US20180305224A1 - Method and apparatus for treating potable water in municipal and similar water tanks - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for treating potable water in municipal and similar water tanks Download PDFInfo
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- US20180305224A1 US20180305224A1 US16/016,631 US201816016631A US2018305224A1 US 20180305224 A1 US20180305224 A1 US 20180305224A1 US 201816016631 A US201816016631 A US 201816016631A US 2018305224 A1 US2018305224 A1 US 2018305224A1
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- water
- tank
- air
- air flow
- circulation system
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/20—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by degassing, i.e. liberation of dissolved gases
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D19/00—Degasification of liquids
- B01D19/0042—Degasification of liquids modifying the liquid flow
- B01D19/0047—Atomizing, spraying, trickling
-
- B01F13/0049—
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
- B01F23/20—Mixing gases with liquids
- B01F23/23—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids
- B01F23/234—Surface aerating
- B01F23/2341—Surface aerating by cascading, spraying or projecting a liquid into a gaseous atmosphere
-
- B01F3/04737—
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F33/00—Other mixers; Mixing plants; Combinations of mixers
- B01F33/50—Movable or transportable mixing devices or plants
- B01F33/503—Floating mixing devices
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D19/00—Degasification of liquids
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D19/00—Degasification of liquids
- B01D19/0005—Degasification of liquids with one or more auxiliary substances
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D19/00—Degasification of liquids
- B01D19/0042—Degasification of liquids modifying the liquid flow
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F2215/00—Auxiliary or complementary information in relation with mixing
- B01F2215/04—Technical information in relation with mixing
- B01F2215/0413—Numerical information
- B01F2215/0418—Geometrical information
- B01F2215/0422—Numerical values of angles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F2215/00—Auxiliary or complementary information in relation with mixing
- B01F2215/04—Technical information in relation with mixing
- B01F2215/0413—Numerical information
- B01F2215/0418—Geometrical information
- B01F2215/0431—Numerical size values, e.g. diameter of a hole or conduit, area, volume, length, width, or ratios thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
- C02F2101/32—Hydrocarbons, e.g. oil
- C02F2101/322—Volatile compounds, e.g. benzene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
- C02F2101/36—Organic compounds containing halogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
- C02F2303/18—Removal of treatment agents after treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
- C02F2303/18—Removal of treatment agents after treatment
- C02F2303/185—The treatment agent being halogen or a halogenated compound
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
- E03B—INSTALLATIONS OR METHODS FOR OBTAINING, COLLECTING, OR DISTRIBUTING WATER
- E03B11/00—Arrangements or adaptations of tanks for water supply
- E03B11/10—Arrangements or adaptations of tanks for water supply for public or like main water supply
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B23/00—Pumping installations or systems
- F04B23/02—Pumping installations or systems having reservoirs
- F04B23/021—Pumping installations or systems having reservoirs the pump being immersed in the reservoir
Definitions
- This invention relates to the field of systems for treating potable water in municipal and similar tanks to reduce and remove undesirable disinfectant byproducts from the water.
- THM's trihalomethanes
- a water circulation system and an air flow system are each created within an enclosed tank to interact and intersect with each other to greatly enhance the volatizing of undesirable disinfectant byproducts such as THM's in liquid state in the water to gaseous state to then be vented out of the tank.
- This invention involves a method and apparatus for treating potable water in municipal and similar tanks to reduce and remove undesirable disinfectant byproducts such as trihalomethanes from the water.
- the method and apparatus include providing a water circulation system to create a circulation pattern in the tank water and an air flow system for creating an air flow pattern in the air gap or headspace region of the enclosed tank above the water surface.
- a portion of the tank water is drawn-up a draft tube from essentially at the tank floor to a first location above the water surface.
- the drawn-up water portion is then sprayed through a nozzle at the first location outwardly about a vertical axis and slightly downwardly toward the surface of the remaining water in the tank.
- a driving pattern is established in the remaining water in the tank that initially moves radially outwardly from the nozzle toward the tank side walls, downwardly along the side walls, radially inwardly across the tank floor toward the inlet of the draft tube, and up the draft tube to the nozzle.
- This driving pattern in turn induces a secondary circulation pattern within it to very effectively and thoroughly mix or blend all of the water in the entire tank.
- the air flow system in turn creates a high volume of air passing into and out of the tank in the air gap or headspace region above the water surface.
- the air flow system of the preferred embodiment drives ambient air through a tank inlet downwardly toward the water surface with at least a portion of the air flow pattern directed toward and into the spray pattern of the nozzle.
- the undesirable trihalomethanes in liquid state in the drawn-up water portion are then exposed in the spray pattern to air and volatize to gaseous state where they enter the air flow pattern and exit the tank through the tank outlet into ambient air.
- Other portions of the air in the flow pattern passing across the surface of the tank water also aid in volatizing the undesirable trihalomethanes.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a municipal tank with the preferred embodiment of the present invention in it.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate the outer, driving and inner, induced circulation patterns set up in the tank by the water circulation system of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a top plan view taken along line 4 - 4 of FIG. 2 further illustrating the driving water pattern set up adjacent the surface of the tank water.
- FIG. 5 a is an enlarged, partial cross-sectional view of the nozzle at the top of the draft tube and the spray pattern it creates to produce the driven water pattern in the surface of the tank water.
- FIG. 5 b is a further enlarged view of the perforations in the nozzle.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the water circulation system and the air flow circulation system of the present invention in operation.
- FIG. 7 is an enlarged view of the interaction of the water circulation system and air flow system of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 illustrates the preferred embodiment in operation to volatize the undesirable byproducts such as trihalomethanes in liquid state in the water to a gaseous state and to remove them from the tank.
