US20180162727A1 - Palladium-platinum system for use as hydrogen storage material and/or electrocatalyst, preferably in fuel-cells - Google Patents

Palladium-platinum system for use as hydrogen storage material and/or electrocatalyst, preferably in fuel-cells Download PDF

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US20180162727A1
US20180162727A1 US15/576,488 US201515576488A US2018162727A1 US 20180162727 A1 US20180162727 A1 US 20180162727A1 US 201515576488 A US201515576488 A US 201515576488A US 2018162727 A1 US2018162727 A1 US 2018162727A1
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platinum
palladium
hydrogen
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Adam LEWERA
Piotr Polczynski
Rafal Jurczakowski
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Uniwersytet Warszawski
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/0005—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes
    • C01B3/001—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes characterised by the uptaking medium; Treatment thereof
    • C01B3/0084—Solid storage mediums characterised by their shape, e.g. pellets, sintered shaped bodies, sheets, porous compacts, spongy metals, hollow particles, solids with cavities, layered solids
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
    • B01J23/42—Platinum
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
    • B01J23/44—Palladium
    • B01J35/0033—
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
    • B01J35/33—Electric or magnetic properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
    • B01J37/024—Multiple impregnation or coating
    • B01J37/0244—Coatings comprising several layers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/0005—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes
    • C01B3/001—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes characterised by the uptaking medium; Treatment thereof
    • C01B3/0026—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes characterised by the uptaking medium; Treatment thereof of one single metal or a rare earth metal; Treatment thereof
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
    • H01M4/8657—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites layered
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02—Details
    • H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
    • H01M8/0204—Non-porous and characterised by the material
    • H01M8/0206—Metals or alloys
    • H01M8/0208—Alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/32—Hydrogen storage
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a novel palladium-platinum system.
  • Such system is useful as hydrogen storage material and/or electrocatalyst.
  • Such system may be successfully used in fuel-cells.
  • the new sources of energy characterized by high efficiency and environmental friendliness are still one of the main areas of interest.
  • the fuel cell which converts energy of a chemical reaction into electricity, is an example of such a source that provides numerous benefits over the other traditional sources of electric energy. While the fuel cells are more and more frequently accepted as sources of electric energy, there are still numerous technical obstacles, which hinder their everyday use in many practical applications.
  • Certain materials and alloys in solid state have the ability to absorb and desorb hydrogen. These materials have been considered as potential hydrogen storage materials, due to their large hydrogen storage capacity.
  • One of such solid-phase storage material is a metal or metal-alloy system that works by absorbing hydrogen through the formation of a metal hydride under specific temperature/pressure or electrochemical conditions, and releasing hydrogen when these conditions are changed, usually upon heating.
  • Metal hydride systems have the advantage of high-density hydrogen storage for long periods of time.
  • Kinetics of metal hydride formation is of paramount importance not only to hydrogen storage, but also in other applications such as sensing and purification. Surface processes are considered to be dominant factors delaying the hydrogen insertion.
  • Noble metals are often listed as good hydrogen storages materials.
  • noble metals such as platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, gold and silver, also supported on an electrically conductive carrier, are widely used in such conventional fuel cells as electrocatalysts.
  • platinum or platinum alloys which are the most efficient among noble metals and therefore commonly used as electrocatalysts, are also used as cathode and anode materials in fuel cells.
  • platinum is a rare and expensive material. Therefore a great effort is put into development of new electrocatalyst materials that are cheaper but still exhibit at least the same efficiency.
  • gas-permeable porous electrodes out of which at least one has the surface comprising titanium covered only by noble metal layer including platinum is another example of a method for decreasing amount of noble metals in fuel cells (GB-913592).
  • palladium and palladium alloys were proposed.
  • Metallic palladium is commonly employed as a heterogeneous catalyst that is used, in particular, in reduction, hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions.
  • a process was disclosed for the preparation of 9a-halo-allopregnan-17a-oyl-3,20-diones, which employed palladium on charcoal as a hydrogenation catalyst.
