Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
  • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
  • A61K31/22—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin
  • A61K31/225—Polycarboxylic acids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
  • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
  • A61K31/22—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin
  • A61K31/23—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin of acids having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms
  • A61K31/231—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin of acids having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms having one or two double bonds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/06—Antimigraine agents

Definitions

• the present invention is directed to the field of migraine headaches and the management of the symptomology thereof.
• the invention further relates to the field of ketone bodies and further to ketone bodies in the form of 3-hydroxybutyrate glycerides.
• Migraine headache is among the most prevalent of headache related disorders. It affects up to 5% of the population and is more common in women than in men. Despite advances in the pathophysiology of migraine, commonly available preventive measures are only partially effective and come with some serious adverse side effects. Note especially in this regard the ergot alkaloids and their analogs.
• Rainero et al Insulin sensitivity is impaired in patients with migraine, Cephalalgia 25:593-597, 2005, reported on twins with a high frequency of migraine headaches who improved during a ketogenic diet. The authors ascribe the pathogenesis of migraine headache to diminished insulin sensitivity in the brain with consequent diminished utilization of glucose as a source of energy.
• the ketogenic diet involves severe restriction of carbohydrates and includes a high proportion of fats.
• the first ketogenic diet was published in 1921 by Wilder ( The effects of ketonemia on the course of epilepsy, Mayo Bull 2:307-308, 1921) relating to the treatment of children with epilepsy that is resistant to the then available pharmacologic therapies.
• the original ketogenic diet was 90% fat, 8% protein, and 2% carbohydrate.
• the ketogenic diet mimics the metabolic state of total starvation. Both result in hyperketonemia of approximately the same degree, with blood ketone body levels of 2-7 mM (Cahill, President's address: Starvation; Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc, 94:1-21, 1983). It is important to emphasize that this degree of hyperketonemia is fully buffered in the circulation, does not induce acidosis, and has been termed as “physiologic” or “therapeutic” ketosis (Hashim, et al; Ketone body therapy: from the ketogenic diet to the oral administration of ketone ester; J Lipid Res 44:1818-1826, 2014).
• ketogenic diet was used in the treatment 25 chronic, repetitive migraine patients (DiLorenzo, et al; Cortical function correlates of responsiveness to short - lasting preventive intervention with ketogenic diet in migraine: a multimodal evoked potential study, J Headache Pain 17: 58-67, 2016).
• DiLorenzo, et al Cortical function correlates of responsiveness to short - lasting preventive intervention with ketogenic diet in migraine: a multimodal evoked potential study, J Headache Pain 17: 58-67, 2016.
• Chronic, repetitive migraine patients after presenting with a first migraine episode generally lasting 4-72 hours also present with an additional episode in less than 4 days after the initiation of the prior episode, with many having as many as 15 or more episodes per month.
• “Episodic migraines” present as apparently discrete migraines separated by more than 72 hours.)
• the authors evaluated, for the first time, the influence of the diet for one month on the habituation of visual and somatosensory cortical evoked potentials in a group of patients with episodic migraine. After one month on the diet, there was a significant reduction in the mean attack frequency and duration of migraines.
• the authors conclude that the ketogenic diet acts on regulating the balance between excitation and inhibition at the cortical level, through induction of neural plasticity and enhancements in brain energy metabolism. However, there is no clear understanding of the mechanism of action presented.
• the ketogenic diet is not the most pleasant of diets. It is rather difficult to follow, and when followed, it can produce rises in LDL cholesterol, in uric acid, and free fatty acids. Occasionally, the ketogenic diet may result in increased incidence of nephrolithiasis and other serious complications (Van Itallie, et al; Ketone metabolism's ugly duckling; Nutr Rev. 61:327-341, 2003).