- FIG. 9 is a view similar to FIG. 6 with the depending air hose and nozzle of the draft tube slightly misaligned but still operating in the desired manner of FIG. 6 to volatize and remove undesirable byproducts such as trihalomethanes from the tank water.
- FIG. 10 illustrates a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is an enlarged view of the nozzle of the second embodiment.
- FIGS. 12 a and 12 b are further enlarged views of the nozzle of the second embodiment.
- the method and apparatus of the present invention are primarily designed for use in a municipal or similar, potable water tanks such as 2 in FIG. 1 to aid in removing undesirable byproducts of the disinfectant process or processes from the water 4 .
- undesirable byproducts include trihalomethanes (THM) and similar byproducts of disinfecting processes, particularly those processes using chlorine and chloramines which routinely result in undesirable concentrations of THM in liquid state remaining in the processed water.
- THM trihalomethanes
- municipal water tanks such as 2 commonly include a ceiling 6 and floor 8 with side walls 10 extending therebetween to contain the water 4 in the tank 2 .
- the water 4 can enter and exit the enclosed tank 2 in any number of manners including via the illustrated inlet and outlet pipes 12 , 12 ′ of FIG. 1 .
- the entering flow through inlet pipe 12 is typically controlled as for example by an upstream valve or pump at 14 that can be selectively operated in response to high and low water level sensors such as 16 , 16 ′ in the tank 2 .
- the surface 18 of the water 4 is then spaced at least a first distance (e.g., 4 to 6 feet) below the ceiling 6 by the high level sensor 16 to create an air gap or headspace region 20 above the surface 18 of the water 4 .
- the present invention includes a water circulation system 1 having a flotation platform 3 with a draft tube 5 depending downwardly therefrom to the water inlet 7 of the draft tube 5 adjacent the floor 8 of the tank 2 .
- the pump 9 positioned within the draft tube 5 in FIG. 2 draws up water 4 ′ from substantially at the tank floor 8 (e.g., within a foot or so and preferably within six or fewer inches) into the inlet 7 of the draft tube 5 and up through the draft tube 5 to a spray nozzle 11 .
- the spray nozzle 11 as shown in FIGS. 2-3 is supported by the flotation platform 3 above the water surface 18 ′′ of the remaining water 4 ′′ in the tank 2 .
- the drawn-up water portion 4 ′ through the draft tube 5 is then sprayed through the nozzle 11 at 13 in FIG. 2 outwardly and slightly downwardly toward the water surface 18 ′′.
- a driving pattern or circulation 15 (see FIG. 3 ) is established in the remaining water 4 ′′ in the tank 2 .
- This driving pattern 15 as illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 initially moves substantially radially outwardly from the nozzle 11 substantially 360 degrees about the vertical axis 17 at the water surface 18 ′′ ( FIG. 4 ).
- the driving pattern 15 then continues outwardly toward the side walls 10 of the tank 2 ( FIG. 3 ), downwardly along the side walls 10 , radially inwardly across the tank floor 8 toward the inlet 7 of the draft tube 5 , and up the draft tube 5 .
- This driving pattern or circulation 15 in turn induces a secondary circulation pattern at 19 in FIG. 3 within the outer, driving pattern 15 to very effectively and thoroughly mix or blend all of the water in the entire tank 2 .
- the inner or secondary circulation pattern 19 as shown in FIG. 3 passes up adjacent the outside of the draft tube 5 toward the water surface 18 ′′ and outwardly immediately beneath the upper flow 15 of the driving pattern to pass outwardly and downwardly within the driving pattern 15 and again up adjacent the draft tube 5 .
- the spray nozzle 11 of FIG. 5 a is preferably a very thin (e.g., 0.1 inch) sheet 21 of stainless steel or similar material that has been pierced to create a large number (e.g., 5,000-30,000) of holes or perforations 23 on the order of 0.01 inches in diameter ( FIG. 5 b ).
- the sheet 21 is then formed into an inverted, substantially conical or frustoconical shape about the vertical axis 17 ( FIG. 5 a ).
- the apex area of the inverted cone is preferably about a foot above the water surface 18 ′′ of FIG. 3 and the height of the inverted cone itself from the apex to its base is preferably on the order of about 18 inches.
- the sides of the cone extend upwardly and outwardly of the vertical axis 17 on the order of 25 to 35 degrees.
- the pierced holes or perforations 23 are preferably directed outwardly about the vertical axis 17 and then slightly downwardly (e.g., 25 to 35 degrees and preferably about 30 degrees) from the horizontal 25 in FIG. 5 a into the air gap region 20 ( FIGS. 2-3 ) above the water surface 18 ′′.
- the pierced holes 23 preferably create very fine streamlets or streamlines of water that will not only drive the circulating pattern 15 of FIG. 3 in the remaining water 4 ′′ but also allow space in between the streamlines for air as the streamlines in part (e.g., 50%) transition to propelled droplets and mist.
- the upper or higher streamlines 13 adjacent the inverted base of the cone of the nozzle 11 in FIGS. 2-4 extend out to or slightly beyond the floats 3 ′ of the flotation platform 3 ( FIG. 4 ) or roughly on the order of 3-6 feet outwardly from the vertical axis 17 ( FIGS. 2-3 ) before striking the water surface 18 ′′.
- This in turn has been found to provide sufficient hang time for all of the streamlines 13 to be exposed to the air in the spray pattern to effectively treat or volatize the THM laden water.
- the water portion 4 ′ is preferably drawn-up or upwardly move at a fairly high rate (e.g., 500 gallons per minute)
- the relative volume of this drawn-up water portion 4 ′ per minute compared to the total volume of the tank e.g., 2,000,000 gallons in a 35 foot high tank with a 100 foot diameter
- the relative volume of this drawn-up water portion 4 ′ per minute compared to the total volume of the tank is relatively small or less per minute than one thousandth of the total tank volume.
