US20200264196A1 - Method of prognosis - Google Patents

Method of prognosis Download PDF

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US20200264196A1
US20200264196A1 US16/651,460 US201716651460A US2020264196A1 US 20200264196 A1 US20200264196 A1 US 20200264196A1 US 201716651460 A US201716651460 A US 201716651460A US 2020264196 A1 US2020264196 A1 US 2020264196A1
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mif
concentration
probnp
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Anthony Dart
Wei Gao
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Peking University Third Hospital
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    • G01N2333/575—Hormones
    • G01N2333/58—Atrial natriuretic factor complex; Atriopeptin; Atrial natriuretic peptide [ANP]; Brain natriuretic peptide [BNP, proBNP]; Cardionatrin; Cardiodilatin
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Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for prognosing acute coronary syndrome, and a cardiac biomarker for use in the methods.
  • the invention also relates to a device and a kit for use according to the methods.
  • CAD coronary artery disease
  • Existing plasma biomarkers that can be utilised to diagnose and/or prognose STEMI or acute coronary syndrome include myoglobin, creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), and troponin.
  • myoglobin peaks in plasma approximately 2 hours after a cardiac event, it has low cardiac-specificity.
  • CK peaks in plasma approximately 10 hours after a cardiac event, cumulative plasma CK concentrations are not available until at least 48 hours after the cardiac event.
  • CK is not cardiac-specific.
  • Troponin has become the predominant plasma biomarker for the early detection of acute coronary syndrome such as myocardial necrosis, and has largely superseded the measurement of CK.
  • the single measurement of plasma troponin is one of the most sensitive and specific tests for myocardial necrosis at present. Whilst current evidence suggests that a low single admission troponin can be used to exclude (rule out) a diagnosis of ACS in subjects with a low a probability of ACS, most patients require 5 serial measures over 6 or more hours to safely exclude such a diagnosis.
  • the present invention provides a method for providing a prognosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in a subject comprising:
  • the present invention provides a method for providing a prognosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in a subject comprising:
  • the present invention also provides a method for providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS, the method comprising
  • concentration of MIF and Nt-proBNP compared to their respective reference concentrations is indicative of the subject's prognosis.
  • the present invention also provides a method for providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS, the method comprising
  • concentration of MIF and BNP compared to their respective reference concentrations is indicative of the subject's prognosis.
  • the present invention also provides a method for providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS, the method comprising
  • the reference concentrations of MIF and Nt-proBNP are concentrations below those which correlate with an increased probability of survival and a decreased probability of non-fatal cardiac events at a later time, and above those which correlate with a decreased probability of survival and an increased probability of non-fatal cardiac events at a later time,
  • the present invention also provides a method for providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS, the method comprising
  • the reference concentrations of MIF and BNP are concentrations below those which correlate with an increased probability of survival and a decreased probability of non-fatal cardiac events at a later time, and above those which correlate with a decreased probability of survival and an increased probability of non-fatal cardiac events at a later time,
  • the present invention also provides a method for providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS, the method comprising
  • MIF macrophage migration inhibitory factor
  • Nt-proBNP N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide
  • a concentration of MIF or fragment thereof that is higher than the reference MIF concentration indicates a low likelihood of survival and/or high likelihood of non-fatal cardiac events
  • Nt-proBNP or fragment thereof that is higher than the reference Nt-proBNP concentration indicates a low likelihood of survival and/or high likelihood of non-fatal cardiac events
  • the present invention also provides a method for providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS, the method comprising
  • MIF macrophage migration inhibitory factor
  • BNP B-type natriuretic peptide
  • MIF macrophage migration inhibitory factor
  • BNP B-type natriuretic peptide
  • a concentration of MIF or fragment thereof that is higher than the reference MIF concentration indicates a low likelihood of survival and/or high likelihood of non-fatal cardiac events
  • a concentration of BNP or fragment thereof that is higher than the reference BNP concentration indicates a low likelihood of survival and/or high likelihood of non-fatal cardiac events
  • the present invention also provides a method for providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS, the method comprising
  • MIF macrophage migration inhibitory factor
  • the concentration of MIF from the sample from the subject is equal to or higher than about 70 ng/ml the subject is determined to have a decreased probability of survival and an increased probability of non-fatal cardiac events at a later time
  • the concentration of MIF from the sample from the subject is lower than about 70 ng/ml the subject is determined to have an increased probability of survival and a decreased probability of non-fatal cardiac events at a later time,
  • the present invention also provides a method for providing a prognosis of a subject having ACS, the method comprising
  • MIF macrophage migration inhibitory factor
  • the concentration of MIF from the sample from the subject is equal to or lower than about 40 ng/ml the subject is determined to have a high probability of survival and a low probability of non-fatal cardiac events at a later time
  • the concentration of MIF from the sample from the subject is equal to or higher than about 70 ng/ml the subject is determined to have a low probability of survival and a high probability of non-fatal cardiac events at a later time
  • the prognosis is of survival, preferably long term survival, or non-fatal cardiac events. Survival may be selected from MACE-Free survival, all-cause mortality free survival, cardiac death free survival or heart failure (HF) rehospitalisation free survival, or any other survival described herein. Non-fatal cardiac events may include MACE and adverse improvement of LVEF.
  • the prognosis may be indicative of survival 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 28, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80 or more, months following diagnosis of ACS.
  • the present invention further comprises determining the concentration of troponin or a fragment thereof.
  • the troponin is high sensitive-troponin T (hs-TnT).
  • the method also further comprises comparing the concentration of troponin or a fragment thereof to a reference troponin concentration.
  • the reference concentration of troponin is a concentration below which correlates with an increased probability of survival and a decreased probability of non-fatal cardiac events at a later time, and above which correlates with a decreased probability of survival and an increased probability of non-fatal cardiac events.
  • the concentration of either BNP, or a fragment thereof, or N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-proBNP), or a fragment thereof may be measured, analysed or determined.
  • BNP is synthesized as a 134-amino acid preprohormone (preproBNP), encoded by the human gene NPPB.
  • proBNP prohormone
  • the method comprises determining the concentrations of MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) and/or troponin from plasma, blood or serum.
