US20200087622A1 - Methods for differentiating pluripotent stem cells in dynamic suspension culture - Google Patents

Methods for differentiating pluripotent stem cells in dynamic suspension culture Download PDF

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US20200087622A1
US20200087622A1 US16/576,627 US201916576627A US2020087622A1 US 20200087622 A1 US20200087622 A1 US 20200087622A1 US 201916576627 A US201916576627 A US 201916576627A US 2020087622 A1 US2020087622 A1 US 2020087622A1
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cells
inhibitor
aggregates
stem cells
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Rekha R. Nair
Stephanie Kayser
Abhirath S. Parikh
Uzma Shoukat-Mumtaz
Erik Michael Whiteley
Nathan C. Manley
Craig R. Halberstadt
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Lineage Cell Therapeutics Inc
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Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to the field of cell biology and neuroectoderm and glial lineage cells, such as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. More specifically, the disclosure relates to novel methods for differentiating pluripotent stem cells to neuroectoderm in dynamic suspension culture using small molecule or protein inhibitors of TGF ⁇ /Activin/Nodal signaling and BMP signaling. The present disclosure further provides novel methods for differentiating pluripotent stem cells such as human embryonic stem cells first to neuroectoderm, then further to glial progenitor cells, and further to oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. The present disclosure further relates to neuroectoderm cells, glial progenitor cells and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells produced by the methods according to the invention that express one or more markers.
  • Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells are a subtype of glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that mature into myelin-producing oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes produce the myelin sheath that insulates neuronal axons and remyelinate CNS lesions where the myelin sheath has been lost. Oligodendrocytes also contribute to neuroprotection through other mechanisms, including production of neurotrophic factors that promote neuronal survival (Wilkins A, Chandran S, Compston A. A role for oligodendrocyte-derived IGF-1 in trophic support of cortical neurons. 2001 Glia.
  • oligodendrocytes are an important therapeutic target for demyelinating and dysmyelinating disorders (such as multiple sclerosis, adrenoleukodystrophy and adrenomyeloneuropathy), other neurodegenerative disorders (such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease) and acute spinal cord injury (SCI).
  • demyelinating and dysmyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis, adrenoleukodystrophy and adrenomyeloneuropathy
  • other neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease
  • SCI acute spinal cord injury
  • OPCs are derived from neuroectoderm (also known as neural ectoderm or neural tube epithelium), which gives rise to neural progenitors that will generate the various neurons and glial cells that comprise the CNS.
  • ESCs embryonic stem cells
  • iPSCs induced pluripotent stem cells
  • EBs embryoid bodies
  • retinoic acid retinoic acid
  • Hepatocyte growth factor enhances the generation of high-purity oligodendrocytes from human embryonic stem cells. 2009 Differentiation. 78: 117-184). Both EB-based and adherent differentiation protocols require manual selection of the neural precursors to optimize yields and are not easily scalable, limiting their usefulness for making large quantities of therapy-grade cells. Additionally, small numbers of cell types outside of the neuroectoderm lineage are able to persist during the differentiation process and contribute to undesirable cell types in the final OPC population, including, for example, epithelial cells or chondrocyte progenitor cells (Manley N C, Priest C A, Denham J, Wirth E D 3rd, Lebkowski J S.
  • TGF ⁇ transforming growth factor beta
  • BMP bone morphogenetic protein
  • adherent monolayer culture is its limited scalability and yield compared to three-dimensional (3D) culture methods.
  • 3D culture environments mimic the natural cellular microenvironment; it is thought that cells gown using a 3D cell culture technique more closely resemble natural tissues and organs than cells grown in (2D) adherent monolayers.
  • adherent monolayer culture relies on the use of undefined ingredients and animal-derived components, such as Matrigel® and knockout serum replacement (KSR).
  • EB-based dual SMAD inhibition is not easily scalable for the production of large quantities of targeted cells and results in greater degree of variability in the obtained cells, in part because the static culture of the EBs results in different size aggregates being formed and requires frequent trituration throughout the process (Crompton L A, Byrne M L, Taylor H, Kerrigan T L, Bru-Mercier G, Badger J L, Barbuti P A, Jo J, Tyler S J, Allen S J, Kunath T, Cho K, Caldwell M A. Stepwise, non-adherent differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to generate basal forebrain cholinergic neurons via hedgehog signaling. 2013 Stem Cell Res. 11(3):1206-21).
  • the present disclosure provides, inter alia, robust, reliable protocols for differentiating human pluripotent stem cells such as ESCs and iPSCs into neuroectoderm and glial cells in dynamic suspension culture that can be performed in bioreactors and adapted to large scale culture. Also provided are protocols for differentiating human pluripotent stem cells to OPCs by inducing differentiation to neuroectoderm and further to glial cells in dynamic suspension culture, and subsequently differentiating the glial cells into OPCs.
  • the present disclosure is based, in part, on the discovery that the starting material pluripotent stem cells can be aggregated in dynamic suspension into non-EB aggregates wherein the pluripotent stem cells remain undifferentiated and subsequently, the aggregates can be induced to differentiate into neuroectoderm while in dynamic suspension by using one or more inhibitors of TGF ⁇ /Activin/Nodal signaling and one or more inhibitors of BMP signaling.
  • Differentiating pluripotent stem cells in dynamic suspension in accordance with the present disclosure provides a scalable, reproducible and controllable process for producing large quantities of targeted neuroectoderm lineage cells from the starting material, in contrast with adherent culture and EB-based methods.
  • the methods of the present disclosure reproducibly produce neuroectoderm progenitor cells by day 7 of the differentiation process, glial progenitor cells by day 21 of the differentiation process and OPCs by day 42 of the differentiation process.
  • the Day 42 OPCs produced in accordance with the present disclosure are comparable (in terms of their overall marker expression profile) to OPCs generated using an alternative method that are currently in clinical testing to treat spinal cord injury (Priest C A, Manley N C, Denham J, Wirth E D 3rd, Lebkowski J S. Preclinical safety of human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitors supporting clinical trials in spinal cord injury. Regen Med.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of obtaining a population of cells comprising glial progenitor cells from undifferentiated human pluripotent stem cells.
  • the first time period is about three to four days. In certain embodiments, the second time period is about four days. In certain embodiments, steps (a) and (b) are performed over a period of about seven to eight days. In certain embodiments, steps (a) through (d) are performed over a period of about twenty-one days.
  • the method further comprises an additional step of harvesting the non-EB aggregates from (d) and plating them onto a substrate, thereby resulting in migration of cells out from the aggregates.
  • the substrate is a cell adhesion peptide.
  • the substrate is an extracellular matrix protein.
  • the substrate is recombinant human laminin-521.
  • the substrate is vitronectin or laminin-511 E8 fragment.
  • the substrate is a synthetic substrate, such as, for example, Synthemax®-II SC Substrate.
  • the method comprises an additional step of culturing the cells that have migrated out of the aggregates adherently on a substrate in the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and platelet derived growth factor AA (PDGF-AA) for a further time period until the cells have matured into OPCs.
  • the substrate is a cell adhesion peptide.
  • the substrate is an extracellular matrix protein.
  • the substrate is recombinant human laminin-521.
  • the substrate is vitronectin or laminin-511 E8 fragment.
  • the adherent culturing is performed for about 21 days.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of inducing differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into neuroectoderm cells, the method comprising: (a) obtaining a suspension culture of non-embryoid body (non-EB) aggregates of undifferentiated human pluripotent stem cells, wherein the human pluripotent stem cells remain in an undifferentiated state; (b) culturing the non-EB aggregates from (a) in dynamic suspension in the presence of at least one inhibitor of transforming growth factor beta (TGF ⁇ )/Activin/Nodal signaling and at least one inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling for a first time period, thereby inducing differentiation to neuroectoderm; and (c) culturing the non-EB aggregates from (b) in dynamic suspension in the presence of retinoic acid and at least one agonist of Smoothened receptor for a second time period; until the cells have matured into paired box 6 (PAX6) positive neuroectoderm cells.
  • the first time period is about three to four days. In certain embodiments, the second time period is about four days. In certain embodiments, steps (a) through (c) are performed over a period of about seven to eight days.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of obtaining a population of cells comprising glial progenitor cells from undifferentiated human pluripotent stem cells, the method comprising: (a) culturing undifferentiated human pluripotent stem cells that have been disaggregated and form a single-cell suspension in dynamic suspension to obtain non-embryoid body (non-EB) aggregates, wherein the human pluripotent stem cells in the non-EB aggregates remain in an undifferentiated state; (b) culturing the non-EB aggregates from (a) in dynamic suspension in the presence of at least one inhibitor of transforming growth factor beta (TGF ⁇ )/Activin/Nodal signaling and at least one inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling for a first time period, thereby inducing differentiation to neuroectoderm; (c) culturing the non-EB aggregates from (b) in dynamic suspension in the presence of retinoic acid and at least one agonist of Smoothened
  • the at least one inhibitor of TGF ⁇ /Activin/Nodal signaling is an inhibitor of activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5).
  • the at least one inhibitor of TGF ⁇ /Activin/Nodal signaling is selected from the group consisting of SB431542, LY2157299, GW788388, A-77-01, A-83-01 and SB505124.
  • the inhibitor of TGF ⁇ /Activin/Nodal signaling is SB431542.
  • the at least one inhibitor of BMP signaling is an inhibitor of activin receptor-like kinase 2 (ALK2).
  • ALK2 activin receptor-like kinase 2
  • the at least one inhibitor of BMP signaling is selected from the group consisting of Dorsomorphin, DMH-1, K02288, ML3467, LDN193189 and Noggin protein.
  • the inhibitor of BMP signaling is Dorsomorphin.
  • the at least one Smoothened receptor agonist is selected from the group consisting of Purmorphamine, Smoothened Agonist (SAG, CAS 364590-63-6) and Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) protein.
  • the Smoothened receptor agonist is Purmorphamine.
  • An additional embodiment is a differentiated cell population comprising PAX6 positive neuroectoderm cells obtained according to the methods of the present disclosure.
  • the PAX6 positive neuroectoderm cells further express one or more markers selected from HESS and ZBTB16.