- the present invention also includes an air flow system ( FIG. 6 ) that creates an air flow pattern in the air gap region 20 above the water surface 18 ′′.
- This air flow system and air flow pattern are in addition to the above-described water circulation system 1 of FIG. 3 that creates the water flow patterns 15 and 19 in the water in the tank 2 .
- the water and air flow systems interact and preferably actually intersect in the area of the spray pattern 13 from the nozzle 11 above the water surface 18 ′′ as in FIGS. 6-7 .
- the enclosed tank 2 of FIG. 6 is provided with an air fan or blower at 32 .
- the blower 32 as shown draws in ambient, atmospheric air at 34 , pressurizes it, and drives it down the depending hose 36 toward the water surface 18 ′′ and preferably directly into the spray pattern 13 from the nozzle 11 .
- the end of the hose 36 is preferably adjacent the water surface 18 ′′ but still at a location closer to the ceiling 6 than the nozzle 11 .
- the tank 2 is vented at 40 and the illustrated air flow pattern of FIG. 6 is then created from ambient, atmospheric air at 34 down the hose 36 into the air gap region 20 of the tank 2 and back out of the air gap region 20 through the air outlet 40 into the ambient, atmospheric air.
- the air flow in cubic feet per minute is preferably on the order of 15-30 times (e.g., 20:1) the flow of the drawn-up portion of water 4 ′ in cubic feet per minute.
- a desirable volume of air passing through the tank 2 would be on the order of 1400 cubic feet per minute. This would deliver an air volume enough to displace an air gap region 20 on the order of 6 feet high and 100 feet in diameter in our examples in about 30 minutes.
- Such a high volume of change-out air is desirable to keep the air gap region 20 particularly near the nozzle spray pattern 13 and water surface 18 ′′ from becoming saturated with gaseous THM that might then condense and return to the water.
- the volatilization process of the liquid state THM to gaseous state consumes heat from the air thereby reducing the air and water temperatures.
- the reduced temperatures in turn reduce the efficiency of the volatilization process wherein the preferred, relatively high air change-out rate then desirably adds heat to the air in the air gap region 20 to thereby increase the rate and efficiency of the volatilization process.
- the driving, air pressure differential (e.g., 1 ⁇ 5- 1/10 psi) between the tank inlet and outlet could also be created by reversing the flow through the blower 32 if desired but it is preferably created as illustrated in FIG. 6 .
- the water and air flow patterns preferably actually intersect in the area of the spray pattern 13 from the nozzle 11 above the water surface 18 ′′ as perhaps best seen in FIG. 7 . It is noted that the force of the water spray pattern 13 itself from the nozzle 11 into the air gap region 20 also aids in inducing the overall air currents in the tank 2 and in drawing air into the water spray pattern 13 itself and over the water surface 18 ′′.
- THM trihalomethanes
- the water circulation system 1 of the present invention will then continuously draw up water laden with THM in liquid state from the depths of the tank 2 substantially at the tank floor 8 into the inlet 7 of the draft tube 5 and up through the draft tube 5 to a first location at the nozzle 11 .
- This first location at the nozzle 11 as illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3 is above the water surface 18 ′′ of the remaining water 4 ′′ in the tank 2 and the drawn-up water portion 4 ′ ( FIG. 3 ) through the draft tube 5 is thereafter sprayed into the air gap region 20 above the water surface 18 ′′ in a spray pattern 13 .
- the spray pattern 13 as discussed above is substantially radially outwardly above the water surface 18 ′′ substantially 360 degrees about the vertical axis 17 of FIGS.
- the spray pattern 13 is also directly slightly downwardly (e.g., 30 degrees from the horizontal 25 as in FIG. 5 a ) toward the water surface 18 ′′ to create the driving flow pattern 15 of FIG. 3 in the tank water.
- substantially all of the spray pattern is preferably directed downwardly to create as strong a driving pattern 15 as possible.
- the discharge of pressurized, ambient air exiting the hose 36 in FIG. 8 is then preferably directed downwardly as also discussed above along the vertical axis 17 into the spray pattern 13 from the nozzle 11 to greatly enhance the contact and volatizing of the THM in liquid state to THM in gaseous state.
- the THM in gaseous state then enters the rest of the air flow pattern as in FIG. 8 and exits with the air flow out the vent 40 into the ambient air.
- the discharged air from the hose 36 is preferably directly downwardly along and about the vertical axis 17 directly and uniformly into the spray pattern 13 from the nozzle 11 as illustrated in FIG.
- the discharged air exits the hose 36 relatively close to the water surface 18 ′′ and will also move outwardly adjacent the surface 18 ′′ toward the tank walls 10 to help volatize and entrain gaseous THM in the overall air flow pattern.
- the water circulation system 1 of the present invention is a paramount feature. This is the case particularly as the system 1 draws up water essentially at the tank floor 8 (e.g., within a foot or so and preferably within six or fewer inches) as in FIGS. 2-3 and establishes the primary or driving circulation pattern 15 ( FIG. 3 ) and the induced secondary or inner circulation pattern 19 that effectively and thoroughly mix or blend the water in the entire tank 2 . In doing so, the water circulation system 1 results in virtually all of the tank water in a relatively short period (e.g., 1-2 days in the 2,000,000 gallon tank of our examples) being passed through and treated in the relatively small area (e.g., 6-12 feet wide and 30 inches high) of the substantially conical spray pattern 13 from the nozzle 11 .
