US20170130997A1 - Heat pump system - Google Patents

Heat pump system Download PDF

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Publication number
US20170130997A1
US20170130997A1 US15/405,591 US201715405591A US2017130997A1 US 20170130997 A1 US20170130997 A1 US 20170130997A1 US 201715405591 A US201715405591 A US 201715405591A US 2017130997 A1 US2017130997 A1 US 2017130997A1
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Prior art keywords
heat
source
usage
refrigerant
aqueous medium
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US15/405,591
Inventor
Masahiro Honda
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Daikin Industries Ltd
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Daikin Industries Ltd
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Priority to US15/405,591 priority Critical patent/US20170130997A1/en
Assigned to DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, LTD. reassignment DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HONDA, MASAHIRO
Publication of US20170130997A1 publication Critical patent/US20170130997A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B30/00—Heat pumps
    • F25B30/02—Heat pumps of the compression type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B13/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, with reversible cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D3/00—Hot-water central heating systems
    • F24D3/08—Hot-water central heating systems in combination with systems for domestic hot-water supply
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D3/00—Hot-water central heating systems
    • F24D3/18—Hot-water central heating systems using heat pumps
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H6/00—Combined water and air heaters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B29/00—Combined heating and refrigeration systems, e.g. operating alternately or simultaneously
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B47/00—Arrangements for preventing or removing deposits or corrosion, not provided for in another subclass
    • F25B47/006—Arrangements for preventing or removing deposits or corrosion, not provided for in another subclass for preventing frost
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B47/00—Arrangements for preventing or removing deposits or corrosion, not provided for in another subclass
    • F25B47/02—Defrosting cycles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B47/00—Arrangements for preventing or removing deposits or corrosion, not provided for in another subclass
    • F25B47/02—Defrosting cycles
    • F25B47/022—Defrosting cycles hot gas defrosting
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B47/00—Arrangements for preventing or removing deposits or corrosion, not provided for in another subclass
    • F25B47/02—Defrosting cycles
    • F25B47/022—Defrosting cycles hot gas defrosting
    • F25B47/025—Defrosting cycles hot gas defrosting by reversing the cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B49/00—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
    • F25B49/02—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for compression type machines, plants or systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D2200/00—Heat sources or energy sources
    • F24D2200/12—Heat pump
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2313/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for
    • F25B2313/003—Indoor unit with water as a heat sink or heat source
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2313/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for
    • F25B2313/007—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for three pipes connecting the outdoor side to the indoor side with multiple indoor units
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2313/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for
    • F25B2313/023—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for using multiple indoor units
    • F25B2313/0231—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for using multiple indoor units with simultaneous cooling and heating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2313/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for
    • F25B2313/023—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for using multiple indoor units
    • F25B2313/0233—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for using multiple indoor units in parallel arrangements
    • F25B2313/02332—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for using multiple indoor units in parallel arrangements during defrosting
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2313/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for
    • F25B2313/027—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for characterised by the reversing means
    • F25B2313/02741—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for characterised by the reversing means using one four-way valve
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2313/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for
    • F25B2313/031—Sensor arrangements
    • F25B2313/0313—Pressure sensors near the outdoor heat exchanger
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2313/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for
    • F25B2313/031—Sensor arrangements
    • F25B2313/0314—Temperature sensors near the indoor heat exchanger
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2313/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for
    • F25B2313/031—Sensor arrangements
    • F25B2313/0315—Temperature sensors near the outdoor heat exchanger
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2600/00—Control issues
    • F25B2600/13—Pump speed control
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2600/00—Control issues
    • F25B2600/25—Control of valves
    • F25B2600/2515—Flow valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B7/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, with cascade operation, i.e. with two or more circuits, the heat from the condenser of one circuit being absorbed by the evaporator of the next circuit
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
    • Y02B30/12—Hot water central heating systems using heat pumps

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a heat pump system, and particularly relates to a heat pump system capable of heating an aqueous medium by utilizing a heat pump cycle.
  • Heat pump water heaters such as the one described in Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 60-164157, are known which are capable of utilizing a heat pump cycle to heat water.
  • a heat pump water heater has primarily a compressor, a refrigerant/water heat exchanger, and a heat-source-side heat exchanger, and is configured so that water is heated by the radiation of refrigerant in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger, and the hot water thereby obtained is fed to a storage tank.
  • An object of the present invention is to obtain energy-saving effects in a heat pump system capable of heating an aqueous medium by utilizing a heat pump cycle.
  • a heat pump system comprises a heat source unit, a discharge refrigerant communication tube, a liquid refrigerant communication tube, a gas refrigerant communication tube, a first usage unit, and a second usage unit.
  • the heat source unit has a heat-source-side compressor for compressing a heat-source-side refrigerant; a heat-source-side heat exchanger; and a heat-source-side switching mechanism capable of switching between a heat-source-side radiating operation state for causing the heat-source-side heat exchanger to function as a radiator of a heat-source-side refrigerant, and a heat-source-side evaporating operation state for causing the heat-source-side heat exchanger to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant.
  • the discharge refrigerant communication tube is capable of directing the heat-source-side refrigerant to the outside of the heat source unit from a discharge of the heat-source-side compressor in the heat-source-side radiating operation state and the heat-source-side evaporating operation state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism.
  • the liquid refrigerant communication tube is capable of directing the heat-source-side refrigerant to the outside of the heat source unit from an outlet of the heat-source-side heat exchanger functioning as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the heat-source-side radiating operation state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism, and of introducing the heat-source-side refrigerant into an inlet of the heat-source-side heat exchanger functioning as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant from outside the heat source unit in the heat-source-side evaporating operation state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism.
  • the gas refrigerant communication tube is capable of introducing the heat-source-side refrigerant into an intake of the heat-source-side compressor from outside the heat source unit.
  • the first usage unit is connected to the discharge refrigerant communication tube and the liquid refrigerant communication tube, and has a first usage-side heat exchanger capable of functioning as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube, and the first usage unit is capable of directing the heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the first usage-side heat exchanger to the liquid refrigerant communication tube, and performing operation in which an aqueous medium is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger.
  • the second usage unit is connected to the liquid refrigerant communication tube and the gas refrigerant communication tube, and has a second usage-side heat exchanger capable of functioning as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the liquid refrigerant communication tube in the heat-source-side radiating operation state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism, and the second usage unit is capable of performing operation in which directing the heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the second usage-side heat exchanger to the gas refrigerant communication tube and an air medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger.
  • this heat pump system not only can operation be performed for heating an aqueous medium by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger, but operation is performed for heating the aqueous medium by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger, and it is possible to utilize the heat of cooling obtained by the heat-source-side refrigerant by heating of the aqueous medium for operation in which an air medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger.
  • a heat pump system is the heat pump system according to the first aspect, wherein the first usage unit performs operation in which the aqueous medium is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger when the second usage unit performs operation in which the air medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger.
  • the second usage unit performs operation in which an air medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger, and it is possible to utilize the heat obtained by the heat-source-side refrigerant by cooling of the air medium for operation in which the aqueous medium is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger in the first usage unit, as needed.
  • a heat pump system is the heat pump system according to the second aspect, further comprising a hot-water storage unit for storing the aqueous medium heated in the first usage unit, or the aqueous medium heated by heat exchange with the aqueous medium heated in the first usage unit; wherein the first usage unit performs operation in which the aqueous medium is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger in a case in which the hot-water storage temperature, which is the temperature of the aqueous medium stored in the hot-water storage unit, is equal to or less than a predetermined set temperature for hot-water storage.
  • the second usage unit performs operation in which the air medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger
  • the first usage unit is configured so that operation is performed for heating the aqueous medium by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger in a case in which the hot-water storage temperature is equal to or less than the set temperature for hot-water storage
  • the hot-water storage temperature can be kept equal to or higher than the set temperature for hot-water storage, while the heat obtained by the heat-source-side refrigerant by cooling of the air medium is effectively utilized.
  • a heat pump system is the heat pump system according to any of the first through third aspects, wherein the gas refrigerant communication tube is capable of introducing the heat-source-side refrigerant to an intake of the heat-source-side compressor from outside the heat source unit in the heat-source-side radiating operation state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism, and of directing the heat-source-side refrigerant to the outside of the heat source unit from a discharge of the heat-source-side compressor in the heat-source-side evaporating operation state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism; and the second usage unit is capable of performing operation in which the second usage-side heat exchanger functions as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the gas refrigerant communication tube in the heat-source-side evaporating operation state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism, the heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the second usage-side heat exchanger is directed to the liquid refrigerant communication tube, and the air
  • operation in the heat-source-side radiating operation state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism, operation can be performed for cooling the air medium by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger, and in the heat-source-side evaporating operation state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism, operation can be performed for heating the air medium by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger. Therefore, the aqueous medium heated in the first usage unit can be used to supply hot water, and the second usage unit can be used for indoor air cooling or air warming, for example.
  • a heat pump system is the heat pump system according to any of the first through fourth aspects, wherein the first usage unit is further connected to the gas refrigerant communication tube, and a usage-side switching mechanism is further provided which is capable of switching between an aqueous-medium heating operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger functions as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube, and an aqueous-medium cooling operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger functions as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the liquid refrigerant communication tube.
  • the first usage unit is capable of performing operation in which the heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the first usage-side heat exchanger is directed to the liquid refrigerant communication tube, and the aqueous medium is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger in the aqueous-medium heating operation state of the usage-side switching mechanism; and of performing operation in which the heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the first usage-side heat exchanger is directed to the gas refrigerant communication tube, and the aqueous medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger in the aqueous-medium cooling operation state of the usage-side switching mechanism.
  • this heat pump system it is possible to switch between operation in which the aqueous medium is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger, and operation in which the aqueous medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger. It is also possible to perform operation in which the air medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger, and operation in which the aqueous medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger.
  • a heat pump system is the heat pump system according to the fourth aspect, wherein the first usage unit is further connected to the gas refrigerant communication tube, and a usage-side switching mechanism is further provided which is capable of switching between an aqueous-medium heating operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger functions as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube, and an aqueous-medium cooling operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger functions as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the liquid refrigerant communication tube.