  • Another embodiment is a differentiated cell population comprising glial progenitor cells obtained according to methods of the present disclosure.
  • the glial progenitor cells express one or more markers selected from calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 4 (CACNG4), fatty acid binding protein 7 (FABP7), and sex determining region Y-box 6 (SOX6).
  • CACNG4 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 4
  • FBP7 fatty acid binding protein 7
  • SOX6 sex determining region Y-box 6
  • a yet another embodiment is a differentiated cell population comprising OPCs obtained according to methods of the present disclosure.
  • the OPCs produced according to the methods according to the invention express one or more markers selected from neural/glial antigen 2 (NG2), platelet-derived growth factor receptor A (PDGFR ⁇ ) and ganglioside GD3 (GD3) (GD3 is also known as anti-disialoganglioside and Ganglioside GD3 Synthase).
  • NG2 neural/glial antigen 2
  • PDGFR ⁇ platelet-derived growth factor receptor A
  • GD3 ganglioside GD3
  • GD3 is also known as anti-disialoganglioside and Ganglioside GD3 Synthase.
  • OPCs prepared according to the invention can express NG2, PDGFR ⁇ , or GD3; a combination of NG2 and PDGFR ⁇ , NG2 and GD3, or PDGFR ⁇ and GD3; or a combination of NG2, PDGFR ⁇ and GD3.
  • the differentiated cell population comprises at least 60% of cells that are NG2 positive. In certain embodiments, the differentiated cell population comprises at least 70% of cells that are NG2 positive. In certain embodiments, the differentiated cell population comprises at least 80% of cells that are NG2 positive. In other embodiments, the differentiated cell population comprises at least 90% of cells that are NG2 positive. In certain embodiments, the differentiated cell population comprises at least 98% of cells that are NG2 positive.
  • the differentiated cell population comprises at least 60% of cells that are PDGFR ⁇ positive. In certain embodiments, the differentiated cell population comprises at least 70% of cells that are PDGFR ⁇ positive. In certain embodiments, the differentiated cell population comprises at least 80% of cells that are PDGFR ⁇ positive. In other embodiments, the differentiated cell population comprises at least 90% of cells that are PDGFR ⁇ positive. In certain embodiments, the differentiated cell population comprises at least 98% of cells that are PDGFR ⁇ positive. In certain embodiments, the differentiated cell population comprises at least 60% of cells that are GD3 positive. In certain embodiments, the differentiated cell population comprises at least 70% of cells that are GD3 positive. In certain embodiments, the differentiated cell population comprises at least 80% of cells that are GD3 positive. In other embodiments, the differentiated cell population comprises at least 90% of cells that are GD3 positive. In certain embodiments, the differentiated cell population comprises at least 98% of cells that are GD3 positive.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram depicting differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to neuroectoderm (day 7) and further to glial progenitor cells (day 21) and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (day 42) in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • DS dynamic suspension.
  • additional small molecule inhibitors of TGF ⁇ /Activin/Nodal signaling other than SB431542
  • BMP signaling other than Dorsomorphin
  • FIG. 2 shows representative photomicrographs of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (uhESC) in accordance with the present disclosure stained by immunocytochemistry for pluripotency markers.
  • the top row and bottom row of photomicrographs each show a single imaging field of uhESCs that were stained for DAPI, Nanog, and Oct4 (top row) or DAPI, Nanog, and Sox2 (bottom row) and imaged on an IN Cell Analyzer 2000. Scale bar in the bottom right panel applies to all images in the figure.
  • FIG. 3 shows representative photomicrographs of neuroectoderm progenitor cells generated as non-embryoid body (non-EB) aggregates in suspension in accordance with the present disclosure and stained by immunocytochemistry.
  • the top row and bottom row of photomicrographs show aggregates of neuroectoderm progenitor cells generated from two representative experiments and stained by immunocytochemistry for DAPI (left panels), PAX6 (middle panels), and PSA-NCAM (right panels). Stained cellular aggregates were imaged on an IN Cell Analyzer 2000. Scale bar in the bottom right panel applies to all images in the figure.
  • FIG. 4 shows representative photomicrographs of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells generated in accordance with the present disclosure and stained by immunocytochemistry.
  • the top row and bottom row of photomicrographs show oligodendrocyte progenitor cells generated from two representative experiments and stained by immunocytochemistry for DAPI (left panels), and NG2 (right panels). Stained cells were imaged on an IN Cell Analyzer 2000. Scale bar in the bottom right panel applies to all images in the figure.
  • FIG. 5 shows correlation plots of the gene expression profile of uhESCs before and 24 hours after formation of cellular aggregates in suspension.
  • Each correlation plot shows a comparison of the gene expression profile for Day ⁇ 1 (before aggregate formation) versus Day 0 (24 hours after aggregate formation) from two separate experiments.
  • the data points represent each of the 76 genes assessed by Fluidigm qPCR and calculated as the normalized ⁇ CT as described in Example 6.
  • R-squared values are shown in the upper left corner of each plot and were calculated based on the best-fit line using JMP software (SAS, Cary, N.C., USA).
  • FIG. 6 shows correlation plots of the Day 7 gene expression profile of uhESCs differentiated into neuroectoderm progenitor cells in suspension using different small molecule combinations.
  • Each correlation plot shows a comparison of the Day 7 gene expression profile for cells treated with SB431542 plus Dorsomorphin versus the alternative small molecule combination indicated on the y-axis of each plot.
  • the data points represent each of the 96 genes assessed by Fluidigm qPCR and calculated as the normalized ⁇ CT as described in Example 7.
  • R-squared values are shown in the upper left corner of each plot and were calculated based on the best-fit line using JMP software (SAS, Cary, N.C., USA).
  • Methods disclosed herein can comprise one or more steps or actions for achieving the described method.
  • the method steps and/or actions may be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the present invention.
  • the order and/or use of specific steps and/or actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the present invention.
  • phrases such as “between X and Y” and “between about X and Y” should be interpreted to include X and Y.
  • phrases such as “between about X and Y” mean “between about X and about Y” and phrases such as “from about X to Y” mean “from about X to about Y.”
  • oligodendrocyte progenitor cells refer to cells found in the central nervous system that are of a neuroectoderm/glial lineage, express the characteristic marker neural/glial antigen 2 (NG2) and are capable of differentiating into oligodendrocytes.
  • the OPCs prepared according to the methods of the invention may also express one or more of the markers selected from NG2, PDGFR ⁇ and GD3.
  • glial lineage cells refer to non-neuronal CNS cells that are derived from neuroectoderm/neural progenitor cells. Glial progenitor cells can be further differentiated to form OPCs/oligodendrocytes or astrocytes. In certain embodiments, the glial progenitor cells of the present disclosure express one or more markers selected from calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 4 (CACNG4), fatty acid binding protein 7 (FABP7), and sex determining region Y-box 6 (SOX6).
  • CACNG4 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 4
  • FBP7 fatty acid binding protein 7
  • SOX6 sex determining region Y-box 6
  • neuroectoderm refers to cells that can be differentiated along a neural precursor pathway and that are capable of forming CNS neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and ependymal cells.
  • the neuroectoderm cells of the present disclosure express one or more markers selected from paired box 6 (PAX6), Hes family BHLH transcription factor 5 (HESS) and zinc finger and BTB domain containing 16 (ZBTB16).
  • PAX6 paired box 6
  • HESS Hes family BHLH transcription factor 5
  • ZBTB16 zinc finger and BTB domain containing 16
  • EB embryoid body
  • bFGF basic fibroblast growth factor
  • TGF ⁇ transforming growth factor beta
  • non-embryoid body aggregate refers to a three-dimensional cellular aggregate formed from pluripotent stem cells where the pluripotent stem cells remain undifferentiated.
  • non-EB aggregates are formed in dynamic suspension under cell culture conditions that maintain pluripotency and inhibit spontaneous differentiation (i.e., bFGF and TGF ⁇ are not removed from the medium).
  • bFGF and TGF ⁇ are not removed from the medium.
  • the undifferentiated cellular aggregates are directed towards neuroectoderm progenitor cells by the simultaneous removal of bFGF and TGF ⁇ and addition of neuroectoderm differentiation factors, such as an inhibitor of the TGF ⁇ /Activin/Nodal signaling pathway combined with an inhibitor of the bone morphogenic protein signaling pathway.
  • TGF ⁇ /Activin/Nodal signaling inhibitor refers to a small molecule or protein modulator that is capable of downregulating signaling along the transforming growth factor beta (TGF ⁇ )/Activin/Nodal signaling pathway.
  • TGF ⁇ /Activin/Nodal signaling inhibitor directly targets TGF ⁇ type 1 receptor (TGF ⁇ R1), also known as activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5).
  • TGF ⁇ /Activin/Nodal signaling inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of SB431542, LY2157299, GW788388, A-77-01, A-83-01 and SB505124.
  • BMP signaling inhibitor refers to a small molecule or protein modulator that is capable of downregulating signaling along the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway.
  • BMP signaling inhibitor directly targets Activin A receptor, type I (ACVR1), also known as activin receptor-like kinase 2 (ALK2).
  • ACVR1 Activin A receptor, type I
  • ALK2 activin receptor-like kinase 2
  • the BMP signaling inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of Dorsomorphin, DMH-1, K02288, ML3467, LDN193189 and Noggin protein.
  • Smoothened agonist refers to a small molecule or protein modulator that is capable of directly binding to and activating the G-protein coupled receptor Smoothened, which is part of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway.
  • Smoothened receptor agonist is selected from the group consisting of Purmorphamine, Smoothened Agonist (SAG, CAS 364590-63-6) and Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) protein.
  • undesirable cell types refers to cells outside of the neuroectoderm lineage that can result in the formation of ectopic tissues upon implantation, or that result in the formation of one or more cysts in a cyst assay, as described herein.
  • “undesirable cell types” can include epithelial lineage cells such as cells positive for CD49f, a marker expressed by both neural progenitor cells and epithelial cells, or cells positive for CLDN6 or EpCAM, two markers expressed by both pluripotent cells and epithelial cells.
  • implantation or “transplantation” refers to the administration of a cell population into a target tissue using a suitable delivery technique, (e.g., using an injection device).
  • a “subject” refers to an animal or a human.
