprises the same CDR sequences as DX-2930 and HC sequence that is at least 85, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100% identical to a HC sequence described herein (e.g., overall or in framework regions).
  • the plasma kallikrein binding protein may be an isolated antibody (e.g., at least 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99% free of other proteins).
  • the plasma kallikrein binding antibody, or composition thereof is isolated from antibody cleavage fragments (e.g., DX-2930) that are inactive or partially active (e.g., bind plasma kallikrein with a K i, app of 5000 nM or greater) compared to the plasma kallikrein binding antibody.
  • the plasma kallikrein binding antibody is at least 70% free of such antibody cleavage fragments; in other embodiments the binding antibody is at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99% or even 100% free from antibody cleavage fragments that are inactive or partially active.
  • the plasma kallikrein binding antibody may additionally inhibit plasma kallikrein, e.g., human plasma kallikrein.
  • the plasma kallikrein binding antibody does not bind prekallikrein (e.g., human prekallikrein and/or murine prekallikrein), but binds to the active form of plasma kallikrein (e.g., human plasma kallikrein and/or murine kallikrein).
  • the antibody binds at or near the active site of the catalytic domain of plasma kallikrein, or a fragment thereof, or binds an epitope that overlaps with the active site of plasma kallikrein.
  • the antibody can bind to plasma kallikrein, e.g., human plasma kallikrein, with a binding affinity of at least 10 5 , 10 6 , 10 7 , 10 8 , 10 9 , 10 10 and 10 11 M ⁇ 1 .
  • the antibody binds to human plasma kallikrein with a K off slower than 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 , 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 s ⁇ 1 , or 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 s ⁇ 1 .
  • the antibody binds to human plasma kallikrein with a K on faster than 1 ⁇ 10 2 , 1 ⁇ 10 3 , or 5 ⁇ 10 3 M ⁇ 1 s ⁇ 1 .
  • the antibody binds to plasma kallikrein, but does not bind to tissue kallikrein and/or plasma prekallikrein (e.g., the antibody binds to tissue kallikrein and/or plasma prekallikrein less effectively (e.g., 5-, 10-, 50-, 100-, or 1000-fold less or not at all, e.g., as compared to a negative control) than it binds to plasma kallikrein.
  • tissue kallikrein and/or plasma prekallikrein less effectively (e.g., 5-, 10-, 50-, 100-, or 1000-fold less or not at all, e.g., as compared to a negative control) than it binds to plasma kallikrein.
  • the antibody inhibits human plasma kallikrein activity, e.g., with a Ki of less than 10 ⁇ 5 , 10 ⁇ 6 , 10 ⁇ 7 , 10 ⁇ 8 , 10 ⁇ 9 , and 10 ⁇ 10 M.
  • the antibody can have, for example, an IC 50 of less than 100 nM, 10 nM, 1, 0.5, or 0.2 nM.
  • the antibody may modulate plasma kallikrein activity, as well as the production of Factor XIIa (e.g., from Factor XII) and/or bradykinin (e.g., from high-molecular-weight kininogen (HMWK)).
  • Factor XIIa e.g., from Factor XII
  • HMWK high-molecular-weight kininogen
  • the antibody may inhibit plasma kallikrein activity, and/or the production of Factor XIIa (e.g., from Factor XII) and/or bradykinin (e.g., from high-molecular-weight kininogen (HMWK)).
  • the affinity of the antibody for human plasma kallikrein can be characterized by a K D of less than 100 nm, less than 10 nM, less than 5 nM, less than 1 nM, less than 0.5 nM.
  • the antibody inhibits plasma kallikrein, but does not inhibit tissue kallikrein (e.g., the antibody inhibits tissue kallikrein less effectively (e.g., 5-, 10-, 50-, 100-, or 1000-fold less or not at all, e.g., as compared to a negative control) than it inhibits plasma kallikrein.
  • tissue kallikrein e.g., the antibody inhibits tissue kallikrein less effectively (e.g., 5-, 10-, 50-, 100-, or 1000-fold less or not at all, e.g., as compared to a negative control) than it inhibits plasma kallikrein.
  • the antibody has an apparent inhibition constant (K i,app ) of less than 1000, 500, 100, 5, 1, 0.5 or 0.2 nM.
  • Plasma kallikrein binding antibodies may have their HC and LC variable domain sequences included in a single polypeptide (e.g., scFv), or on different polypeptides (e.g., IgG or Fab).
  • the HC and LC variable domain sequences are components of the same polypeptide chain. In another, the HC and LC variable domain sequences are components of different polypeptide chains.
  • the antibody is an IgG, e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4.
  • the antibody can be a soluble Fab.
  • the antibody includes a Fab2′, scFv, minibody, scFv::Fc fusion, Fab::HSA fusion, HSA::Fab fusion, Fab::HSA::Fab fusion, or other molecule that comprises the antigen combining site of one of the binding proteins herein.
  • VH and VL regions of these Fabs can be provided as IgG, Fab, Fab2, Fab2′, scFv, PEGylated Fab, PEGylated scFv, PEGylated Fab2, VH::CH1::HSA+LC, HSA::VH::CH1+LC, LC::HSA+VH::CH1, HSA::LC+VH::CH1, or other appropriate construction.
  • the antibody is a human or humanized antibody or is non-immunogenic in a human.
  • the antibody includes one or more human antibody framework regions, e.g., all human framework regions, or framework regions at least 85, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99% identical to human framework regions.
  • the antibody includes a human Fc domain, or an Fc domain that is at least 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99% identical to a human Fc domain.
  • the antibody is a primate or primatized antibody or is non-immunogenic in a human.
  • the antibody includes one or more primate antibody framework regions, e.g., all primate framework regions, or framework regions at least 85, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99% identical to primate framework regions.
  • the antibody includes a primate Fc domain, or an Fc domain that is at least 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99% identical to a primate Fc domain.
  • Primer includes humans ( Homo sapiens ), chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes and Pan paniscus (bonobos)), gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla ), gibons, monkeys, lemurs, aye-ayes ( Daubentonia madagascariensis ), and tarsiers.
  • the affinity of the primate antibody for human plasma kallikrein is characterized by a K D of less than 1000, 500, 100, 10, 5, 1, 0.5 nM, e.g., less than 10 nM, less than 1 nM, or less than 0.5 nM.
  • the antibody includes no sequences from mice or rabbits (e.g., is not a murine or rabbit antibody).
  • the antibody used in the methods described herein may be DX-2930 as described herein or a functional variant thereof.
  • a functional variant of DX-2930 comprises the same complementary determining regions (CDRs) as DX-2930.
  • the functional variants of DX-2930 may contain one or more mutations (e.g., conservative substitutions) in the FRs of either the V H or the V L as compared to those in the V H and V L of DX-2930. Preferably, such mutations do not occur at residues which are predicted to interact with one or more of the CDRs, which can be determined by routine technology.
  • the functional variants described herein contain one or more mutations (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) within one or more of the CDR regions of DX-2930.
  • a functional variant of DX-2930 may comprise a V H chain that comprises an amino acid sequence at least 85% (e.g., 90%, 92%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%) identical to that of the V H of DX-2930 and/or a V L chain that has an amino acid sequence at least 85% (e.g., 90%, 92%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%) identical to that of the V L of DX-2930.
  • These variants are capable of binding to the active form of plasma kallikrein and preferably do not bind to prekallikrein.
  • Gapped BLAST can be utilized as described in Altschul et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 25(17):3389-3402, 1997.
  • the default parameters of the respective programs e.g., XBLAST and NBLAST.
  • the antibody used in the methods and compositions described herein may be the DX-2930 antibody.
  • the heavy and light chain full and variable sequences for DX-2930 are provided below, with signal sequences in italics.
  • the CDRs are boldfaced and underlined.
  • CDR Amino acid sequence Heavy chain CDR1 HYIMM (SEQ ID NO: 5) Heavy chain CDR2 GIYSSGGITVYADSVKG (SEQ ID NO: 6) Heavy chain CDR3 RRIGVPRRDEFDI (SEQ ID NO: 7) Light chain CDR1 RASQSISSWLA (SEQ ID NO: 8) Light chain CDR2 KASTLES (SEQ ID NO: 9) Light chain CDR3 QQYNTYWT (SEQ ID NO: 10)
  • An antibody as described herein can be made by any method known in the art. See, for example, Harlow and Lane, (1988) Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York and Greenfield, (2013) Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Second edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
  • the sequence encoding the antibody of interest may be maintained in vector in a host cell and the host cell can then be expanded and frozen for future use.
  • the polynucleotide sequence may be used for genetic manipulation to “humanize” the antibody or to improve the affinity (affinity maturation), or other characteristics of the antibody.
  • the constant region may be engineered to more resemble human constant regions to avoid immune response if the antibody is used in clinical trials and treatments in humans. It may be desirable to genetically manipulate the antibody sequence to obtain greater affinity to the target antigen and greater efficacy in inhibiting the activity of PKal. It will be apparent to one of skill in the art that one or more polynucleotide changes can be made to the antibody and still maintain its binding specificity to the target antigen.