  • the first usage unit is capable of performing operation in which the heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the first usage-side heat exchanger is directed to the liquid refrigerant communication tube, and the aqueous medium is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger in the aqueous-medium heating operation state of the usage-side switching mechanism; and of performing operation in which the heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the first usage-side heat exchanger is directed to the gas refrigerant communication tube, and the aqueous medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger in the aqueous-medium cooling operation state of the usage-side switching mechanism; and defrosting operation is performed in which the heat-source-side heat exchanger is caused to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant, and the second usage-side heat exchanger is caused to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side
  • the defrosting operation time can be reduced in comparison with a case in which only the second usage-side heat exchanger is caused to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant, and it is possible to prevent the air medium cooled in the second usage unit from reaching a low temperature.
  • a heat pump system is the heat pump system according to the sixth aspect, wherein functioning of the first usage-side heat exchanger as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant is stopped in a case in which the temperature of the aqueous medium cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger is equal to or less than a predetermined freezing-lower-limit temperature during the defrosting operation.
  • a heat pump system is the heat pump system according to the sixth aspect, further comprising a first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve capable of varying the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant that flows through the first usage-side heat exchanger.
  • control is performed to reduce the opening degree of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve in a case in which the temperature of the aqueous medium cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger is equal to or less than a predetermined freeze-warning temperature, and in a case in which a defrosting operation time, which is the elapsed time from the start of defrosting operation, is equal to or less than a predetermined defrosting operation set time, and defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger is not completed, a predetermined defrosting time interval setting value until the start of the next defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger is reduced.
  • control is performed to reduce the opening degree of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve in a case in which the temperature of the aqueous medium cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger is equal to or less than the freeze-warning temperature during the defrosting operation.
  • the defrosting operation can therefore be continued while the aqueous medium is prevented from freezing.
  • the defrosting time interval setting value until the start of the next defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger is reduced in a case in which defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger is not completed in a time equal to or less than the defrosting operation setting time. Defrosting operation can thereby be performed while the aqueous medium is prevented from freezing, and icing up is suppressed.
  • a heat pump system is the heat pump system according to any of the fifth through eighth aspects, further comprising a first refrigerant recovery mechanism for communicating the discharge refrigerant communication tube and the gas refrigerant communication tube in any of the aqueous medium heating operation state and the aqueous medium cooling operation state of the usage-side switching mechanism.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant discharged from the heat-source-side compressor may stagnate in the discharge refrigerant communication tube, and the flow rate of the heat
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant is less prone to stagnate in the discharge refrigerant communication tube, and the occurrence of an inadequate refrigerant circulation rate can thereby be suppressed.
  • a heat pump system is the heat pump system according to any of the fifth through ninth aspects, further comprising a second refrigerant recovery mechanism for communicating the first usage-side heat exchanger and the gas refrigerant communication tube in any of the aqueous medium heating operation state and the aqueous medium cooling operation state of the usage-side switching mechanism.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant may stagnate in the first usage-side heat exchanger, and the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor may be inadequate (i.e., the refrigerant circulation rate may be inadequate).
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant is less prone to stagnate in the first usage-side heat exchanger, and the occurrence of an inadequate refrigerant circulation rate can thereby be suppressed.
  • a heat pump system is the heat pump system according to any of the fifth through tenth aspects, wherein refrigerant recovery operation is performed in which the usage-side switching mechanism is placed in the aqueous medium heating operation state, and the first usage-side heat exchanger is thereby caused to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant in a case in which the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor is determined to be inadequate in a case in which the usage-side switching mechanism is in the aqueous medium cooling operation state and the second usage unit is at least operating.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant discharged from the heat-source-side compressor may stagnate in the discharge refrigerant communication tube, and the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor may be inadequate
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant may stagnate in the first usage-side heat exchanger, and the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor may be inadequate (i.e., the refrigerant circulation rate may be inadequate).
  • refrigerant recovery operation is performed in which the usage-side switching mechanism is placed in the aqueous medium heating operation state, and the first usage-side heat exchanger is thereby caused to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant in a case in which the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor is determined to be inadequate in a case in which the usage-side switching mechanism is in the aqueous medium cooling operation state and the second usage unit is at least operating.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant is thereby made less prone to stagnate in the discharge refrigerant communication tube, and the heat-source-side refrigerant is made less prone to stagnate in the first usage-side heat exchanger.
  • the occurrence of an inadequate refrigerant circulation rate can thereby be suppressed.
  • a heat pump system is the heat pump system according to any of the first through eleventh aspects, wherein the first usage-side heat exchanger is a heat exchanger for exchanging heat between the heat-source-side refrigerant and the aqueous medium.
  • a heat pump system is the heat pump system according to the twelfth aspect, further comprising an aqueous medium circuit through which circulates an aqueous medium for exchanging heat with the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger, the aqueous medium circuit having a variable-capacity circulation pump.
  • the capacity of the circulation pump is controlled so that the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit decreases in a case in which a heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference, which is the difference between the pressure of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the discharge of the heat-source-side compressor and the pressure of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the intake of the heat-source-side compressor, is equal to or less than a predetermined heat-source-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference.
  • the aqueous medium is circulated through an aqueous medium circuit
  • the pressure of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the discharge of the heat-source-side compressor decreases, the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference decreases, and lubrication deficiency may occur due to poor circulation of the refrigeration machine oil in the heat-source-side compressor.
  • a variable-capacity circulation pump is provided, and the capacity of the circulation pump is controlled so that the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit decreases in a case in which a heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference, which is the difference between the pressure of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the discharge of the heat-source-side compressor and the pressure of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the intake of the heat-source-side compressor, is equal to or less than a predetermined heat-source-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference, the heat-source-side compressor is not forced to operate unstably, the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is maintained, and lubrication deficiency in the heat-source-side compressor can be suppressed even in a case in which the temperature of the aqueous medium is low, and the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is prone to decrease, such as immediately after the start of operation by the first usage unit
  • a heat pump system is the heat pump system according to the thirteenth aspect, wherein the capacity of the circulation pump is controlled so that the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference, which is the difference between the temperature of the aqueous medium in an outlet of the first usage-side heat exchanger and the temperature of the aqueous medium in an inlet of the first usage-side heat exchanger; is equal to a predetermined target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference in a case in which the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is greater than the heat-source-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference.
  • the capacity of the circulation pump is controlled so that the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference, which is the difference between the temperature of the aqueous medium in an outlet of the first usage-side heat exchanger and the temperature of the aqueous medium in an inlet of the first usage-side heat exchanger, is equal to a predetermined target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference in a case in which the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is greater than the heat-source-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference, and lubrication deficiency is not prone to occur in the heat-source-side compressor.
  • the heat pump system can therefore operate in conditions suited to the heat exchange capability of the first usage-side heat exchanger.
  • a heat pump system is the heat pump system according to the fourteenth aspect, wherein the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference is increased in a case in which the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is equal to or less than the heat-source-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference.
  • the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit is reduced by increasing the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference in the control of the capacity of the circulation pump, which is performed to make the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference equal to the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference.
  • Control of the capacity of the circulation pump can therefore be employed which makes the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference equal to the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference regardless of whether the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is equal to or less than the heat-source-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference.
  • a heat pump system is the heat pump system according to any of the first through eleventh aspects, wherein the first usage-side heat exchanger is a heat exchanger for exchanging heat with the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube and a usage-side refrigerant other than the heat-source-side refrigerant; and the first usage unit further has a usage-side compressor for compressing the usage-side refrigerant; and a refrigerant/water heat exchanger which is capable of functioning as a radiator of the usage-side refrigerant and heating the aqueous medium; and the first usage unit together with the first usage-side heat exchanger constitute a usage-side refrigerant circuit for circulating the usage-side refrigerant.
  • the usage-side refrigerant circulated through the usage-side refrigerant circuit is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant, the usage-side refrigerant circuit utilizes the heat obtained from the heat-source-side refrigerant, and a refrigeration cycle is obtained which has a higher temperature than the refrigeration cycle in the refrigerant circuit through which the heat-source-side refrigerant circulates.
  • a high-temperature aqueous medium can therefore be obtained by radiation of the usage-side refrigerant in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger.
  • a heat pump system is the heat pump system according to the sixteenth aspect, further comprising an aqueous medium circuit through which circulates an aqueous medium for exchanging heat with the usage-side refrigerant in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger, the aqueous medium circuit having a variable-capacity circulation pump.
  • the capacity of the circulation pump is controlled so that the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit decreases in a case in which a usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference, which is the difference between the pressure of the usage-side refrigerant in the discharge of the usage-side compressor and the pressure of the usage-side refrigerant in the intake of the usage-side compressor, is equal to or less than a predetermined usage-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference.
  • the aqueous medium is circulated through an aqueous medium circuit
  • the pressure of the usage-side refrigerant in the discharge of the usage-side compressor decreases, the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference decreases, and lubrication deficiency may occur due to poor circulation of the refrigeration machine oil in the usage-side compressor.
  • the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference which is the difference between the pressure of the usage-side refrigerant in the discharge of the usage-side compressor and the pressure of the usage-side refrigerant in the intake of the usage-side compressor, is equal to or less than a predetermined usage-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference
  • the usage-side compressor is not forced to operate unstably, the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is maintained, and lubrication deficiency in the usage-side compressor can be suppressed even in a case in which the temperature of the aqueous medium is low, and the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is prone to decrease, such as immediately after the start of operation by the first usage unit.
  • a heat pump system is the heat pump system according to the seventeenth aspect, wherein the capacity of the circulation pump is controlled so that the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference, which is the difference between the temperature of the aqueous medium in an outlet of the refrigerant/water heat exchanger and the temperature of the aqueous medium in an inlet of the refrigerant/water heat exchanger, is equal to a predetermined target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference in a case in which the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is greater than the usage-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference.