- a relatively short period e.g., 1-2 days in the 2,000,000 gallon tank of our examples
- the water circulation system 1 of the present invention as discussed above not only draws up water essentially at and across the entire tank floor 8 but also establishes a complete circulation throughout the tank with few if any dead spots where THM might undesirably concentrate. Monitoring samples for THM concentrations can then be taken essentially anywhere in the tank 2 with the confidence that the readings will accurately reflect the THM concentrations everywhere in the tank 2 .
- the fresh air flow system is equally important to the present invention as it virtually eliminates the undesirable situation that volatized THM will saturate the air in the air gap region 20 with the gaseous THM then undesirably condensing and returning to the water.
- the flotation platform 3 of FIGS. 2-4 with the draft tube 5 depending therefrom and the nozzle 11 supported thereon is preferred.
- the pump 9 of FIG. 7 is then always at a predetermined, fixed depth or distance below the water surface 18 ′′ as the tank water level rises or falls.
- the nozzle 11 is always at a predetermined, fixed distance or location above the water surface 18 ′′.
- the operating parameters of this embodiment including the power requirements of the motor 9 ′ for the pump 9 can best be designed and optimized for highest efficiency and safety to the various parts of the water circulation system and the air flow system of the present invention.
- the driving pump see 9 ′′ in FIGS.
- the motor 9 ′′′ for the pump 9 ′′ in FIG. 11 as is the case with motor 9 ′ for the pump 9 in FIG. 2 of the first embodiment can be powered by an electrical cord 31 ( FIG. 10 ) dropping down through or adjacent the air hose 36 ′, which power cord 31 is only shown in FIG. 10 for clarity.
- the motor 9 ′′′ in the embodiment of FIG. 10 like the motor 9 ′ in the first embodiment is preferably positioned within the flow of the water portion 4 ′.
- the passing flow of 4 ′ then cools the motor 9 ′′′ and on the other hand, the passing flow of 4 ′ is conversely and advantageously heated to aid in the subsequent volatilization process at the nozzle 11 ′.
- the modified nozzle 11 ′ as shown in FIGS. 12 a and 12 b includes the upcoming water tube 5 ′ that is concentrically surrounded by the lower extension 36 ′′ of the depending air hose 36 ′.
- a plurality of radially spaced nozzles 11 ′′ are then provided at upper and lower levels on the water tube 5 ′ and the surrounding extension 36 ′′ provided with perforated air holes 23 ′ above and below the nozzles 11 ′′ as shown in FIGS. 12 a -12 b .
- the spray pattern 13 ′ of FIG. 11 from the nozzle 11 ′ differs from nozzle 11 of the preferred embodiment of FIGS.
- FIGS. 1-9 and 10-12 b the choice between the embodiments of FIGS. 1-9 and 10-12 b depends upon the size of the access opening to the tank with the first embodiment normally requiring a larger one (e.g., 18 inches or more).
- THM trihalomethanes
- the method and apparatus of the present invention are meant to equally encompass treating similar byproducts from other disinfecting processes in which the processed water has undesirable byproducts with similar properties to THM including a relatively high vapor pressure so it easily and quickly volatizes into air.
- the word substantially is utilized herein to represent the inherent degree of uncertainty that may be attributed to any quantitative comparison, value, measurement or other representation. This term is also utilized herein to represent the degree by which a quantitative representation may vary from a stated reference without resulting in a change in the basic function of the subject matter involved.
Abstract
Description
- This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/763,379 filed Feb. 8, 2013, which is incorporated herein by reference and the benefit of which is hereby claimed.
- This invention relates to the field of systems for treating potable water in municipal and similar tanks to reduce and remove undesirable disinfectant byproducts from the water.
- Potable bodies of water and in particular municipal and other water sources intended for drinking are commonly treated with disinfectants such as chlorine and chloramines. These disinfectants very efficiently and effectively eliminate harmful agents in the water making the water potable and suitable for drinking. However, such disinfectants can and usually do create undesirable disinfectant byproducts such as chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform which are all forms of trihalomethanes (THM's). In very small amounts (e.g., very low parts per billion), these THM's are not believed to be a serious threat to health but reduction of them in potable water reservoirs such as municipal water tanks is always desirable and is increasingly being mandated by law.
- With this and other problems in mind, the present invention was developed. In it, a water circulation system and an air flow system are each created within an enclosed tank to interact and intersect with each other to greatly enhance the volatizing of undesirable disinfectant byproducts such as THM's in liquid state in the water to gaseous state to then be vented out of the tank.
- This invention involves a method and apparatus for treating potable water in municipal and similar tanks to reduce and remove undesirable disinfectant byproducts such as trihalomethanes from the water. The method and apparatus include providing a water circulation system to create a circulation pattern in the tank water and an air flow system for creating an air flow pattern in the air gap or headspace region of the enclosed tank above the water surface.
- In operation, a portion of the tank water is drawn-up a draft tube from essentially at the tank floor to a first location above the water surface. In the preferred embodiment, the drawn-up water portion is then sprayed through a nozzle at the first location outwardly about a vertical axis and slightly downwardly toward the surface of the remaining water in the tank. In doing so, a driving pattern is established in the remaining water in the tank that initially moves radially outwardly from the nozzle toward the tank side walls, downwardly along the side walls, radially inwardly across the tank floor toward the inlet of the draft tube, and up the draft tube to the nozzle. This driving pattern in turn induces a secondary circulation pattern within it to very effectively and thoroughly mix or blend all of the water in the entire tank.
- The air flow system in turn creates a high volume of air passing into and out of the tank in the air gap or headspace region above the water surface. The air flow system of the preferred embodiment drives ambient air through a tank inlet downwardly toward the water surface with at least a portion of the air flow pattern directed toward and into the spray pattern of the nozzle. The undesirable trihalomethanes in liquid state in the drawn-up water portion are then exposed in the spray pattern to air and volatize to gaseous state where they enter the air flow pattern and exit the tank through the tank outlet into ambient air. Other portions of the air in the flow pattern passing across the surface of the tank water also aid in volatizing the undesirable trihalomethanes.