  • the patent publication US2002004621A presents a process employing palladium adsorbed on a solid substrate as a catalyst for the reaction of removing C10-C16 diolefins by selective hydrogenation. Therefore palladium material would seem natural choice for use as fuel cell electrocatalyst.
  • WO04026474 discloses a novel palladium catalyst prepared in a three-stage process comprising inter alia thermal high-temperature treatment of palladium on a solid support along with other metals, such as Mg or Al, which are converted into oxides and function as co-catalysts and insulators.
  • Such a catalyst is useful, for example, in hydrogenation reactions, where it exhibits satisfactory selectivity and a long life.
  • the catalyst does not, however, find utility in other reactions commonly catalysed by palladium, and the process for the preparation thereof is time-consuming and expensive.
  • JP2003275593 discloses, in turn, a supported palladium catalyst which could be easily prepared by electrochemical methods. However, this catalyst displays highly desired selectivity only in a hydrogenation reaction.
  • WO2012064768 discloses palladium nanotubes or nanowires useful as a catalyst for fuel cells.
  • patent publication CN102698745 discloses a process for preparation of electrodes from titanium nanotubes coated by palladium nanoparticles.
  • use of such catalysts lowers the electrode reaction potential, it provides neither long life of the electrode nor high cell efficiency.
  • palladium-platinum alloys are widely used in heterogeneous catalysis.
  • electrocatalysts metal-coated palladium or palladium-alloy particles, in particular platinum-coated palladium nanoparticles, are known (US2006134505).
  • Such palladium and platinum systems are used not only as a core but also as an outer layer of the electrocatalyst.
  • US2008182745 a method of preparing a carbon-supported platinum/palladium electrocatalyst is described.
  • the electrocatalyst obtained by this method does not exhibit sufficient activity due to incomplete homogeneity. Moreover, it is prone to diffusion limitations, which is highly undesirable.
  • platinum monolayers deposited on palladium have been recognized for their unique catalytic properties towards oxygen reduction reaction (K. P. Gong, Y. Cho, M. B. Vukmirovic, P. Liu, C. Ma, D. Su and R. R. Adzic, Z Phys Chem, 2012, 226, 1025-1038; K. P. Gong, J. Park, D. Su and R. R. Adzic, J Solid State Electr, 2014, 18, 1171-1179; J. Zhang, F. H. B. Lima, M. H. Shao, K. Sasaki, J. X. Wang, J. Hanson and R. R. Adzic, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2005, 109, 22701-22704).
  • Pt overlayers comprising essentially a two-dimensional Pt deposits.
  • Such an essentially two-dimensional deposit refers to a layer of a single atom thickness (i.e. a monolayer, ML) covering Pd surface completely.
  • this layer of a single atom thickness might be, at least, partially covered with the second monolayer.
  • additional (third) at least partial platinum monolayer is present.
  • a partial platinum monolayer is understood as a layer of a single atom thickness that does not cover the surface completely.
  • the overlayer can comprise more than three platinum ML.
  • the Pt overlayer can consists of 1 to 10 ML, in particular 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 ML.
  • the second and further layers can cover the first Pt ML only partially.
  • the inventors of the present invention unexpectedly observed that Pt deposited on the palladium surface in the form of a monolayer drastically increases the kinetics of hydrogen sorption, so that the process becomes diffusion limited.
  • the overall content of Pt in the monolayer is of 0.01% by weight order of magnitude in relation to palladium on which it is deposited. Times needed to fully saturate the palladium layers were reduced nearly by two orders of magnitude.
  • Platinum overlayers were characterized by surprisingly high stability even after severe electrochemical treatment involving hundreds of hydrogen absorption/desorption cycles. Bulk properties remaining unaffected by deposited platinum, point out that platinized Pd films combine both, fast adsorption kinetics on platinum with palladium absorption capabilities. Such catalyst is cheap, reversible, highly selective and retains applicability for a prolonged time with high efficiency. Therefore, the present invention provides system, which address all the above-mentioned needs.