  • the capacity of the circulation pump is controlled so that the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference, which is the difference between the temperature of the aqueous medium in an outlet of the refrigerant/water heat exchanger and the temperature of the aqueous medium in an inlet of the refrigerant/water heat exchanger, is equal to a predetermined target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference in a case in which the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is greater than the usage-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference, and lubrication deficiency is not prone to occur in the usage-side compressor.
  • the heat pump system can therefore operate in conditions suited to the heat exchange capability of the refrigerant/water heat exchanger.
  • a heat pump system is the heat pump system according to the eighteenth aspect, wherein the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference is increased in a case in which the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is equal to or less than the usage-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference.
  • the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit is reduced by increasing the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference in the control of the capacity of the circulation pump, which is performed to make the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference equal to the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference.
  • Control of the capacity of the circulation pump can therefore be employed which makes the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference equal to the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference regardless of whether the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is equal to or less than the usage-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference.
  • a heat pump system is the heat pump system according to any of the first through nineteenth aspects, wherein a plurality of the second usage unit are connected to each other in parallel via the liquid refrigerant communication tube and the gas refrigerant communication tube.
  • a heat pump system is the heat pump system according to any of the first through twentieth aspects, wherein a plurality of the first usage unit are connected to each other in parallel via the discharge refrigerant communication tube and the liquid refrigerant communication tube.
  • FIG. 1 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to a first embodiment and first modification of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing the control of the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit in the first embodiment and a second embodiment.
  • FIG. 3 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modifications 2 through 5, and Modification 8 of the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing the defrosting operation in Modification 3 of the first embodiment and Modification 2 of the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing the defrosting operation in Modification 4 of the first embodiment and Modification 3 of the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing the defrosting operation in Modification 5 of the first embodiment and Modification 4 of the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 7 is a flowchart showing the processing for changing the defrosting time interval in Modification 5 of the first embodiment and Modification 4 of the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 8 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modifications 6 and 8 of the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 9 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modifications 7 and 8 of the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 10 is a flowchart showing the refrigerant recovery operation in Modification 8 of the first embodiment and Modification 7 of the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 11 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modification 9 of the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 12 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modification 10 of the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 13 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modification 10 of the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 14 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modification 10 of the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 15 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modification 11 of the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 16 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to the second embodiment and Modification 1 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 17 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modifications 2 through 4 and Modification 8 of the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 18 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modifications 5 and 7 of the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 19 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modifications 6 and 7 of the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 20 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modification 8 of the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 21 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modification 9 of the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 22 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modification 9 of the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 23 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modification 9 of the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 24 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modification 10 of the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 1 is a view showing the general configuration of a heat pump system 1 according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
  • the heat pump system 1 is an apparatus capable of operation for heating an aqueous medium, and other operation by utilizing a vapor compression heat pump cycle.
  • the heat pump system 1 has primarily a heat source unit 2 , a first usage unit 4 a , a second usage unit 10 a , a discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 , a liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 , a gas refrigerant communication tube 14 , a hot-water storage unit 8 a , a hot-water air-warming unit 9 a , an aqueous medium communication tube 15 a , and an aqueous medium communication tube 16 a
  • the heat source unit 2 , the first usage unit 4 a , and the second usage unit 10 a are connected via the refrigerant communication tubes 12 , 13 , 14 , thereby constituting a heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 .
  • the first usage unit 4 a , the hot-water storage unit 8 a , and the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a are connected via the aqueous medium communication tubes 15 a , 16 a , thereby constituting an aqueous medium circuit 80 a .
  • HFC-410A which is a type of HFC-based refrigerant is enclosed as heat-source-side refrigerant in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 , and an ester-based or ether-based refrigeration machine oil that is compatible with a HFC-based refrigerant is enclosed for lubricating a heat-source-side compressor 21 (described hereinafter). Water as the aqueous medium is circulated in the aqueous medium circuit 80 a.
  • the heat source unit 2 is installed outdoors, is connected to the usage unit 4 a and 10 a via the refrigerant communication tubes 12 , 13 , 14 , and constitutes a portion of the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 .
  • the heat source unit 2 has primarily a heat-source-side compressor 21 , an oil separation mechanism 22 , a heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 , a heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 , a heat-source-side expansion valve 25 , an intake return tube 26 , a subcooler 27 , a heat-source-side accumulator 28 , a liquid-side shutoff valve 29 , a gas-side shutoff valve 30 , and a discharge-side shutoff valve 31 .
  • the heat-source-side compressor 21 is a mechanism for compressing the heat-source-side refrigerant.
  • the heat-source-side compressor 21 used herein is an airtight compressor in which a rotary-type, scroll-type, or other positive-displacement compression element (not shown) housed in a casing (not shown) is driven by a heat-source-side compressor motor 21 a which is also housed in the casing.
  • a high-pressure space (not shown) filled by the heat-source-side refrigerant after compression in the compression element is formed inside the casing of the heat-source-side compressor 21 , and refrigeration machine oil is stored in the high-pressure space.
  • the rotation speed (i.e., the operating frequency) of the heat-source-side compressor motor 21 a can be varied by an inverter apparatus (not shown), and the capacity of the heat-source-side compressor 21 can thereby be controlled.
  • the oil separation mechanism 22 is a mechanism for separating refrigeration machine oil included in the heat-source-side refrigerant that is discharged from the heat-source-side compressor 21 and returning the refrigeration machine oil to the intake of the heat-source-side compressor.
  • the oil separation mechanism 22 has primarily an oil separator 22 a provided to a heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b of the heat-source-side compressor 21 , and an oil return tube 22 b for connecting the oil separator 22 a and a heat-source-side intake tube 21 c of the heat-source-side compressor 21 .
  • the oil separator 22 a is a device for separating refrigeration machine oil included in the heat-source-side refrigerant that is discharged from the heat-source-side compressor 21 .
  • the oil return tube 22 b has a capillary tube, and is a refrigerant tube for returning the refrigeration machine oil separated from the heat-source-side refrigerant in the oil separator 22 a to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c of the heat-source-side compressor 21 .
  • the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is a four-way switching valve capable of switching between a heat-source-side radiating operation state in which the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 functions as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant, and a heat-source-side evaporating operation state in which the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 functions as a evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant.
  • the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is connected to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b , the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c , a first heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 a connected to the gas side of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 , and a second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b connected to the gas-side shutoff valve 30 .
  • the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is capable of switching for communicating the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b with the first heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 a , and communicating the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b with the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c (this switching corresponding to the heat-source-side radiating operation state, indicated by solid lines in the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 in FIG. 1 ).
  • the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is also capable of switching for communicating the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b with the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b , and communicating the first heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 a with the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c (this switching corresponding to the heat-source-side evaporating operation state, indicated by dashed lines in the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 in FIG. 1 ).
  • the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is not limited to a four-way switching valve, and may configured so as to have a function for switching the same directions of heat-source-side refrigerant flow as those described above, through the use of a combination of a plurality of solenoid valves or the like, for example.
  • the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is a heat exchanger for functioning as a radiator or evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant by exchanging heat between the heat-source-side refrigerant and outdoor air.
  • a heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a is connected to the liquid side of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24
  • the first heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 a is connected to the gas side thereof.
  • the outdoor air for heat exchange with the heat-source-side refrigerant in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is fed by a heat-source-side fan 32 which is driven by a heat-source-side fan motor 32 a.
  • the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 is an electrical expansion valve for performing such functions as depressurizing the heat-source-side refrigerant flowing through the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 , and is provided to the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a.
  • the intake return tube 26 is a refrigerant tube for diverting a portion of the heat-source-side refrigerant flowing through the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a and returning the diverted refrigerant to the intake of the heat-source-side compressor 21 , and in the present embodiment, one end of the intake return tube 26 is connected to the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a , and the other end is connected to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c .
  • An intake return expansion valve 26 a is provided to the intake return tube 26 .
  • the intake return expansion valve 26 a is composed of an electrical expansion valve.
  • the subcooler 27 is a heat exchanger for exchanging heat between the heat-source-side refrigerant flowing through the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a and the heat-source-side refrigerant flowing through the intake return tube 26 (more specifically, the heat-source-side refrigerant that has been depressurized by the intake return expansion valve 26 a ).
  • the heat-source-side accumulator 28 is provided to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c , and is a container for temporarily storing the heat-source-side refrigerant circulated through the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 before the heat-source-side refrigerant is drawn into the heat-source-side compressor 21 from the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c.
  • the liquid-side shutoff valve 29 is a valve provided at the connection between the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a and the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 .
  • the gas-side shutoff valve 30 is a valve provided at the connection between the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b and the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 .
  • the discharge-side shutoff valve 31 is a valve provided at the connection between the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 and a heat-source-side discharge branch tube 21 d which is diverted from the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b.
  • the heat source unit 2 is provided with a heat-source-side intake pressure sensor 33 for detecting a heat-source-side intake pressure Ps1, which is the pressure of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the intake of the heat-source-side compressor 21 ; a heat-source-side discharge pressure sensor 34 for detecting a heat-source-side discharge pressure Pd1, which is the pressure of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the discharge of the heat-source-side compressor 21 ; a heat-source-side heat exchange temperature sensor 35 for detecting a heat-source-side heat exchanger temperature Thx, which is the temperature of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the liquid side of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 ; and an outdoor air temperature sensor 36 for detecting an outdoor air temperature To.
  • a heat-source-side intake pressure sensor 33 for detecting a heat-source-side intake pressure Ps1, which is the pressure of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the intake of the heat-source-side compressor 21 .
  • the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 is connected to the heat-source-side discharge branch tube 21 d via the discharge-side shutoff valve 31 , and is a refrigerant tube capable of directing the heat-source-side refrigerant to the outside of the heat source unit 2 from the discharge of the heat-source-side compressor 21 in any of the heat-source-side radiating operation state and the heat-source-side evaporating operation state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 .
  • the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 is connected to the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a via the liquid-side shutoff valve 29 , and the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 is a refrigerant tube capable of directing the heat-source-side refrigerant to the outside of the heat source unit 2 from the outlet of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 which functions as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant when the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is in the heat-source-side radiating operation state.