-
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a municipal tank with the preferred embodiment of the present invention in it. -
FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate the outer, driving and inner, induced circulation patterns set up in the tank by the water circulation system of the present invention. -
FIG. 4 is a top plan view taken along line 4-4 ofFIG. 2 further illustrating the driving water pattern set up adjacent the surface of the tank water. -
FIG. 5a is an enlarged, partial cross-sectional view of the nozzle at the top of the draft tube and the spray pattern it creates to produce the driven water pattern in the surface of the tank water. -
FIG. 5b is a further enlarged view of the perforations in the nozzle. -
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the water circulation system and the air flow circulation system of the present invention in operation. -
FIG. 7 is an enlarged view of the interaction of the water circulation system and air flow system of the present invention. -
FIG. 8 illustrates the preferred embodiment in operation to volatize the undesirable byproducts such as trihalomethanes in liquid state in the water to a gaseous state and to remove them from the tank. -
FIG. 9 is a view similar toFIG. 6 with the depending air hose and nozzle of the draft tube slightly misaligned but still operating in the desired manner ofFIG. 6 to volatize and remove undesirable byproducts such as trihalomethanes from the tank water. -
FIG. 10 illustrates a second embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 11 is an enlarged view of the nozzle of the second embodiment. -
FIGS. 12a and 12b are further enlarged views of the nozzle of the second embodiment. - The method and apparatus of the present invention are primarily designed for use in a municipal or similar, potable water tanks such as 2 in
FIG. 1 to aid in removing undesirable byproducts of the disinfectant process or processes from thewater 4. Such undesirable byproducts as discussed above include trihalomethanes (THM) and similar byproducts of disinfecting processes, particularly those processes using chlorine and chloramines which routinely result in undesirable concentrations of THM in liquid state remaining in the processed water. As shown inFIG. 1 , municipal water tanks such as 2 commonly include aceiling 6 andfloor 8 withside walls 10 extending therebetween to contain thewater 4 in thetank 2. Thewater 4 can enter and exit the enclosedtank 2 in any number of manners including via the illustrated inlet andoutlet pipes FIG. 1 . The entering flow throughinlet pipe 12 is typically controlled as for example by an upstream valve or pump at 14 that can be selectively operated in response to high and low water level sensors such as 16,16′ in thetank 2. Thesurface 18 of thewater 4 is then spaced at least a first distance (e.g., 4 to 6 feet) below theceiling 6 by thehigh level sensor 16 to create an air gap orheadspace region 20 above thesurface 18 of thewater 4. - As schematically shown in
FIG. 1 , the present invention includes awater circulation system 1 having aflotation platform 3 with adraft tube 5 depending downwardly therefrom to the water inlet 7 of thedraft tube 5 adjacent thefloor 8 of thetank 2. In operation as best seen inFIGS. 2-3 , thepump 9 positioned within thedraft tube 5 inFIG. 2 draws upwater 4′ from substantially at the tank floor 8 (e.g., within a foot or so and preferably within six or fewer inches) into the inlet 7 of thedraft tube 5 and up through thedraft tube 5 to aspray nozzle 11. Thespray nozzle 11 as shown inFIGS. 2-3 is supported by theflotation platform 3 above thewater surface 18″ of theremaining water 4″ in thetank 2. The drawn-upwater portion 4′ through thedraft tube 5 is then sprayed through thenozzle 11 at 13 inFIG. 2 outwardly and slightly downwardly toward thewater surface 18″. In doing so, a driving pattern or circulation 15 (seeFIG. 3 ) is established in theremaining water 4″ in thetank 2. Thisdriving pattern 15 as illustrated inFIGS. 3 and 4 initially moves substantially radially outwardly from thenozzle 11 substantially 360 degrees about thevertical axis 17 at thewater surface 18″ (FIG. 4 ). Thedriving pattern 15 then continues outwardly toward theside walls 10 of the tank 2 (FIG. 3 ), downwardly along theside walls 10, radially inwardly across thetank floor 8 toward the inlet 7 of thedraft tube 5, and up thedraft tube 5. This driving pattern orcirculation 15 in turn induces a secondary circulation pattern at 19 inFIG. 3 within the outer,driving pattern 15 to very effectively and thoroughly mix or blend all of the water in theentire tank 2. The inner orsecondary circulation pattern 19 as shown inFIG. 3 passes up adjacent the outside of thedraft tube 5 toward thewater surface 18″ and outwardly immediately beneath theupper flow 15 of the driving pattern to pass outwardly and downwardly within thedriving pattern 15 and again up adjacent thedraft tube 5. - The
spray nozzle 11 ofFIG. 5a is preferably a very thin (e.g., 0.1 inch)sheet 21 of stainless steel or similar material that has been pierced to create a large number (e.g., 5,000-30,000) of holes orperforations 23 on the order of 0.01 inches in diameter (FIG. 5b ). Thesheet 21 is then formed into an inverted, substantially conical or frustoconical shape about the vertical axis 17 (FIG. 5a ). The apex area of the inverted cone is preferably about a foot above thewater surface 18″ ofFIG. 3 and the height of the inverted cone itself from the apex to its base is preferably on the order of about 18 inches. The sides of the cone extend upwardly and outwardly of thevertical axis 17 on the order of 25 to 35 degrees. The pierced holes orperforations 23 are preferably directed outwardly about thevertical axis 17 and then slightly downwardly (e.g., 25 to 35 degrees and preferably about 30 degrees) from the horizontal 25 inFIG. 5a into the air gap region 20 (FIGS. 2-3 ) above thewater surface 18″. In doing so, thepierced holes 23 preferably create very fine streamlets or streamlines of water that will not only drive the circulatingpattern 15 ofFIG. 3 in the remainingwater 4″ but also allow space in between the streamlines for air as the streamlines in part (e.g., 50%) transition to propelled droplets and mist. The upper orhigher streamlines 13 adjacent the inverted base of the cone of thenozzle 11 inFIGS. 