  • the method comprises determining the concentrations of MIF, Nt-proBNP and/or troponin from plasma.
  • the acute coronary syndrome is acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
  • AMI may be ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) or non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (non-STEMI).
  • STEMI ST elevation myocardial infarction
  • non-STEMI non-ST elevation myocardial infarction
  • the AMI is STEMI.
  • the subject with STEMI may have been treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
  • PCI primary percutaneous coronary intervention
  • the method further comprises performing a step of performing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and/or thrombolysis on the subject.
  • PCI percutaneous coronary intervention
  • thrombolysis is only performed on those subjects identified as having a poor prognosis, or in other words, a decreased or low likelihood of survival and an increased or high likelihood of non-fatal cardiac events.
  • the method comprises determining MIF concentrations in a sample taken less than 4 hours after symptom onset or hospital admission.
  • a MIF sample may be taken from a subject obtained 210 minutes, 180 minutes, 150 minutes, 120 minutes, 110 minutes, 100 minutes, 90 minutes, 80 minutes, 70 minutes, 60 minutes, 50 minutes, 40 minutes, 30 minutes, 20 minutes, 10 minutes or 5 minutes or less after symptom onset or hospital admission.
  • the method comprises determining Nt-proBNP or BNP concentration in a sample taken about, or between, any of the following: 0.5 days, 1.0 day, 1.5 days, 2.0 days, 2.5 days, 3.0 days, 3.5 days, 4.0 days, 4.5 days, 5.0 days, 5.5 days, 6.0 days, 6.5 days or more after symptom onset or hospital admission.
  • Nt-proBNP or BNP concentrations are determined in a sample obtained from a patient about 3 days following symptom onset or hospital admission.
  • the method comprises determining troponin concentration in a sample taken about, or between, any of the following: 0.5 days, 1.0 day, 1.5 days, 2.0 days, 2.5 days, 3.0 days, 3.5 days, 4.0 days, 4.5 days, 5.0 days, 5.5 days, 6.0 days, 6.5 days, 7.0 days, 7.5 days, 8.0 days, 8.5 days, 9.0 days, 9.5 days, 10.0 days, 10.5 days, 11 days, 11.5 days, 12 days or more after symptom onset or hospital admission.
  • the troponin is high sensitive-troponin T (hs-TnT).
  • the concentration of MIF, Nt-proBNP or BNP, and troponin are determined in the same sample.
  • Nt-proBNP or BNP, troponin and MIF may be determined from different samples.
  • the present invention provides a method of providing a prognosis of a subject following a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) comprising determining the concentration of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-proBNP) or a fragment thereof in a sample from the subject, and prognosing ACS when the subject MIF and Nt-proBNP concentration is greater than a reference MIF and Nt-proBNP concentration.
  • MIF macrophage migration inhibitory factor
  • Nt-proBNP N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide
  • the method comprises determining whether the concentration of MIF falls within the concentration range of between about 40 ng/ml to 70 ng/ml, less than about 40 ng/ml or more than about 70 ng/ml.
  • a MIF concentration of more than about 70 ng/ml is associated with the worst prognosis.
  • the reference concentration may be 40 ng/ml, 70 ng/ml or any one of the concentrations described in Table 2.
  • the method comprises determining whether the concentration of hs-TnT falls within the range of about 2.5 ng/ml to about 4.5 ng/ml, equal to or less than about 2.5 ng/ml, or equal to or more than about 4.5 ng/ml.
  • a hs-TnT concentration of equal to or more than about 4.5 ng/ml is associated with the worst prognosis.
  • the reference concentration may be 2.5 ng/ml, 4.5 ng/ml or any one of the concentrations described in Table 2.
  • the method comprises determining whether the concentrations of Nt-proBNP fall within the range of between about 700 pg/ml to about 1200 pg/ml, equal to or less than about 700 pg/ml, or equal to or more than about 1200 pg/ml.
  • a concentration of Nt-proBNP more than about 1200 pg/ml is associated with the worst prognosis.
  • the reference concentration may be 700 pg/ml, 1200 pg/ml or any one of the concentrations described in Table 2.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in a subject, the method comprising:
  • MIF macrophage migration inhibitory factor
  • Nt-proBNP N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide
  • PCI percutaneous coronary intervention
  • the method further comprises means for determining the concentration of troponin.
  • the concentration of MIF, Nt-proBNP and/or troponin are determined from plasma.
  • the present invention provides a device comprising means for determining concentration of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) or N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-proBNP), in a sample from a subject, for use in any method described herein.
  • MIF macrophage migration inhibitory factor
  • BNP B-type natriuretic peptide
  • Nt-proBNP N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide
  • the device further comprises means for determining the concentration of troponin.
  • the device is a point of care device.
  • the concentration of MIF, Nt-proBNP and/or troponin are determined from plasma.
  • concentration of MIF, Nt-proBNP and/or troponin may be determined by immunoassay.
  • kits comprising a reagent for measuring macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-proBNP) concentration in a sample from a subject, and/or comprising the device defined above.
  • MIF macrophage migration inhibitory factor
  • Nt-proBNP N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide
  • the kit is for use in any method described herein.
  • kits comprising a reagent for measuring macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentration in a sample from a subject, and/or comprising the device defined above.
  • MIF macrophage migration inhibitory factor
  • BNP brain natriuretic peptide
  • the kit is for use in any method described herein.
  • the kit further comprises means for determining the concentration of troponin.
  • the troponin is high sensitive-troponin T (hs-TnT).
  • the concentrations of MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) and/or troponin are determined from plasma.
  • the reagent may comprise an anti-MIF antibody, an anti-Nt-proBNP (or BNP) antibody and/or and anti-troponin antibody.
  • a cardiac biomarker panel comprising plasma MIF and Nt-proBNP (or BNP) in a sample from a subject, wherein plasma MIF and Nt-proBNP (or BNP) concentration greater than a reference plasma MIF and Nt-proBNP (or BNP) concentration is prognostic of the magnitude of ACS in the subject.
  • the cardiac biomarker panel may further comprise plasma troponin in a sample from a subject.