  • Some antibodies can be produced in bacterial cells, e.g., E. coli cells (see e.g., Nadkarni, A. et al., 2007 Protein Expr Purif 52(1):219-29).
  • E. coli cells see e.g., Nadkarni, A. et al., 2007 Protein Expr Purif 52(1):219-29.
  • the Fab is encoded by sequences in a phage display vector that includes a suppressible stop codon between the display entity and a bacteriophage protein (or fragment thereof)
  • the vector nucleic acid can be transferred into a bacterial cell that cannot suppress a stop codon.
  • the Fab is not fused to the gene III protein and is secreted into the periplasm and/or media.
  • Antibodies can also be produced in eukaryotic cells.
  • the antibodies e.g., scFv's
  • a yeast cell such as Pichia
  • the antibodies are expressed in a yeast cell such as Pichia (see, e.g., Powers et al., 2001 , J. Immunol. Methods. 251:123-35; Schoonooghe S. et al., 2009 BMC Biotechnol. 9:70; Abdel-Salam, H A. et al., 2001 Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 56(1-2):157-64; Takahashi K. et al., 2000 Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 64(10):2138-44; Edqvist, J.
  • One of skill in the art can optimize antibody production in yeast by optimizing, for example, oxygen conditions (see e.g., Baumann K., et al. 2010 BMC Syst. Biol. 4:141), osmolarity (see e.g., Dragosits, M. et al., 2010 BMC Genomics 11:207), temperature (see e.g., Dragosits, M. et al., 2009 J Proteome Res. 8(3):1380-92), fermentation conditions (see e.g., Ning, D. et al. 2005 J. Biochem. and Mol. Biol.
  • yeast systems can be used to produce antibodies with an extended half-life (see e.g., Smith, B J. et al. 2001 Bioconjug Chem 12(5):750-756).
  • antibodies are produced in mammalian cells.
  • Preferred mammalian host cells for expressing the clone antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof include Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO cells) (including dhfr ⁇ CHO cells, described in Urlaub and Chasin, 1980 , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:4216-4220, used with a DHFR selectable marker, e.g., as described in Kaufman and Sharp, 1982 , Mol. Biol. 159:601 621), lymphocytic cell lines, e.g., NSO myeloma cells and SP2 cells, COS cells, HEK293T cells ( J. Immunol. Methods (2004) 289(1-2):65-80), and a cell from a transgenic animal, e.g., a transgenic mammal.
  • the cell is a mammary epithelial cell.
  • plasma kallikrein binding antibodies are produced in a plant or cell-free based system (see e.g., Galeffi, P., et al., 2006 J Transl Med 4:39).
  • the recombinant expression vectors may carry additional sequences, such as sequences that regulate replication of the vector in host cells (e.g., origins of replication) and selectable marker genes.
  • the selectable marker gene facilitates selection of host cells into which the vector has been introduced (see e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,399,216, 4,634,665 and 5,179,017).
  • the selectable marker gene confers resistance to drugs, such as G418, hygromycin or methotrexate, on a host cell into which the vector has been introduced.
  • Preferred selectable marker genes include the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene (for use in dhfr ⁇ host cells with methotrexate selection/amplification) and the neo gene (for G418 selection).
  • DHFR dihydrofolate reductase
  • a recombinant expression vector encoding both the antibody heavy chain and the antibody light chain is introduced into dhfr ⁇ CHO cells by calcium phosphate-mediated transfection.
  • the antibody heavy and light chain genes are each operatively linked to enhancer/promoter regulatory elements (e.g., derived from SV40, CMV, adenovirus and the like, such as a CMV enhancer/AdMLP promoter regulatory element or an SV40 enhancer/AdMLP promoter regulatory element) to drive high levels of transcription of the genes.
  • the recombinant expression vector also carries a DHFR gene, which allows for selection of CHO cells that have been transfected with the vector using methotrexate selection/amplification.
  • the selected transformant host cells are cultured to allow for expression of the antibody heavy and light chains and intact antibody is recovered from the culture medium.
  • Standard molecular biology techniques are used to prepare the recombinant expression vector, transfect the host cells, select for transformants, culture the host cells and recover the antibody from the culture medium. For example, some antibodies can be isolated by affinity chromatography with a Protein A or Protein G coupled matrix.
  • the antibody production system may produce antibodies in which the Fc region is glycosylated.
  • the Fc domain of IgG molecules is glycosylated at asparagine 297 in the CH2 domain.
  • This asparagine is the site for modification with biantennary-type oligosaccharides. It has been demonstrated that this glycosylation is required for effector functions mediated by Fcg receptors and complement C1q (Burton and Woof, 1992 , Adv. Immunol. 51:1-84; Jefferis et al., 1998 , Immunol. Rev. 163:59-76).
  • the Fc domain is produced in a mammalian expression system that appropriately glycosylates the residue corresponding to asparagine 297.
  • the Fc domain can also include other eukaryotic post-translational modifications.
  • Antibodies can also be produced by a transgenic animal.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,992 describes a method of expressing an antibody in the mammary gland of a transgenic mammal.
  • a transgene is constructed that includes a milk-specific promoter and nucleic acids encoding the antibody of interest and a signal sequence for secretion.
  • the milk produced by females of such transgenic mammals includes, secreted-therein, the antibody of interest.
  • the antibody can be purified from the milk, or for some applications, used directly.
  • An antibody as described herein can be present in a composition, e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable composition or pharmaceutical composition.
  • the antibody as described herein e.g., DX-2930
  • 150 mg or 300 mg of DX-2930 antibody are present in a composition optionally with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable composition or pharmaceutical composition.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible.
  • the carrier is suitable for subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, parenteral, spinal, or epidermal administration (e.g., by injection or infusion), although carriers suitable for inhalation and intranasal administration are also contemplated.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the pharmaceutical composition described herein may include one or more of a buffering agent, an amino acid, and a tonicity modifier. Any suitable buffering agent or combination of buffering agents may be used in the pharmaceutical composition described herein to maintain or aid in maintaining an appropriate pH of the composition.
  • buffering agents include sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, citric acid, sodium succinate, histidine, Tris, and sodium acetate.
  • the buffering agents may be at a concentration of about 5-100 mM, 5-50 mM, 10-50 mM, 15-50 mM, or about 15-40 mM.
  • the one or more buffering agents may be at a concentration of about 15 mM, 16 mM, 17 mM, 18 mM, 19 mM, 20 mM, 21 mM, 22 mM, 23 mM, 24 mM, 25 mM, 26 mM, 27 mM, 28 mM, 29 mM, 30 mM, 31 mM, 32 mM, 33 mM, 35 mM, 36 mM, 37 mM, 38 mM, 39 mM, or about 40 mM.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises sodium phosphate and citric acid, which may be at a concentration of about 30 mM and about 19 mM, respectively.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes one or more amino acids, which may decrease aggregation of the antibody and/or increase stability of the antibody during storage prior to administration.
  • amino acids for use in making the pharmaceutical compositions described herein include, but are not limited to, alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glycine, histidine, lysine, proline, or serine.
  • the concentration of the amino acid in the pharmaceutical composition may be about 5-100 mM, 10-90 mM, 20-80 mM, 30-70 mM, 40-60 mM, or about 45-55 mM.
  • the concentration of the amino acid may be about 40 mM, 41 mM, 42 mM, 43 mM, 44 mM, 45 mM, 46 mM, 47 mM, 48 mM, 49 mM, 50 mM, 51 mM, 52 mM, 53 mM, 54 mM, 55 mM, 56 mM, 57 mM, 58 mM, 59 mM, or about 60 mM.
  • the pharmaceutical composition contains histidine at a concentration of about 50 mM.
  • the tonicity modifier is a salt or an amino acid.
  • suitable salts include, without limitation, sodium chloride, sodium succinate, sodium sulfate, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, and calcium chloride.
  • the tonicity modifier in the pharmaceutical composition may be at a concentration of about 10-150 mM, 50-150 mM, 50-100 mM, 75-100 mM, or about 85-95 mM.
  • the tonicity modifier may be at a concentration of about 80 mM, 81 mM, 82 mM, 83 mM, 84 mM, 85 mM, 86 mM, 87 mM, 88 mM, 89 mM, 90 mM, 91 mM, 92 mM, 93 mM, 94 mM, 95 mM, 96 mM, 97 mM, 98 mM, 99 mM, or about 100 mM.
  • the tonicity modifier may be sodium chloride, which may be at a concentration of about 90 mM.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the pharmaceutical compositions described herein may further comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are pharmacologically inactive substances.
  • excipients include lactose, glycerol, xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltose, inositol, trehalose, glucose, bovine serum albumin (BSA), dextran, polyvinyl acetate (PVA), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), polyethyleneimine (PEI), gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), polyethylene glycol (PEG), ethylene glycol, glycerol, dimethysulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide (DMF), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (Tween-20), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween-80), sodium dodec
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises an excipient between about 0.001%-0.1%, 0.001%-0.05%, 0.005-0.1%, 0.005%-0.05%, 0.008%-0.05%, 0.008%-0.03% or about 0.009%-0.02%.