2-4 extend out to or slightly beyond thefloats 3′ of the flotation platform 3 (FIG. 4 ) or roughly on the order of 3-6 feet outwardly from the vertical axis 17 (FIGS. 2-3 ) before striking thewater surface 18″. This in turn has been found to provide sufficient hang time for all of thestreamlines 13 to be exposed to the air in the spray pattern to effectively treat or volatize the THM laden water. Empirically, in a tank 35 feet high and 100 feet in diameter holding about 2,000,000 gallons of water, it has been found that a pressure within thenozzle 11 of around 15-25 psi works very well in this regard. It is noted that although thewater portion 4′ is preferably drawn-up or upwardly move at a fairly high rate (e.g., 500 gallons per minute), the relative volume of this drawn-upwater portion 4′ per minute compared to the total volume of the tank (e.g., 2,000,000 gallons in a 35 foot high tank with a 100 foot diameter) is relatively small or less per minute than one thousandth of the total tank volume. - The present invention also includes an air flow system (
FIG. 6 ) that creates an air flow pattern in theair gap region 20 above thewater surface 18″. This air flow system and air flow pattern are in addition to the above-describedwater circulation system 1 ofFIG. 3 that creates thewater flow patterns tank 2. The water and air flow systems interact and preferably actually intersect in the area of thespray pattern 13 from thenozzle 11 above thewater surface 18″ as inFIGS. 6-7 . More specifically, theenclosed tank 2 ofFIG. 6 is provided with an air fan or blower at 32. Theblower 32 as shown draws in ambient, atmospheric air at 34, pressurizes it, and drives it down the dependinghose 36 toward thewater surface 18″ and preferably directly into thespray pattern 13 from thenozzle 11. The end of thehose 36 is preferably adjacent thewater surface 18″ but still at a location closer to theceiling 6 than thenozzle 11. Thetank 2 is vented at 40 and the illustrated air flow pattern ofFIG. 6 is then created from ambient, atmospheric air at 34 down thehose 36 into theair gap region 20 of thetank 2 and back out of theair gap region 20 through theair outlet 40 into the ambient, atmospheric air. Depending upon the size of thetank 2 and itsair gap region 20, the air flow in cubic feet per minute is preferably on the order of 15-30 times (e.g., 20:1) the flow of the drawn-up portion ofwater 4′ in cubic feet per minute. As for example and in a tank 35 feet high and 100 feet in diameter with anair gap region 20 extending 4-6 feet down from thetank ceiling 6 and a drawn upwater portion 4′ of 500 gallons per minute (roughly 70 cubic feet per minute), a desirable volume of air passing through thetank 2 would be on the order of 1400 cubic feet per minute. This would deliver an air volume enough to displace anair gap region 20 on the order of 6 feet high and 100 feet in diameter in our examples in about 30 minutes. - Such a high volume of change-out air is desirable to keep the
air gap region 20 particularly near thenozzle spray pattern 13 andwater surface 18″ from becoming saturated with gaseous THM that might then condense and return to the water. Also, the volatilization process of the liquid state THM to gaseous state consumes heat from the air thereby reducing the air and water temperatures. The reduced temperatures in turn reduce the efficiency of the volatilization process wherein the preferred, relatively high air change-out rate then desirably adds heat to the air in theair gap region 20 to thereby increase the rate and efficiency of the volatilization process. Similarly, it is noted that themotor 9′ for thepump 9 inFIGS. 2 and 7 is preferably positioned within the flow of the drawn-up or upwardly movedwater portion 4′ in thedraft tube 5. In this manner and on the one hand, the passing flow of 4′ then cools themotor 9′ and on the other hand, the passing flow of 4′ is conversely and advantageously heated to aid in the subsequent volatilization process at thenozzle 11. The driving, air pressure differential (e.g., ⅕- 1/10 psi) between the tank inlet and outlet could also be created by reversing the flow through theblower 32 if desired but it is preferably created as illustrated inFIG. 6 . Regardless and as mentioned above, the water and air flow patterns preferably actually intersect in the area of thespray pattern 13 from thenozzle 11 above thewater surface 18″ as perhaps best seen inFIG. 7 . It is noted that the force of thewater spray pattern 13 itself from thenozzle 11 into theair gap region 20 also aids in inducing the overall air currents in thetank 2 and in drawing air into thewater spray pattern 13 itself and over thewater surface 18″. - In this manner, the volatizing or conversion of undesirable byproducts such as trihalomethanes (THM) from a liquid state in the tank water to a gaseous state in the
air gap region 20 is greatly enhanced. That is and as perhaps best seen inFIG. 8 , the THM in liquid or aqueous state resulting from the disinfectant process or processes discussed above is normally denser than water per se and tends to settle and concentrate in the tank water closest to thetank floor 8. This is the case whether the water is treated upstream of thetank 2 or actually in thetank 2. In either event, thewater circulation system 1 of the present invention as explained above will then continuously draw up water laden with THM in liquid state from the depths of thetank 2 substantially at thetank floor 8 into the inlet 7 of thedraft tube 5 and up through thedraft tube 5 to a first location at thenozzle 11. This first location at thenozzle 11 as illustrated inFIGS. 2 and 3 is above thewater surface 18″ of the remainingwater 4″ in thetank 2 and the drawn-upwater portion 4′ (FIG. 3 ) through thedraft tube 5 is thereafter sprayed into theair gap region 20 above thewater surface 18″ in aspray pattern 13. Thespray pattern 13 as discussed above is substantially radially outwardly above thewater surface 18″ substantially 360 degrees about thevertical axis 17 ofFIGS. 2-4 toward the side walls of thetank 2. Thespray pattern 13 is also directly slightly downwardly (e.g., 30 degrees from the horizontal 25 as inFIG. 5a ) toward thewater surface 18″ to create the drivingflow pattern 15 ofFIG. 3 in the tank water. In this embodiment, substantially all of the spray pattern is preferably directed downwardly to create as strong adriving pattern 15 as possible. - The discharge of pressurized, ambient air exiting the