  • CAG coronary angiography
  • PPCI primary percutaneous coronary intervention
  • hs-TnT high sensitive troponin T
  • CK-MB creatine kinase MB
  • Nt-proBNP N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide
  • CRP C-reactive protein.
  • FIG. 2 Admission MIF correlated with 3-day/12-month LVEF and improvement.
  • A-B Admission MIF was negatively correlated with LVEF by echocardiography performed on day-3 and 12 months (F12) post STEMI.
  • C MIF level was also divided into 3 groups according to tertiles. After calculating differences of LVEF ( ⁇ LVEF) of the two time-points, patients with high tertile MIF showed lack of spontaneous improvement of LVEF relative to other two groups (P ⁇ 0.001).
  • FIG. 3 All-cause death, cardiovascular death, HF re-hospitalisation and MACE according to tertiles of admission MIF concentrations.
  • FIG. 4 Risk stratification of MACE In STEMI patients according to tertiles of plasma MIF and NT-proBNP concentrations. Combination of admission MIF and Nt-proBNP (day-3) identified sub-groups of patients with increased risk of MACE during the follow-up period. Patients were separately divided into tertile groups based on MIF and Nt-proBNP levels. The risk of MACE significantly increased in patients with both biomarkers in high tertile compared with patients with both biomarkers in the low tertile (*P ⁇ 0.001).
  • FIG. 5 All-cause mortality and MACE in patients according to whether MIF, Nt-proBNP and/or hs-TnT in high tertiles.
  • P-values in inserts indicate difference versus Nt-proBNP ( ⁇ ) MIF ( ⁇ ) group.
  • the reference groups ( ⁇ / ⁇ or ⁇ / ⁇ / ⁇ ) refer to those cases, for the respective biomarker, that are not in the top tertile.
  • FIG. 6 Frequency distributions of MIF in STEMI patients, healthy subjects and non-Ischemia chest pain patients.
  • Non-ischemia chest pain patients were patients presenting chest pain to emergency department finally without evidence of cardiac ischemia, infection, malignancy by following up through medical records or direct telephone contact with patients.
  • AMI myocardial infarction
  • LV left ventricular
  • PPCI Primary percutaneous coronary intervention
  • ST-elevation MI ST-elevation MI
  • the inventors have surprisingly found that the determination of plasma concentration of MIF alone, or concentration of MIF and Nt-proBNP that are greater than normal (i.e. greater than a reference concentration) can prognose ACS, particularly STEMI, and can prognose survival and non-fatal cardiac events.
  • the inventors have also advantageously found that the plasma concentrations of admission MIF, Nt-proBNP and troponin concentrations that are greater than normal (i.e. greater than a reference concentration) can prognose ACS, particularly STEMI, or prognose survival and non-fatal cardiac events.
  • Most subjects diagnosed with ACS such as AMI are treated by PPCI.
  • the inventors propose that the determination of plasma concentration of admission MIF alone; MIF and Nt-proBNP; or MIF, Nt-proBNP and troponin that are greater than normal (i.e. greater than a reference concentration) can establish whether or not a given subject should be transferred to a hospital with PCI facilities.
  • the inventors have found that the above defined combinations have prognostic impact, and accordingly early accurate prediction of MI size in patients with AMI is advantageous, particularly in complex patients, or where local health-care resources are limited.
  • the inventors unexpectedly found that the above defined plasma biomarkers are prognostic for survival or non-fatal cardiac events.
  • the inventors herein show that the measurement of MIF alone at certain concentrations; concentrations of MIF and Nt-proBNP; or MIF, Nt-proBNP and troponin is an accurate approach to aid prognosis of ACS. Concentrations of MIF and Nt-proBNP; or MIF, Nt-proBNP and troponin are more indicative of prognostic outcome when compared to MIF measurement alone.
  • the inventors validated their findings and in certain aspects provide at least the following advantages:
  • higher plasma concentrations of MIF and Nt-proBNP; or plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP and troponin can act as independent indicators of adverse outcomes of ACS.
  • This approach may facilitate the identification of a high risk group that are likely to be associated with a poor prognosis following ACS.
  • Those with higher levels of either plasma MIF and Nt-proBNP; or MIF, Nt-proBNP and troponin can be identified as having a poor prognosis following ACS. Elevated plasma concentrations of MIF and Nt-proBNP; or MIF, Nt-proBNP and troponin therefore have implications for prognosis and patient management.
  • the current invention provides the clinician or physician caring for a subject with information about the likelihood of non-fatal cardiac events and survival.
  • the clinician or physician can do, amongst other things, (i) enroll the patient in clinical trials for new therapies for ACS, (ii) treat the subject with alternative therapies, such as those which target the biomarkers, (iii) discuss the likely treatment and outcome scenarios with the subject, (iv) provide more regular or extensive post-treatment surveillance for a subject identified as having a low likelihood of survival and/or high likelihood of non-fatal cardiac event, and/or (v) proceed to treat a subject identified as high risk with added confidence the treatment is likely to provide benefit to the subject.
  • the method may comprise a further treatment step such as PCI and/or thrombinolysis.
  • Thrombinolysis and PCI can be critical in reducing morbidity and mortality in STEMI.
  • Early knowledge of prognosis during the decision-making process about patient management provides numerous advantages. Firstly, clinicians assessing patients in whom the diagnosis of STEMI is not obvious or stuttering may benefit from the knowledge that an elevated biomarker is predictive of patient prognosis, which would facilitate the decision-making process about the timeliness of treatment, reperfusion, as well as post reperfusion supportive cardiac care required in coronary care unit or intensive care.
  • MIF is useful in the clinical setting, especially in the emergency room setting as valuable prognostic indicators.
  • MIF and Nt-proBNP will therefore be highly valuable in the ongoing management, including the use of adjunctive therapy, and of patients post PPCI, as it provides further prognostic information on MI size, in addition to the advantages outlined above.
  • the magnitude of plasma MIF concentration may vary depending on the characteristics of the assay used to measure MIF (e.g. different antibodies). Nevertheless, the person skilled in the art will also appreciate that, provided the appropriate control samples are analysed, the appropriate reference plasma MIF concentration can be determined.
  • a plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentration is greater than a reference plasma MIF concentration when it exceeds the reference plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentration by 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% or more.