• medium-chain triglycerides glycerol esters of fatty acids having typically 8 and/or 10 carbons in the fatty acid groups
• the inclusion of medium-chain triglycerides (glycerol esters of fatty acids having typically 8 and/or 10 carbons in the fatty acid groups) into the ketogenic diet may improve the tolerability of the ketogenic diet (Huttenlocher et al; Medium - Chain triglycerides as a therapy for intractable childhood epilepsy, Neurology, Vol 11, November 1971, pp 1097-1103; Wu et al, Medium - Chain Triglycerides in Infant Formulas and their Relation to Plasma Ketone Body Concentrations, Pediatric Research, Vol 20, No. 4, pp 338-341, 1986; Beautyetti et al, Ketogenic diets: An historical antiepileptic therapy with promising potentialities for the aging brain, Aging Research and Reviews 9 (2010) 273-279.
• An object of the invention is to provide a method of managing one or more of the symptoms of migraine headache in a subject in need thereof without the need for current drug therapies such as ergot alkaloids.
• Another object of the invention is to provide a method of managing one or more of the symptoms of migraine headache in a subject in need thereof as a supplement to treatment with other therapeutic treatments for migraine.
• a further object of the invention is to provide a method of managing one or more of the symptoms of migraine headache in a subject in need thereof without the need to resort to a ketogenic diet.
• An object of the invention is to provide a method of treating one or more of the symptoms of migraine headache in a subject in need thereof without the need for current drug therapies such as ergot alkaloids.
• Another object of the invention is to provide a method of treating one or more of the symptoms of migraine headache in a subject in need thereof as a supplement to treatment with other therapeutic treatments for migraine.
• a further object of the invention is to pro vide a method of treating one or more of the symptoms of migraine headache in a subject in need thereof without the need to resort to a ketogenic diet.
• An object of the invention is to provide a method of preventing one or more of the symptoms of migraine headache in a subject in need thereof without the need for current drug therapies such as ergot alkaloids.
• Another object of the invention is to provide a method of preventing one or more of the symptoms of migraine headache in a subject in need thereof as a supplement to treatment with other therapeutic treatments for migraine.
• a further object of the invention is to provide a method of preventing one or more of the symptoms of migraine headache in a subject in need thereof without the need to resort to a ketogenic diet.
• An object of the invention is to provide a method of preventing one or more of the symptoms of migraine headache in a subject having a history of episodic migraine without the need for current drug therapies such as ergot alkaloids.
• Another object of the invention is to provide a method of managing one or more of the symptoms of migraine headache in a subject having a history of episodic migraine as a supplement to treatment with other therapeutic treatments for migraine.
• a further object of the invention is to provide a method of managing one or more of the symptoms of migraine headache in a subject having a history of episodic migraine without the need to resort to a ketogenic diet.
• An object of the invention is to provide a method of preventing one or more of the symptoms of migraine headache in a subject having a history of chronic repetitive migraine without the need for current drug therapies such as ergot alkaloids.
• Another object of the invention is to provide a method of managing one or more of the symptoms of migraine headache in a subject having a history of chronic repetitive migraine as a supplement to treatment with other therapeutic treatments for migraine.
• a further object of the invention is to provide a method of managing one or more of the symptoms of migraine headache in a subject having a history of chronic repetitive migraine without the need to resort to a ketogenic diet.
• Still another object of the invention is to achieve the forgoing objects by administration of a 3-hydroxybutyrate-glyceride ester in an amount of the 3-hydroxybutyroyl
• An even further object of the invention is to achieve the foregoing objects by administration of a 3-hydroxybutyroyl-glyceride ester in an amount so as to result in a total ketone body blood level of about 2 to about 7.5 mM.
• Yet another object of the invention is to achieve the forgoing objects by administration of the glyceryl-(3-hydroxybutyrate) ester(s) in a regimen of 2-3 ⁇ /day for at least 3 days for those with episodic migraine and 2-3 times/day for longer periods determined on the basis of the patient's history of deration of the chronic symptoms plus an additional 4 days.
• the foregoing objects of the invention and others can be obtained by the administration of a glyceryl-(3-hydroxybutyrate) ester to a subject who is having or has recently had a migraine headache or to one who is prone to migraine headaches.
• the ester is glyceryl tris(3-hydroxybutyrate)
• it is administered in an amount that is typically in the range of 0.5 g/kg to 2.0 g/kg body weight per day in 2-3 divided doses, which for a 60-kg female is about 10-40 g/serving thrice daily to about 15-60 g/serving twice daily and for a 70 kg male is about 12-47 g/serving thrice daily to about 17.5-70 g/serving twice daily.