  • the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 is also a refrigerant tube capable of introducing the heat-source-side refrigerant from outside the heat source unit 2 into the inlet of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 which functions as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant when the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is in the heat-source-side evaporating operation state.
  • the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 is connected to the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b via the gas-side shutoff valve 30 .
  • the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 is a refrigerant tube capable of introducing the heat-source-side refrigerant into the intake of the heat-source-side compressor 21 from outside the heat source unit 2 when the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is in the heat-source-side radiating operation state.
  • the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 is also a refrigerant tube capable of directing the heat-source-side refrigerant to the outside of the heat source unit 2 from the discharge of the heat-source-side compressor 21 when the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is in the heat-source-side evaporating operation state.
  • the first usage unit 4 a is installed indoors, is connected to the heat source unit 2 via the refrigerant communication tubes 12 , 13 , and constitutes a portion of the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 .
  • the first usage unit 4 a is also connected to the hot-water storage unit 8 a and the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a via the aqueous medium communication tubes 15 a , 16 a , and constitutes a portion of the aqueous medium circuit 80 a.
  • the first usage unit 4 a has primarily a first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a , a first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a , and a circulation pump 43 a.
  • the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is a heat exchanger for functioning as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant by exchanging heat between the heat-source-side refrigerant and the aqueous medium
  • a first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a is connected to the liquid side of the flow passage through which the heat-source-side refrigerant flows
  • a first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a is connected to the gas side of the flow passage through which the heat-source-side refrigerant flows
  • a first usage-side water inlet tube 47 a is connected to the inlet side of the flow passage through which the aqueous medium flows
  • a first usage-side water outlet tube 48 a is connected to the outlet side of the flow passage through which the aqueous medium flows.
  • the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 is connected to the first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a
  • the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 is connected to the first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a
  • the aqueous medium communication tube 15 a is connected to the first usage-side water inlet tube 47 a
  • the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a is connected to the first usage-side water outlet tube 48 a.
  • the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a is an electrical expansion valve whereby the flow rate of heat-source-side refrigerant flowing through the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a can be varied by controlling the opening degree of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a , and the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a is provided to the first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a.
  • the first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a is provided with a first usage-side discharge non-return valve 49 a for allowing the heat-source-side refrigerant to flow toward the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a from the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and preventing the heat-source-side refrigerant from flowing toward the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 from the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a.
  • the circulation pump 43 a is a mechanism for pressurizing the aqueous medium, and the circulation pump 43 a used herein is a pump in which a centrifugal and/or positive-displacement pump element (not shown) is driven by a circulation pump motor 44 a .
  • the circulation pump 43 a is provided to the first usage-side water outlet tube 48 a .
  • the rotation speed (i.e., the operating frequency) of the circulation pump motor 44 a can be varied by an inverter apparatus (not shown), and the capacity of the circulation pump 43 a can thereby be controlled.
  • the first usage unit 4 a is thereby configured so that a hot-water supply operation can be performed in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is caused to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 , whereby the heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is directed to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 , and the aqueous medium is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a.
  • the first usage unit 4 a is provided with a first usage-side heat exchange temperature sensor 50 a for detecting a first usage-side refrigerant temperature Tsc1, which is the temperature of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the liquid side of the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a ; an aqueous medium inlet temperature sensor 51 a for detecting an aqueous medium inlet temperature Twr, which is the temperature of the aqueous medium in the inlet of the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a ; and an aqueous medium outlet temperature sensor 52 a for detecting an aqueous medium outlet temperature Tw1, which is the temperature of the aqueous medium in the outlet of the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a.
  • Tsc1 the temperature of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the liquid side of the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a
  • an aqueous medium inlet temperature sensor 51 a for detecting an aqueous medium inlet temperature Twr, which is
  • the hot-water storage unit 8 a is installed indoors, is connected to the first usage unit 4 a via the aqueous medium communication tubes 15 a , 16 a , and constitutes a portion of the aqueous medium circuit 80 a.
  • the hot-water storage unit 8 a has primarily a hot-water storage tank 81 a and a heat exchange coil 82 a.
  • the hot-water storage tank 81 a is a container for storing water as the aqueous medium for the hot water supply, a hot-water supply tube 83 a for sending the aqueous medium as hot water to a faucet, shower, or the like is connected to the top of the hot-water storage tank 81 a , and a water supply tube 84 a for replenishing the aqueous medium expended by the hot-water supply tube 83 a is connected to the bottom of the hot-water storage tank 81 a.
  • the heat exchange coil 82 a is provided inside the hot-water storage tank 81 a , and is a heat exchanger for functioning as a heater of the aqueous medium in the hot-water storage tank 81 a by exchanging heat between the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a and the aqueous medium inside the hot-water storage tank 81 a .
  • the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a is connected to the inlet of the heat exchange coil 82 a , and the aqueous medium communication tube 15 a is connected to the outlet thereof.
  • the hot-water storage unit 8 a is thereby capable of heating the aqueous medium inside the hot-water storage tank 81 a through the use of the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a , which has been heated in the first usage unit 4 a , and storing the heated aqueous medium as hot water.
  • the type of hot-water storage unit 8 a used herein is a hot-water storage unit for storing, in a hot-water storage tank, the aqueous medium heated by heat exchange with the aqueous medium heated in the first usage unit 4 a , but a type of hot-water storage unit for storing an aqueous medium heated in the first usage unit 4 a in a hot-water storage tank may also be used.
  • the hot-water storage unit 8 a is provided with a hot-water storage temperature sensor 85 a for detecting a hot-water storage temperature Twh, which is the temperature of the aqueous medium stored in the hot-water storage tank 81 a.
  • the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a is installed indoors, is connected to the first usage unit 4 a via the aqueous medium communication tubes 15 a , 16 a , and constitutes a portion of the aqueous medium circuit 80 a.
  • the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a has primarily a heat exchange panel 91 a , and is composed of a radiator and/or a floor heating panel and other components.
  • the heat exchange panel 91 a is provided alongside a wall or elsewhere indoors when configured as a radiator, and is provided under the floor or elsewhere indoors when configured as a floor heating panel.
  • the heat exchange panel 91 a is a heat exchanger for functioning as a radiator or heater of the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a , and the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a is connected to the inlet of the heat exchange panel 91 a , and the aqueous medium communication tube 15 a is connected to the outlet of the heat exchange panel 91 a.
  • the aqueous medium communication tube 15 a is connected to the outlet of the heat exchange coil 82 a of the hot-water storage unit 8 a , and the outlet of the heat exchange panel 91 a of the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a .
  • the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a is connected to the inlet of the heat exchange coil 82 a of the hot-water storage unit 8 a , and the inlet of the heat exchange panel 91 a of the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a .
  • the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a is provided with an aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a capable of switching between feeding the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a to both the hot-water storage unit 8 a and the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a , or to any one of the hot-water storage unit 8 a and the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a .
  • the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a is composed of a three-way valve.
  • the second usage unit 10 a is installed indoors, is connected to the heat source unit 2 via the refrigerant communication tubes 13 , 14 , and constitutes a portion of the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 .
  • the second usage unit 10 a has primarily a second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a and a second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a.
  • the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is a heat exchanger for functioning as a radiator or evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant by exchanging heat between the heat-source-side refrigerant and indoor air as the air medium, a second usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 103 a is connected to the liquid side of the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a , and a second usage-side gas refrigerant tube 104 a is connected to the gas side of the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a .
  • the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 is connected to the second usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 103 a
  • the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 is connected to the second usage-side gas refrigerant tube 104 a .
  • the air medium for exchanging heat with the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is fed by a usage-side fan 105 a driven by a usage-side fan motor 106 a.
  • the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a is an electrical expansion valve whereby the flow rate of heat-source-side refrigerant flowing through the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a can be varied by controlling the opening degree of the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a , and the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a is provided to the second usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 103 a.
  • the second usage unit 10 a is thereby configured so that an air-cooling operation can be performed in which the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is caused to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 in the heat-source-side radiating operation state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 , whereby the heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is directed to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 , and the air medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a .
  • the second usage unit 10 a is also configured so that an air-warming operation can be performed in which the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is caused to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 in the heat-source-side evaporating operation state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 , whereby the heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is directed to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 , and the air medium is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a.
  • the second usage unit 10 a is provided with an outdoor temperature sensor 107 a for detecting an outdoor temperature Tr.
  • the heat pump system 1 is also provided with a controller (not shown) for performing the operations and/or various types of control described below.
  • the operation modes of the heat pump system 1 include a hot-water supply operation mode for performing only the hot-water supply operation (i.e., operation of the hot-water storage unit 8 a and/or the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a ) of the first usage unit 4 a ; an air-cooling operation mode for performing only the air-cooling operation of the second usage unit 10 a ; an air-warming operation mode for performing only the air-warming operation of the second usage unit 10 a , a hot-water supply/air-warming operation mode for performing the hot-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a as well as the air-warming operation of the second usage unit 10 a ; and a hot-water supply/air-cooling operation mode for performing the hot-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a as well as the air-cooling operation of the second usage unit 10 a.
  • a hot-water supply/air-cooling operation mode for performing the hot-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a as well as the
  • the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is switched to the heat-source-side evaporating operation state (indicated by dashed lines in the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 in FIG. 1 ), and the intake return expansion valve 26 a and the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a are closed in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 .
  • the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a is switched to the state of feeding the aqueous medium to the hot-water storage unit 8 a and/or the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant at a low pressure in the refrigeration cycle is drawn into the heat-source-side compressor 21 through the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c and compressed to a high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and subsequently discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b .
  • the refrigeration machine oil is separated from the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b .
  • the refrigeration machine oil separated from the heat-source-side refrigerant in the oil separator 22 a is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c through the oil return tube 22 b .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant from which the refrigeration machine oil has been separated is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 through the heat-source-side discharge branch tube 21 d and the discharge-side shutoff valve 31 .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 is sent to the first usage unit 4 a .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage unit 4 a is sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a through the first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a and the first usage-side discharge non-return valve 49 a .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is heat-exchanged with the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a by the circulation pump 43 a and radiated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 through the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a and the first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 is sent to the heat source unit 2 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat source unit 2 is sent to the subcooler 27 through the liquid-side shutoff valve 29 . Since the heat-source-side refrigerant does not flow in the intake return tube 26 , the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the subcooler 27 is sent to the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 without exchanging heat.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 is depressurized in the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 to a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 through the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a
  • the low-pressure refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is heat-exchanged with the outdoor air fed by the heat-source-side fan 32 and evaporated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 .