  • the present invention relates the palladium-platinum (Pd/Pt) system consisting of a palladium layer covered with platinum overlayer consisting of 1 to 10, preferably 1 to 3, more preferably at most 2 platinum monolayers (ML), or even more preferably one platinum monolayer, deposited on palladium for use as a hydrogen storage.
  • Pd/Pt palladium-platinum
  • the second and subsequent platinum monolayers cover the first platinum layer (i.e. the layer deposited directly on palladium) only partially.
  • Palladium-platinum system according to the invention is useful also as an electrocatalyst.
  • such palladium-platinum system is used in fuel cells, hydride batteries a supercapacitors.
  • the palladium of the palladium-platinum system of the invention plays a role of the support for the entire system.
  • Pd/Pt system might be deposited on a solid substrate, in particular a less expensive material that is commonly used for such applications.
  • solid support might be selected from a group comprising carbon, polymer, semiconductor or metallic substrate (WO2014020541).
  • Pd/Pt system of the invention is deposited on metallic surface, most preferably on gold.
  • the Pd/Pt system of the invention is deposited on AB5, such as MmNi4.1Al0.2Mn0.4Co0.45 alloy, which is a hydrogen storage alloy.
  • AB5 alloys combine a hydride forming metal A, usually a rare earth metal (La, Ce, Nd, Pr, Y or their mixture known as Mischmetal (Mm)), with a non-hydride forming element—nickel.
  • Such Pd/Pt system could be deposited by any suitable method. Preferably, it is deposited on the substrate by electrochemical method. Such deposition facilitates control of the deposited layer thickness.
  • a method of increasing hydrogen absorption kinetics of hydrogen absorption/desorption comprises a step of covering hydrogen storage material with the platinum overlayer consisting of 1 to 10 platinum monolayers, preferably 1 to 3 platinum monolayers, more preferably at most two platinum monolayers.
  • the platinum overlayer is a two-dimensional platinum overlayer consisting of a single platinum monolayer.
  • the hydrogen storage material according to the method of the invention is palladium.
  • the hydrogen storage material is AB5.
  • AB5 alloy such as MmNi4.1Al0.2Mn0.4Co0.45 alloy, covered with a two-dimensional platinum overlayer is particularly useful as the hydrogen storage material.
  • FIG. 1 presents cyclic voltammogram recorded for 1000 nm Pd in pure 0.1 M HClO 4 (solid line) and in the presence of 1 mM CuSO 4 (dotted line), scan rate 20 mV ⁇ s ⁇ 1 .
  • FIG. 2 presents cyclic voltammograms recorded for Pd 500 nm electrode and Pd 500 nm electrode with different platinum coverages (i.e. the Pd/Pt system of the invention) in pure 0.1 M HClO 4 , scan rate 100 mV ⁇ s ⁇ 1 .
  • FIG. 3 ( b ) presents cyclic voltammetry currents expressed as pseudocapacitances j/v for 1000 nm Pd electrode, scan rates 1.0, 0.5 and 0.2 mV ⁇ s ⁇ 1
  • FIG. 5 ( a ) presents potentiostatic absorption currents for 1000 nm palladium
  • FIG. 5 ( b ) presents potentiostatic absorption currents for 1000 nm palladium covered by platinum monolayer 1 ML-Pt@Pd.
  • FIG. 6 presents linear dependence of the initial absorption currents for 1 ML Pt@1000 nm Pd in function of the electrode potential.
  • FIG. 7 presents desorption currents registered after electrode saturation at different potentials (indicated in the Figure) for 1000 nm palladium layer ( FIG. 7 a ) and the same electrode covered by platinum monolayer ( FIG. 7 b ).
  • FIG. 8 ( b ) presents hydrogen concentration in 1000 nm Pd and 1 ML Pt/Pd expressed as molar ratio n H /n d in function of equilibration time t abs .