hose 36 inFIG. 8 is then preferably directed downwardly as also discussed above along thevertical axis 17 into thespray pattern 13 from thenozzle 11 to greatly enhance the contact and volatizing of the THM in liquid state to THM in gaseous state. The THM in gaseous state then enters the rest of the air flow pattern as inFIG. 8 and exits with the air flow out thevent 40 into the ambient air. Although the discharged air from thehose 36 is preferably directly downwardly along and about thevertical axis 17 directly and uniformly into thespray pattern 13 from thenozzle 11 as illustrated inFIG. 8 , enhanced contact and volatizing of the THM in liquid state with the air in theair gap region 20 will also occur even if thehose 36 andnozzle 11 are slightly misaligned as inFIG. 9 . Such misalignment can occur as a result of the initial setup or due to the flotation platform andnozzle 11 moving laterally as the water level rises or falls in thetank 2. Regardless, the enhanced contact and volatizing will occur to at least a certain extent with even just at least a portion of the discharged air from thehose 36 directed toward and into thenozzle spray pattern 13 as inFIG. 9 . In both the aligned and misalignment positions, the discharged air exits thehose 36 relatively close to thewater surface 18″ and will also move outwardly adjacent thesurface 18″ toward thetank walls 10 to help volatize and entrain gaseous THM in the overall air flow pattern. - It is noted that the
water circulation system 1 of the present invention is a paramount feature. This is the case particularly as thesystem 1 draws up water essentially at the tank floor 8 (e.g., within a foot or so and preferably within six or fewer inches) as inFIGS. 2-3 and establishes the primary or driving circulation pattern 15 (FIG. 3 ) and the induced secondary orinner circulation pattern 19 that effectively and thoroughly mix or blend the water in theentire tank 2. In doing so, thewater circulation system 1 results in virtually all of the tank water in a relatively short period (e.g., 1-2 days in the 2,000,000 gallon tank of our examples) being passed through and treated in the relatively small area (e.g., 6-12 feet wide and 30 inches high) of the substantiallyconical spray pattern 13 from thenozzle 11. This is in contrast to other systems that do not have such a localized treatment area and need to have treatment zones virtually throughout the entire tank to ensure proper treatment. It is also in contrast to many prior art systems in which the water being sprayed and treated is only from a very limited area in the tank often just in the immediate vicinity of the pump. The same relatively small amount of water adjacent the pump is then just continually recycled leaving the rest of the water untreated. Further, if the drawn up water is not essentially from right off the tank floor (e.g., twelve inches or fewer), the denser THM may simply pass into and out of the tank along thetank floor 8 in the configuration ofFIG. 3 without being treated at all. In comparison, thewater circulation system 1 of the present invention as discussed above not only draws up water essentially at and across theentire tank floor 8 but also establishes a complete circulation throughout the tank with few if any dead spots where THM might undesirably concentrate. Monitoring samples for THM concentrations can then be taken essentially anywhere in thetank 2 with the confidence that the readings will accurately reflect the THM concentrations everywhere in thetank 2. The fresh air flow system is equally important to the present invention as it virtually eliminates the undesirable situation that volatized THM will saturate the air in theair gap region 20 with the gaseous THM then undesirably condensing and returning to the water. - It is also noted that the
flotation platform 3 ofFIGS. 2-4 with thedraft tube 5 depending therefrom and thenozzle 11 supported thereon is preferred. This is the case because thepump 9 ofFIG. 7 is then always at a predetermined, fixed depth or distance below thewater surface 18″ as the tank water level rises or falls. Conversely, thenozzle 11 is always at a predetermined, fixed distance or location above thewater surface 18″. In this manner, the operating parameters of this embodiment including the power requirements of themotor 9′ for thepump 9 can best be designed and optimized for highest efficiency and safety to the various parts of the water circulation system and the air flow system of the present invention. Although the embodiment ofFIG. 1-9 is preferred, the driving pump (see 9″ inFIGS. 10-11 ) could also be positioned on thetank floor 8 if desired and the nozzle (11′ inFIGS. 10-11 ) suspended at a predetermined, fixed location from thetank ceiling 6 as the water surface 18 (FIG. 10 ) may vary by rising or falling. Themotor 9′″ for thepump 9″ inFIG. 11 as is the case withmotor 9′ for thepump 9 inFIG. 2 of the first embodiment can be powered by an electrical cord 31 (FIG. 10 ) dropping down through or adjacent theair hose 36′, whichpower cord 31 is only shown inFIG. 10 for clarity. Additionally, themotor 9′″ in the embodiment ofFIG. 10 like themotor 9′ in the first embodiment is preferably positioned within the flow of thewater portion 4′. As discussed above and on the one hand, the passing flow of 4′ then cools themotor 9′″ and on the other hand, the passing flow of 4′ is conversely and advantageously heated to aid in the subsequent volatilization process at thenozzle 11′. - The modified