  • the low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 through the first heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 a and the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 .
  • the low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 is again drawn into the heat-source-side compressor 21 through the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c.
  • the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a .
  • the aqueous medium heated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is drawn into the circulation pump 43 a through the first usage-side water outlet tube 48 a and pressurized, and subsequently sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a
  • the aqueous medium sent to the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a is sent to the hot-water storage unit 8 a and/or the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a through the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a .
  • the aqueous medium sent to the hot-water storage unit 8 a is heat-exchanged with the aqueous medium in the hot-water storage tank 81 a and radiated in the heat exchange coil 82 a , and the aqueous medium in the hot-water storage tank 81 a is thereby heated.
  • the aqueous medium sent to the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a is radiated in the heat exchange panel 91 a , the walls, the indoor floor and other indoor areas are thereby heated.
  • the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is switched to the heat-source-side radiating operation state (indicated by solid lines in the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 in FIG. 1 ), and the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a is closed in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant at the low pressure in the refrigeration cycle is drawn into the heat-source-side compressor 21 through the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c and compressed to the high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and subsequently discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b
  • the refrigeration machine oil is separated from the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b .
  • the refrigeration machine oil separated from the heat-source-side refrigerant in the oil separator 22 a is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c through the oil return tube 22 b .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant from which the refrigeration machine oil has been separated is sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 through the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 and the first heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 a
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is heat-exchanged with the outdoor air fed by the heat-source-side fan 32 and radiated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger is sent to the subcooler 27 through the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the subcooler 27 is heat-exchanged with the heat-source-side refrigerant diverted to the intake return tube 26 from the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a , and is cooled to a subcooled state.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant flowing through the intake return tube 26 is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant cooled in the subcooler 27 is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 through the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a and the liquid-side shutoff valve 29 .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 is sent to the second usage unit 10 a .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage unit 10 a is sent to the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a is depressurized in the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a to a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a through the second usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 103 a
  • the low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is heat-exchanged with the air medium fed by the usage-side fan 105 a and evaporated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a , and indoor air cooling is thereby performed.
  • the low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is sent from the second usage unit 10 a to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 through the second usage-side gas refrigerant tube 104 a.
  • the low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 is sent to the heat source unit 2 .
  • the low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat source unit 2 is sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 through the gas-side shutoff valve 30 , the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b , and the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 .
  • the low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 is again drawn into the heat-source-side compressor 21 through the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c.
  • the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is switched to the heat-source-side radiating operation state (indicated by dashed lines in the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 in FIG. 1 ), and the intake return expansion valve 26 a and the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a are closed in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant at a low pressure in the refrigeration cycle is drawn into the heat-source-side compressor 21 through the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c and compressed to a high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and subsequently discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b .
  • the refrigeration machine oil is separated from the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b .
  • the refrigeration machine oil separated from the heat-source-side refrigerant in the oil separator 22 a is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c through the oil return tube 22 b .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant from which the refrigeration machine oil has been separated is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 through the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 , the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b , and the gas-side shutoff valve 30 .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 is sent to the second usage unit 10 a .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage unit 10 a is sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a through the second usage-side gas refrigerant tube 104 a .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is heat-exchanged with the air medium fed by the usage-side fan 105 a and radiated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a , and indoor air warming is thereby performed.
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is sent from the second usage unit 10 a to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 through the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a and the second usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 103 a.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 is sent to the heat source unit 2 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat source unit 2 is sent to the subcooler 27 through the liquid-side shutoff valve 29 . Since the heat-source-side refrigerant does not flow in the intake return tube 26 , the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the subcooler 27 is sent to the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 without exchanging heat.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 is depressurized in the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 to a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 through the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a .
  • the low-pressure refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is heat-exchanged with the outdoor air fed by the heat-source-side fan 32 and evaporated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 .
  • the low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 through the first heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 a and the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 .
  • the low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 is again drawn into the heat-source-side compressor 21 through the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c.
  • the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is switched to the heat-source-side evaporating operation state (indicated by dashed lines in the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 in FIG. 1 ), and the intake return expansion valve 26 a is closed in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 .
  • the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a is switched to a state in which the aqueous medium is fed to the hot-water storage unit 8 a and/or the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant at a low pressure in the refrigeration cycle is drawn into the heat-source-side compressor 21 through the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c and compressed to a high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and subsequently discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b .
  • the oil separator 22 a the refrigeration machine oil is separated from the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b .
  • the refrigeration machine oil separated from the heat-source-side refrigerant in the oil separator 22 a is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c through the oil return tube 22 b
  • a portion of the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant from which the refrigeration machine oil has been separated is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 through the heat-source-side discharge branch tube 21 d and the discharge-side shutoff valve 31 , and the remainder is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 through the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b and the gas-side shutoff valve 30 .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 is sent to the second usage unit 10 a .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage unit 10 a is sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a through the second usage-side gas refrigerant tube 104 a .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is heat-exchanged with the air medium fed by the usage-side fan 105 a and radiated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a , and indoor air warming is thereby performed.
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is sent from the second usage unit 10 a to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 through the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a and the second usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 103 a.
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 is sent to the first usage unit 4 a .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage unit 4 a is sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a through the first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a and the first usage-side discharge non-return valve 49 a .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is heat-exchanged with the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a by the circulation pump 43 a and radiated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 through the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a and the first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent from the second usage unit 10 a and the first usage unit 4 a to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 merges in the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 , and is sent to the heat source unit 2 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat source unit 2 is sent to the subcooler 27 through the liquid-side shutoff valve 29 . Since the heat-source-side refrigerant does not flow in the intake return tube 26 , the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the subcooler 27 is sent to the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 without exchanging heat.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 is depressurized in the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 to a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state and sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 through the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a .
  • the low-pressure refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is heat-exchanged with the outdoor air fed by the heat-source-side fan 32 and evaporated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 .
  • the low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 through the first heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 a and the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 .
  • the low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 is again drawn into the heat-source-side compressor 21 through the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c.
  • the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is heated by the radiating of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a .
  • the aqueous medium heated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is drawn into the circulation pump 43 a through the first usage-side water outlet tube 48 a and pressurized, and subsequently sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a .
  • the aqueous medium sent to the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a is sent to the hot-water storage unit 8 a and/or the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a through the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a .
  • the aqueous medium sent to the hot-water storage unit 8 a is heat-exchanged with the aqueous medium in the hot-water storage tank 81 a and radiated in the heat exchange coil 82 a , and the aqueous medium in the hot-water storage tank 81 a is thereby heated.
  • the aqueous medium sent to the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a is radiated in the heat exchange panel 91 a , the walls and other indoor areas are thereby heated, and the indoor floor is heated.
  • the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is switched to the heat-source-side radiating operation state (indicated by solid lines in the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 in FIG. 1 ) in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 .
  • the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a is switched to a state in which the aqueous medium is fed to the hot-water storage unit 8 a.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant at a low pressure in the refrigeration cycle is drawn into the heat-source-side compressor 21 through the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c and compressed to a high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and subsequently discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b .
  • the oil separator 22 a the refrigeration machine oil is separated from the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b .
  • the refrigeration machine oil separated from the heat-source-side refrigerant in the oil separator 22 a is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c through the oil return tube 22 b
  • a portion of the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant from which the refrigeration machine oil has been separated is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 through the heat-source-side discharge branch tube 21 d and the discharge-side shutoff valve 31 , and the remainder is sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 through the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 and the first heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 a .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is heat-exchanged with the outdoor air fed by the heat-source-side fan 32 and radiated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger is sent to the subcooler 27 through the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the subcooler 27 is heat-exchanged with the heat-source-side refrigerant diverted to the intake return tube 26 from the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a , and is cooled to a subcooled state.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant flowing through the intake return tube 26 is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant cooled in the subcooler 27 is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 through the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a and the liquid-side shutoff valve 29 .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 is sent to the first usage unit 4 a .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage unit 4 a is sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a through the first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a and the first usage-side discharge non-return valve 49 a .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is heat-exchanged with the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a by the circulation pump 43 a and radiated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 through the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a and the first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent from the heat source unit 2 and the first usage unit 4 a to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 merges in the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 , and is sent to the second usage unit 10 a .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage unit 10 a is sent to the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a is depressurized in the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a to a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state and sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a through the second usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 103 a .
  • the low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is heat-exchanged with the air medium fed by the usage-side fan 105 a and evaporated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a , and indoor air-cooling is thereby performed.
  • the low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is sent from the second usage unit 10 a to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 through the second usage-side gas refrigerant tube 104 a.
  • the low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 is sent to the heat source unit 2 .
  • the low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat source unit 2 is sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 through the gas-side shutoff valve 30 , the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b , and the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 .
  • the low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 is again drawn into the heat-source-side compressor 21 through the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c.
  • the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a
  • the aqueous medium heated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is drawn into the circulation pump 43 a through the first usage-side water outlet tube 48 a and pressurized, and subsequently sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a
  • the aqueous medium sent to the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a is sent to the hot-water storage unit 8 a through the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a .
  • the aqueous medium sent to the hot-water storage unit 8 a is heat-exchanged with the aqueous medium in the hot-water storage tank 81 a and radiated in the heat exchange coil 82 a , and the aqueous medium in the hot-water storage tank 81 a is thereby heated.
  • Described next is control of the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a in the above-described hot-water supply operation, hot-water supply/air-warming operation, and hot-water supply/air-cooling operation.
  • the capacity of the circulation pump 43 a is controlled so that the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ⁇ Tw becomes a predetermined target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ⁇ Tws, the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ⁇ Tw being the difference (i.e., Tw1 ⁇ Twr) between the temperature of the aqueous medium in the outlet of the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a (i.e., the aqueous medium outlet temperature Tw1) and the temperature of the aqueous medium in the inlet of the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a (i.e., the aqueous medium inlet temperature Twr).