  • the excipient is at about 0.005%, 0.006%, 0.007%, 0.008%, 0.009%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, or about 0.1%.
  • the excipient is polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween-80).
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier contains 0.01% Tween-80.
  • the pharmaceutical composition described herein comprises the anti-pKal antibody as also described herein (e.g., DX-2930), and one or more of sodium phosphate (e.g., sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate), citric acid (e.g., citric acid monohydrate), histidine (e.g., L-histidine), sodium chloride, and Polysorbate 80.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may comprise the antibody, sodium phosphate, citric acid, histidine, sodium chloride, and Polysorbate 80.
  • the antibody is formulated in about 30 mM sodium phosphate, about 19 mM citric acid, about 50 mM histidine, about 90 mM sodium chloride, and about 0.01% Polysorbate 80.
  • the concentration of the antibody (e.g., DX-2930) in the composition can be about 150 mg/mL or 300 mg/mL.
  • the composition comprises or consists of about 150 mg DX-2930 per 1 mL solution, about 30 mM sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, about 19 mM (e.g., 19.6 mM) citric acid monohydrate, about 50 mM L-histidine, about 90 mM sodium chloride, and about 0.01% Polysorbate 80.
  • the composition comprises or consists of about 300 mg DX-2930 per 1 mL solution, about 30 mM sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, about 19 mM (e.g., 19.6 mM) citric acid monohydrate, about 50 mM L-histidine, about 90 mM sodium chloride, and about 0.01% Polysorbate 80.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a salt that retains the desired biological activity of the compound and does not impart any undesired toxicological effects (see, e.g., Berge, S. M., et al., 1977 , J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19).
  • Examples of such salts include acid addition salts and base addition salts.
  • Acid addition salts include those derived from nontoxic inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, phosphorous, and the like, as well as from nontoxic organic acids such as aliphatic mono- and dicarboxylic acids, phenyl-substituted alkanoic acids, hydroxy alkanoic acids, aromatic acids, aliphatic and aromatic sulfonic acids, and the like.
  • nontoxic inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, phosphorous, and the like
  • nontoxic organic acids such as aliphatic mono- and dicarboxylic acids, phenyl-substituted alkanoic acids, hydroxy alkanoic acids, aromatic acids, aliphatic and aromatic sulfonic acids, and the like.
  • Base addition salts include those derived from alkaline earth metals, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and the like, as well as from nontoxic organic amines, such as N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, procaine, and the like.
  • compositions may be in a variety of forms. These include, for example, liquid, semi-solid and solid dosage forms, such as liquid solutions (e.g., injectable and infusible solutions), dispersions or suspensions, tablets, pills, powders, liposomes and suppositories.
  • liquid solutions e.g., injectable and infusible solutions
  • dispersions or suspensions tablets, pills, powders, liposomes and suppositories.
  • the form can depend on the intended mode of administration and therapeutic application.
  • Many compositions are in the form of injectable or infusible solutions, such as compositions similar to those used for administration of humans with antibodies.
  • An exemplary mode of administration is parenteral (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular).
  • the plasma kallikrein binding protein is administered by intravenous infusion or injection.
  • the plasma kallikrein binding protein is administered by intramuscular injection. In another embodiment, the plasma kallikrein binding protein is administered by subcutaneous injection. In another preferred embodiment, the plasma kallikrein binding protein is administered by intraperitoneal injection.
  • parenteral administration and “administered parenterally” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, epidural and intrasternal injection and infusion.
  • the antibody is administered subcutaneously.
  • the composition can be formulated as a solution, microemulsion, dispersion, liposome, or other ordered structure suitable to high drug concentration.
  • Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the binding protein in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization.
  • dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.
  • the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying that yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
  • the proper fluidity of a solution can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
  • Prolonged absorption of injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent that delays absorption, for example, monostearate salts and gelatin.
  • an antibody as described herein can be administered by a variety of methods, including intravenous injection, subcutaneous injection, or infusion.
  • the antibody can be administered by intravenous infusion at a rate of less than 30, 20, 10, 5, or 1 mg/min to reach a dose of about 1 to 100 mg/m 2 or 7 to 25 mg/m 2 .
  • the route and/or mode of administration will vary depending upon the desired results.
  • the active compound may be prepared with a carrier that will protect the compound against rapid release, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants, and microencapsulated delivery systems.
  • Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Many methods for the preparation of such formulations are available. See, e.g., Sustained and Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems, J. R. Robinson, ed., 1978, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
  • compositions can be administered with medical devices.
  • a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein can be administered with a device, e.g., a needleless hypodermic injection device, a pump, or implant.
  • an antibody as described herein can be formulated to ensure proper distribution in vivo.
  • the blood-brain barrier excludes many highly hydrophilic compounds.
  • the therapeutic compounds disclosed herein cross the BBB (if desired) they can be formulated, for example, in liposomes.
  • liposomes For methods of manufacturing liposomes, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,522,811; 5,374,548; and 5,399,331.
  • the liposomes may comprise one or more moieties that are selectively transported into specific cells or organs, thus enhance targeted drug delivery (see, e.g., V. V. Ranade, 1989 , J. Clin. Pharmacol. 29:685).
  • Dosage regimens are adjusted to provide the optimum desired response (e.g., a therapeutic response). For example, a single bolus may be administered, several divided doses may be administered over time or the dose may be proportionally reduced or increased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. It is especially advantageous to formulate parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage.
  • Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subjects to be treated; each unit contains a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier.
  • the specification for the dosage unit forms can be dictated by and directly dependent on (a) the unique characteristics of the active compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and (b) the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment of sensitivity in individuals.
  • An exemplary, non-limiting range for a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of an antibody as described herein is about 150 mg or 300 mg.
  • a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of an antibody may be lower for a pediatric subject than for an adult subject.
  • the effective amount that is administered to a pediatric subject is a fixed dose or a weight based dose.
  • effective amount that is less than about 150 mg or 300 mg is administered to a pediatric subject.
  • a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of an antibody is administered every two weeks or every four weeks for a first treatment period.
  • the antibody may be administered to the subject for a second treatment period.
  • the therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of the antibody in the first treatment period is different than the therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of the antibody in the second treatment period.
  • the therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of the antibody in the first treatment period is 150 mg and the therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of the antibody in the second treatment period is 300 mg.
  • the therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of the antibody in the first treatment period is the same as the therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of the antibody in the second treatment period. In one example, therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of the antibody in the first treatment period and the second treatment period is 300 mg.
  • an exemplary, non-limiting range for a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of an antibody as described herein is about 300 mg.
  • a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of an antibody is administered in a single dose. If the subject experiences a HAE attack, the antibody may be further administered to the subject in multiple doses, such in doses of about 300 mg administered every two weeks.
  • kits can be provided in a kit, e.g., as a component of a kit.
  • the kit includes (a) a DX-2930 antibody, e.g., a composition (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition) that includes the antibody, and, optionally (b) informational material.
  • the informational material can be descriptive, instructional, marketing or other material that relates to a method described herein and/or the use of an antibody as described herein (e.g., DX-2930), e.g., for a method described herein.
  • the kit comprises one or more doses of DX-2930.
  • the one or more doses are 150 mg or 300 mg.
  • the informational material of the kit is not limited in its form.
  • the informational material can include information about production of the compound, molecular weight of the compound, concentration, date of expiration, batch or production site information, and so forth.
  • the informational material relates to using the antibody to treat, prevent, or diagnosis of disorders and conditions, e.g., a plasma kallikrein associated disease or condition.
  • the informational material can include instructions to administer an antibody as described herein (e.g., DX-2930) in a suitable manner to perform the methods described herein, e.g., in a suitable dose, dosage form, mode of administration or dosing schedule (e.g., a dose, dosage form, dosing schedule or mode of administration described herein).
  • the informational material can include instructions to administer an antibody as described herein (e.g., DX-2930) to a suitable subject, e.g., a human, e.g., a human having, or at risk for, a plasma kallikrein associated disease or condition.
  • the material can include instructions to administer an antibody as described herein (e.g., DX-2930) to a patient with a disorder or condition described herein, e.g., a plasma kallikrein associated disease, e.g., according to a dosing schedule described herein.
  • a disorder or condition described herein e.g., a plasma kallikrein associated disease, e.g., according to a dosing schedule described herein.
  • the informational material of the kits is not limited in its form. In many cases, the informational material, e.g., instructions, is provided in print but may also be in other formats, such as computer readable material.
  • An antibody as described herein can be provided in any form, e.g., liquid, dried or lyophilized form. It is preferred that an antibody be substantially pure and/or sterile.
  • the liquid solution preferably is an aqueous solution, with a sterile aqueous solution being preferred.
  • reconstitution generally is by the addition of a suitable solvent.
  • the solvent e.g., sterile water or buffer, can optionally be provided in the kit.
  • the kit can include one or more containers for the composition containing an antibody as described herein (e.g., DX-2930).
  • the kit contains separate containers, dividers or compartments for the composition and informational material.