  • a “subject in need thereof” refers to an animal or a human having damaged tissue in the central nervous system. In an embodiment, an animal or a human is experiencing a loss of motor function.
  • central nervous system and “CNS” as used interchangeably herein refer to the complex of nerve tissues that control one or more activities of the body, which include but are not limited to, the brain and the spinal cord in vertebrates.
  • treatment is an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results including preferably clinical results after a condition or a disease manifests in a patient.
  • beneficial or desired results with respect to a disease include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: improving a condition associated with a disease, curing a disease, lessening severity of a disease, delaying progression of a disease, alleviating one or more symptoms associated with a disease, increasing the quality of life of one suffering from a disease, prolonging survival, and any combination thereof.
  • beneficial or desired results with respect to a condition include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: improving a condition, curing a condition, lessening severity of a condition, delaying progression of a condition, alleviating one or more symptoms associated with a condition, increasing the quality of life of one suffering from a condition, prolonging survival, and any combination thereof.
  • pluripotent stem cells in accordance with the present disclosure can be carried out using any suitable pluripotent stem cells as a starting material.
  • a method can be carried out on an human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line.
  • a method can be carried out using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
  • iPSCs induced pluripotent stem cells
  • a method can be carried out using cells that are derived from an H1, H7, H9, H13, or H14 cell line.
  • a method can be carried out on a primate pluripotent stem (pPS) cell line.
  • pPS primate pluripotent stem
  • a method can be carried using undifferentiated stem cells derived from parthenotes, which are embryos stimulated to produce hESCs without fertilization.
  • Undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells can be maintained in an undifferentiated state without added feeder cells (see, e.g., (2004) Rosler et al., Dev. Dynam. 229:259). Feeder-free cultures are typically supported by a nutrient medium containing factors that promote proliferation of the cells without differentiation (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,800,480). In one embodiment, conditioned media containing such factors can be used. Conditioned media can be obtained by culturing the media with cells secreting such factors.
  • Suitable cells include, but are not limited to, irradiated ( ⁇ 4,000 Rad) primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts, telomerized mouse fibroblasts, or fibroblast-like cells derived from pPS cells (U.S. Pat. No. 6,642,048).
  • Medium can be conditioned by plating the feeders in a serum free medium, such as knock-out DMEM supplemented with 20% serum replacement and 4 ng/mL bFGF.
  • a serum free medium such as knock-out DMEM supplemented with 20% serum replacement and 4 ng/mL bFGF.
  • Medium that has been conditioned for 1-2 days can be supplemented with further bFGF, and used to support pPS cell culture for 1-2 days (see. e.g., WO 01/51616; Xu et al., (2001) Nat. Biotechnol. 19:971).
  • fresh or non-conditioned medium can be used, which has been supplemented with added factors (like a fibroblast growth factor or forskolin) that promote proliferation of the cells in an undifferentiated form.
  • factors like a fibroblast growth factor or forskolin
  • Non-limiting examples include a base medium like X-VIVOTM 10 (Lonza, Walkersville, Md.) or QBSFTM-60 (Quality Biological Inc. Gaithersburg, Md.), supplemented with bFGF at 40-80 ng/mL, and optionally containing SCF (15 ng/mL), or Flt3 ligand (75 ng/mL) (see, e.g., Xu et al., (2005) Stem Cells 23(3):315).
  • undifferentiated pluripotent cells such as hES cells
  • a media comprising bFGF and TGF ⁇ .
  • concentrations of bFGF include about 80 ng/ml.
  • concentrations of TGF ⁇ include about 0.5 ng/ml.
  • undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells can be maintained in a commercially available, complete medium such as mTeSRTM (Stem Cell Technologies, Vancouver, Canada).
  • Undifferentiated pluripotent cells can be cultured on a layer of feeder cells, typically fibroblasts derived from embryonic or fetal tissue (Thomson et al. (1998) Science 282:1145).
  • Feeder cells can be derived from a human or a murine source.
  • Human feeder cells can be isolated from various human tissues, or can be derived via differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into fibroblast cells (see, e.g., WO 01/51616).
  • Human feeder cells that can be used include, but are not limited to, placental fibroblasts (see, e.g., Genbacev et al. (2005) Fertil. Steril.
  • fallopian tube epithelial cells see, e.g., Richards et al. (2002) Nat. Biotechnol., 20:933
  • foreskin fibroblasts see, e.g., Amit et al. (2003) Biol. Reprod. 68:2150
  • uterine endometrial cells see, e.g., Lee et al. (2005) Biol. Reprod. 72(1):42).
  • Solid surfaces suitable for growing undifferentiated pluripotent cells can be made of a variety of substances including, but not limited to, glass or plastic such as polystyrene, polyvinylchloride, polycarbonate, polytetrafluorethylene, melinex, thermanox, or combinations thereof. Suitable surfaces can comprise one or more polymers, such as, e.g., one or more acrylates.
  • a solid surface can be three-dimensional in shape. Non-limiting examples of three-dimensional solid surfaces have been previously described, e.g., in U.S. Patent Pub. No. 2005/0031598.
  • Undifferentiated stem cells can also be grown under feeder-free conditions on a growth substrate.
  • a growth substrate can be a Matrigel® matrix (e.g., Matrigel®, Matrigel® GFR), recombinant laminin, laminin-511 recombinant fragment E8 or vitronectin.
  • the growth substrate is recombinant human laminin-521 (Biolamina, Sweden, distributed by Corning Inc., Corning, N.Y.).
  • the substrate is a synthetic substrate, such as, for example, Synthemax®-II SC Substrate.
  • Undifferentiated stem cells can be passaged or subcultured using various methods such as using collagenase, or such as manual scraping. Undifferentiated stem cells can be subcultured by enzymatic means that generate a single cell suspension, such as using Accutase® (distributed by Sigma Aldrich, MO) or similar trypsinases. Alternatively, undifferentiated stem cells can be subcultured using non-enzymatic means, such as 0.5 mM EDTA in PBS, or such as using ReLeSRTM (Stem Cell Technologies, Vancouver, Canada).
  • a plurality of undifferentiated stem cells are seeded or subcultured at a seeding density that allows the cells to reach confluence in about three to about ten days.
  • the seeding density can range from about 6.0 ⁇ 10 3 cells/cm 2 to about 5.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 , such as about 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 , such as about 5.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 , such as about 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 , or such as about 3.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 of growth surface.
  • the seeding density can range from about 6.0 ⁇ 10 3 cells/cm 2 to about 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 of growth surface, such as about 6.0 ⁇ 10 3 cells/cm 2 to about 9.0 ⁇ 10 3 cells/cm 2 , such as about 7.0 ⁇ 10 3 cells/cm 2 to about 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 , such as about 7.0 ⁇ 10 3 cells/cm 2 to about 9.0 ⁇ 10 3 cells/cm 2 , or such as about 7.0 ⁇ 10 3 cells/cm 2 to about 8.0 ⁇ 10 3 cells/cm 2 of growth surface.
  • the seeding density can range from about 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 to about 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 of growth surface, such as about 2.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 to about 9.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 , such as about 3.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 to about 8.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 , such as about 4.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 to about 7.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 , or such as about 5.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 to about 6.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 of growth surface.
  • the seeding density can range from about 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 to about 5.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 of growth surface, such as about 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 to about 4.5 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 , such as about 1.5 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 to about 4.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 , such as about 2.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 to about 3.5 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 , or such as about 2.5 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 to about 3.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 of growth surface.
  • a culture medium can be completely exchanged daily, initiating about 2 days after sub-culturing of the cells.
  • cells can be detached and seeded for subsequent culture using one or more suitable reagents, such as, e.g., Accutase® to achieve a single cell suspension for quantification.
  • undifferentiated stem cells can then be sub-cultured before seeding the cells on a suitable growth substrate (e.g., recombinant human laminin-521) at a seeding density that allows the cells to reach confluence over a suitable period of time, such as, e.g., in about three to ten days.
  • a suitable growth substrate e.g., recombinant human laminin-5211
  • a seeding density that allows the cells to reach confluence over a suitable period of time, such as, e.g., in about three to ten days.
  • undifferentiated stem cells can be subcultured using Collagenase IV and expanded on a recombinant laminin.
  • undifferentiated stem cells can be subcultured using Collagenase IV and expanded on a Matrigel®.
  • undifferentiated stem cells can be subcultured using ReLeSRTM and expanded on recombinant human laminin-521.
  • the seeding density can range from about 6.0 ⁇ 10 3 cells/cm 2 to about 5.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 , such as about 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 , such as about 5.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 , such as about 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 , or such as about 3.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 of growth surface.
  • the seeding density can range from about 6.0 ⁇ 10 3 cells/cm 2 to about 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 of growth surface, such as about 6.0 ⁇ 10 3 cells/cm 2 to about 9.0 ⁇ 10 3 cells/cm 2 , such as about 7.0 ⁇ 10 3 cells/cm 2 to about 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 , such as about 7.0 ⁇ 10 3 cells/cm 2 to about 9.0 ⁇ 10 3 cells/cm 2 , or such as about 7.0 ⁇ 10 3 cells/cm 2 to about 8.0 ⁇ 10 3 cells/cm 2 of growth surface.
  • the seeding density can range from about 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 to about 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 of growth surface, such as about 2.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 to about 9.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 , such as about 3.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 to about 8.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 , such as about 4.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 to about 7.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 , or such as about 5.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 to about 6.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 of growth surface.
  • the seeding density can range from about 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 to about 5.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 of growth surface, such as about 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 to about 4.5 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 , such as about 1.5 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 to about 4.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 , such as about 2.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 to about 3.5 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 , or such as about 2.5 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 to about 3.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 of growth surface.
  • the present disclosure provides methods for differentiating pluripotent stem cells into neuroectoderm and further to glial progenitor cells and OPCs using small molecule and protein modulators of TGF ⁇ /Activin/Nodal signaling and BMP signaling.
  • starting material pluripotent stem cells can be aggregated in dynamic suspension into non-EB aggregates wherein the pluripotent stem cells remain undifferentiated and subsequently, the aggregates can be induced to differentiate into neuroectoderm while in dynamic suspension by using one or more inhibitors of TGF ⁇ /Activin/Nodal signaling and one or more inhibitors of BMP signaling (dual SMAD inhibition).