  • the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ⁇ Tw is greater than the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ⁇ Tws, it is determined that the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulating in the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is low, and the operating capacity of the circulation pump 43 a is increased by increasing the rotational speed (i.e., operational frequency) of the circulation pump motor 44 a ; and in the case that the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ⁇ Tw is less than the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ⁇ Tws, it is determined that the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulating in the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is high, and the operating capacity of the circulation pump 43 a is reduced by reducing the rotational speed (i.e., operational frequency) of the circulation pump motor 44 a .
  • the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is thereby designed to be suitably controlled.
  • the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ⁇ Tws is set with consideration given to the design conditions of the heat-exchange capacity of the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a , or other factors.
  • the capacity of the circulation pump 43 a is controlled so that the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is reduced in the case that the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ⁇ P1 is equal to or less than a predetermined heat-source-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference ⁇ P1s.
  • the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ⁇ P1 is equal to or less than the heat-source-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference ⁇ P1s (from step S 2 to step S 3 )
  • it is determined that the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a must be reduced by increasing the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ⁇ Tws (step S 3 , ⁇ Tws initial value+correction value)
  • control is performed to reduce the operating capacity of the circulation pump 43 a by reducing the rotational speed (i.e., operational frequency) of the circulation pump motor 44 a .
  • the heat-source-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference ⁇ P1s is set with consideration given to the design conditions or the like of the lubrication structure of the heat-source-side compressor 21 .
  • the temperature of the aqueous medium flowing through the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is thereby more readily increased, and it is possible to promote an increase in the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ⁇ P1.
  • the heat pump system 1 has the following characteristics.
  • (A) In the heat pump system 1 not only can operation be performed for heating an aqueous medium by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a , but operation is performed for heating the aqueous medium by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a , and it is possible to utilize the heat of cooling obtained by the heat-source-side refrigerant by heating of the aqueous medium for operation in which an air medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a .
  • operation in the heat-source-side radiating operation state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 , operation (air-cooling operation) can be performed for cooling the air medium by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a , and in the heat-source-side evaporating operation state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 , operation (air-warming operation) can be performed for heating the air medium by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a . Therefore, the aqueous medium heated in the first usage unit 4 a can be used to supply hot water, and the second usage unit 10 a can be used for indoor air cooling or air warming, for example.
  • the heat-source-side compressor 21 is not forced to operate unstably, the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ⁇ P1 is maintained, and lubrication deficiency in the heat-source-side compressor 21 can be suppressed even in a case in which the temperature of the aqueous medium is low, and the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ⁇ P1 is prone to decrease, such as immediately after the start of operation by the first usage unit 4 a .
  • the capacity of the circulation pump 43 a is controlled so that the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ⁇ Tw is equal to the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ⁇ Tws in a case in which the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ⁇ P1 is greater than the heat-source-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference ⁇ P1s.
  • the heat pump system can therefore operate in conditions suited to the heat exchange capability of the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a .
  • the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is reduced by increasing the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ⁇ Tws in the control of the capacity of the circulation pump 43 a , which is performed to make the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ⁇ Tw equal to the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ⁇ Tws.
  • Control of the capacity of the circulation pump 43 a can therefore be employed which makes the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ⁇ Tw equal to the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ⁇ Tws regardless of whether the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ⁇ P1 is equal to or less than the heat-source-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference ⁇ P1s.
  • the first usage unit 4 a In order to more effectively use the hot-water supply/air-cooling operation in the heat pump system 1 described above (see FIG. 1 ), it is possible for the first usage unit 4 a to perform, as required, operation for heating the aqueous medium (hot-water supply operation) using the radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a when the second usage unit 10 a performs operation for cooling the air medium (air-cooling operation) by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a.
  • the first usage unit 4 a may perform operation for heating the aqueous medium (hot-water supply operation) using the radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a in the case that the hot-water storage temperature Twh of the hot-water storage unit 8 a is equal to or less than the predetermined hot-water storage setting temperature Twhs (i.e., the hot-water supply/air-cooling operation mode).
  • the hot-water storage temperature Twh of the hot-water storage unit 8 a is equal to or less than the predetermined hot-water storage setting temperature Twhs (i.e., the hot-water supply/air-cooling operation mode).
  • the hot-water storage temperature Twh can be thereby kept at or above the hot-water storage setting temperature Twhs while making effective use of the heat obtained by the heat-source-side refrigerant by cooling the air medium.
  • the first usage unit 4 a to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 and to further provide a first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a capable of switching between an aqueous medium heating operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 , and an aqueous medium cooling operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 ; to enable operation (hot-water supply operation) to be performed in which the heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is directed to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 , and the aqueous medium is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a in the aqueous medium heating operation state of
  • the first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a as well as a first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a are connected to the gas side of the flow passage through which the heat-source-side refrigerant flows in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a
  • the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 is connected to the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a .
  • the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a has a first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a (in this case, the first usage-side discharge non-return valve 49 a is omitted) provided to the first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a , and a first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a provided to the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a ; and by opening the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a and closing the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a , the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a is placed in the aqueous medium heating operation state, and by closing the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a and opening the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a , the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a is placed in the aqueous medium cooling operation state.
  • the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a are composed of solenoid valves, both being capable of on-off control.
  • the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a may be configured using a three-way valve or the like.
  • this heat pump system 1 by placing the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a in the aqueous medium heating operation state (i.e., a state in which the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a is open and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a is closed), the same operations in the hot-water supply operation mode and/or the hot-water supply air-warming mode are possible as in the heat pump system 1 (see FIG. 1 ) described above.
  • operation is also possible in a cold-water supply/air-cooling operation mode for performing cold-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a as well as air-cooling operation of the second usage unit 10 a.
  • the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is switched to the heat-source-side radiating operation state (indicated by solid lines in the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 in FIG. 3 ), and the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a is switched to the aqueous medium cooling operation state (i.e., the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a is closed and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a is open) in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 .
  • the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a is switched to the state of feeding the aqueous medium to the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant at a low pressure in the refrigeration cycle is drawn into the heat-source-side compressor 21 through the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c and compressed to a high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and subsequently discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b .
  • the refrigeration machine oil is separated from the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b .
  • the refrigeration machine oil separated from the heat-source-side refrigerant in the oil separator 22 a is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c through the oil return tube 22 b .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant from which the refrigeration machine oil has been separated is sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 through the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 and the first heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 a .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is heat-exchanged with the outdoor air fed by the heat-source-side fan 32 and radiated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger is sent to the subcooler 27 through the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the subcooler 27 is heat-exchanged with the heat-source-side refrigerant diverted to the intake return tube 26 from the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a , and is cooled to a subcooled state.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant flowing through the intake return tube 26 is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant cooled in the subcooler 27 is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 through the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a and the liquid-side shutoff valve 29 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 is diverted in the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 and sent to the first usage unit 4 a and the second usage unit 10 a.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage unit 10 a is sent to the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a is depressurized in the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a to a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a through the second usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 103 a .
  • the low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is heat-exchanged with the air medium fed by the usage-side fan 105 a and evaporated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a , and indoor air cooling is thereby performed.
  • the low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is sent from the second usage unit 10 a to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 through the second usage-side gas refrigerant tube 104 a.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage unit 4 a is sent to the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a is depressurized in the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a to a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a through the first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a .
  • the low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is heat-exchanged with the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a by the circulation pump 43 a and evaporated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a .
  • the low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 through the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a and the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a which constitute the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 from the second usage unit 10 a and the first usage unit 4 a merges in the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 , and is sent to the heat source unit 2 .
  • the low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat source unit 2 is sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 through the gas-side shutoff valve 30 , the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b , and the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 .
  • the low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 is again drawn into the heat-source-side compressor 21 through the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c.
  • the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is cooled by the evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a .
  • the aqueous medium cooled in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is drawn into the circulation pump 43 a through the first usage-side water outlet tube 48 a and pressurized, and is subsequently sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a .
  • the aqueous medium sent to the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a is sent to the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a through the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a .
  • the aqueous medium sent to the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a is heat-absorbed in the heat exchange panel 91 a , the walls and other indoor areas are thereby cooled, and the indoor floor is cooled.
  • the heat pump system 1 is thereby configured so that it is possible to switch between operation (hot-water supply operation) for heating the aqueous medium by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a , and operation (cold-water supply operation) for cooling the aqueous medium by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a , and it is possible to perform operation (air-cooling operation) for cooling the air medium by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a , as well as operation (cold-water supply operation) for cooling the aqueous medium by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a .
  • defrosting operation may be performed in which the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is caused to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant, and the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is caused to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant by placing the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 in the heat-source-side radiating operation state, and the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is caused to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant by placing the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a in the aqueous-medium cooling operation state (i.e., a state in which the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a is closed and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a is open) in a case in which
  • step S 11 it is determined whether predetermined defrosting operation start conditions have been satisfied (i.e., whether defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is required) (step S 11 ).
  • the defrosting operation start conditions have been satisfied on the basis of whether the defrosting time interval ⁇ tdf (i.e., the cumulative operation time from the end of the previous defrosting operation) has reached the predetermined defrosting time interval setting value ⁇ tdfs.
  • the process starts the defrosting operation below in the case that it has been determined that the defrosting operation start conditions have been satisfied (step S 12 ).
  • a switch is made in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 to switch the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 to the heat-source-side radiating operation state (the state indicated by the solid line of heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 of FIG. 3 ), the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a is switched to the aqueous medium cooling operation state (i.e., the state in which the first usage-side discharge on-off value 55 a is closed and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a is open), and the intake return expansion valve 26 a is set in a closed state.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant at a low pressure in the refrigeration cycle is drawn into the heat-source-side compressor 21 through the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c and compressed to a high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and subsequently discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b
  • the refrigeration machine oil is separated from the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b .