  • the composition can be contained in a bottle, vial, or syringe, and the informational material can be contained in association with the container.
  • the separate elements of the kit are contained within a single, undivided container.
  • the composition is contained in a bottle, vial or syringe that has attached thereto the informational material in the form of a label.
  • the kit includes a plurality (e.g., a pack) of individual containers, each containing one or more unit dosage forms (e.g., a dosage form described herein) of an antibody as described herein (e.g., DX-2930).
  • the kit includes a plurality of syringes, ampules, foil packets, or blister packs, each containing a single unit dose of an antibody as described herein (e.g., DX-2930).
  • the containers of the kits can be air tight, waterproof (e.g., impermeable to changes in moisture or evaporation), and/or light-tight.
  • the kit optionally includes a device suitable for administration of the composition, e.g., a syringe, or any such delivery device.
  • the device is an implantable device that dispenses metered doses of the antibody.
  • the disclosure also features a method of providing a kit, e.g., by combining components described herein.
  • the disclosure provides the use of an antibody as described herein (e.g., DX-2930) in treating HAE.
  • the present disclosure provides a treatment regimen that allows for reducing the dosage of DX-2930 and/or extending the dosing schedule (e.g., from once every two weeks to once every four weeks) for patients whose disease is well controlled (e.g., free of attack in a period of time such as 4-9 months) and/or for patients with low body weight (e.g., pediatric patients).
  • Hereditary angioedema is also known as “Quincke edema,” C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, C1 inhibitor deficiency, and hereditary angioneurotic edema (HANE). HAE is characterized by unpredictable, recurrent attacks of severe subcutaneous or submucosal swelling (angioedema), which can affect, e.g., the limbs, face, genitals, gastrointestinal tract, and airway (Zuraw, 2008).
  • Symptoms of HAE include, e.g., swelling in the arms, legs, lips, eyes, tongue, and/or throat; airway blockage that can involve throat (larynx) swelling, sudden hoarseness and/or cause death from asphyxiation (Bork et al., 2012; Bork et al., 2000). Approximately 50% of all HAE patients will experience a laryngeal attack in their lifetime, and there is no way to predict which patients are at risk of a laryngeal attack (Bork et al., 2003; Bork et al., 2006).
  • HAE symptoms also include repeat episodes of abdominal cramping without obvious cause; and/or swelling of the intestines, which can be severe and can lead to abdominal cramping, vomiting, dehydration, diarrhea, pain, shock, and/or intestinal symptoms resembling abdominal emergencies, which may lead to unnecessary surgery (Zuraw, 2008). Swelling may last up to five or more days. About one-third of individuals with this HAE develop a non-itchy rash called erythema marginatum during an attack. Most patients suffer multiple attacks per year.
  • HAE is an orphan disorder, the exact prevalence of which is unknown, but current estimates range from 1 per 10,000 to 1 per 150,000 persons, with many authors agreeing that 1 per 50,000 is likely the closest estimate (Bygum, 2009; Goring et al., 1998; Lei et al., 2011; Nordenfelt et al., 2014; Roche et al., 2005).
  • Plasma kallikrein plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of HAE attacks (Davis, 2006; Kaplan and Joseph, 2010).
  • C1-INH regulates the activity of plasma kallikrein as well as a variety of other proteases, such as C1r, C1 s, factor XIa, and factor XIIa.
  • Plasma kallikrein regulates the release of bradykinin from high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK). Due to a deficiency of C1-INH in HAE, uncontrolled plasma kallikrein activity occurs and leads to the excessive generation of bradykinin.
  • Bradykinin is a vasodilator which is thought to be responsible for the characteristic HAE symptoms of localized swelling, inflammation, and pain (Craig et al., 2012; Zuraw et al., 2013).
  • Trauma or stress e.g., dental procedures, sickness (e.g., viral illnesses such as colds and the flu), menstruation, and surgery can trigger an attack of angioedema.
  • sickness e.g., viral illnesses such as colds and the flu
  • menstruation e.g., a system for preventing HAE.
  • HAE hypertension
  • patients can attempt to avoid specific stimuli that have previously caused attacks.
  • an attack occurs without a known trigger.
  • HAE symptoms first appear in childhood and worsen during puberty.
  • untreated individuals have an attack every 1 to 2 weeks, and most episodes last for about 3 to 4 days (ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/hereditary-angioedema).
  • the frequency and duration of attacks vary greatly among people with hereditary angioedema, even among people in the same family.
  • HAE HAE
  • types I, II, and III HAE
  • HAE HAE affects 1 in 50,000 people
  • type I accounts for about 85 percent of cases
  • type II accounts for about 15 percent of cases
  • type III is very rare.
  • Type III is the most newly described form and was originally thought to occur only in women, but families with affected males have been identified.
  • HAE is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, such that an affected person can inherit the mutation from one affected parent. New mutations in the gene can also occur, and thus HAE can also occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family. It is estimated that 20-25% of cases result from a new spontaneous mutation.
  • the SERPING1 gene provides instructions for making the C1 inhibitor protein, which is important for controlling inflammation.
  • C1 inhibitor blocks the activity of certain proteins that promote inflammation. Mutations that cause hereditary angioedema type I lead to reduced levels of C1 inhibitor in the blood. In contrast, mutations that cause type II result in the production of a C1 inhibitor that functions abnormally. Approximately 85% of patients have Type I HAE, characterized by very low production of functionally normal C1-INH protein, while the remaining approximately 15% of patients have Type II HAE and produce normal or elevated levels of a functionally impaired C1-INH (Zuraw, 2008).
  • bradykinin Without the proper levels of functional C1 inhibitor, excessive amounts of bradykinin are generated from high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK), and there is increased vascular leakage mediated by bradykinin binding to the B2 receptor (B2-R) on the surface of endothelial cells (Zuraw, 2008). Bradykinin promotes inflammation by increasing the leakage of fluid through the walls of blood vessels into body tissues. Excessive accumulation of fluids in body tissues causes the episodes of swelling seen in individuals with hereditary angioedema type I and type II.
  • HMWK high molecular weight kininogen
  • B2-R B2 receptor
  • Mutations in the F12 gene are associated with some cases of hereditary angioedema type III.
  • the F12 gene provides instructions for making coagulation factor XII.
  • factor XII is also an important stimulator of inflammation and is involved in the production of bradykinin.
  • Certain mutations in the F12 gene result in the production of factor XII with increased activity. As a result, more bradykinin is generated and blood vessel walls become more leaky, which leads to episodes of swelling.
  • the cause of other cases of hereditary angioedema type III remains unknown. Mutations in one or more as-yet unidentified genes may be responsible for the disorder in these cases.
  • HAE can present similarly to other forms of angioedema resulting from allergies or other medical conditions, but it differs significantly in cause and treatment.
  • hereditary angioedema is misdiagnosed as an allergy, it is most commonly treated with antihistamines, steroids, and/or epinephrine, which are typically ineffective in HAE, although epinephrine can be used for life-threatening reactions.
  • Misdiagnoses have also resulted in unnecessary exploratory surgery for patients with abdominal swelling, and in some HAE patients abdominal pain has been incorrectly diagnosed as psychosomatic.
  • C1 inhibitor concentrate from donor blood which is administered intravenously, is one acute treatment; however, this treatment is not available in many countries.
  • fresh frozen plasma FFP
  • C1 inhibitor concentrate can be used as an alternative, as it also contains C1 inhibitor.
  • C1 inhibitor Purified C1 inhibitor, derived from human blood, has been used in Europe since 1979. Several C1 inhibitor treatments are now available in the U.S. and two C1 inhibitor products are now available in Canada. Berinert P (CSL Behring), which is pasteurized, was approved by the F.D.A. in 2009 for acute attacks. Cinryze (ViroPharma), which is nanofiltered, was approved by the F.D.A. in 2008 for prophylaxis. Rhucin (Pharming) is a recombinant C1 inhibitor under development that does not carry the risk of infectious disease transmission due to human blood-borne pathogens.
  • Treatment of an acute HAE attack also can include medications for pain relief and/or IV fluids.
  • Treatment modalities can stimulate the synthesis of C1 inhibitor, or reduce C1 inhibitor consumption.
  • Androgen medications such as danazol, can reduce the frequency and severity of attacks by stimulating production of C1 inhibitor.
  • H. pylori can trigger abdominal attacks. Antibiotics to treat H. pylori will decrease abdominal attacks.
  • Ecallantide KALBITOR®, DX-88, Dyax
  • Icatibant FIRAZYR®, Shire
  • HAE Diagnosis of HAE can rely on, e.g., family history and/or blood tests. Laboratory findings associated with HAE types I, II, and III are described, e.g., in Kaplan, A. P., J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2010, 126(5):918-925.
  • type I HAE the level of C1 inhibitor is decreased, as is the level of C4, whereas C1q level is normal.
  • type II HAE the level of C1 inhibitor is normal or increased; however, C1 inhibitor function is abnormal. C4 level is decreased and C1q level is normal.
  • type III the levels of C1 inhibitor, C4, and C1q can all be normal.