  • the dynamic suspension provides a scalable, reproducible and controllable process for producing large quantities of cells from the starting material, in contrast with adherent culture and EB-based methods. The methods for dual SMAD inhibition in dynamic suspension are described in detail herein.
  • a method comprises culturing undifferentiated stem cells that have formed small non-EB aggregates but remain undifferentiated in dynamic suspension in the presence of one or more inhibitors of TGF ⁇ /Activin/Nodal signaling and one or more inhibitors of BMP signaling, thereby commencing neural induction.
  • the inhibitor of TGF ⁇ /Activin/Nodal signaling is a small molecule.
  • the inhibitor of TGF ⁇ /Activin/Nodal signaling is a protein.
  • the direct target of the inhibitor of TGF ⁇ /Activin/Nodal signaling is ALK5, also known as TGF ⁇ type 1 receptor (TGF ⁇ R1).
  • the inhibitor of BMP signaling is a small molecule.
  • the inhibitor of BMP signaling is a protein.
  • the direct target of the inhibitor of BMP signaling is ALK2, also known as Activin A receptor, type I (ACVR1).
  • ALK2 also known as Activin A receptor, type I (ACVR1).
  • ACVR1 Activin A receptor 1
  • subsequent to dual SMAD inhibition, the resulting cells are cultured in dynamic suspension in the presence of one or more Smoothened receptor agonists and retinoic acid.
  • an inhibitor of TGF ⁇ /Activin/Nodal signaling can be selected from the group consisting of SB431542, LY2157299, GW788388, A-77-01, A-83-01 and SB505124, and derivatives thereof.
  • an inhibitor of BMP signaling can be selected from the group consisting of Dorsomorphin, DMH-1, K02288, ML3467, LDN193189 and Noggin protein.
  • a Smoothened agonist can be selected from the group consisting of Purmorphamine, SAG (CAS 364590-63-6), SSH protein, and derivatives thereof.
  • a method comprises obtaining non-EB aggregates comprising pluripotent stem cells that remain in undifferentiated state; culturing the non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of the small molecules SB431542 and Dorsomorphin for a first time period; and subsequently culturing the aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of a Smoothened agonist and retinoic acid for a second time period, as depicted in FIG. 1 .
  • the first time period and the second time period can each range from about 1 to about four days, such as about one day, such as about two days, such as about three days, such as about four days.
  • a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of SB431542 at a concentration that ranges from about 1 ⁇ M to about 100 ⁇ M, such as about 5 ⁇ M, about 10 ⁇ M, such as about 15 ⁇ M, such as about 20 ⁇ M, such as about 25 ⁇ M, such as about 30 ⁇ M, such as about 35 ⁇ M, such as about 40 ⁇ M, such as about 45 ⁇ M, such as about 50 ⁇ M, such as about 55 ⁇ M, such as about 60 ⁇ M, such as about 65 ⁇ M, such as about 70 ⁇ M, such as about 75 ⁇ M, such as about 80 ⁇ M, such as about 85 ⁇ M, such as about 90 ⁇ M, or such as about 95 ⁇ M.
  • a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of SB431542 at a concentration that ranges from about 1 ⁇ M to about 20 ⁇ M, such as about 1 ⁇ M to about 13 ⁇ M, such as about 8 ⁇ M to about 20 ⁇ M, such as about 8 ⁇ M to about 13 ⁇ M, or such as about 9 ⁇ M to about 11 ⁇ M.
  • a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of SB431542 at a concentration that ranges from about 20 ⁇ M to about 40 ⁇ M, such as about 20 ⁇ M to about 33 ⁇ M, such as about 28 ⁇ M to about 40 ⁇ M, such as about 28 ⁇ M to about 33 ⁇ M, or such as about 29 ⁇ M to about 31 ⁇ M.
  • a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of SB431542 at a concentration that ranges from about 40 ⁇ M to about 60 ⁇ M, such as about 40 ⁇ M to about 53 ⁇ M, such as about 48 ⁇ M to about 55 ⁇ M, such as about 48 ⁇ M to about 53 ⁇ M, or such as about 49 ⁇ M to about 51 ⁇ M.
  • a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of SB431542 at a concentration that ranges from about 60 ⁇ M to about 80 ⁇ M, such as about 60 ⁇ M to about 73 ⁇ M, such as about 68 ⁇ M to about 75 ⁇ M, such as about 68 ⁇ M to about 73 ⁇ M, or such as about 69 ⁇ M to about 71 ⁇ M.
  • a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of SB431542 at a concentration that ranges from about 80 ⁇ M to about 100 ⁇ M, such as about 80 ⁇ M to about 93 ⁇ M, such as about 88 ⁇ M to about 95 ⁇ M, such as about 88 ⁇ M to about 93 ⁇ M, or such as about 89 ⁇ M to about 91 ⁇ M.
  • a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of SB431542 at a concentration of about 10 ⁇ M.
  • a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of an ALK5 inhibitor at a concentration that ranges from about 250 nM to about 250 ⁇ M, such as about 1 ⁇ M, about 10 ⁇ M, about 50 ⁇ M, about 100 ⁇ M, about 150 ⁇ M, or about 200 ⁇ M. In an embodiment, a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of an ALK5 inhibitor at about 10 ⁇ M.
  • a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of an LY364947 at a concentration that ranges from about 250 nM to about 250 ⁇ M, such as about 1 ⁇ M, about 10 ⁇ M, about 50 ⁇ M, about 100 ⁇ M, about 150 ⁇ M, or about 200 ⁇ M. In an embodiment, a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of LY364947 at about 10 ⁇ M.
  • a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of GW788388 at a concentration that ranges from about 250 nM to about 250 ⁇ M, such as about 1 ⁇ M, about 10 ⁇ M, about 50 ⁇ M, about 100 ⁇ M, about 150 ⁇ M, or about 200 ⁇ M. In an embodiment, a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of GW788388 at about 10 ⁇ M.
  • a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of A-77-01 at a concentration that ranges from about 250 nM to about 250 ⁇ M, such as about 1 ⁇ M, about 10 ⁇ M, about 50 ⁇ M, about 100 ⁇ M, about 150 ⁇ M, or about 200 ⁇ M. In an embodiment, a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of A-77-01 at about 10 ⁇ M.
  • a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of A-83-01 at a concentration that ranges from about 250 nM to about 250 ⁇ M, such as about 1 ⁇ M, about 10 ⁇ M, about 50 ⁇ M, about 100 ⁇ M, about 150 ⁇ M, or about 200 ⁇ M. In an embodiment, a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of A-83-01 at about 10 ⁇ M.
  • a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of SB505124 at a concentration that ranges from about 250 nM to about 250 ⁇ M, such as about 1 ⁇ M, about 10 ⁇ M, about 50 ⁇ M, about 100 ⁇ M, about 150 ⁇ M, or about 200 ⁇ M. In an embodiment, a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of SB505124 about 10 ⁇ M.
  • a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of Dorsomorphin at a concentration that ranges from about 0.2 ⁇ M to about 20 ⁇ M, such as about 0.5 ⁇ M, such as about 0.8 ⁇ M, such as about 1 ⁇ M, such as about 1.5 ⁇ M, such as about 2 ⁇ M, such as about 2.5 ⁇ M, such as about 3 ⁇ M, such as about 3.5 ⁇ M, such as about 4 ⁇ M, such as about 4.5 ⁇ M, such as about 5 ⁇ M, such as about 5.5 ⁇ M, such as about 6 ⁇ M, such as about 6.5 ⁇ M, such as about 7 ⁇ M, such as about 7.5 ⁇ M, such as about 8 ⁇ M, such as about 8.5 ⁇ M, such as about 9 ⁇ M, such as about 10 ⁇ M, such as about 11 ⁇ M, such as about 12 ⁇ M, such as about 13 ⁇ M, such as about 14 ⁇ M, such as about 15
  • a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of Dorsomorphin at a concentration that ranges from about 0.2 ⁇ M to about 1 ⁇ M, such as about 0.2 ⁇ M to about 0.9 ⁇ M, such as about 0.3 ⁇ M to about 0.8 ⁇ M, such as about 0.4 ⁇ M to about 0.7 ⁇ M, or such as about 0.5 ⁇ M to about 0.6 ⁇ M.
  • a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of Dorsomorphin at a concentration that ranges from about 1 ⁇ M to about 10 ⁇ M, such as about 1 ⁇ M to about 9 ⁇ M, such as about 2 ⁇ M to about 8 ⁇ M, such as about 3 ⁇ M to about 7 ⁇ M, or such as about 4 ⁇ M to about 6 ⁇ M.
  • a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of Dorsomorphin at a concentration that ranges from about 10 ⁇ M to about 20 ⁇ M, such as about 10 ⁇ M to about 19 ⁇ M, such as about 12 ⁇ M to about 18 ⁇ M, such as about 13 ⁇ M to about 17 ⁇ M, or such as about 14 ⁇ M to about 16 ⁇ M.
  • a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of Dorsomorphin at a concentration of about 2 ⁇ M.
  • a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of an ALK2 inhibitor at a concentration that ranges from about 1 nM to about 20 ⁇ M, such as about 10 nM, about 50 nM, about 100 nM, about 150 nM, about 200 nM, about 500 nM, about 1 ⁇ M, about 5 ⁇ M, about 10 ⁇ M, or about 15 ⁇ M.
  • a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of DMH-1 at a concentration that ranges from about 1 ⁇ M to about 10 ⁇ M. In an embodiment, a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of DMH-1 at about 2 ⁇ M.
  • a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of K02288 at a concentration that ranges from about 1 ⁇ M to about 10 ⁇ M. In an embodiment, a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of K02288 at about 2 ⁇ M.
  • a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of ML347 at a concentration that ranges from about 1 ⁇ M to about 10 ⁇ M. In an embodiment, a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of ML347 at about 2 ⁇ M.