  • a plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentration that exceeds the reference plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentration by 50% is equivalent to a 1.5-fold greater plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentration
  • a plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentration that exceeds the reference plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentration by 100% is equivalent to a 2-fold greater plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentration, and so on.
  • a plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentration is greater than a reference plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentration when it is 2-fold, 2.5-fold, 3-fold, 3.5-fold, 4-fold, 4.5-fold, 5-fold, 5.5-fold, 6-fold, 6.5-fold, 7-fold, 7.5-fold, 8-fold, 8.5-fold, 9-fold, 9.5-fold, 10-fold or more than the reference plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentration.
  • a plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentration is greater than a reference plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentration when it exceeds the reference plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentration and the difference is statistically significant as determined by methods known to the person skilled in the art.
  • concentrations of about 40 ng/ml to 70 ng/ml MIF are associated with a moderate severity prognosis, concentrations higher than about 70 ng/ml MIF are associated with the worst prognosis, whilst concentrations less than about 40 ng/ml MIF are associated with the best prognosis.
  • a subject with a MIF level greater than about 70 ng/ml is indicative of a prognosis of a 5 year MACE rate of about 35% and death rate of about 20%.
  • concentrations of troponin of about 2.5 ng/ml to about 4.5 ng/ml are associated with a moderate severity prognosis, concentrations higher than about 4.5 ng/ml are associated with the worst prognosis, whilst concentrations less than about 2.5 ng/ml are associated with better prognosis; with the best prognosis in combination with levels of MIF less than 40 ng/ml or levels of Nt-proBNP (or BNP) less than 700 pg/ml.
  • a subject with a troponin level greater than about 4.5 ng/ml in combination with MIF greater than about 70 ng/ml and BNP greater than about 1200 pg/ml is indicative of a 5 year MACE prognosis rate of about 50% and death prognosis rate of about 25%.
  • a subject with a MIF level greater than about 70 ng/ml and Nt-proBNP (or BNP) greater than about 1200 pg/ml is indicative of a 5 year MACE prognosis rate of about 50% and death prognosis rate of about 25%.
  • Nt-proBNP or BNP
  • concentrations of Nt-proBNP (or BNP) of about 700 pg/ml to about 1200 pg/ml are associated with a moderate severity prognosis
  • concentrations higher than about 1200 pg/ml are associated with the worst prognosis
  • concentrations less than about 700 pg/ml are associated with better prognosis; with the best prognosis in combination with levels of MIF less than 40 ng/ml or levels of troponin less than 2.5 ng/ml.
  • MIF is an important early indicator of the prognosis of cardiovascular or acute myocardial ischaemic events, as shown herein, it is the combination of MIF and Nt-proBNP (or BNP); or MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) and troponin that is the most clinically relevant measurement of prognosis of ACS, when compared to the individual components alone.
  • present invention relates to a method for prognosing ACS, and a method for treating ACS by determining concentrations of MIF and Nt-proBNP (or BNP); or MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) and troponin.
  • a “method” for prognosing or treating ACS in a subject comprising determining plasma MIF and Nt-proBNP (or BNP); or MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) and troponin concentration may be presented in an alternative form.
  • the method may be in the form of “use” of plasma MIF concentration for diagnosing, prognosing or treating ACS in a subject.
  • the method may be in the form of plasma MIF concentration “for use” in prognosing or treating ACS in a subject.
  • the method may be in the Swiss form “use of plasma MIF concentration in the manufacture” of a prognostic agent or a medicament.
  • the method of prognosis of ACS in a subject is performed in vitro on a plasma (or serum or blood) sample.
  • any method of the invention may be an in vitro method.
  • the methods of the invention do not comprise a step of taking a sample from the subject.
  • the method may further comprise treating the subject by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and/or thrombolysis.
  • PCI percutaneous coronary intervention
  • PCI Primary PCI
  • PCI Involves the placement in the femoral, radial (or occasionally) brachial artery of a catheter with a lumen which is then introduced, under X ray imaging, into the coronary artery containing the stenosis/thrombosis responsible for the STEMI.
  • the narrowing is then expanded with a fluid filled balloon.
  • a stent a cylindrical metal scaffold
  • the stent may or may not be impregnated with a drug to prevent recurrence of narrowing (this depends on clinical circumstances and angiographic findings). If primary PCI cannot be performed then the STEMI patient is usually treated with a fibrinolytic agent to dissolve the clot present at the culprit site. The fibrinolytic agent is delivered by peripheral venous cannulation. In some cases there are residual symptoms or physical signs persisting (or recurring) despite fibrinolytic treatment and in these cases the patient may undergo subsequent “rescue” PCI.
  • Treatment may further comprise administration of an anti-thrombotic, anti-platelet drug, for example, a glycoprotein IIB/IIIA inhibitor (e.g. abciximab, eptifibatide, or tirofiban), or an adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor inhibitor (e.g. clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor, or ticlopidine).
  • a glycoprotein IIB/IIIA inhibitor e.g. abciximab, eptifibatide, or tirofiban
  • ADP adenosine diphosphate
  • the sample from which MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) and troponin is measured is plasma.
  • Plasma may be obtained by anti-coagulating blood with EDTA, sodium heparin, lithium heparin, sodium citrate or sodium oxalate.
  • the sample in which MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) and troponin is measured from is serum or blood.
  • the sample may be whole blood.
  • Acute coronary syndrome or “ACS” refers to a spectrum of conditions involving chest discomfort or other symptoms caused by lack of oxygen to the heart. The symptom is consequent upon erosion, fissuring or rupture of a pre-existing atherosclerotic plaque, and occurs spontaneously. In the absence of evidence of myocardial necrosis, unstable angina is diagnosed, but in the presence of evidence of myocardial necrosis (e.g. a plasma biomarker), AMI is diagnosed. Thus, ACS may comprise unstable angina or AMI. “ACS” does not include stable angina.
  • AMI acute myocardial infarction
  • ischaemia restriction in blood supply
  • necrosis cell death
  • myocardial necrosis refers to the death of heart cells.
  • AMI may be divided into ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), diagnosed by elevation of the ST segment of the electrocardiogram, and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (non-STEMI), diagnosed by absence of such electrocardiographic changes.