• the present invention is directed to the use of compounds that have the 3-hydroxybutyroyl group
• treatment is intended to mean that administration is during an episode of migraine symptoms; prevention is intended to mean administration of the ester to a subject known to have migraine headaches and is prone to the same, especially prone to having multiple episodes (which may be as few as 1 within about 72 hours of the onset of a prior episode initiation and as frequent as more than 15 episodes or more within a month), and additionally “prone to” is intended to include, without limitation, those having a history of migraines after a known or suspected precipitating event, where the lag time between the known or suspect precipitating event and the presentation of symptoms being determined from the individual's own history or a generally recognized association in the art.
• the esters can be those in which 3-hydroxybutyroyl groups
• the remaining glycerol hydroxy groups can remain unesterified, be esterified by omega-3-fatty acids, omega-6-fatty acids, omega-3,6-fatty acids, medium-chain fatty acids or mixtures thereof.
• (Medium-chain fatty acids are fatty acids having carbon chains of generally 8 and/or 10 carbons, such as for example, one such medium-chain fatty acid in a purified form is caprylic acid.)
• Each 3-hydroxybutyroyl group in each molecule is independently in either D or L form and the bulk compound being administered can be a mix of any or all of the same (i.e. a mix of compounds having (a) all of the groups in the D form, (b) all of the groups in the L form, (c) some in the D-form and some in the L-form, (d) as well as mixtures of compounds selected from (1) a and b, (2) a and c, and (3) a, b, and c).
• both the D and L forms of the 3-hydroxybutyroyl groups are active, however, the L form is utilized more slowly and thus, it is preferable that the 3-hydroxybutyroyl groups are substantially all in the D form. In a particularly preferred embodiment, about 90% to 98%, more preferably about 96% of the 3-hydroxybutyroyl groups are in the D form. Nonetheless, utilization of other amounts of D vs L forms are within the invention and can be selected from 100% D to 100% L and any mixture of D and L forms in any proportions.
• esters having one, two, or 3 (3-hydroxybutyryl) groups with (a) no other esterification or (b) further esterification with an omega fatty acid (either 3-omega, 6-omega, or 3,6-omega or mixtures thereof) or (c) further esterified with a mid-chain fatty acid or mixtures of different mid-chain fatty acids or (d) further esterified with both an omega fatty acid and a mid-chain fatty acid are also contemplated to be within the scope of compounds for use in the present invention.
• a highly preferred embodiment is one in which the compound utilized for the present invention is glyceryl tris(3-hydroxybutyrate); an even more highly preferred compound is glyceryl tris(DL 3-hydroxybutyrate), the DL referring to the bulk compound and not necessarily a mixture in a specific molecule; and a still more highly preferred embodiment is in the use of glyceryl tris(D96%/L4% 3-hydroxybutyrate), D96%/L4% referring to the bulk compound and not necessarily a mixture in a specific molecule.
• the foregoing object of the invention and others can be obtained by the administration of a glyceryl-(3-hydroxybutyrate) ester to a subject who is having or has recently had a migraine headache or to one who is prone to migraine headaches.
• the ester When the ester is glyceryl tris(3-hydroxybutyrate), it is generally orally administered in an amount that is typically in the range of 0.5 g/kg to 2.0 g/kg body weight per day (more specifically 0.5 g/kg, 0.55 g/kg, 0.6 g/kg, 0.65 g/kg, 0.7 g/kg, 0.75 g/kg, 0.8 g/kg, 0.85 g/kg, 0.9 g/kg, 0.95 g/kg, 1 g/kg, 1.1 g/kg, 1.2 g/kg, 1.3 g/kg, 1.4 g/kg, 1.5 g/kg, 1.6 g/kg, 1.7 g/kg, 1.8 g/kg, 1.9 g/kg, or 2 g/kg, as well as amounts intermediary between any of these specifically recited amounts) in 2-3 divided doses, which for a 60 kg female is about 10-40 g/serving (more specifically 10 g/serving, 12.5
• esters used in the present invention are ingested orally, the esters are primarily hydrolyzed in the intestinal tract due to pancreatic lipase, releasing the 3-hydroxybutyrate moiety which is absorbed, and the body utilizes the 3-hydroxybutyrate by converting it to acetoacetate which, in turn, is actually used by the cells.)