  • FIG. 10 ( a ) presents hydrogen absorption isotherms in pure Pd and 1 ML Pt/Pd.
  • Pt overlayers were obtained by Cu displacement method as described in details by S. Brankovic et al. (S. Brankovic, J. Wang and R. Ad ⁇ i ⁇ , Surface Science, 2001, 474, L173-L179).
  • Pd electrode covered with Cu monolayer deposited from 0.1M H 2 SO 4 +1 mM CuSO 4 was transferred to 0.01M K 2 PtCl 6 solution without exposure to air.
  • Pt overlayers ranging from 1 to 10 ML were obtained by repeating this procedure.
  • Spontaneous deposition (without Cu-UPD layers) was also performed. For this purpose Pd sample was immersed into 0.1M K 2 PtCl 4 solution. Next, the electrode was thoroughly rinsed with deionized water and polarized cathodically in acidic environment. N 6.7 Ar gas (Air Products, BIP-PLUS) was used for solution deaeration. All glassware was cleaned with sulfochromic acid and subsequently with concentrated sulfuric acid and with deionised water in a
  • FIG. 1 Cyclic voltammograms for palladium limited volume electrode (1000 nm in thickness) recorded in a perchloric acid solution are presented on FIG. 1 .
  • the system's purity is confirmed by both the presence of the adsorption peaks at 0.27 V and by high symmetry of currents in the double layer region.
  • the oxide formation/reduction region is typical for palladium electrode in acidic environments (H. Duncan and A. Lasia, Electrochimica Acta, 2008, 53, 6845-6850; C. Gabrielli, P. P. Grand, A. Lasia and H. Perrot, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2004, 151, A1937-A1942; A. Czerwinski, I. Kiersztyn, M. Grden and J.
  • FIG. 3 a shows comparison between cyclic voltammograms recorded at 20 mV ⁇ s ⁇ 1 for pure 500 nm Pd electrode and the same electrode covered by 1 ML Pt deposit obtained by Cu-UPD method. It can be observed that the currents related to hydrogen absorption/desorption are significantly higher for electrodes with platinum layer obtained by Cu galvanic displacement. This observation holds with respect to both pure palladium ( FIG. 3 a ) and platinized Pd samples obtained by SD ( FIG. 2 ). The maximum desorption current for 1 ML-Pt/Pd is constant for scan rates higher than 20 mV ⁇ s ⁇ 1 , and approaches 30 mA ⁇ cm ⁇ 2 (see FIG. 4 ).
  • the inset to FIG. 8 a shows hydrogen desorption curves, recorded after saturation at given t abs . By integration of desorption currents, one may obtain the charge related to hydrogen absorption and therefore the hydrogen concentration within Pd layer (F. Vigier, R. Jurczakowski and A. Lasia, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2006, 588, 32-43; M. Slojewski, J. Kowalska and R. Jurczakowski, Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2009, 113, 3707-3712).
  • the hydrogen absorption isotherms for pure and platinized palladium layers, determined by this approach are displayed on FIG. 10 a , where low concentration range is plotted in the log scale. Both isotherms, i.e. for pure and platinized Pd largely overlap. Only the sharper phase transition region and slightly larger hydrogen concentrations in the beta phase can be observed for 1 ML Pt-covered Pd electrode. These differences can be explained by kinetic hindrance for Pd pure electrode. At the FIG. 8 b for pure Pd a slight but distinct increase in hydrogen concentration between 8 and 16 hours of hydrogen saturation at potential 40 mV vs. RHE is shown. The full saturation is observed after about 50 h of conditioning time.
  • the hysteresis in the hydrogen absorption/desorption was recorded for 1000 nm Pd (results are shown on FIG. 10 b ). Both, the hysteresis width and its position on the potential scale, are in perfect agreement with hysteresis determined in electrochemical conditions for pure Pd (L. Birry and A. Lasia, Electrochimica Acta, 2006, 51, 3356-3364).