nozzle 11′ as shown inFIGS. 12a and 12b includes theupcoming water tube 5′ that is concentrically surrounded by thelower extension 36″ of the dependingair hose 36′. A plurality of radially spacednozzles 11″ are then provided at upper and lower levels on thewater tube 5′ and the surroundingextension 36″ provided withperforated air holes 23′ above and below thenozzles 11″ as shown inFIGS. 12a-12b . Thespray pattern 13′ ofFIG. 11 from thenozzle 11′ differs fromnozzle 11 of the preferred embodiment ofFIGS. 1-9 but still has a component directed radially outwardly substantially 360 degrees about thevertical axis 17′ and slightly downwardly toward thewater surface 18″ to create a water driving pattern like 15 inFIG. 3 . Similarly, the pressurized air discharged through theperforated air holes 23′ creates an air flow pattern in theair gap region 20 in part like the air flow pattern illustrated inFIG. 6 . To a certain extent, the choice between the embodiments ofFIGS. 1-9 and 10-12 b depends upon the size of the access opening to the tank with the first embodiment normally requiring a larger one (e.g., 18 inches or more). - The above disclosure sets forth a number of embodiments of the present invention described in detail with respect to the accompanying drawings. Those skilled in this art will appreciate that various changes, modifications, other structural arrangements, and other embodiments could be practiced under the teachings of the present invention without departing from the scope of this invention as set forth in the following claims. In particular, it is noted that the undesirable byproducts to be treated by the present invention have been primarily described as being trihalomethanes (THM) resulting from disinfecting processes that use chlorine and chloramines. Such THM exist in liquid state in the processed water and have a relatively high vapor pressure while having a relatively low aqueous solubility. Consequently, THM in liquid state in water easily and quickly volatizes to a gaseous state when exposed to air. However, the method and apparatus of the present invention are meant to equally encompass treating similar byproducts from other disinfecting processes in which the processed water has undesirable byproducts with similar properties to THM including a relatively high vapor pressure so it easily and quickly volatizes into air. It is also noted that the word substantially is utilized herein to represent the inherent degree of uncertainty that may be attributed to any quantitative comparison, value, measurement or other representation. This term is also utilized herein to represent the degree by which a quantitative representation may vary from a stated reference without resulting in a change in the basic function of the subject matter involved.
Claims (24)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US16/016,631 US20180305224A1 (en) | 2013-02-08 | 2018-06-24 | Method and apparatus for treating potable water in municipal and similar water tanks |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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US13/763,379 US10029924B2 (en) | 2013-02-08 | 2013-02-08 | Method and apparatus for treating potable water in municipal and similar water tanks |
US16/016,631 US20180305224A1 (en) | 2013-02-08 | 2018-06-24 | Method and apparatus for treating potable water in municipal and similar water tanks |
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US13/763,379 Division US10029924B2 (en) | 2013-02-08 | 2013-02-08 | Method and apparatus for treating potable water in municipal and similar water tanks |
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US20180305224A1 true US20180305224A1 (en) | 2018-10-25 |
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US13/763,379 Active 2034-07-19 US10029924B2 (en) | 2013-02-08 | 2013-02-08 | Method and apparatus for treating potable water in municipal and similar water tanks |
US16/016,631 Abandoned US20180305224A1 (en) | 2013-02-08 | 2018-06-24 | Method and apparatus for treating potable water in municipal and similar water tanks |
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US13/763,379 Active 2034-07-19 US10029924B2 (en) | 2013-02-08 | 2013-02-08 | Method and apparatus for treating potable water in municipal and similar water tanks |
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CA (1) | CA2820825A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN112922095A (en) * | 2021-01-29 | 2021-06-08 | 重庆昕晟环保科技有限公司 | Environment-friendly high-rise building constant pressure type secondary water supply device |
WO2021132747A1 (en) * | 2019-12-24 | 2021-07-01 | 지엔에스엠 주식회사 | Anti-freezing apparatus |
Families Citing this family (5)
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US9908792B1 (en) | 2016-08-19 | 2018-03-06 | Medora Environmental, Inc. | Portable unit for treating potable water in municipal and similar water distribution systems |
US20180065799A1 (en) * | 2016-09-06 | 2018-03-08 | Pax Water Technologies Inc. | Water Storage Containers Exhibiting Reduced Corrosion, and Devices and Methods for Reducing Rate of Corrosion in Water Storage Containers |
US10640394B2 (en) | 2016-12-31 | 2020-05-05 | Ugsi Solutions, Inc. | Systems and methods for removing volatile compounds from water-storage tanks |
US11447412B1 (en) | 2018-11-16 | 2022-09-20 | Tanmar Rentals, Llc | Portable multi-step apparatus and method for producing potable water |
EP3918141A4 (en) * | 2019-01-28 | 2022-11-09 | Orbital Systems AB | Water recirculation device with water level estimation, water flow estimation, and/or air bubble prevention |
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US7332074B2 (en) | 2002-12-31 | 2008-02-19 | Psi-Ets, A North Dakota Partnership | Water circulation systems for ponds, lakes, and other bodies of water |
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- 2013-02-08 US US13/763,379 patent/US10029924B2/en active Active
- 2013-07-11 CA CA2820825A patent/CA2820825A1/en not_active Abandoned
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- 2018-06-24 US US16/016,631 patent/US20180305224A1/en not_active Abandoned
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US4358413A (en) * | 1980-02-01 | 1982-11-09 | Christian Brucker | Device for dispersing a liquid in a gas phase |
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CN112922095A (en) * | 2021-01-29 | 2021-06-08 | 重庆昕晟环保科技有限公司 | Environment-friendly high-rise building constant pressure type secondary water supply device |
Also Published As
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US20140224747A1 (en) | 2014-08-14 |
US10029924B2 (en) | 2018-07-24 |
CA2820825A1 (en) | 2014-08-08 |
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