• Those of ordinary skill in the art will know how to adjust these dosage amounts in subjects presenting with non-typical distribution and/or metabolisms such that the foregoing doses do not result in the blood level being in the correct range.
• the ester is one of the other esters discussed more fully below, the dose is calculated to deliver a comparable amount of the 3-hydroxybutyroyl moiety that is ultimately delivered by the glyceryl tris(3-hydroxybutyrate).
• each specific value can be the basis for a new range limit as long as the lower limit is in fact less than the upper limit.
• the dosage range is given as “0.5 g/kg to 2.0 g/kg” with a more specific recitation of “0.5 g/kg, 0.55 g/kg, 0.6 g/kg, 0.65 g/kg, 0.7 g/kg, 0.75 g/kg, 0.8 g/kg, 0.85 g/kg, 0.9 g/kg, 0.95 g/kg, 1 g/kg, 1.1 g/kg, 1.2 g/kg, 1.3 g/kg, 1.4 g/kg, 1.5 g/kg, 1.6 g/kg, 1.7 g/kg, 1.8 g/kg, 1.9 g/kg, or 2 g/kg”.
• any of the more specific recited amounts may be the lower limit of a new range and any larger specific recited amount may be the upper limit of that new range and each such constructed range shall be deemed as specifically recited in this specification.
• ranges of 0.5 to 0.6; 0.55 to 1.9, 0.75 to 1.7, 1.8 to 1.9, etc. are all deemed recited herein. The same is applicable to the other parameters relating to dosages based on body weight, serving sizes, etc. as well
• the constellation of symptoms typically associated with migraine headaches includes transient visual and/or gastrointestinal disturbances.
• the headache is often preceded by a visual aura of flashing moving dots or scintillating lines partly obscuring vision, discrete areas of loss of vision, blurring of vision, and/or photophobia (“prodromal disturbances”). These prodromal disturbances last between 5-30 minutes and are followed by the headache (usually unilateral) which may last for 4 to 72 hours.
• the present invention is directed to relief of the headache entirely; reduction of the presentation of the headache in its frequency of appearance and/or its intensity of presentation; and prevention of its presentation in one in whom it is known to appear or one in whom migraine headaches have previously appeared after a known or suspected precipitating event.
• the patient's own history and the patient's own association of an event or stimulus with the onset of a migraine headache is relied upon for identification of a “suspect precipitating event” as these are not well characterized for the general population of migraineurs.
• the appearance of one or more of the prodromal symptoms are generally considered cues for initiating 3-hydroxybutyrate ester therapy, but these are “associated” symptoms, rather than “precipitating events.
• the “treatment”, “prevention”, “reduction of frequency” and or “reduction of intensity” is of at least one of the headache itself, and/or the gastrointestinal disturbances, and/or the visual effects, and/or the photophobia symptoms that may accompany the headache, and generally is more specifically applicable to at least the headache and preferably the headache and one or more of these associated symptoms. While the treatment, reduction of frequency, or reduction of intensity of the prodromal symptoms usually preceding the headache may simultaneously be achieved, they are not required as part of the present invention.
• the presentation of one or more of the prodromal symptoms can be used as a cue to initiate such administration or if already having initiated administration to perhaps increase the amount being administered.
• ester compounds for use in the present invention are administered in amounts that deliver the same amount of 3-hydroxybutyroyl moiety as that when 0.5 mg/kg to 2.0 mg/kg body weight of the glyceryl tris(3-hydroxybutyrate) is administered orally.
• the focal point is to achieve the appropriate ketone body (3-hydroxybutyroyl level plus acetoacetate level) in the blood of between 2 mM and 7 mM, preferably 4.5 mM to 7 mM, more preferably 5 mM to 7 mM.
• the dose can be divided into multiple divided doses of desirable size given multiple times per day or in multiple dosage units given in a single dose (i.e. within a few moments of one another as desired).