  • FIG. 10 On FIG. 10 c comparison between cyclic voltammograms recorded at 100 mV ⁇ s ⁇ 1 for 500 nm Pd electrode with and without 1 ML Pt deposit is shown.
  • voltammograms were recorded before (five first cycles are shown—solid line) and after (dotted line) series of electrochemical measurements consisting on multiple hydrogen saturation/desorption runs recorded for 30 different potentials ranging from 0.37 down to 0 V. Between measurements the sample was cycled in potential region ⁇ 0.01 ⁇ 1.40V (over 100 cycles from hydrogen evolution to full oxides coverage). After this quite severe electrochemical treatment the Pt surface coverage is diminished only by circa 15%, and still surface coverage of 0.85 ML-Pt/Pd can be deduced from the position of the surface oxides reduction peak. This result demonstrates the apparent stability of the Pt monolayer against the hydrogen induced lattice migration (HILM) phenomena.
  • HILM hydrogen induced lattice migration
  • Diffusion coefficient calculated from Warburg impedance amounts to 1.8 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 cm 2 ⁇ s ⁇ 1 (at 0.170 V vs. RHE), thus approaching that reported for bulk palladium, and is nearly two orders of magnitude higher than diffusion coefficients reported to date for thin palladium films, that is 1.3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 9 cm 2 ⁇ s ⁇ 1 (H. Hagi, Mater T Jim , 1990, 31, 954-958).
  • the diffusion coefficients measured by present inventors for 1 ML-Pt/Pd 200 and 500 nm are 3.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 cm 2 ⁇ s ⁇ 1 and 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 cm 2 ⁇ s ⁇ 1 respectively.
  • Li for 135 nm Pd is 2.95 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 cm 2 ⁇ s ⁇ 1 .
  • This result shows that apparent diffusion coefficients of hydrogen reported for thin palladium layers are severely underestimated as a result of the slow reaction at the interface (Y. Li and Y. T. Cheng, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1996, 21, 281-291).
  • the gold substrate is replaced with inexpensive hydrogen absorbing material, namely nickel alloy storage material AB 5 (MmNi 4.1 Al 0.2 Mn 0.4 Co 0.45 ).
  • FIG. 12 shows comparison between cyclic voltammograms recorded at 5 mV*s ⁇ 1 for AB 5 electrode and the same electrode covered by 1 ⁇ m Pd obtained by electroless deposition described in [M. Slojewski et al. Phys. Chem. C, 2009, 113 (9), pp 3707-3712] and 1 ML Pt deposit obtained by spontaneous deposition. It can be observed that the currents related to hydrogen absorption/desorption are significantly higher for electrodes modified with palladium-platinum system of the invention (i.e. palladium with single Pt monolayer).
  • the present inventors have investigated the hydrogen permeability through platinum monolayers deposited on palladium.
  • the obtained results show that two-dimensional Pt deposits (1-3 monolayer in thickness) not only enable hydrogen permeation but also ultimately accelerate the hydrogen charging and discharging processes. The latter process becomes bulk diffusion limited.
  • diffusion coefficients of hydrogen determined for thin Pd films (200-1000 nm) covered by Pt monolayers are two orders of magnitude higher than those previously reported and determined for pure Pd thin films.
  • Pd/Pt system exhibits enormous enhancement in the hydrogen electrosorption kinetics and can be obtained by depositing of 1-10 platinum monolayers, preferably 1-3 monolayers, at the electrode surface. Comparable enhancement in the electrosorption kinetics cannot be achieved by any of presently known methods. At the same time, superior hydrogen capacity of palladium as well as its bulk properties remain unaffected by deposited platinum.
  • Pd/Pt system can find numerous applications in the heterogeneous catalysis, hydrogenation reactions, and hydrogen purification.
  • Another set of industrial applications of the present invention is related to hydrogen storage or sensing systems, where fast and selective reaction in the presence of hydrogen is required.

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