  • HAE Symptoms of HAE can be assessed, for example, using questionnaires, e.g., questionnaires that are completed by patients, clinicians, or family members. Such questionnaires are known in the art and include, for example, visual analog scales. See, e.g., McMillan, C. V. et al. Patient. 2012; 5(2):113-26.
  • the subject has HAE type I or HAE type II.
  • HAE type I or HAE type II may be diagnosed using any method known in the art, such as by clinical history consistent with HAE (e.g., subcutaneous or mucosal, nonpruritic swelling episodes) or diagnostic testing (e.g., C1-INH functional testing and C4 level assessment).
  • the disclosure provides methods of treating (e.g., ameliorating, stabilizing, or eliminating one or more symptoms) of hereditary angioedema (HAE) by administering to an HAE patient with an anti-pKal antibody such as DX-2930 at a first dosing schedule, for example 300 mg every two weeks, for a first treatment period (e.g., 4-9 weeks). Occurrence of HAE attack is monitored in the patient subject to the first period of treatment following standard medical practice. When the patient is free of HAE attack in the first treatment period, dosage of the antibody can be reduced and/or dosing interval of the antibody can be prolonged, for example, reduced to 300 mg every four weeks or 300 mg every six weeks.
  • HAE hereditary angioedema
  • the human patient may have a low body weight.
  • a low body weight when applied to an adult, refers to the body weight of the adult that is significantly lower than the average body weight of adults with matched physical features, such as height, age, gender, etc.
  • an adult patient having a low body weight may have a body weight that is at least 20% (e.g., 30%, 40%, 50%, or above) lower than the average of body weight of adults with matched physical features as noted above.
  • the human patient is an adult HAE patient having a body weight lower than 40 kg (e.g., lower than 35 kg, lower than 30 kg, lower than 25 kg, etc.).
  • the human patient having a low body weight may be a pediatric patient (e.g., younger than 15 yrs).
  • a pediatric patient may have a body weight less than 30 kg (e.g., lower than 25 kg, lower than 20 kg, lower than 15 kg, or lower than 10 kg, etc.).
  • the subject may be defined by gender. For example, in some embodiments, the subject is female. In other embodiments, the subject is male.
  • the human subject is defined by prior history of laryngeal attacks or absence thereof. In some embodiments, the subject has experienced at least one (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) laryngeal attack (i.e. laryngeal HAE attack) prior to administration of the antibodies described herein. In some embodiments, the subject has not experienced a laryngeal attack prior to administration of the antibodies described herein.
  • laryngeal HAE attack i.e. laryngeal HAE attack
  • Treating includes administering an amount effective to alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate, improve or affect the disorder, the symptoms of the disorder or the predisposition toward the disorder.
  • the treatment may also delay onset, e.g., prevent onset, or prevent deterioration of a disease or condition.
  • DX-2930 antibodies are also described in “Pharmaceutical Compositions.” Suitable dosages of the antibody used can depend on the age and weight of the subject and the particular drug used.
  • the antibody can be used as competitive agents to inhibit, reduce an undesirable interaction, e.g., between plasma kallikrein and its substrate (e.g., Factor XII or HMWK).
  • the dose of the antibody can be the amount sufficient to block 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% 99%, or 99.9% of the activity of plasma kallikrein in the patient, especially at the site of disease.
  • 150 mg or 300 mg of the antibody is administered every two weeks or every four weeks.
  • the antibody is administered to the subject in a first treatment period comprising administration of 150 mg or 300 mg of the antibody every two weeks or every four weeks. In some embodiments, the antibody is administered to the subject in a second treatment period following the first treatment period. In some embodiments, 300 mg of the antibody is administered in a single dose. If the subject experiences an HAE attack after the single dose, the antibody may be administered at 300 mg every two weeks in the first treatment period.
  • the antibodies are used to inhibit an activity (e.g., inhibit at least one activity of plasma kallikrein, e.g., reduce Factor XIIa and/or bradykinin production) of plasma kallikrein, e.g., in vivo.
  • the binding proteins can be used by themselves or conjugated to an agent, e.g., a cytotoxic drug, cytotoxin enzyme, or radioisotope.
  • the antibodies can be used directly in vivo to eliminate antigen-expressing cells via natural complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) or antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
  • the antibodies described herein can include complement binding effector domain, such as the Fc portions from IgG1, -2, or -3 or corresponding portions of IgM which bind complement.
  • a population of target cells is ex vivo treated with an antibody described herein and appropriate effector cells. The treatment can be supplemented by the addition of complement or serum containing complement.
  • phagocytosis of target cells coated with an antibody described herein can be improved by binding of complement proteins.
  • cells coated with the antibody which includes a complement binding effector domain are lysed by complement.
  • DX-2930 antibodies are described in “Pharmaceutical Compositions.” Suitable dosages of the molecules used will depend on the age and weight of the subject and the particular drug used.
  • the antibodies can be used as competitive agents to inhibit or reduce an undesirable interaction, e.g., between a natural or pathological agent and the plasma kallikrein.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody as described herein can be administered to a subject having, suspected of having, or at risk for HAE, thereby treating (e.g., ameliorating or improving a symptom or feature of a disorder, slowing, stabilizing and/or halting disease progression) the disorder.
  • the antibody described herein can be administered in a therapeutically effective amount.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody is the amount which is effective, upon single or multiple dose administration to a subject, in treating a subject, e.g., curing, alleviating, relieving or improving at least one symptom of a disorder in a subject to a degree beyond that expected in the absence of such treatment.
  • Dosage regimens can be adjusted to provide the optimum desired response (e.g., a therapeutic response). For example, a single bolus may be administered, several divided doses may be administered over time or the dose may be proportionally reduced or increased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. In other examples, a bolus may be administered followed by several doses over time or the dose may be proportionally reduced or increased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. In other examples, a dose may be divided into several doses and be administered over time. It is especially advantageous to formulate parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subjects to be treated; each unit contains a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier.
  • any of the subjects described herein may have undergone prior treatment of HAE, such as a prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of HAE.
  • aspects of the present disclosure also provide methods of administering an antibody as described herein (e.g., DX-2930) to a subject that has received one or more prior treatment for HAE.
  • the prior treatment of HAE is a treatment that involves an antibody described herein (e.g., DX-2930).
  • the subject was previously administered multiple doses of DX-2930 every two weeks or every four weeks.
  • the subject was previously administered DX-2930 at 150 mg every two weeks.
  • the subject was previously administered DX-2930 at 300 mg every two weeks.
  • the subject was previously administered DX-2930 at 300 mg every four weeks.
  • the multiple doses of the antibody of the prior treatment are administered at least two times, at least three times, at least four times, at least five times, at least six times, at least seven times, at least eight times, at least nine times, at least ten times, at least eleven times, at least twelve time, at least thirteen times.
  • the subject has received one or more prior treatment for HAE, which may involve any of the therapeutic agent for HAE known in the art.
  • exemplary anti-HAE agents include, but are not limited to, C1-inhibitors (e.g., Cinryze®, Berinert®, or Ruconest®), plasma kallikrein inhibitors (e.g., Kalbitor®), bradykinin receptor inhibitors (e.g., Firazyr®), annenuated androgens (e.g., danazol), and anti-fibrinolytics (e.g., traexamic acid).
  • C1-inhibitors e.g., Cinryze®, Berinert®, or Ruconest®
  • plasma kallikrein inhibitors e.g., Kalbitor®
  • bradykinin receptor inhibitors e.g., Firazyr®
  • annenuated androgens e.g., danazol
  • a tapering period refers to a period, prior to the anti-pKal antibody treatment, during which a subject who is on an anti-HAE treatment (e.g., C1-INH, oral androgen, and/or oral anti-fibrinolytics) gradually reduces the dosage, frequency, or both of the anti-HAE agent such that the subject can gradually transit from the prior HAE treatment to the anti-pKal antibody treatment as described herein.
  • the tapering involving a gradual or step-wise method of reducing the dosage of the prior treatment and/or the frequency with which the prior treatment is administered.
  • the tapering period may last 2-4 weeks and can vary based on factors of an individual patent.
  • the prior treatment terminates before the anti-pKal antibody treatment starts.
  • the prior treatment may terminate within a suitable timeframe (e.g., 2 weeks, 3 weeks, or 4 weeks) after the subject is given his or her first dose of the anti-pKal antibody.
  • a subject who is on a prior HAE treatment may be transitioned to the anti-pKal antibody treatment as described herein directly without the tapering period.
  • the subject is free of any prior treatment of HAE before the first treatment, first treatment period, and/or the follow-on single and multiple dose treatments as described herein (the second treatment period). In some embodiments, the subject is free of any treatment other than with the antibodies described herein during the first treatment period and/or during the second treatment period. In some embodiments, the subject is free of any prior treatment of HAE for at least two weeks (e.g., at least two, three, four, five weeks or more) before the first treatment or first treatment period, during the first treatment or first treatment period, and/or during the second treatment period.
  • the subject is free of long-term prophylaxis for HAE (e.g., C1 inhibitor, attenuated androgens, anti-fibrinolytics) for at least the two weeks prior to the first treatment or first treatment period, during the first treatment period, and/or during the second treatment period.