  • a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of Purmorphamine at a concentration that ranges from about 0.05 ⁇ M to about 5 ⁇ M, such as about 0.08 ⁇ M, such as about 0.1 ⁇ M, such as about 0.2 ⁇ M, such as about 0.3 ⁇ M, such as about 0.4 ⁇ M, such as about 0.5 ⁇ M, such as about 0.6 ⁇ M, such as about 0.7 ⁇ M, such as about 0.8 ⁇ M, such as about 0.9 ⁇ M, such as about 1 ⁇ M, such as about 2 ⁇ M, such as about 3 ⁇ M, such as about 4 ⁇ M.
  • a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of Purmorphamine at a concentration that ranges from about 0.05 ⁇ M to about 0.1 ⁇ M, such as about 0.06 ⁇ M to about 0.09 ⁇ M, or such as about 0.07 ⁇ M to about 0.08 ⁇ M.
  • a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of Purmorphamine at a concentration that ranges from about 0.1 ⁇ M to about 1 ⁇ M, such as about 0.2 ⁇ M to about 0.9 ⁇ M, such as about 0.3 ⁇ M to about 0.8 ⁇ M, such as about 0.4 ⁇ M to about 0.7 ⁇ M, or such as about 0.5 ⁇ M to about 0.6 ⁇ M.
  • a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of Purmorphamine at a concentration that ranges from about 1 ⁇ M to about 5 ⁇ M, such as about 1 ⁇ M to about 4 ⁇ M, such as about 2 ⁇ M to about 5 ⁇ M, or such as about 2 ⁇ M to about 4 ⁇ M.
  • a method comprises incubating expanded but undifferentiated ESCs with Purmorphamine at a concentration of about 0.5 ⁇ M.
  • a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of a Smoothened agonist at a concentration that ranges from about 2.5 nM to about 5 ⁇ M, such as about 50 nM, about 100 nM, about 250 nM, about 500 nM, about 750 nM, about 1 ⁇ M, or about 2.5 ⁇ M.
  • a method comprises incubating culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of SAG at a concentration that ranges from about 10 nM to about 1 ⁇ M, such as about 10 nM to about 100 nM, such as about 100 nM to about 500 nM, or such as about 500 nM to about 1000 nM. In an embodiment, a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of SAG at about 0.5 ⁇ M.
  • a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of SHH protein at a concentration that ranges from about 2.5 nM to about 250 nM, such as about 2.5 nM to about 10 nM, such as about 10 nM to about 100 nM, or such as about 100 nM to about 250 nM. In an embodiment, a method comprises culturing non-EB aggregates in dynamic suspension in the presence of SHH protein at about 25 nM.
  • Any cell culture vessels or reactors suitable for dynamic suspension culture can be used for the differentiation steps contemplated in the present disclosure.
  • the vessel walls are typically inert or resistant to adherence of the cultured cells.
  • There is also a means for preventing the cells from settling out such as a stirring mechanism like a magnetically or mechanically driven stir bar or paddle, a shaking mechanism (typically attached to the vessel by the outside), or an inverting mechanism (i.e., a device that rotates the vessel so as to change the direction of gravity upon the cells).
  • Vessels suitable for suspension culture for process development include the usual range of commercially available spinner, rocker bag, or shaker flasks.
  • Exemplary bioreactors suitable for commercial production include the VerticalWheelTM Bioreactors (PBS Biotech, Camarillo, Calif.).
  • the methods of the present disclosure can be used to obtain compositions comprising oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) that are suitable for cellular therapy.
  • OPCs oligodendrocyte progenitor cells
  • the OPCs obtained according to the present disclosure express a high level of the proteoglycan NG2 characteristics of OPCs and low levels of non-OPC markers associated with undesirable cell types, such as CD49f, which can be expressed by both neural progenitor cells and epithelial cells and is associated with in vitro cyst formation (Debnath J, Muthuswamy S K, Brugge J S. Morphogenesis and oncogenesis of MCF-10A mammary epithelial acini grown in three-dimensional basement membrane cultures. 2003 Methods.
  • the OPCs generated in accordance of the present disclosure are the in vitro differentiated progeny of human pluripotent stem cells.
  • the OPCs obtained in accordance of the present disclosure are the in vitro differentiated progeny of human embryonic stem cells.
  • the OPCs obtained in accordance of the present disclosure are the in vitro differentiated progeny of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
  • One or more characteristics of the OPC population obtained can be determined by quantifying various cell markers using flow cytometry, for example, to determine what percentage of the cell population is positive for a particular marker or set of markers or to identify undesirable cell types present in the OPC population.
  • the OPCs prepared according to the methods of the invention express one or more of the markers selected from NG2, PDGFR ⁇ and GD3.
  • An OPC population obtained according to the present disclosure can comprise from about 30% to about 100% NG2 positive cells, such as at least about 35%, such as at least about 40%, such as at least about 45%, such as at least about 50%, such as at least about 55%, such as at least about 60%, such as at least about 65%, such as at least about 70%, such as at least about 75%, such as at least about 80%, such as at least about 85%, such as at least about 90%, such as at least about 95%, such as at least about 98%, such as at least about 99%, such as at least about 99.5%, such as at least about 99.8%, or such as at least about 99.9% NG2 positive cells.
  • NG2 positive cells such as at least about 35%, such as at least about 40%, such as at least about 45%, such as at least about 50%, such as at least about 55%, such as at least about 60%, such as at least about 65%, such as at least about 70%, such as at least about 75%, such as at least about 80%
  • an OPC population obtained according to the present disclosure can comprise from about 45% to about 75% NG2 positive cells, such as about 45% to about 50%, such as about 50% to about 55%, such as about 55% to about 60%, such as about 60% to about 65%, such as about 65% to about 70%, such as about 70% to about 75%, such as about 50% to about 70%, such as about 55% to about 65%, or such as about 58% to about 63% NG2 positive cells.
  • an OPC population obtained according to the present disclosure can comprise from about 60% to about 90% NG2 positive cells, such as about 60% to about 65%, such as about 65% to about 70% positive cells.
  • An OPC population obtained according to the present disclosure can comprise from about 30% to about 100% PDGFR ⁇ positive cells, such as at least about 35%, such as at least about 40%, such as at least about 45%, such as at least about 50%, such as at least about 55%, such as at least about 60%, such as at least about 65%, such as at least about 70%, such as at least about 75%, such as at least about 80%, such as at least about 85%, such as at least about 90%, such as at least about 95%, such as at least about 98%, such as at least about 99%, such as at least about 99.5%, such as at least about 99.8%, or such as at least about 99.9% PDGFR ⁇ positive cells.
  • PDGFR ⁇ positive cells such as at least about 35%, such as at least about 40%, such as at least about 45%, such as at least about 50%, such as at least about 55%, such as at least about 60%, such as at least about 65%, such as at least about 70%, such as at least about 75%, such as at least
  • an OPC population obtained according to the present disclosure can comprise from about 45% to about 75% PDGFR ⁇ positive cells, such as about 45% to about 50%, such as about 50% to about 55%, such as about 55% to about 60%, such as about 60% to about 65%, such as about 65% to about 70%, such as about 70% to about 75%, such as about 50% to about 70%, such as about 55% to about 65%, or such as about 58% to about 63% PDGFR ⁇ positive cells.
  • an OPC population obtained according to the present disclosure can comprise from about 60% to about 90% PDGFR ⁇ positive cells, such as about 60% to about 65%, such as about 65% to about 70% positive cells.
  • An OPC population obtained according to the present disclosure can comprise from about 30% to about 100% GD3 positive cells, such as at least about 35%, such as at least about 40%, such as at least about 45%, such as at least about 50%, such as at least about 55%, such as at least about 60%, such as at least about 65%, such as at least about 70%, such as at least about 75%, such as at least about 80%, such as at least about 85%, such as at least about 90%, such as at least about 95%, such as at least about 98%, such as at least about 99%, such as at least about 99.5%, such as at least about 99.8%, or such as at least about 99.9% GD3 positive cells.
  • GD3 positive cells such as at least about 35%, such as at least about 40%, such as at least about 45%, such as at least about 50%, such as at least about 55%, such as at least about 60%, such as at least about 65%, such as at least about 70%, such as at least about 75%, such as at least about 80%
  • an OPC population obtained according to the present disclosure can comprise from about 45% to about 75% GD3 positive cells, such as about 45% to about 50%, such as about 50% to about 55%, such as about 55% to about 60%, such as about 60% to about 65%, such as about 65% to about 70%, such as about 70% to about 75%, such as about 50% to about 70%, such as about 55% to about 65%, or such as about 58% to about 63% GD3 positive cells.
  • an OPC population obtained according to the present disclosure can comprise from about 60% to about 90% GD3 positive cells, such as about 60% to about 65%, such as about 65% to about 70% positive cells.
  • an OPC population obtained according to the present disclosure can be capable of forming less than or equal to four epithelial cysts per 100,000 cells in a cyst assay as described in Example 8 of the present disclosure.
  • an OPC population obtained according to the present disclosure can be capable of forming less than or equal to three epithelial cysts per 100,000 cells in a cyst assay.
  • OPC population obtained according to the present disclosure can be capable of forming less than or equal to two epithelial cysts per 100,000 cells in a cyst assay.
  • an OPC population obtained according to the present disclosure can be capable of forming less than or equal to one epithelial cysts per 100,000 cells in a cyst assay as described in Example 8 of the present disclosure.
  • OPC populations obtained according to the present disclosure contain low levels of undesired ell types, as measured, for example, by quantification of markers associated with undesirable cell types by flow cytometry.
  • the Day 42 OPCs obtained according to the present disclosure contained between 0% to 4% of cells expressing the epithelial cell associated markers EpCAM, CD49f, and CLDN6 (Example 5, Table 2).
  • Markers associated with undesirable cell types can comprise less than about 20% undesirable cell types, such as less than about 19%, such as less than about 18%, such as less than about 17%, such as less than about 16%, such as less than about 15%, such as less than about 14%, such as less than about 13%, such as less than about 12%, such as less than about 11%, such as less than about 10%, such as less than about 9%, such as less than about 8%, such as less than about 7%, such as less than about 6%, such as less than about 5%, such as less than about 4%, such as less than about 3%, such as less than about 2%, such as less than about 1%, such as less than about 0.5%, such as less than about 0.1%, such as less than about 0.05%, or such as less than about 0.01% undesirable cell types.