  • the refrigeration machine oil separated from the heat-source-side refrigerant in the oil separator 22 a is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c through the oil return tube 22 b .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant from which the refrigeration machine oil has been separated is sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 through the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 and the first heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 a
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is heat-exchanged with ice adhering to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 and radiated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger is sent to the subcooler 27 through the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the subcooler 27 is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 through the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a and the liquid-side shutoff valve 29 without exchanging heat.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 branches in the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 and is sent to the first usage unit 4 a and the second usage unit 10 a.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage unit 10 a is sent to the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a is depressurized in the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a to become a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and is then sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a by way of the second usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 103 a .
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a undergoes heat exchange with an air medium fed by the usage-side fan 105 a and evaporates in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a .
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant thus evaporated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is sent from the second usage unit 10 a to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 by way of the second usage-side gas refrigerant tube 104 a.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage unit 4 a is sent to the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a is depressurized in the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a to become a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and is then sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a by way of the first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a undergoes heat exchange with an aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a by the circulation pump 43 a , and evaporates in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a .
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant thus evaporated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 by way of the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a constituting the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent from the second usage unit 10 a and the first usage unit 4 a to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 merges in the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 and is sent to the heat source unit 2 .
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat source unit 2 is sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 by way of the gas-side shutoff valve 30 , the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b , and the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 .
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 is again taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 by way of the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c.
  • the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is placed in an operation state for dissipating heat-source-side heat, whereby the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is made to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant and the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant; and the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a is placed in an operation state for cooling the aqueous medium, whereby a defrosting operation is started for causing the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant.
  • predetermined defrosting operation end conditions i.e., whether defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 has ended; step S 13 ).
  • the defrosting operation is ended and the process returns to the hot-water supply operation mode, the air-warming operation mode, and/or the hot-water supply/air-warming operation mode (step S 14 ).
  • the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is thereby made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant and the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant when the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is to be defrosted. Therefore, the defrosting operation time tdf can be made shorter than in the case in which only the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant, and it is possible to prevent the air medium cooled in the second usage unit 10 a from reaching a low temperature.
  • the aqueous medium cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant is liable to freeze because not only is the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant, but the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is also made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant.
  • the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to stop functioning as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant (step S 16 ) in the case that the temperature of the aqueous medium (in this case, the aqueous medium outlet temperature Tw1) cooled by the evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a has fallen to a predetermined freezing-lower-limit temperature Tfm or less (step S 15 ) before it has been determined that the defrosting operation end conditions have been satisfied (step S 13 ), as shown in FIG. 5 .
  • the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a and/or the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a is closed in order to stop the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a from functioning as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant.
  • a defrosting operation is carried out to cause only the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant until the defrosting operation end conditions have been satisfied (from step S 13 to step S 14 ).
  • the aqueous medium can be prevented from freezing due to the defrosting operation because the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is stopped from being made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the case that the temperature of the aqueous medium (in this case, the aqueous medium outlet temperature Tw1) cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a has fallen to the freezing-lower-limit temperature Tfm or less.
  • the aqueous medium cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant is liable to freeze because not only is the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant, but the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is also made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant.
  • a control is performed to reduce the opening degree of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a (step S 18 ) in the case that the temperature of the aqueous medium (in this case, the aqueous medium outlet temperature Tw1) cooled by the evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a has fallen to a predetermined freeze-warning temperature Tfa or less (step S 17 ) before it has been determined that the defrosting operation end conditions have been satisfied (step S 13 ), as shown in FIG. 6 .
  • the defrosting operation in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a and the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a are made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant is performed until the defrosting operation end conditions are satisfied while the function of the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant is gradually reduced (from step S 13 to step S 14 ).
  • the freeze-warning temperature Tfa may be modified so as to be reduced in accompaniment with the reduction in the opening degree of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a.
  • the defrosting operation can thereby be continued while the aqueous medium is prevented from freezing because a control is performed to reduce the opening degree of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a in the case that the temperature of the aqueous medium (in this case, the aqueous medium outlet temperature Tw1) cooled by the evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a has fallen to the freeze-warning temperature Tfa or less during the defrosting operation.
  • the aqueous medium can be kept from freezing when the opening degree of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a is reduced, defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is insufficiently performed and unmelted ice remains. When such a defrosting operation is repeated, ice-up occurs in which ice grows in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 and the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is liable to no longer sufficiently function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant.
  • the defrosting time interval-setting value ⁇ tdfs until the start of the next defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is reduced in the case that the defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 has not been completed at the defrosting operation setting time tdfs or less, whereby the defrosting operation can be carried out while the freezing of the aqueous medium is prevented and occurrence of ice-up is minimized.
  • a configuration such as that of the heat pump system 1 (see FIG. 3 ) in Modifications 2 to 5 is provided with the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a , which is capable of switching between an aqueous medium-heating operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and an aqueous medium-cooling operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant discharged from the heat-source-side compressor 21 stagnates in the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 is liable to be insufficient (i.e., an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate) in the case that the first usage unit 4 a performs operation for cooling the aqueous medium by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant (cool water-supply operation), or in the case that the operation of the first usage unit 4 a is stopped and the second usage unit 10 a (air-cooling operation and/or air-warming operation) is operated (i.e., the case in which the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 is not used).
  • insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate i.e., an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate
  • the heat pump system 1 is provided with a first refrigerant recovery mechanism 57 a for placing the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 in communication when the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a is in the aqueous medium-heating operation state or the aqueous medium cooling operation state, as shown in FIG. 8 .
  • the first refrigerant recovery mechanism 57 a is a refrigerant tube having a capillary tube in which one end is connected to the portion of the first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a that connects the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a and the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 , and the other end is connected to the portion of the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a that connects the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a and the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 , and the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 are in communication regardless of the on-off state of the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a and/or the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant is thereby made less likely to stagnate in the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 , and it is therefore possible to minimize the occurrence of an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 .
  • a configuration such as that of the heat pump systems 1 (see FIGS. 3 and 8 ) in Modifications 2 to 6 is provided with the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a , which is capable of switching between an aqueous medium-heating operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and an aqueous medium-cooling operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant stagnates in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a and the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 is liable to be insufficient (i.e., an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate) in the case that the operation of the first usage unit 4 a is stopped and the second usage unit 10 a is operated (air-cooling operation or air-warming operation).
  • this heat pump system 1 there is provided a second refrigerant recovery mechanism 58 a placing the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a and the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 in communication when the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a is in an aqueous medium-heating operation state or in an aqueous medium cooling operation state, as shown in FIG. 9 .
  • the second refrigerant recovery mechanism 58 a is a tube having a capillary tube in which one end is connected to the portion of the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a that connects the gas side of the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a , and the other end is connected to the portion of the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a that connects the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a and the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 ; and the second refrigerant recovery mechanism 58 a bypasses the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a and places the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a and the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 in communication even in the case that the operation of the first usage unit 4 a is stopped.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant is thereby made less likely to stagnate in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a , and it is therefore possible to minimize the occurrence of an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 .
  • a configuration such as that of the heat pump systems 1 (see FIGS. 3, 8, and 9 ) in Modifications 2 to 7 is provided with the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a , which is capable of switching between an aqueous medium-heating operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and an aqueous medium-cooling operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant discharged from the heat-source-side compressor 21 stagnates in the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 is liable to be insufficient (i.e., an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate) in the case that the first usage unit 4 a performs an operation for cooling the aqueous medium by the cooling of the heat-source-side refrigerant (cool water-supply operation), or in the case that the operation of the first usage unit 4 a is stopped and the second usage unit 10 a (air-cooling operation and/or air-warming operation) is operated (i.e., the case of operation in which the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 is not used); and in the case that the operation of the first usage unit 4 a is stopped and the second usage unit 10 a is operated (air-cooling operation and/or air-warming operation), the heat-source-side refrigerant stagnates
  • Such an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate is thought to be mostly resolved by providing the first refrigerant recovery mechanism 57 a and/or the second refrigerant recovery mechanism 58 a in Modifications 7 and 8.
  • an insufficient flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant i.e., an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate
  • an insufficient flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 is still liable to occur in the case that operation is continued for a long period of time under conditions in which the above-described insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate readily occurs, and/or when the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a and/or the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a constituting the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a has not been sufficiently closed off, or due to some other factor.
  • a refrigerant recovery operation in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant is performed by setting the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a in an aqueous medium-heating operation state (step S 32 ), in the case that the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a is in an aqueous medium cooling operation state and at least the second usage unit 10 a is operating, and in the case that it has been determined that the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 is insufficient (step S 31 ), as shown in FIG. 10 .
  • an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate is determined to have occurred when, e.g., the heat-source-side intake pressure Ps1 is equal to or less than the predetermined refrigerant circulation-rate insufficiency pressure Prc1. Also, the state of operation prior to the refrigerant recovery operation is maintained in relation to the operation of the second usage unit 10 a during the refrigerant recovery operation.
  • step S 33 After the refrigerant recovery operation has been performed for a predetermined refrigerant recovery operation time trc1 (step S 33 ), the first usage unit 4 a is restored to the operation state that existed prior to the refrigerant recovery operation (step S 34 ).
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant is thereby made less likely to stagnate in the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 , and since the heat-source-side refrigerant is less likely to stagnate in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a , it is therefore possible to minimize the occurrence of an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 .
  • the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a is composed of the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a , and the heat-source-side refrigerant is therefore fed from only the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 to the first usage unit 4 a in any operation mode that accompanies a hot-water supply operation.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant is at the high pressure of the refrigeration cycle not only in the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 , but also in the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 in the hot-water supply operation mode and/or the hot-water supply/air-warming operation mode among the operation modes that accompany hot-water supply operation. Therefore, it is also possible to allow high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant to be sent from not only the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 , but also from the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 to the first usage unit 4 a in the hot-water supply operation mode and/or the hot-water supply/air-warming operation mode.
  • a first usage-side gas non-return valve 59 a and a first usage-side bypass refrigerant tube 60 a are furthermore provided to the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a ; and, together with the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a , constitute the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a , as shown in FIG. 11 .
  • the first usage-side gas non-return valve 59 a is provided to the portion of the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a that connects the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a and the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 .