  • HAE long-term prophylaxis for HAE
  • the subject is free of an HAE treatment involving an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor for at least the four weeks prior to the first treatment or first treatment period, during the first treatment period, and/or during the second treatment period.
  • ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme
  • the subject is free of an estrogen-containing medication for at least the four weeks prior to the first treatment or first treatment period, during the first treatment period, and/or during the second treatment period.
  • the subject is free of androgens (e.g. stanozolol, danazol, oxandrolone, methyltestosterone, testosterone) for at least the two weeks prior to the first treatment or first treatment period, during the first treatment period and/or during the second treatment period.
  • androgens e.g. stanozolol, danazol, oxandrolone, methyltestosterone, testosterone
  • Any of the methods described herein may further comprise monitoring the patient for side effects (e.g., elevation of creatine phosphatase levels) and/or inhibition levels of pKal by the antibody (e.g., serum or plasma concentration of the antibody or the pKal activity level) before and after the treatment or during the course of treatment. If one or more adverse effect is observed, the dose of the antibody might be reduced or the treatment might be terminated. If the inhibition level is below a minimum therapeutic level, further doses of the antibody might be administered to the patient.
  • side effects e.g., elevation of creatine phosphatase levels
  • inhibition levels of pKal by the antibody e.g., serum or plasma concentration of the antibody or the pKal activity level
  • Patients may also be evaluated for the generation of antibody against the administered antibody; activity of C1-inhibitor, C4, and/or C1q; quality of life; incidence of any HAE attacks, health-related quality of life, anxiety and/or depression (e.g., Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)), work productivity (e.g., Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire (WPAI)), preference of the subcutaneous administration of the antibody (e.g., D-2930) relative to other injectibles, quality of life (e.g, angioedema-quality of life (AE-QOL), EuroQoL Group 5-dimension report).
  • HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
  • WPAI Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire
  • the plasma or serum concentration of the antibody may be measured during the course of the treatment (e.g., after the initial dosage) for assessing the efficacy of the treatment. If the plasma or serum concentration of the antibody is lower than about 80 nM, a follow-up dosage may be needed, which may be the same or higher than the initial dosage.
  • the plasma or serum concentration of the antibody may be measured by determining the protein level of the antibody in a plasma or serum sample obtained from the subject, e.g., by an immune assay or MS assay.
  • the plasma or serum concentration of the antibody may also be measured by determining the inhibitory level of pKal in a plasma or serum sample obtained from a subject treated with the antibody.
  • Such assays may include the synthetic substrate assay or the Western blot assay for measuring cleaved kininogen as described herein.
  • the plasma or serum level of creatine kinase and/or one or more coagulation parameters can be monitored during the course of the treatment. If the plasma or serum level of creatine kinase is found to elevate during the treatment, the dosage of the antibody may be reduced or the treatment may be terminated. Similarly, if one or more coagulation parameters are found to be significantly affected during the treatment, the dosage of the antibody may be modified or the treatment may be terminated.
  • aPTT activated partial thromboplastin time
  • PT prothrombin time
  • bleeding events can be monitored during the course of the treatment. If the plasma or serum level of creatine kinase is found to elevate during the treatment, the dosage of the antibody may be reduced or the treatment may be terminated. Similarly, if one or more coagulation parameters are found to be significantly affected during the treatment, the dosage of the antibody may be modified or the treatment may be terminated.
  • an optimal dosage e.g., optimal prophylactic dosage or optimal therapeutic dosage
  • the antibody e.g., DX-2930
  • the antibody is given to a subject in need of the treatment at an initial dose.
  • the plasma concentration of the antibody in the subject is measured. If the plasma concentration is lower than 80 nM, the dose of the antibody is increased in a subsequent administration.
  • a dosage of the antibody that maintains the antibody plasma concentration above about 80 nM can be chosen as the optimal dosage for the subject.
  • the creatine phosphokinase level of the subject can be monitored during the course of treatment and the optimal dosage for that subject can be further adjusted based on the creatine phosphokinase level, e.g., the dosage of the antibody might be reduced is elevation of creatine phosphokinase is observed during treatment.
  • an antibody as described herein can be administered in combination with one or more of the other therapies for treating a disease or condition associated with plasma kallikrein activity, e.g., a disease or condition described herein.
  • an antibody as described herein e.g., DX-2930
  • plasma kallikrein inhibitors that can be used in combination therapy with a plasma kallikrein binding antibodies described herein include plasma kallikrein inhibitors described in, e.g., WO 95/21601 or WO 2003/103475.
  • One or more plasma kallikrein inhibitors can be used in combination with an antibody as described herein (e.g., DX-2930).
  • an antibody as described herein e.g., DX-2930.
  • the combination can result in a lower dose of the inhibitor being needed, such that side effects are reduced.
  • An antibody as described herein can be administered in combination with one or more current therapies for treating HAE.
  • DX-2930 antibody can be co-used with a second anti-HAE therapeutic agent such as ecallantide, a C1 esterase inhibitor (e.g., CINRYZETM), aprotinin (TRASYLOL®), and/or a bradykinin B2 receptor inhibitor (e.g., icatibant (FIRAZYR®)).
  • a second anti-HAE therapeutic agent such as ecallantide, a C1 esterase inhibitor (e.g., CINRYZETM), aprotinin (TRASYLOL®), and/or a bradykinin B2 receptor inhibitor (e.g., icatibant (FIRAZYR®)).
  • the term “combination” refers to the use of the two or more agents or therapies to treat the same patient, wherein the use or action of the agents or therapies overlaps in time.
  • the agents or therapies can be administered at the same time (e.g., as a single formulation that is administered to a patient or as two separate formulations administered concurrently) or sequentially in any order. Sequential administrations are administrations that are given at different times.
  • the time between administration of the one agent and another agent can be minutes, hours, days, or weeks.
  • the use of a plasma kallikrein binding antibody described herein can also be used to reduce the dosage of another therapy, e.g., to reduce the side effects associated with another agent that is being administered.
  • a combination can include administering a second agent at a dosage at least 10, 20, 30, or 50% lower than would be used in the absence of the plasma kallikrein binding antibody.
  • a subject can be given a C1-inhibitor as a loading IV dose or SC dose simultaneously with the first dose of an anti-pKal antibody (e.g., DX-2930) as described herein. The subject can then continue with the anti-pKal antibody treatment (without further doses of the C1-inhibitor).
  • an anti-pKal antibody e.g., DX-2930
  • a combination therapy can include administering an agent that reduces the side effects of other therapies.
  • the agent can be an agent that reduces the side effects of a plasma kallikrein associated disease treatment.
  • the plasma or serum concentration of one or more biomarkers (e.g., 2-chain HMWK) associated with HAE may be may be measured prior to and/or during the course of the treatment (e.g., after the initial dosage) for assessing the efficacy of the treatment.
  • the plasma or serum concentration (level) of one or more biomarkers associated with HAE obtained at a time point after administration of a dosage is compared to the concentration of the biomarker in a sample obtained at an earlier time point after administration of a dosage or prior to administration of the initial dosage.
  • the biomarker is 2-HMWK.
  • the level of the biomarker may be measured by detecting the biomarker in a plasma or serum sample obtained from the subject, e.g., by an immunoassay, such as Western blot assay or ELISA, using an antibody that specifically detects the biomarker.
  • an immunoassay such as Western blot assay or ELISA
  • the level of 2-HWMK in a plasma or serum sample obtained from the subject is assessed by an immunoassay.
  • Antibodies for use in immunoassays for the detection of 2-HWMK are known in the art and selection of such an antibody for use in the methods described herein will be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • Example 1 Indirect Treatment Comparison of DX-2930 and Intravenous C1 Esterase Inhibitor Treatments for Long-Term Prophylaxis of Hereditary Angioedema Attacks
  • the HELP study assessed the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous lanadelumab (DX-2930) in preventing acute angioedema attacks in patients with type I and type II HAE in which three lanadelumab dosing regimens (300 mg every two weeks [q2w], 300 mg every four weeks [q4w], and 150 mg q4w) were investigated and compared with placebo (Banerji et al., JAMA 320(20):2108-21, 2018).
  • Kaplan-Meier curves were derived for the time to first HAE attack (defined as all investigator-confirmed attacks) after day 0 and day 70 for each lanadelumab dosing regimen and placebo using patient-level data from the HELP study (Banerji et al., JAMA 320(20):2108-21, 2018).
  • a univariate Cox proportional hazards model with treatment as the only covariate was fit to estimate the relative treatment effect (i.e., HR) for each lanadelumab dose compared with placebo.
  • HAE attack event (HAE attack) rate and time to event (first HAE attack).
  • Attack rate was defined as the number of attacks experienced in a 28-day cycle, with relative treatment effects estimated as rate ratios (RRs).
  • RRs rate ratios
  • Time to first attack was defined as the time a patient with HAE had their first attack after day 0 (date of first administered dose of prophylactic therapy) or day 70 (approximate day at which steady state plasma lanadelumab concentration is reached).