  • a cell population can comprise from about 15% to about 20% undesirable cell types, such as about 19% to about 20%, such as about 18% to about 20%, such as about 17% to about 20%, such as about 16% to about 20%, such as about 15% to about 19%, or such as about 16% to about 18% undesirable cell types.
  • a cell population can comprise from about 10% to about 15% undesirable cell types, such as about 14% to about 15%, such as about 13% to about 15%, such as about 12% to about 15%, such as about 11% to about 15%, or such as about 12% to about 14% undesirable cell types.
  • a cell population can comprise from about 1% to about 10% undesirable cell types, such as about 2% to about 10%, such as about 1% to about 9%, such as about 2% to about 8%, such as about 3% to about 7%, or such as about 4% to about 6% undesirable cell types.
  • a cell population can comprise from about 0.1% to about 1% undesirable cell types, such as about 0.2% to about 1%, such as about 0.1% to about 0.9%, such as about 0.2% to about 0.8%, such as about 0.3% to about 0.7%, or such as about 0.4% to about 0.6% undesirable cell types.
  • a cell population can comprise from about 0.01% to about 0.1% undesirable cell types, such as about 0.02% to about 0.1%, such as about 0.01% to about 0.09%, such as about 0.02% to about 0.08%, such as about 0.03% to about 0.07%, or such as about 0.04% to about 0.06% undesirable cell types.
  • low levels of undesirable cell types can denote the presence of less than about 15% undesirable cell types.
  • an undesirable cell type can comprise cells expressing one more markers selected from CD49f, CLDN6, or EpCAM.
  • OPC compositions in accordance with the present disclosure can further comprise a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
  • a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier can comprise dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier does not comprise dimethyl sulfoxide.
  • a composition can be adapted for cryopreservation at or below ⁇ 80° C. to ⁇ 195° C.
  • OPC compositions in accordance with the present disclosure can be formulated for administration via a direct injection to the spinal cord of a subject.
  • an OPC composition in accordance with the present disclosure can be formulated for intracerebral, intraventricular, intrathecal, intranasal, or intracisternal administration to a subject.
  • an OPC composition in accordance with the present disclosure can be formulated for administration via an injection directly into or immediately adjacent to an infarct cavity in the brain of a subject.
  • a composition in accordance with the present disclosure can be formulated for administration through implantation.
  • a composition in accordance with the present disclosure can be formulated as a solution.
  • An OPC composition in accordance with the present disclosure can comprise from about 1 ⁇ 10 6 to about 5 ⁇ 10 8 cells per milliliter, such as about 1 ⁇ 10 6 cells per milliliter, such as about 2 ⁇ 10 6 cells per milliliter, such as about 3 ⁇ 10 6 cells per milliliter, such as about 4 ⁇ 10 6 cells per milliliter, such as about 5 ⁇ 10 6 cells per milliliter, such as about 6 ⁇ 10 6 cells per milliliter, such as about 7 ⁇ 10 6 cells per milliliter, such as about 8 ⁇ 10 6 cells per milliliter, such as about 9 ⁇ 10 6 cells per milliliter, such as about 1 ⁇ 10 7 cells per milliliter, such as about 2 ⁇ 10 7 cells per milliliter, such as about 3 ⁇ 10 7 cells per milliliter, such as about 4 ⁇ 10 7 cells per milliliter, such as about 5 ⁇ 10 7 cells per milliliter, such as about 6 ⁇ 10 7 cells per milliliter, such as about 7 ⁇ 10 7 cells per milliliter, such as about 8 ⁇ 10 7 cells per milliliter, such as
  • a composition in accordance with the present disclosure can comprise from about 1 ⁇ 10 8 to about 5 ⁇ 10 8 cells per milliliter, such as about 1 ⁇ 10 8 to about 4 ⁇ 10 8 cells per milliliter, such as about 2 ⁇ 10 8 to about 5 ⁇ 10 8 cells per milliliter, such as about 1 ⁇ 10 8 to about 3 ⁇ 10 8 cells per milliliter, such as about 2 ⁇ 10 8 to about 4 ⁇ 10 8 cells per milliliter, or such as about 3 ⁇ 10 8 to about 5 ⁇ 10 8 cells per milliliter.
  • a composition in accordance with the present disclosure can comprise from about 1 ⁇ 10 7 to about 1 ⁇ 10 8 cells per milliliter, such as about 2 ⁇ 10 7 to about 9 ⁇ 10 7 cells per milliliter, such as about 3 ⁇ 10 7 to about 8 ⁇ 10 7 cells per milliliter, such as about 4 ⁇ 10 7 to about 7 ⁇ 10 7 cells per milliliter, or such as about 5 ⁇ 10 7 to about 6 ⁇ 10 7 cells per milliliter.
  • a composition in accordance with the present disclosure can comprise from about 1 ⁇ 10 6 to about 1 ⁇ 10 7 cells per milliliter, such as about 2 ⁇ 10 6 to about 9 ⁇ 10 6 cells per milliliter, such as about 3 ⁇ 10 6 to about 8 ⁇ 10 6 cells per milliliter, such as about 4 ⁇ 10 6 to about 7 ⁇ 10 6 cells per milliliter, or such as about 5 ⁇ 10 6 to about 6 ⁇ 10 6 cells per milliliter.
  • a composition in accordance with the present disclosure can comprise at least about 1 ⁇ 10 6 cells per milliliter, such as at least about 2 ⁇ 10 6 cells per milliliter, such as at least about 3 ⁇ 10 6 cells per milliliter, such as at least about 4 ⁇ 10 6 cells per milliliter, such as at least about 5 ⁇ 10 6 cells per milliliter, such as at least about 6 ⁇ 10 6 cells per milliliter, such as at least about 7 ⁇ 10 6 cells per milliliter, such as at least about 8 ⁇ 10 6 cells per milliliter, such as at least about 9 ⁇ 10 6 cells per milliliter, such as at least about 1 ⁇ 10 7 cells per milliliter, such as at least about 2 ⁇ 10 7 cells per milliliter, such as at least about 3 ⁇ 10 7 cells per milliliter, such as at least about 4 ⁇ 10 7 cells per milliliter, or such as at least about 5 ⁇ 10 7 cells per milliliter.
  • a composition in accordance with the present disclosure can comprise up to about 1 ⁇ 10 8 cells or more, such as up to about 2 ⁇ 10 8 cells per milliliter or more, such as up to about 3 ⁇ 10 8 cells per milliliter or more, such as up to about 4 ⁇ 10 8 cells per milliliter or more, such as up to about 5 ⁇ 10 8 cells per milliliter or more, or such as up to about 6 ⁇ 10 8 cells per milliliter.
  • an OPC composition in accordance with the present disclosure can comprise from about 4 ⁇ 10 7 to about 2 ⁇ 10 8 cells per milliliter.
  • an OPC composition in accordance with the present disclosure can have a volume ranging from about 10 microliters to about 5 milliliters, such as about 20 microliters, such as about 30 microliters, such as about 40 microliters, such as about 50 microliters, such as about 60 microliters, such as about 70 microliters, such as about 80 microliters, such as about 90 microliters, such as about 100 microliters, such as about 200 microliters, such as about 300 microliters, such as about 400 microliters, such as about 500 microliters, such as about 600 microliters, such as about 700 microliters, such as about 800 microliters, such as about 900 microliters, such as about 1 milliliter, such as about 1.5 milliliters, such as about 2 milliliters, such as about 2.5 milliliters, such as about 3 milliliters, such as about 3.5 milliliters, such as about 4 milliliters, or such as about 4.5 milliliters.
  • a composition in accordance with the present disclosure can have a volume ranging from about 10 microliters to about 100 microliters, such as about 20 microliters to about 90 microliters, such as about 30 microliters to about 80 microliters, such as about 40 microliters to about 70 microliters, or such as about 50 microliters to about 60 microliters.
  • a composition in accordance with the present disclosure can have a volume ranging from about 100 microliters to about 1 milliliter, such as about 200 microliters to about 900 microliters, such as about 300 microliters to about 800 microliters, such as about 400 microliters to about 700 microliters, or such as about 500 microliters to about 600 microliters.
  • a composition in accordance with the present disclosure can have a volume ranging from about 1 milliliter to about 5 milliliters, such as about 2 milliliter to about 5 milliliters, such as about 1 milliliter to about 4 milliliters, such as about 1 milliliter to about 3 milliliters, such as about 2 milliliter to about 4 milliliters, or such as about 3 milliliter to about 5 milliliters.
  • an OPC composition in accordance with the present disclosure can have a volume of about 20 microliters to about 500 microliters.
  • an OPC composition in accordance with the present disclosure can have a volume of about 50 microliters to about 100 microliters.
  • an OPC composition in accordance with the present disclosure can have a volume of about 50 microliters to about 200 microliters. In another embodiment, an OPC composition in accordance with the present disclosure can have a volume of about 20 microliters to about 400 microliters. In an embodiment, an OPC composition in accordance with the present disclosure can be in a container configured for cryopreservation or for administration to a subject in need thereof. In an embodiment, a container can be a prefilled syringe.
  • An OPC composition obtained in accordance with the present disclosure can be used in cellular therapy to improve one or more neurological functions in a subject in need of treatment.
  • an OPC cell population in accordance with the present disclosure can be injected or implanted into a subject in need thereof.
  • a cell population in accordance with the present disclosure can be implanted into a subject in need thereof for treating spinal cord injury, stroke, or multiple sclerosis.
  • a cell population in accordance with the present disclosure can be capable of inducing myelination of denuded axons at an implantation site in a subject.
  • a cell population generated in accordance with a method of the present disclosure can exhibit improved capacity for engraftment and migration.
  • a cell population generated in accordance with a method of the present disclosure can be capable of improving post-injury repair or regeneration of neural tissue in a subject.
  • a cell population in accordance with the present disclosure can be capable of improving a sensory function in a subject in need of therapy following implantation of the population into the subject. Improvements in a sensory function can be evaluated using the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) Exam, such as determining sensory levels for right and left sides for pin prick and light touch sensations.
  • ISNCSCI International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury
  • a cell population in accordance with the present disclosure can be capable of improving a motor function in a subject in need of therapy following implantation of the population into the subject.