  • STEMI may be treated with thrombolysis or PCI.
  • Non-STEMI may be managed with medication, although PCI is often performed during hospital admission.
  • MACE Major adverse cardiac events
  • MACE refers to cardiac death and other non-fatal cardiovascular outcomes.
  • Non-exhaustive examples of MACE include myocardial infarction, unstable angina, heart failure, percutaneous cardiac intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting, malignant dysrhythmia, cardiac shock, implantable cardiac defibrillator, and malignant dysrhythmia.
  • HF-rehospitalisation free survival refers to the prognosis of those patients not readmitted to hospital due to heart failure, following diagnosis of ACS.
  • re-hospitalisation for HF can be defined as a hospital readmission for which HF was the primary reason.
  • all-cause mortality free survival refers to prognosis of those patients who have not died from any underlying condition.
  • cardiac death free survival refers to prognosis of those patients who have not died from any cardiac related condition.
  • prognosis may be indicative of survival or non-fatal cardiac events 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 28, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80 or more, months following diagnosis of ACS.
  • a “coronary event” refers to any severe or acute cardiovascular condition including AMI, unstable angina, or cardiac mortality.
  • LBV Left ventricular hypertrophy
  • LVEV Left ventricular end-diastolic volume
  • LVESV Left ventricular end-systolic volume
  • “Stroke volume” is defined as the difference between LVEDV and LVESV and refers to the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction (heartbeat).
  • LVEF Left ventricular ejection fraction
  • stroke volume the fraction of the LVEDV that is ejected with each contraction (heartbeat); that is, “stroke volume” divided by LVEDV.
  • LVEF may be expressed as a percentage.
  • infarct size is measured by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), integrated biomarker levels or echocardiography and is defined as the area of hyperenhanced myocardium (bounded by manually traced endocardial and epicardial contours) on each short axis slice multiplied by the slice thickness and the myocardial density of 1.05 g/ml to obtain the infarct mass, and expressed as a percentage of left ventricular mass.
  • CMR cardiac magnetic resonance
  • integrated biomarker levels or echocardiography is defined as the area of hyperenhanced myocardium (bounded by manually traced endocardial and epicardial contours) on each short axis slice multiplied by the slice thickness and the myocardial density of 1.05 g/ml to obtain the infarct mass, and expressed as a percentage of left ventricular mass.
  • left ventricular mass indexed refers to the left ventricular mass in g divided by the square of the height in m of a subject, and is expressed in units g/m 2 .
  • biomarker refers to a measurable substance, detection of which typically indicates a particular cardiac disease.
  • a “biomarker” may indicate a change in expression or state of the measurable substance that correlates with the prognosis of a disease.
  • a “biomarker” may be a protein or peptide.
  • a “biomarker” may be measured in a bodily fluid such as plasma, blood or serum.
  • biomarkers include plasma macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and troponin, and may further include myoglobin, C reactive protein or creatine kinase (CK).
  • MIF plasma macrophage migration inhibitory factor
  • BNP B-type natriuretic peptide
  • troponin troponin
  • myoglobin C reactive protein or creatine kinase
  • MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) and troponin are full length. In another embodiment, MIF, BNP and troponin comprise a fragment thereof. Preferably, the MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) and troponin are human.
  • Troponin may be troponin I, including cardiac troponin I (cTnI), troponin T or high sensitivity troponin T (hs-TnT).
  • cTnI cardiac troponin I
  • hs-TnT high sensitivity troponin T
  • hs-TnT is a form of troponin that allows for very low concentrations of troponin to be measured accurately and early following ACS.
  • MIF is human MIF for clinical prognosis and comprises the amino acid sequence provided as NCBI Reference Sequence: NP 002406.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1):
  • MIF may be from another mammal, for example primate, murine, bovine, ovine, equine, porcine, canine or feline, for veterinarian prognosis.
  • prognosis and related terms refer to the description of the likely outcome of ACS. This may include risk of MACE, MACE-free survival, HF-rehospitalisation free survival, all-cause mortality free survival and cardiac death free survival. Prognosis may also include prediction of favorable responses to ACS treatments, such as thrombolysis. As measurement of plasma biomarker concentration correlates with the magnitude of AMI (e.g. quantification of infarct size), plasma concentration of the biomarkers defined above enables assessment of the likely morbidity and mortality arising from the infarct (prognosis). As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the prediction may need not be correct for 100% of the subjects evaluated. The term, however, requires that a statistically significant portion of subjects can be identified as having an increased probability of having a given outcome.
  • AMI e.g. quantification of infarct size
  • measurement of plasma MIF, BNP and/or troponin concentration may quantify the ACS, thereby enabling prognosis of the ACS.
  • onset of symptoms or “symptom onset” is the time at which a subject begins to experience a departure from normal physiology.
  • “admission” refers to the formal acceptance by a hospital or other health care facility of a subject who is to be provided with medical treatment.
  • “admission” will be associated with an accurate time at which the subject is accepted for medical treatment.
  • admission plasma MIF concentration refers to the MIF concentration measured in plasma derived from a blood sample obtained as soon as practicable after admission, but typically less than 4 hours after symptom onset.
  • admission plasma MIF concentration may refer to the MIF concentration measured in plasma derived from a blood sample obtained 210 minutes, 180 minutes, 150 minutes, 120 minutes, 110 minutes, 100 minutes, 90 minutes, 80 minutes, 70 minutes, 60 minutes, 50 minutes, 40 minutes, 30 minutes, 20 minutes, 10 minutes or 5 minutes or less after symptom onset.
  • admission plasma MIF concentration is understood to mean less than 240 minutes, or 210 minutes, 180 minutes, 150 minutes, 120 minutes, 110 minutes, 100 minutes, 90 minutes, 80 minutes, 70 minutes, 60 minutes, 50 minutes, 40 minutes, 30 minutes, 20 minutes, 10 minutes or 5 minutes or less after symptom onset.
  • plasma Nt-proBNP (or BNP) concentration refers to the Nt-proBNP (or BNP) concentration measured in plasma derived from a blood sample obtained from a patient following symptom onset or hospital admission.