  • HRs hazard ratios
  • a Bayesian NMA relying on Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, was developed to evaluate the outcomes of attack rate and time to first attack. Relative efficacy was estimated using a treatment effect model to allow synthesis of direct and indirect evidence in one analysis while accounting for correlation arising from multi-arm trials (Dias et al., Decision Support Unit, National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; nicedsu.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/TSD2-General-meta-analysis-corrected-2Sep2016v2.pdf, 2011). Some studies in the evidence network did not report time to first attack.
  • Predicted survival curves were derived for each treatment arm separately for time to first attack after day 0 and day 70 by combining the HRs from the ITC and the spline survival curve fitted to the placebo data from the HELP study. These curves were used to estimate the proportion of attack-free patients and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) at 60 months after the start of prophylactic treatment (day 0 or day 70) for each comparator in the ITC.
  • CIs 95% confidence intervals
  • FIG. 1 A systematic literature review was undertaken. A summary of the records identified is presented in FIG. 1 .
  • the search identified 1299 records, of which 52 (22 records from seven randomized controlled trials [RCTs] and 30 records from 23 nonrandomized controlled trials [nRCTs]) met the eligibility criteria and were selected for detailed feasibility assessment for possible inclusion in the ITC with lanadelumab results from the HELP study. Twenty-two records were excluded because they were secondary publications for which a primary publication had already been identified among the 52 records that met the eligibility criteria. Of the remaining records in the feasibility assessment, 20 lacked real-world applicability and were therefore excluded as inappropriate comparators. Included in these were two RCTs (Gelfand et al., N Engl J Med.
  • part A which evaluated IV C1-INH use in acute attacks
  • part B which evaluated its use in prophylaxis. Only part B is summarized here and was a crossover study that consisted of two 12-week treatment periods in which patients were randomly assigned to receive either IV C1-INH or placebo during the first treatment period and then crossed over, in a second treatment period, to the treatment that was not received during the first treatment period (Zuraw et al., N Engl J Med. 363(6): 513-22, 2010). b Banerji et al., JAMA 320(20): 2108-21, 2018
  • An attack was defined as a discrete episode during which the subject progressed from no angioedema to symptoms of angioedema; attacks that progressed from one site to another, or that began to regress and then became worse before complete resolution, were considered to be a single attack (Zuraw et al., N Engl J Med. 363(6): 513-22, 2010). b Banerji et al., JAMA 320(20): 2108-21, 2018 *P ⁇ 0.001 vs placebo.
  • time to first HAE attack was increased relative to placebo after each time point for all three lanadelumab dosing regimens, corresponding to reduced risks of experiencing a first attack after day 0 and day 70 from the start of treatment.
  • the median number of days to first attack was 59 (95% CI: 28—not estimable [NE]) for patients receiving lanadelumab 300 mg q2w; 28 (95% CI: 10-101) for lanadelumab 300 mg q4w; and 26 (95% CI: 11-NE) for lanadelumab 150 mg q4w, compared with 8 (95% CI: 6-18) for patients receiving placebo.
  • a Kaplan-Meier estimates of time to first attack after treatment were used to derive the proportions of patients who remained attack-free.
  • RRs showed a significant reduction in attack rate for patients who received lanadelumab (all dosing regimens) or IV C1-INH compared with placebo ( FIG. 3 ).
  • Reductions in attack rate (per 4-week cycle) were 87%, 73%, and 76% for the lanadelumab 300 mg q2w, 300 mg q4w, and 150 mg q4w treatment arms, respectively (corresponding to respective median RRs [95% CrI] of 0.13 [0.07-0.24], 0.27 [0.18-0.40], and 0.24 [0.15-0.39]) and 51% for IV C1-INH (corresponding to median RR [95% CrI] of 0.49 [0.40-0.60]) compared with placebo.
  • Results were similar for risk of first attacks after day 70 (median HR [95% CrI]: 300 mg q2w, 0.09 [0.04-0.22]; 300 mg q4w, 0.27 [0.14-0.53]; 150 mg q4w, 0.20 [0.10-0.41]), with corresponding reductions of 73%-91% ( FIG. 4B ).
  • results were similar for risk of first attacks after day 70 (median HR [95% CrI]: 300 mg q2w, 0.09 [0.04-0.22]; 300 mg q4w, 0.27 [0.14-0.53]; 150 mg q4w, 0.20 [0.10-0.41]), with corresponding reductions of 73%-91% ( FIG. 4B ).
  • results were similar for risk of first attacks after day 70 (median HR [95% CrI]: 300 mg q2w, 0.09 [0.04-0.22]; 300 mg q4w, 0.27 [0.14-0.53]; 150 mg q4w, 0.20 [0.10-0.41]), with corresponding reductions of
  • Predicted survival curves for 60-month duration based on time to first attack were derived for each treatment after day 0 and day 70 ( FIGS. 5A-5B ) by combining the HRs from the ITC and the spline survival curve fit to the HELP study placebo data.
  • the highest predicted proportions of attack-free patients were observed with lanadelumab 300 mg q2w over both time points.
  • the predicted percentages of attack-free patients were 26%, 6.5%, and 0.6% for treatment with lanadelumab 300 mg q2w, IV C1-INH, and placebo, respectively.
  • time to first attack data were extrapolated out to 60 months, the predicted percentages of attack-free patients were 46%, 0.9%, and 0% after day 70 for lanadelumab 300 mg q2w, IV C1-INH, and placebo, respectively.
  • HAE patients on lanadelumab treatment for a period (e.g., 6 months) and showed free of HAE attach may receive a reduced dosage of lanadelumab, for example, from 300 mg/2 weeks to 300 mg/4 weeks.
  • Example 2 Indirect Treatment Comparison of DX-2930 and Intravenous C1 Esterase Inhibitor Treatments Using Individual Patient Data from the HELP-03 and CHANGE Studies
  • ITC indirect treatment comparison
  • lanadelumab 300 mg subcutaneous every 2 weeks (300 mg SC q2w), 300 mg subcutaneous every four weeks (300 mg SC q 2w)) and Cinryze® (C1-INH) 1000 units intravenous (1000 U IV) using individual patient data (IPD) from the HELP-03 (HELP) and CHANGE studies.
  • IPD individual patient data
  • IPD HELP-03
  • CHANGE studies Using IPD in lieu of aggregated data is advantageous for several reasons.
  • IPD provides more information, which reduces heterogeneity across networks and resolves potential issues of inconsistency.
  • IPD facilitates estimation of subgroup effects, aids convergence, and overall, yields more precise estimates.
  • IPD allows within-study associations to be distinguished from across-study associations. Utilizing IPD, even only from a few studies, can also reduce ecological bias, which is often problematic when the evidence is sparse and the sample sizes are small.
  • Cinryze® C1-INH
  • lanadelumab the common comparator for Cinryze® (C1-INH) and lanadelumab in the HELP and CHANGE studies was placebo.
  • the HELP study compared three different lanadelumab dose regimens to placebo, whereas the CHANGE study was a cross-over study comparing Cinryze® to placebo.
  • Excluding the lanadelumab 150 mg dose (not approved for this indication) reduced the number of comparisons and circumvented the issue of multiplicity (e.g., multiple hypothesis testing). If multiple hypotheses are tested simultaneously, the alpha error increases, and therefore the significance level requires adjustment (e.g., Bonferroni). Identifying statistically significant differences at the significance level ⁇ 5% may be difficult. Therefore, it is advised that multiple hypothesis testing be avoided.
  • Statistical approaches to evidence synthesis can be characterized primarily as frequentist or Bayesian methods.
  • Frequentist methods such as adjusted indirect comparisons (e.g., Bucher method, matched-adjusted indirect comparison [MAIC], and simulated treatment comparison [STC]), allow the indirect comparison of two interventions in a single step.
  • the term network meta-analysis (NMA) refers to the simultaneous comparison of a larger network of interventions.
  • NMA network meta-analysis
  • the Bucher method is often used to combine the relative treatment effects in anchored comparisons for obtaining the final ITC results. Only two interventions may be compared at once. If multiple comparisons are of interest, multiple analyses must be conducted. The corresponding point estimates are expected to be very similar to those obtained through a Bayesian analysis. However, the 95% confidence intervals are usually not as wide as the credible intervals of a Bayesian analysis.
  • regression models included the HAE attack rate per 28 days at baseline.
  • Other covariates of interest e.g., age, gender, and weight
  • a second sensitivity analysis evaluated the impact of patient-reported HAE attacks not confirmed by investigators on the base case results.
  • Poisson regression analyses were performed to estimate rate ratios (RRs) for the HAE attack rates per 28 days. Poisson regression requires that the following assumptions are met: (1) observations are independent, (2) the counts follow a Poisson distribution, and (3) the conditional mean and variance of the model are identical.
  • Kaplan-Meier curves were derived via non-parametric estimation to model the outcome “time to first attack after 0 and 70 days”. Patients were censored at the date of their last data capture. The graphs showed that the hazard functions were proportional over time and therefore, statistical measures to account for non-proportional hazards were not required.
  • the model was adjusted for the number of HAE attacks per 28 days at baseline.