  • An improved motor function can be evaluated using the ISNCSCI Exam, such as determining motor levels for right and left sides for total paralysis, palpable or visible contraction, active movement, full range of motion against gravity, and sufficient resistance.
  • a cell population in accordance with the present disclosure can be capable of reducing a volume of an injury-induced central nervous system parenchymal cavitation in 12 months or less.
  • a cell population in accordance with the present disclosure can be capable of reducing a volume of an injury-induced central nervous system parenchymal cavitation in a subject in 6 months or less, 5 months or less, 4 months or less, 3 months or less, 2 months or less, or less than 1 month.
  • Undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells from a working cell bank (WCB) generated from the H1 line (WA01; Thomson J A, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Shapiro S S, Waknitz M A, Swiergiel J J, Marshall V S, Jones J M. Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science. 1998 Nov. 6; 282(5391):1145-7) were cultured on recombinant human laminin-521 (Corning #354224) coated, tissue culture treated polystyrene 225 cm 2 culture flasks (Corning #431082) in complete mTeSRTM-1 medium (Stem Cell Technologies #85850).
  • the medium was completely exchanged daily until the cells reached approximately 80-90% confluency, and uhESCs were then passaged using ReLeSRTM reagent (Stem Cell Technologies #05872). ReLeSRTM-lifted uhESC cells were seeded in new laminin-521 coated 225 cm 2 flasks, and daily medium exchange was resumed two days post-seeding. Cultured uhESCs from the WCB were expanded in this manner for between two to five passages, depending on the experiment, prior to differentiation into neuroectoderm progenitor cells as described in Example 2.
  • Example 2 Method of Differentiating Human Embryonic Stem Cells to Neuroectoderm Progenitors in Dynamic Suspension Culture
  • Expanded uhESC (at approximately 90% confluency) were detached and disaggregated with Accutase® (Stem Cell Technologies #07920) to form a single-cell suspension, allowing for an accurate cell count and uniform seeding densities.
  • the disaggregated uhESC were then seeded for dynamic suspension culture at a concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 6 viable cells/mL, into PBS-0.1 or PBS-0.5 Mini Bioreactor System (PBS Biotech), set to rotate at 35 RPM or 25 RPM, respectively (Day ⁇ 1).
  • Cells were seeded in a 1:1 mixture of glial progenitor medium (GPM; consisting of DMEM/F12 (Gibco Catalog No.
  • the small, non-EB aggregates were cultured in dynamic suspension in the PBS-0.1 or PBS-0.5 Mini Bioreactors rotating at 45 or 32 RPM, respectively, for the next four days in GPM supplemented with 10 ⁇ M SB431542 (Sigma-Aldrich, Catalog No. S4317) and 2 ⁇ M Dorsomorphin (Sigma-Aldrich, Catalog No. P5499).
  • the medium was replenished daily by allowing the aggregates to settle, removing 70-80% of the spent medium, and replacing with an equal volume of GPM supplemented with 10 ⁇ M SB431542 and 2 ⁇ M Dorsomorphin.
  • the cells were further cultured in dynamic suspension for an additional three days at 45 RPM (PBS-0.1 Mini Bioreactor) or 32 RPM (PBS-0.5 Mini Bioreactor) in GPM supplemented with 0.5 ⁇ M Purmorphamine (Reprocell, Catalog No. 04-0009), 1 ⁇ M retinoic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, Catalog No. R2625), and 150 ⁇ M ascorbic acid (Sigma Aldrich, Catalog No. A4544).
  • the medium was replenished daily by allowing the aggregates to settle, removing 70-80% of the spent medium, and replacing with an equal volume of GPM supplemented with 0.5 ⁇ M Purmorphamine, 1 ⁇ M retinoic acid, and 150 ⁇ M ascorbic acid.
  • a subset of the differentiated cells were collected at Day 7 of the dynamic suspension culture differentiation process and subjected to analysis for marker expression by immunocytochemistry (ICC) (as described in Example 5) and qPCR (as described in Example 6). By Day 7, the cells expressed markers characteristic of neuroectoderm (TABLE 2, FIG. 3 ). The remaining Day 7 cells were subjected to differentiation to glial lineage cells and further to oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, as described in Examples 3 and 4, respectively.
  • ICC immunocytochemistry
  • qPCR as described in Example 6
  • Example 3 Method of Differentiating Human Embryonic Stem Cells to Glial Lineage Cells in Dynamic Suspension Culture
  • uhESC to neuroectoderm/neural progenitor cells was performed as described in Example 2.
  • differentiation to glial progenitor cells was initiated by modifying the differentiation medium to GPM supplemented with 20 ng/mL human basic fibroblast growth factor (hbFGF, Thermo Fisher, cat # PHG0263), 10 ng/mL epidermal growth factor (EGF, Thermo Fisher, cat # PHG0311), and 10 ⁇ M RI.
  • hbFGF human basic fibroblast growth factor
  • Thermo Fisher Thermo Fisher, cat # PHG0263
  • EGF epidermal growth factor
  • PHG0311 epidermal growth factor
  • Cellular aggregates were maintained in dynamic suspension at 45 rpm (PBS-0.1 Mini Bioreactor) or 32 RPM (PBS-0.5 Mini Bioreactor) in GPM supplemented with 20 ng/mL bFGF and 10 ng/mL EGF for the next two weeks (Days 8-20), with medium replenished daily using gravity sedimentation and 70-80% medium exchange. 10 ⁇ M RI was also added to the fresh medium on Day 14.
  • a subset of the differentiated cells were collected at Day 21 of the dynamic suspension culture differentiation process and subjected to analysis for marker expression by qPCR (as described in Example 6). By Day 21, the differentiated cells expressed markers consistent with glial lineage cells (TABLE 2).
  • the glial lineage precursor cells obtained in Example 3 were further differentiated into oligodendrocyte progenitor cells.
  • the differentiation protocol for Days 0-20 was as described in Examples 2 and 3.
  • the aggregates were transferred from dynamic suspension culture to adherent culture on tissue culture vessels coated with recombinant human laminin-521 (rhLN-521).
  • rhLN-521 recombinant human laminin-521
  • the cells were cultured in GPM supplemented with 20 ng/mL EGF and 10 ng/mL platelet-derived growth factor-AA (PDGF-AA, PeproTech, cat # AF-100-13A), with a full medium replacement performed on every other day.
  • PDGF-AA platelet-derived growth factor-AA
  • the cell cultures were detached using TrypLETM Select (Thermo Fisher, cat # A12859-01), counted and seeded onto rhLN-521-coated vessels at 4 ⁇ 10 4 viable cells/cm 2 .
  • the GPM was replaced on alternating days starting on Day 35 until harvest on Day 42.
  • a subset of the differentiated cells were collected at Day 42 of the differentiation process and subjected to analysis for marker expression by flow cytometry (as described in Example 5), immunocytochemistry (as described in Example 5) and qPCR (as described in Example 6).
  • the differentiated cells expressed markers characteristic of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells as measured by the three analytical methods (TABLE 1, TABLE 2, FIG. 4 ).
  • the OPCs were harvested on Day 42. Cells were detached from vessels using TrypLETM Select, counted, and re-formulated in CryoStor10 (BioLife Solutions, cat #210102) prior to cryopreservation.
  • Flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry can be used to detect and characterize different aspects of protein marker expression in a cell population. While flow cytometry can be used to quantify the percentage of individual cells within the population that exhibit a given protein marker profile, ICC provides additional information about the subcellular localization of each protein marker and can be applied to single cells or cellular aggregates. By using either or both of these protein profiling approaches, we tracked the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to neuroectoderm progenitor cells, glial progenitor cells, and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells according to the methods of the present disclosure.
  • OCT Tissue-Tek Optimal Cutting Temperature
  • Sakura Finetek USA #4583 Tissue-Tek Optimal Cutting Temperature
  • OCT-embedded aggregates were warmed to ⁇ 20° C., cut into 30 ⁇ m sections using a cryostat (model CM3050 S, Leica Biosystems, Buffalo Grove, Ill., USA), and mounted onto poly-L-lysine (Sigma-Aldrich # P4707) coated glass slides.
  • FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 show representative ICC data for the starting pluripotent cell population and Day 7 neuroectoderm progenitor cells, respectively.
  • the starting population of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells expressed the canonical pluripotency markers, Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2 (Wang Z, Oron E, Nelson B, Razis S, Ivanova N. Distinct lineage specification roles for NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2 in human embryonic stem cells. Cell Stem Cell. 2012 Apr. 6; 10(4):440-54).
  • the cellular aggregates from two representative experiments expressed PAX6 and PSA-NCAM, two protein markers characteristic of neuroectoderm progenitor cells ( FIG.
  • FIG. 4 shows representative ICC data for the Day 42 oligodendrocyte progenitor cells.
  • the resulting single cell population from two representative experiments expressed the oligodendrocyte progenitor cell marker NG2 (Zhang Y, Chen K, Sloan S A, Bennett M L, Scholze A R, O'Keeffe S, Phatnani H P, Guarnieri P, Caneda C, Ruderisch N, Deng S, Liddelow S A, Zhang C, Daneman R, Maniatis T, Barres B A, Wu J Q.
  • NG2 oligodendrocyte progenitor cell marker
  • Cells were washed with Stain Buffer to remove unbound antibodies; in the case of unconjugated antibodies, cells were then incubated with appropriate fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibodies for 30 minutes on ice. Cells were washed and propidium iodide was then added to demark dead cells. In some cases, cells were cultured overnight at 37° C./5% CO2 in tissue culture vessels coated with Matrigel (Corning #356231) to recover protein markers that exhibited sensitivity to the Day 42 harvesting procedure described in Example 4, and were then harvested with TrypLETM Select (Thermo Fisher # A12859-01) and stained for flow cytometry analysis as described above.
  • TABLE 1 shows representative flow cytometry data for Day 42 oligodendrocyte progenitor cells generated in accordance with the methodology described in Example 4.
  • a high proportion of cells in the resulting cell population expressed characteristic oligodendrocyte markers, including NG2 (Zhang Y, Chen K, Sloan S A, Bennett M L, Scholze A R, O'Keeffe S, Phatnani H P, Guarnieri P, Caneda C, Ruderisch N, Deng S, Liddelow S A, Zhang C, Daneman R, Maniatis T, Barres B A, Wu J Q.