• the dose is divided into 2-3 divided doses, spaced apart approximately equally over the course of a 24-hour period, so that twice daily dosing is approximately every 12 hours and thrice daily dosing is approximately every 8 hours.
• 50 g is desired to be administered, it can be done as a single dose of 50 g in a single dosage form or distributed in a food or drink or it can be administered in 1 ⁇ 2 such amounts twice daily, or it can be administered in a dosage form having 1 ⁇ 2 the dose in two dosage units given within a few moments of one another (preferably within a few seconds of one another when a substantially single dosing is desired).
• the necessary blood ketone body levels can be achieved within 24 hours, more usually within 12 hours, even more typically within 6 hours, even more typically within 2 hours, yet more likely within 1 hour.
• the ketone body blood levels rise quickly and peak in about 30 minutes or 45 minutes to 1 hour.
• administration should continue on a daily basis for 2, 3, or 4 days in the case of a subject one knows or believes to be an episodic migraine subject or in the case of a subject known to have chronic repetitive migraines, for up to a month, and longer after the last repetitive migraine in a particular cluster.
• the patient's history as to how long the bouts of repetitive migraine last i.e.
• 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 week, etc can be used as a guide to how long dosing should continue, which should be at least 4 days beyond the last expected migraine in a series.
• administration should be from as soon as possible after the occurrence of the known event linked to the onset of symptoms until at least 4 or more days after the usual appearance of the migraine symptoms associated with the event.
• prophylactic (preventative) use of the glyceryl (3-hydroxybutyrate) esters to prevent migraine symptoms is generally directed to these last two situations.
• administration should begin as soon as possible and last as indicated above for the episodic subject or the chronic, repetitive subject as indicated above, but due to the short duration between prodromal symptomology presentation and headache onset, once prodromal symptoms have begun the administration is considered treatment and not prevention.
• the above dosing range of the glyceryl tris(3-hydroxybutyrate) is expected to provide a total ketone body blood level (3-hydroxybutyroyl group
• a 60 kg female presents with episodic migraines occurring one such headache occurring and then not again for a number of months.
• the subject has visual disturbances classic of migraine.
• the subject is requested to self-administer 15 grams of glyceryl tris(3-hydroxybutyrate) upon noticing the next time visual disturbance of this type appear and continue to do so 3 times a day for 4 days.
• the subject notices such symptoms, and ingests 15 g of glyceryl tris(3-hydroxybutyrate) within minutes of noticing the symptoms.
• the headache that follows is of lesser duration and lesser intensity than past episodes.
• a 70 kg male presents with chronic repetitive migraine where past history shows once a repetitive episode begins, the subject has a first migraine that lasts on average of 24 hours and another one arises in 2-3 days with this pattern continuing for about 30 days after which the migraines subside for 1 to 2 months and the cycle repeats again. There is no known or suspect event triggering these events.
• the subject is instructed to self-administer 20 g of glyceryl tris(3-hydroxybutyrate) upon the onset of the migraine and to continue to self-administer at this dosage 3 times a day for 35 days.
• the usual initial migraine is less severe and of shorter duration than past history occurrences.
• the repetitive migraines are further reduced in frequency and intensity than past history would suggest.
• Example 2 discontinues the administration after 35 days, is migraine free for two months and a further episode occurs and Example 2 is followed again, counting the start of this second migraine as day 1, except that after ceasing the administration on day 35, the subject begins administration again on day 90 (about 5-6 days before an expected onset of a further migraine based on this subject's history) and continues administration for an additional 40 days (that is for days 90 to 130). While expecting a migraine to occur on or about days 94-95, no such migraine appears then or throughout the period of administration ending on day 130.
• a 60 kg female presents with chronic repetitive migraine with a similar repetitive pattern to the male subject of Examples 2 and 3. She is instructed to self-administer 15 g of glyceryl tris(3-hydroxybutyrate) upon the onset of the migraine, rather than the 20 g as in Examples 2 and 3, but otherwise to follow the regimen in Examples 2 and 3. Similar relief to that shown in Examples 2-3 results.

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