  • the sample may be plasma derived from a blood sample obtained less than about, or between, any of the following: about 0.5 days, 1.0 day, 1.5 days, 2.0 days, 2.5 days, 3.0 days, 3.5 days, 4.0 days, 4.5 days, 5.0 days, 5.5 days, 6.0 days, 6.5 days or more after symptom onset.
  • Nt-proBNP (or BNP) concentrations are determined in plasma derived from a blood sample obtained from a patient 3 days following symptom onset or hospital admission.
  • plasma troponin concentration refers to the troponin measured in plasma derived from a blood sample obtained from a patient following symptom onset or hospital admission.
  • the sample may be plasma derived from a blood sample obtained less than about, or between, any of the following: about 0.5 days, 1.0 day, 1.5 days, 2.0 days, 2.5 days, 3.0 days, 3.5 days, 4.0 days, 4.5 days, 5.0 days, 5.5 days, 6.0 days, 6.5 days, 7.0 days, 7.5 days, 8.0 days, 8.5 days, 9.0 days, 9.5 days, 10.0 days, 10.5 days, 11 days, 11.5 days, 12 days or more after symptom onset or hospital admission.
  • the time at which a sample may be taken from a subject is applicable to all aspects of the invention.
  • “means for measuring” plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin refers to any mechanism by which MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin can be determined (assayed or quantified).
  • plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin may be determined in a sample using any method known to those skilled in the art for detecting proteins including, but not limited to, for example immunoassays such as, for example ELISA, enzyme immunoassay (EIA), Western blot, slot blot, dot blot, or immunoprecipitation followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, (SDS-PAGE), chromatography and the like.
  • Dendrimer-enhanced radial partition immunoassays and immunofluorescence assays for example, are known in the art and are commercially available.
  • Troponin may also be measured using a highly sensitive troponin assay.
  • test refers to measurement or quantification of the concentration of plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin or other biomarkers herein defined.
  • One exemplary agent for detecting a protein of interest is an antibody, or fragment thereof, capable of specifically binding to plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin.
  • the antibody may detectably labelled, either directly or indirectly.
  • Anti-MIF antibodies are commercially available from suppliers such as Abcam and include: chicken polyclonal anti-MIF antibody (ab34644); goat polyclonal anti-MIF antibody (ab36146, ab14574); rabbit polyclonal anti-MIF (C-terminus) antibody (ab65869); rabbit polyclonal anti-MIF antibody (ab86670); mouse monoclonal anti-MIF antibody (ab55445); and mouse anti-MIF monoclonal antibody [2Ar3] (ab14575).
  • Troponin and anti-hsTnT antibodies are commercially available from suppliers such as Roche. Approaches to measure hs-TnT include fragment antigen binding of two hs-TnT specific monoclonal antibodies, detectable in a sandwich format. Antibodies recognise epitopes corresponding to amino acids 125-131 and 135-147 of hs-TnT. Detection can be performed by chemiluminesence using Tris (bipyridol)-ruthenium (II).
  • Anti-Nt-proBNP (or BNP) and Nt-proBNP antibodies are available from commercial suppliers. Polyclonal antibodies bind to epitopes on residues 1-21 and 29-50 and expression can be detected through routine means in the art including labelling with biotin followed by ruthenium. The complex binds nTproBNP which is detected through streptavidin labelled microparticles.
  • Immunoassays for plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin may comprise incubating a sample with a detectably labelled antibody, or antibody fragment, capable of specifically binding plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin, and detecting the bound antibody by any of a number of techniques well-known in the art.
  • the term “labelled” can refer to direct labelling of the antibody via, e.g., coupling (i.e., physically linking) a detectable substance to the antibody, and can also refer to indirect labelling of the antibody by reactivity with another reagent that is directly labelled.
  • An example of indirect labelling includes detection of a primary antibody using a fluorescently labelled secondary antibody.
  • the sample can be brought in contact with and immobilised on a solid support or carrier, or other solid support, which is capable of immobilising soluble proteins.
  • the support can then be washed with suitable buffers followed by treatment with the detectably labelled antibody.
  • the solid support can then be washed with the buffer a second time to remove unbound antibody.
  • the amount of bound label on solid support can then be detected by conventional methods.
  • solid support or carrier is intended to be any support capable of binding an antigen or an antibody.
  • supports or carriers include nitrocellulose, glass, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, dextran, nylon, amylases, natural and modified celluloses, polyacrylamides and magnetite.
  • the nature of the solid support or carrier can be either soluble to some extent or insoluble.
  • the solid support can have virtually any possible structural configuration so long as the coupled molecule is capable of binding to an antigen or antibody.
  • the support configuration can be spherical, as in a bead, or cylindrical, as in the inside surface of a test tube, or the external surface of a rod.
  • the surface can be flat such as a sheet, test strip, etc.
  • an antibody specific for plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin can be detectably labelled is by linking the antibody to an enzyme for use in an enzyme immunoassay.
  • the enzyme bound to the antibody will react with an appropriate substrate, preferably a chromogenic substrate, in such a manner as to produce a chemical moiety which can be detected, for example, by spectrophotometric, fluorimetric or by visual means.
  • Enzymes that can be used to detectably label the antibody include, but are not limited to, malate dehydrogenase, staphylococcal nuclease, delta-5-steroid isomerase, yeast alcohol dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, asparaginase, glucose oxidase, beta-galactosidase, ribonuclease, urease, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucoamylase and acetylcholinesterase.
  • the detection and measurement can be accomplished by colorimetric methods which employ a chromogenic substrate for the enzyme. Detection and measurement can also be accomplished by visual comparison of the extent of enzymatic reaction of a substrate in comparison with similarly prepared standards.
  • Detection and measurement can also be accomplished using any of a variety of other immunoassays.
  • a radioimmunoassay RIA
  • the radioactive isotope e.g., 125 I, 131 I, 35 S, 32 P or 3 H
  • a gamma counter or a scintillation counter or by autoradiography.
  • fluorescent labelling compounds are fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, o-phthaldehyde and fluorescamine.
  • the antibody can also be detectably labelled using fluorescence emitting metals such as 152 Eu, or others of the lanthanide series. These metals can be attached to the antibody using such metal chelating groups as diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (DTPA) or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Fluorescence energy transfer compounds may also be employed.