  • NG2 Zad Y, Chen K, Sloan S A, Bennett M L, Scholze A R, O'Keeffe S, Phatnani H P, Guarnieri P, Caneda C, Ruderisch N, Deng S, Liddelow S A, Zhang C, Daneman R, Maniatis T, Barres B A, Wu J Q.
  • RNA-sequencing transcriptome and splicing database of glia, neurons, and vascular cells of the cerebral cortex J Neurosci. 2014 Sep. 3; 34(36):11929-47
  • GD3 Gallo V, Zhou J M, McBain C J, Wright P, Knutson P L, Armstrong R C. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell proliferation and lineage progression are regulated by glutamate receptor-mediated K+ channel block. J Neurosci. 1996 Apr. 15; 16(8):2659-70), as well as the pre-OPC marker, A2B5 (Keirstead H S, Nistor G, Bernal G, Totoiu M, Cloutier F, Sharp K, Steward O.
  • the cell population generated by the methodology described in the present disclosure resulted in higher proportion of cells positive for oligodendrocyte progenitor cell marker NG2 and reduced expression of non-OPC markers CD49f, CLDN6, and EpCAM when compared to OPCs that are currently in clinical testing to treat spinal cord injury and that were generated using another method (Priest C A, Manley N C, Denham J, Wirth E D 3rd, Lebkowski J S. Preclinical safety of human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitors supporting clinical trials in spinal cord injury. Regen Med. 2015 November; 10(8):939-58; Manley N C, Priest C A, Denham J, Wirth E D 3rd, Lebkowski J S.
  • Gene expression profiling can be used to characterize the cellular phenotype of the starting pluripotent cell population and each stage of differentiation, including the generation of neuroectoderm progenitor cells, glial progenitor cells, and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells.
  • Gene expression profiling includes both global transcriptome profiling, using such methods as microarray and RNA-seq, and targeted gene profiling using methods of increased sensitivity such as quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR).
  • Qiagen RNeasy Mini Kit Qiagen #74106
  • the relative expression level of target genes and reference housekeeping genes was then quantified using gene-specific primer-probe sets (Applied Biosystems Taqman Gene Expression Assays, Thermo Fisher Scientific #4331182) according to the manufacturer's guidelines.
  • PCR reactions were performed on the ABI 7900HT Real-Time Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems), the BioMark HD System (Fluidigm) or equivalent.
  • Each target gene was normalized to one or multiple reference genes, such as GAPDH, to determine its relative expression level.
  • FIG. 5 shows a representative qPCR analysis of uhESCs at the time of harvest prior to formation of three-dimensional cellular aggregates (Day ⁇ 1) and 24 hours later, after formation of small, non-embryoid body (non-EB) aggregates (Day 0, immediately prior to initiation of neuroectoderm differentiation).
  • non-EB non-embryoid body
  • RNA samples were collected at the following time points: 24 hours after initiation of uhESC cellular aggregate formation and prior to differentiation (Day 0), following differentiation to neuroectoderm progenitors (Day 7), following differentiation to glial progenitors (Day 21), and following differentiation to oligodendrocyte progenitors (Day 42). RNA samples were processed for qPCR using the methods described above.
  • a selected panel of genes indicative of each differentiation state were quantified, including: three pluripotency genes (NANOG, LIN28A, SOX2), three neuroectoderm progenitor genes (PAX6, HESS, ZBTB16), three glial progenitor genes (CACGN4, FABP7, SOX6), and three oligodendrocyte progenitor genes (CSPG4, PDGFR ⁇ , DCN).
  • NANOG nuclear neurogenitor gene
  • PAX6, HESS ZBTB16
  • CACGN4 glial progenitor genes
  • CSPG4 PDGFR ⁇ , DCN three oligodendrocyte progenitor genes
  • normalized ⁇ CT values were calculated using the average of five housekeeping genes (ACTB, GAPDH, EP300, PGK1, SMAD1), and fold expression relative to baseline (expression below the limit of quantification) was calculated using the ⁇ CT method.
  • NEPCs neuroectoderm progenitor cells
  • GPCs glial progenitor cells
  • OPCs oligodendrocyte progenitor cells
  • differentiation of uhESCs for seven days by a method in accordance with the present disclosure resulted in a gene expression profile that was consistent with neuroectoderm progenitor cells, including downregulation of NANOG, and expression of LIN28A, SOX2, PAX6, HESS, and ZBTB16 (Patterson M, Chan D N, Ha I, Case D, Cui Y, Van Handel B, Mikkola H K, Lowry W E. Defining the nature of human pluripotent stem cell progeny. Cell Res.
  • the resulting cell population exhibited a gene expression profile that was consistent with glial progenitor cells, including downregulation of pluripotency and neuroectoderm progenitor cell markers and induction of CACNG4, FABP7, and SOX6 (Zhang Y, Chen K, Sloan S A, Bennett M L, Scholze A R, O'Keeffe S, Phatnani H P, Guarnieri P, Caneda C, Ruderisch N, Deng S, Liddelow S A, Zhang C, Daneman R, Maniatis T, Barres B A, Wu J Q.
  • RNA-sequencing transcriptome and splicing database of glia, neurons, and vascular cells of the cerebral cortex J Neurosci. 2014 Sep. 3; 34(36):11929-47; Petit A, Sanders A D, Kennedy T E, Tetzlaff W, Glattfelder K J, Dalley R A, Puchalski R B, Jones A R, Roskams A J.
  • Adult spinal cord radial glia display a unique progenitor phenotype.
  • the resulting cell population expressed markers consistent with oligodendrocyte progenitors, including downregulation of the earlier lineage markers and induction of CSPG4 (NG2), PDGFR ⁇ , and DCN (Zhang Y, Chen K, Sloan S A, Bennett M L, Scholze A R, O'Keeffe S, Phatnani H P, Guarnieri P, Caneda C, Ruderisch N, Deng S, Liddelow S A, Zhang C, Daneman R, Maniatis T, Barres B A, Wu J Q. An RNA-sequencing transcriptome and splicing database of glia, neurons, and vascular cells of the cerebral cortex. J Neurosci. 2014 Sep. 3; 34(36):11929-47).
  • Example 7 Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells to Neuroectoderm Progenitor Cells Using Alternative Small Molecule Inhibitors of TGFBR1/Activin/Nodal Signaling and BMP Signaling
  • TGF ⁇ R1/Activin/Nodal signaling and BMP signaling were tested for their ability to differentiate human embryonic stem cells into neuroectoderm progenitors in suspension.
  • TABLE 3 lists the alternative small molecule inhibitors that were tested. Each condition was tested in duplicate wells of an Ultra Low Attachment 6-well tissue culture plate (Corning #3471).
  • ⁇ CT value was calculated relative to the average of five housekeeping genes (ACTB, GAPDH, EP300, PGK1, SMAD1), and fold expression relative to baseline (expression below the limit of quantification) was calculated using the ⁇ CT method.
  • TABLE 4 shows the average of fold expression value for biological duplicates of each small molecule combination (relative to baseline).
  • differentiation of uhESCs for seven days in suspension with each of the tested small molecule combinations resulted in downregulation of the pluripotency marker NANOG and a similar degree of maintained expression or induction of genes associated with a neuroectoderm progenitor cell phenotype, including LIN28A, SOX2, PAX6, HESS, and ZBTB16.
  • Fluidigm qPCR was conducted using a 96 gene panel that consisted of known markers for pluripotency, neuroectoderm progenitor cells, neural tube patterning, glial progenitor cells, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, neural crest cells, neurons, astrocytes, pericytes, Schwann cells, and epithelial cells.
  • a 96 gene panel that consisted of known markers for pluripotency, neuroectoderm progenitor cells, neural tube patterning, glial progenitor cells, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, neural crest cells, neurons, astrocytes, pericytes, Schwann cells, and epithelial cells.
  • Example 8 Assessing the Presence of Extraneous Epithelial Lineage Cells in the Differentiated OPC Population Using an In Vitro Cyst Assay
  • Presence of undesirable epithelial lineage cells in an OPC population generated in accordance with the present disclosure was tested using an in vitro cyst assay.
  • the cyst assay was performed essentially according to a protocol by Debnath et al. (Debnath J, Muthuswamy S K, Brugge J S. Morphogenesis and oncogenesis of MCF-10A mammary epithelial acini grown in three-dimensional basement membrane cultures. 2003 Methods. 3:256-68). Briefly, OPCs were grown in a 3D culture system in the presence of factors known to stimulate epithelial cyst formation for a period of 20 days. In addition to visual detection of cysts, the presence of cystic structures containing basolateral protein expression of the epithelial marker CD49f was also assessed using immunocytochemistry.
  • OPCs were seeded in cyst-supporting media onto a pad of Matrigel® (Corning) at a density of 21.9 ⁇ 10 3 cells/cm2 (in total, 0.5 ⁇ 10 6 cells were seeded in 12 wells of a 24 well plate).
  • Cells were cultured for 20 days. On Day 20, a live cyst count was performed, Matrigel® was dissolved using Cell Recovery Solution (Corning #354253), cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) for 5 minutes on ice and permeabilized in blocking buffer overnight. Subsequently, cysts were stained for CD49f (ITGA6), phalloidin, and counter-stained with DAPI. Cysts were imaged using IN Cell Analyzer 2000 (GE Healthcare Life Sciences) and cyst frequency, size and staining intensity were quantified using IN Cell Developer Software (GE Healthcare Life Sciences) and MATLABTM (Mathworks).
  • OPCs generated from two representative runs using a method in accordance with the present disclosure and tested in the in vitro cyst assay produced fewer cysts than that of three control lots of OPCs (Control A, Control B and Control C) that were generated by an alternative method previously found to give rise to epithelial cyst formation in vivo (Manley N C, Priest C A, Denham J, Wirth E D 3rd, Lebkowski J S. Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells: Preclinical Efficacy and Safety in Cervical Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2017 October; 6(10):1917-1929). Based on these results, it is expected that OPCs generated in accordance with the present disclosure would form little or no epithelial cysts in vivo.

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