  • the model also included relevant covariates (age, gender, and weight). Due to the small sample size in the CHANGE study, no formal variable selection was conducted. Estimates obtained from these adjusted models were compared to unadjusted estimates from a model excluding the covariates.
  • Table 6 shows that the respective baseline attack rates for placebo and Cinryze® treatment were identical.
  • the CHANGE cross-over study did not include a run-in period.
  • the attack rate per 28 days was higher with placebo during the treatment period compared to the baseline attack rate with Cinryze® treatment.
  • the mean number of attacks per treatment period was considerably lower for Cinryze® than for placebo.
  • Treatment duration was comparable between the two interventions.
  • the time to first attack after 0 and 70 days of treatment was considerably shorter with placebo than with Cinryze® treatment.
  • both lanadelumab 300 mg q2w and 300 mg q4w reduced the mean number of attacks per treatment period compared to placebo.
  • the mean baseline attack rates were comparable across the three study arms. Treatment duration was shortest in the placebo arm, while the time to first attack was longer with lanadelumab treatment (300 mg q2w and 300 mg q4w) compared to placebo.
  • the estimated mean HAE attack rate per 28 days was 1.99 (95% CI: 1.56; 2.52) with Cinryze® treatment and 4.03 (95% CI: 3.31; 4.91) with placebo.
  • the resulting percent change for the mean attack rate was ⁇ 51% for patients treated with Cinryze® relative to placebo.
  • the estimated mean HAE attack rate per 28 days was 0.26 (95% CI: 0.15; 0.45) with lanadelumab 300 mg q2w, 0.54 (95% CI: 0.37, 0.77) with lanadelumab q2w, and 2.0 (95% CI: 1.69; 2.38) with placebo treatment.
  • the corresponding RRs indicated that patients treated with lanadelumab 300 mg q2w and lanadelumab q4w had 0.13 and 0.27 times the rate of HAE attacks, respectively, compared to patients treated with placebo. These estimates were statistically significant as evidenced by exclusion of the value “1” in the corresponding 95% CIs.
  • the resulting percent change in mean attack rate was ⁇ 87% for patients treated with lanadelumab 300 mg q2w and ⁇ 73% for those treated with lanadelumab 300 mg q2w relative to placebo.
  • the estimated mean HAE attack rate per 28 days was 0.27 (CI: 0.16; 0.46) with lanadelumab 300 mg q2w, 0.55 (CI: 0.38; 0.78) with lanadelumab 300 mg q4w, and 2.02 (95% CI: 1.71; 2.39) with placebo.
  • the corresponding RRs indicated that patients treated with lanadelumab 300 mg q2w and those treated with lanadelumab 300 mg q4w had 0.13 and 0.27 times the rate of HAE attacks, respectively, compared to those treated with placebo.
  • These estimates were statistically significant since the corresponding 95% CI does not include 1.
  • the percent changes in mean attack rate relative to placebo were ⁇ 87% and ⁇ 73% for patients treated with lanadelumab 300 mg q2w and for those treated with lanadelumab 300 mg q4w, respectively.
  • the estimated mean HAE attack rate per 28 days was 2.21 (95% CI: 1.43; 3.41) with Cinryze® and 4.37 (95% CI: 2.89; 6.60) with placebo.
  • the corresponding RR of 0.51 indicated that patients treated with Cinryze® had 0.51 times the mean rate of HAE attacks compared to those treated with placebo. This result was statistically significant since the corresponding 95% CI does not include 1.
  • the resulting percent change in the mean attack rate with Cinryze® treatment relative to placebo was ⁇ 49%.
  • the estimated mean HAE attack rate per 28 days was 0.27 (95% CI; 0.16; 0.46) for lanadelumab 300 mg q2w, 0.54 (95% CI; 0.37; 0.78) for lanadelumab 300 mg q4w, and 2.00 (95% CI; 1.63; 2.45) for placebo.
  • the corresponding RRs showed that patients treated with lanadelumab 300 mg q2w and those treated with lanadelumab 300 mg q4w had 0.14 and 0.27 times the rate of HAE attacks, respectively, compared to patients who received placebo. These results were statistically significant since the corresponding 95% CI does not include 1.
  • the resulting percent changes in the mean attack rate relative to placebo were ⁇ 86% and ⁇ 73% for lanadelumab 300 mg q2w and lanadelumab 300 mg q4w, respectively.
  • the first sensitivity analysis included all HAE attacks reported in the HELP study, regardless of whether or not the attacks had been confirmed by an investigator.
  • Regression models for a second sensitivity analysis initially included age, gender, and weight. The two sensitivity analyses yielded results consistent with the base case and did not change the conclusions. These findings were also confirmed by the lack of statistically significant effects for the covariates (apart from normalized baseline attack rate) on the results.
  • the output of the non-parametric estimation showed that the mean time (days) to the first attack after 0 days of placebo was considerably shorter in the CHANGE study than in the HELP study (4.773 days [SE 1.673] vs. 19.634 days [SE 4.212]).
  • the probability of “no first attack” after 0 days of treatment is plotted on the y-axis while the observation time horizon is plotted on the x-axis.
  • Placebo treatment in the CHANGE and HELP studies was not equally effective; patients in the CHANGE study experienced first attacks considerably earlier than those in the HELP study, and the corresponding observation time horizon was much shorter.
  • the output of the non-parametric estimation showed that the mean time (days) to the first attack after 70 days of placebo was considerably shorter in the CHANGE study than in the HELP study (3.143 days [SE 0.563] vs. 21.378 days [SE 4.687]).
  • the probability of “no first attack” after 70 days of treatment is plotted on the y-axis, while the observation time horizon is plotted on the x-axis.
  • Placebo treatment in the CHANGE and HELP studies was not equally effective; patients in the CHANGE study experienced first attacks considerably earlier than those in the HELP study, and the corresponding observation time horizon was much shorter.
  • Placebo effects are often not comparable between the studies included in an ITC. However, evaluating the implications of these differences is not straightforward. With respect to the present ITC, differences between placebo effects might have favored either Cinryze® or lanadelumab. The absence of a placebo effect in the CHANGE study implied that patients during C1-INH treatment may have only benefited from the effect of the active treatment without additional placebo effects. This would be expected to occur even if Cinryze® were not efficacious. In contrast, a placebo effect was observed in the HELP study. Therefore, patients treated with lanadelumab may have benefited from the efficacy of active treatment as well as the additional placebo effect. This difference may have favored lanadelumab over Cinryze® in the present analysis.
  • the outcome measure of interest is the rate difference.
  • the rate difference in change from baseline in comparison to placebo was higher in the CHANGE study than in the HELP study since no placebo effect was observed in the former, leading to ITC results favoring Cinryze®.
  • the probability of “no first attack” after 0 days of treatment is plotted on the y-axis, while the observation time horizon is plotted on the x-axis.
  • Placebo was less effective than Cinryze® treatment in the CHANGE study. Patients who received placebo experienced their first attacks considerably earlier than during Cinryze® treatment. Given that the two curves do not intersect, the proportional hazards assumptions may be deemed to hold. That confirms that Cox regression is a valid method for estimating hazard ratios (HRs) for the ITC.
  • the probability of “no first attack” after 0 days of treatment is plotted on the y-axis, while the observation time horizon is plotted on the x-axis.
  • placebo was less effective than the two lanadelumab dose regimens. Patients receiving placebo experienced first attacks considerably earlier than those during lanadelumab treatment. Given that none of the curves intersect, the proportional hazards assumption may be deemed to hold. This confirms that Cox regression is a valid method for estimating HRs for the ITC.
  • the different analytical methods used may contribute to discrepant findings.
  • the present ITC employed a frequentist Cox regression model, which accounted for repeated measurements (including fixed effects for treatment period and sequence and random effects for study subjects), and the baselined HAE attack rate was normalized.
  • the prior NMA which employed a Bayesian approach, these measures were not taken and only the results of random effects models used for comparisons were reported.
  • the probably of “no first attack” after 70 days of treatment is plotted on the y-axis of and the observation time horizon is plotted on the x-axis.
  • Placebo treatment was less effective than lanadelumab treatment (300 mg q2w and 300 mg q4w) in the HELP study.
  • Patients treated with placebo experienced first attacks considerably earlier than those treated with lanadelumab. Given that none of the curves intersect, it can be concluded that the Cox is a valid method for estimating HRs for the ITC.
  • inventive embodiments are presented by way of examples only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, inventive embodiments may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed.
  • inventive embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to each individual feature, system, article, material, kit, and/or method described herein.
  • a reference to “A and/or B”, when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc.
  • the phrase “at least one,” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements.
  • This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase “at least one” refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified.
  • “at least one of A and B” can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc.
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US11505620B2 (en) 2010-01-06 2022-11-22 Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Methods of detecting plasma kallikrein
US11401346B2 (en) 2011-01-06 2022-08-02 Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Nucleic acids encoding plasma kallikrein binding proteins
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US11286307B2 (en) 2015-12-11 2022-03-29 Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Plasma kallikrein inhibitors and uses thereof for treating hereditary angioedema attack

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