  • fluorescence emitting metals such as 152 Eu, or others of the lanthanide series. These metals can be attached to the antibody using such metal chelating groups as diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (DTPA) or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Fluorescence energy transfer compounds may also be employed.
  • DTPA diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid
  • EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
  • the antibody also can be detectably labelled by coupling it to a chemiluminescent compound.
  • the presence of the chemiluminescent-tagged antibody is then determined by detecting the presence of luminescence that arises during the course of a chemical reaction.
  • chemiluminescent labelling compounds are luminol, isoluminol, theromatic acridinium ester, imidazole, acridinium salt and oxalate ester.
  • a bioluminescent compound can be used to label the antibody. Bioluminescence is a type of chemiluminescence found in biological systems in, which a catalytic protein increases the efficiency of the chemiluminescent reaction.
  • the presence of a bioluminescent protein is determined by detecting the presence of luminescence.
  • Important bioluminescent compounds for purposes of labelling are luciferin, luciferase and aequorin.
  • specific binding molecules other than antibodies such as aptamers, may be used to bind plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin.
  • Spectrometry may be used to measure dye-based assays, including visible dyes, and fluorescent or luminescent agents.
  • a protein chip assay may be used to measure plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin.
  • Plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin can also be measured or assayed using of one or more of the following methods.
  • methods may include nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, a mass spectrometry method, such as electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), ESI-MS/MS, ESI-MS/(MS)n (n is an integer greater than zero), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS), desorption/ionization on silicon (DIOS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)3 quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS), APCI-MS/MS, APCI-(
  • mass spectrometry methods may include quadrupole, Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) and ion trap.
  • suitable methods may include chemical extraction partitioning, column chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic (reverse phase) liquid chromatography, isoelectric focusing, one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) or other chromatography, such as thin-layer, gas or liquid chromatography, or any combination thereof.
  • LDI-TOF-MS allows the generation of large amounts of information in a relatively short period of time.
  • a biological sample is applied to one of several varieties of a support that binds MIF, BNP or troponin in the sample. Samples are applied directly to these surfaces in volumes as small as 0.5 ⁇ L, with or without prior purification or fractionation. The sample can be concentrated or diluted prior to application onto the support surface. Laser desorption/ionization is then used to generate mass spectra of the sample in as little as three hours.
  • a bead assay may also be used to measure plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin concentrations.
  • device refers to a physical arrangement of components for performing an assay for measuring plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin.
  • the device may be a point-of-care device used by a medical practitioner to measure plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin without the need for laboratory measurement.
  • a point-of-care device may be used domestically, for example in a subject at risk of a first or subsequent coronary event.
  • the device may be in a laboratory located separately to the subject in whom plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin is to be measured.
  • the device may employ an electrochemical cell.
  • Electrochemical cells may use electrodes positioned within the cell in a side-by-side or “coplanar” layout to minimize the electrical interference between the electrodes.
  • electrochemical cells may use non coplanar electrodes that exploit the electrical interference between the electrodes to yield additional information about the sample including information that can correct for patient to patient variations in hematocrit and interfering chemical substances that may be present in a sample.
  • the device may provide a qualitative output (e.g. yes/no, presence/absence/, high/low), a numerical or quantified output (e.g. concentration), or an output for visual inspection (e.g. a colour for comparison with a reference scale).
  • a qualitative output e.g. yes/no, presence/absence/, high/low
  • a numerical or quantified output e.g. concentration
  • an output for visual inspection e.g. a colour for comparison with a reference scale
  • kit refers to a physical arrangement of components, one of which may be the device for measuring plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) and/or troponin.
  • the kit may include a reagent such as an anti-MIF, anti-Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or anti-troponin immunogenic moiety, a secondary detection agent for detecting the immunogenic moiety, or a reagent for sample preparation and/or processing, for example a buffer.
  • the kit may include means, such as reagents, to perform a highly sensitive assay, such as for the detection of hs-TnT.
  • the device or kit may be accompanied by instructions or directions for use of the device or kit in any method described herein.
  • a device or kit may be in alternative forms.
  • One form designates either suitability for or restriction to a specific use and is indicated by the word “for”.
  • Another form is restricted to a specific use only and is indicated by the words “when used for” or similar.
  • plasma MIF, Nt-proBNP (or BNP) or troponin is measured using the device disclosed herein.
  • the Kaplan-Meier method estimates the survival function from life-time data. In medical research, it can be used to measure the fraction of patients living for a certain amount of time after treatment.
  • a plot of the Kaplan-Meier method of the survival function is a series of horizontal steps of declining magnitude which, when a large enough sample is taken, approaches the true survival function for that population. The value of the survival function between successive distinct sampled observations (“clicks”) is assumed to be constant.
  • Kaplan-Meier curve An important advantage of the Kaplan-Meier curve is that the method can take into account “censored” data-losses from the sample before the final outcome is observed (for instance, if a patient withdraws from a study). On the plot, small vertical tick-marks indicate losses, where patient data has been censored. When no truncation or censoring occurs, the Kaplan-Meier curve is equivalent to the empirical distribution.
  • the log-rank test (also known as the Mantel-Cox test) is a hypothesis test to compare the survival distributions of two groups of patients. It is a nonparametric test and appropriate to use when the data are right censored. It is widely used in clinical trials to establish the efficacy of new drugs compared to a control group when the measurement is the time to event.
  • the log-rank test statistic compares estimates of the hazard functions of the two groups at each observed event time. It is constructed by computing the observed and expected number of events in one of the groups at each observed event time and then adding these to obtain an overall summary across all time points where there is an event.
  • the log-rank statistic can be derived as the score test for the Cox proportional hazards model comparing two groups. It is therefore asymptotically equivalent to the likelihood ratio test statistic based from that model.
  • the inventors consecutively recruited during June 2010 to April 2015 patients with STEMI who received treatment with PCI at the Department of Cardiology, Third Hospital of Peking University. Inclusion criteria were: (1) presentation with STEMI (typical symptoms for >30 minutes and ⁇ 12 hours plus persistent ST-segment elevation of >2 mV in at least two contiguous precordial ECG-leads or al mV in at least two contiguous limb ECG-leads or a newly developed left bundle branch Block); (2) with invasive treatment by PCI; (3) availability of MIF measurements from blood samples on admission.
  • STEMI typically symptoms for >30 minutes and ⁇ 12 hours plus persistent ST-segment elevation of >2 mV in at least two contiguous precordial ECG-leads or al mV in at least two contiguous limb ECG-leads or a newly developed left bundle branch Block
  • Hypertension was diagnosed in the presence of active treatment with antihypertensive agents or otherwise as a systolic blood pressure of 2140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure of 290 mmHg on at least 2 separate occasions.
  • Hypercholesterolemia was diagnosed in the presence of active treatment with lipid-lowering drugs or value of total cholesterol ⁇ 6.22 mmol/L or low density lipoprotein cholesterol ⁇ 4.14 mmol/L. Current smokers were defined as those currently smoking any tobacco.
  • Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was confirmed by the active treatment with antidiabetic medicine or with a fasting plasma glucose level ⁇ 7 mmol/L or a nonfasting level of ⁇ 11.1 mmol/L.
  • Patients were prospectively classified according to maximum Killip class by 3 clinicians on admission and during hospitalisation. This prospective cohort study was approved by the Human Ethics Committee, Peking University Health Science Centre and performed in accordance with the requirements of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.
  • Enoxaparin Sodium 100 U/kg/q12 h for 3 days
  • other secondary preventions as aspirin (100 mg/day), clopidogrel (75 mg/day for 12 months), cholesterol-lowering treatment (statins), ⁇ -receptor antagonists and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blocker (ACEI/ARB). All patients received standard and individualized medical treatment and management at the discretion of an attending cardiologist.
  • the short-term endpoint of our study was incomplete ST-segment resolution post primary PCI as a surrogate of inefficient myocardial reperfusion.
  • Long-term following up was accomplished by reviewing the hospital records, contacting patients or their relatives by telephone individually.
  • Information was collected on occurrence of death due to cardiovascular causes (CVD), major adverse cardiac events (MACE) consisting of all-cause mortality, recurrent MI, and re-hospitalisation for heart failure (HF).
  • MACE major adverse cardiac events
  • HF re-hospitalisation for heart failure
  • the long-term end points were all-cause mortality and the composite endpoint of MACE.
  • Recurrent MI was defined as accordance with the universal definition proposed in 2012.
  • Re-hospitalisation for HF was defined as a hospital readmission due to HF as the primary reason.
  • Echocardiography was performed at day-3 and around 12 months of follow-up period after MI using Vivid 7 (Vingmed, GE, Horten, Norway) with a 3.3-MHz multiphase array probe. Standard echocardiographic views were acquired under supervision of experienced cardiologists. Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension and ejection fraction (LVEF) was obtained using the modified biplane Simpson method.
  • Venous blood samples were collected at admission and then every 6 hours for the first two days for assay of CK-MB and Hs-TnT. Peak concentrations were identified to estimate infarct size. Nt-proBNP and hs-CRP concentrations were determined on median day 3 post-MI, since their prognostic value at this time outperformed those of other timings during the acute phase.
  • Aorta was primarily analysed by identifying 3 tertiles of initial MIF measurement. Categorical variables were summarized as percentage and compared using chi-squared test to compare between tertile MIF groups. Continuous variables are presented as means ⁇ SD or median with interquartile range (IQR) and the association between tertile MIF with them were tested by one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test. The association between MIF level and other continuous variables (e.g. biomarkers, LVEF) was tested by Spearman's rank order correlation. Due to non-normal distribution, all biomarkers were logarithmically or log-2 transformed prior to entry into the statistical models. The primary endpoint (complete ST-segment resolution) was analyzed with a logistic regression model.
  • IQR interquartile range
  • Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, eGFR and log 2MIF
  • Model 2 adjusted for all factors in model 1 plus other characteristics as body BMI, haemoglobin, previous MI, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, current smoking, hypocholesteremia, symptom-admission time ⁇ 6 h, 3 vessel disease, Killip class>1, culprit lesion of left anterior descending (LAD), ST-segment resolution, thrombus aspiration, use of Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor during the PCI, TIMI reclassification pre- and post-PCI; Model 3, adjusted for all factors in Model 2 plus conventional biomarkers including hs-TnT peak, Nt-proBNP and hs-CRP; Model-4, adjusted for all factors
  • MIF tertile The characteristics of this patient cohort are summarized according to MIF tertile in Tables 1 and Table 2.
  • MIF levels were not associated with neither age, gender or eGFR, BMI, nor diastolic blood pressure or heart rate.
  • Other conditions of previous risk factors of coronary heart diseases and CAG results were similar in three groups (Table 1).
  • eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate.
  • LAD left anterior descending
  • IABP intra-aortic balloon pump
  • LDL low-density lipoprotein
  • LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction
  • LVEDD left ventricular end-diastolic diameter
  • PCI Percutaneous coronary intervention.
  • P-values were derived from Mann-Whitney U statistics, One-way ANOVA test, or Chi-squire test for comparison among MIF tertile groups.
  • NT-proBNP indicates N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide
  • LDL-c low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol
  • HDL-c high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol
  • CK-MB Creatine kinase MB fraction
  • CRP C-reactive protein
  • hs-TnT high sensitive-troponin T.
  • P-values were derived from Mann-Whitney U test or One-way ANOVA for comparison among MIF tertile groups.
  • admission MIF was an independent predictor for incomplete resolution of ST-segment elevation with OR 1.75 (95% CI 1.30-2.34; P ⁇ 0.001) per doubling in MIF concentration after adjustment of age, gender, eGFR, symptom to admission time ⁇ 6 h, infarct location, previous history of diabetes, current smoking and WBC levels at initial presentation.
  • MIF MIF-related to hs-TnT peak
  • CRP CRP
  • Nt-proBNP Nt-proBNP
  • MIF C statistics: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.66-0.76
  • hs-TnI C statistics: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.60-0.70, P ⁇ 0.05
  • hs-CRP C statistics: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.55-0.76, P ⁇ 0.001

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