  • the first usage-side gas non-return valve 59 a is a non-return valve that allows the flow of heat-source-side refrigerant from the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a toward the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 , and prohibits the flow of the heat-source-side refrigerant from the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 toward the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a ; and the flow of heat-source-side refrigerant from the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 toward the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a by way of the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a is thereby prohibited.
  • the first usage-side bypass refrigerant tube 60 a is connected to the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a so as to bypass the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a and the first usage-side gas non-return valve 59 a , and constitutes a portion of the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a .
  • the first usage-side bypass refrigerant tube 60 a is provided with the first usage-side gas non-return valve 59 a for allowing the flow of heat-source-side refrigerant from the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a and prohibiting the flow of heat-source-side refrigerant from the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 , whereby the flow of heat-source-side refrigerant from the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is allowed by way of the first usage-side bypass refrigerant tube 60 a.
  • heat-source-side refrigerant can thereby be sent from not only the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 , but also from the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 to the first usage unit 4 a in the hot-water supply operation mode and the hot-water supply/air-warming operation mode. Therefore, the loss of pressure of the heat-source-side refrigerant fed from the heat source unit 2 to the first usage unit 4 a is reduced, which can contribute to an improvement in the hot-water supply capacity and/or operation efficiency.
  • a single first usage unit 4 a and a single second usage unit 10 a are connected to the heat source unit 2 via the refrigerant communication tubes 12 , 13 , 14 , but a plurality of first usage units 4 a , 4 b (two, in this case) may be connected in parallel to each other via the refrigerant communication tubes 12 , 13 , 14 , and/or a plurality of second usage units 10 a . 10 b (two, in this case) may be connected in parallel to each other via the refrigerant communication tubes 13 , 14 , as shown in FIGS.
  • the configuration of the first usage unit 4 b is the same as the configuration of the first usage unit 4 a with the subscript “b” used in place of the subscript “a” of the reference numerals indicating each part of the first usage unit 4 a , and a description of each part of the first usage unit 4 b is therefore omitted.
  • the configuration of the second usage unit 10 b is the same as the configuration of the second usage unit 10 a with the subscript “b” used in place of the subscript “a” of the reference numerals indicating each part of the second usage unit 10 a , and a description of each part of the second usage unit 10 b is therefore omitted.
  • the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valves 102 a , 102 b are provided inside the second usage units 10 a , 10 b , but it is possible to omit the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valves 102 a , 102 b from the second usage units 10 a , 10 b and to provide an expansion valve unit 17 having the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valves 102 a , 102 b , as shown in FIG. 15 (in this case, the hot-water/air-warming unit, the hot-water storage unit, the aqueous medium circuits 80 a , and the like are not shown).
  • operation must be carried out under conditions in which the pressure of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the discharge of the heat-source-side compressor 21 is increased, or under other poor conditions in order to obtain a high-temperature aqueous medium such as hot water at, e.g., 65° C. or higher, and such an operation is not regarded as a preferred operation.
  • the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a in the configuration of the heat pump system 1 in the first embodiment described above is a heat exchanger for exchanging heat between the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and the usage-side refrigerant, which is separate from the heat-source-side refrigerant; and the first usage unit 4 a is further provided with a usage-side compressor 62 a (described later) for compressing the usage-side refrigerant, and/or a refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a (described later) that can function as a radiator of the usage-side refrigerant and heat the aqueous medium, and, together with the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a , thereby constituting the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a through which the usage-side refrigerant circulates, as shown in FIG. 16 .
  • the configuration of the heat pump system 200 is described below.
  • FIG. 16 is a schematic structural diagram of the heat pump system 200 according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
  • the heat pump system 200 is an apparatus capable of performing an operation for heating an aqueous medium, and other operation using a vapor compression heat pump cycle.
  • the heat pump system 200 mainly has a heat source unit 2 , a first usage unit 4 a , a second usage unit 10 a , a discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 , a liquid-refrigerant communication tube 13 , a gas-refrigerant communication tube 14 , a hot-water storage unit 8 a , a hot-water air-warming unit 9 a , an aqueous medium communication tube 15 a , and an aqueous medium communication tube 16 a .
  • the heat source unit 2 , the first usage unit 4 a , and the second usage unit 10 a are connected via the refrigerant communication tubes 12 , 13 , 14 to thereby constitute a heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 .
  • the first usage unit 4 a constitutes a usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a
  • the first usage unit 4 a , the hot-water storage unit 8 a , and the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a are connected via the aqueous medium communication tubes 15 a , 16 a to thereby constitute an aqueous medium circuit 80 a .
  • HFC-410A which is a type of HFC-based refrigerant, is enclosed inside the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 as a heat-source-side refrigerant, and an ester-based or ether-based refrigeration machine oil having compatibility in relation to the HFC-based refrigerant is enclosed for lubrication of the heat-source-side compressor 21 .
  • HFC-134a which is a type of HFC-based refrigerant, is enclosed inside the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a as a usage-side refrigerant, and an ester-based or ether-based refrigeration machine oil having compatibility in relation to the HFC-based refrigerant is enclosed for lubrication of the usage-side compressor 62 a .
  • the usage-side refrigerant is preferably one in which the pressure that corresponds to a saturated gas temperature of 65° C. is a maximum gauge pressure of 2.8 MPa or less, and more preferably 2.0 MPa or less from the viewpoint of using a refrigerant that is advantageous for a high-temperature refrigeration cycle.
  • HFC-134a is a type of refrigerant having such saturation pressure characteristics Water as the aqueous medium circulates in the aqueous medium circuit 80 a.
  • the same reference numerals will be used and a description omitted for the configuration of the heat source unit 2 , the second usage unit 10 a , the hot-water storage unit 8 a , the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a , the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 , the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 , the gas-refrigerant communication tube 14 , and the aqueous medium communication tubes 15 a , 16 a , all of which have the same configuration as those of heat pump system 1 in the first embodiment (see FIG. 1 ). Only the configuration of the first usage unit 4 a will be described.
  • the first usage unit 4 a is arranged indoors, is connected to the heat source unit 2 and the second usage unit 10 a via the refrigerant communication tubes 12 , 13 , and constitutes a portion of the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 .
  • the first usage unit 4 a constitutes the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a .
  • the first usage unit 4 a is connected to the hot-water storage unit 8 a and the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a via the aqueous medium communication tubes 15 a , 16 a and constitutes a portion of aqueous medium circuit 80 a.
  • the first usage unit 4 a mainly has the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a , the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a , the usage-side compressor 62 a , the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a , a refrigerant/water heat exchange-side flow rate adjustment valve 66 a , a usage-side accumulator 67 a , and a circulation pump 43 a.
  • the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is a heat exchanger that functions as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant by performing heat exchange between the heat-source-side refrigerant and the usage-side refrigerant.
  • a first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a is connected to the liquid side of the channel through which the heat-source-side refrigerant flows.
  • a first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a is connected to the gas side of the channel through which the heat-source-side refrigerant flows.
  • a cascade-side liquid-refrigerant tube 68 a is connected to the liquid side of the channel through which the usage-side refrigerant flows, and a second cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 69 a is connected to the gas side of the channel through which the usage-side refrigerant flows.
  • the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 is connected to the first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a .
  • the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 is connected to the first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a .
  • the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is connected to the cascade-side liquid-refrigerant tube 68 a , and the usage-side compressor 62 a is connected to the second cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 69 a.
  • the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a is an electrical expansion valve that can vary the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant that flows through the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a by controlling the opening degree, and is provided to the first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a.
  • the first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a is provided with a first usage-side discharge non-return valve 49 a for allowing the flow of heat-source-side refrigerant from the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a and for prohibiting the flow of heat-source-side refrigerant from the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a to the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 .
  • the usage-side compressor 62 a is a mechanism for compressing the usage-side refrigerant, and in this case, is a sealed compressor having rotary elements, scroll elements, or other type of positive displacement compression elements (not shown) accommodated in a casing (not shown), and is driven by a usage-side compression motor 63 a accommodated in the same casing.
  • a high-pressure space (not shown) which is filled with the usage-side refrigerant that has been compressed in the compression element is formed inside the casing of the usage-side compressor 62 a , and refrigeration machine oil is accumulated in this high-pressure space.
  • the rotational speed (i.e., operational frequency) of the usage-side compression motor 63 a can be varied by using an inverter device (not shown), whereby the capacity of the usage-side compressor 62 a can be controlled.
  • a cascade-side discharge tube 70 a is connected to the discharge of the usage-side compressor 62 a
  • a cascade-side intake tube 71 a is connected to the intake of the usage-side compressor 62 a
  • the cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 71 a is connected to the second cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 69 a.
  • the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is a heat exchanger that functions as a radiator of the usage-side refrigerant by heat exchange between the usage-side refrigerant and the aqueous medium.
  • a cascade-side liquid-refrigerant tube 68 a is connected to the liquid side of the channel through which the usage-side refrigerant flows.
  • a first cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 72 a is connected to the gas side of the channel through which the usage-side refrigerant flows.
  • a first usage-side water inlet tube 47 a is connected to the inlet side of the channel through which the aqueous medium flows.
  • a first usage-side water outlet tube 48 a is connected to the outlet side of the channel through which the aqueous medium flows.
  • the first cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 72 a is connected to the cascade-side discharge tube 70 a .
  • An aqueous medium communication tube 15 a is connected to the first usage-side water inlet tube 47 a and an aqueous medium communication tube 16 a is connected to the first usage-side water outlet tube 48 a.
  • the refrigerant/water heat exchange-side flow rate adjustment valve 66 a is an electrical expansion valve that can vary the flow rate of the usage-side refrigerant that flows through the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a by controlling the opening degree, and is provided to the cascade-side liquid-refrigerant tube 68 a.
  • the usage-side accumulator 67 a is a container provided to the cascade-side intake tube 71 a and is used for temporarily accumulating the usage-side refrigerant circulating through the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a before the usage-side refrigerant is taken from the cascade-side intake tube 71 a into the usage-side compressor 62 a.
  • the usage-side compressor 62 a the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a , the refrigerant/water heat exchange-side flow rate adjustment valve 66 a , and the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a are connected via the refrigerant tubes 71 a , 70 a , 72 a , 68 a , 69 a to thereby constitute the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a.
  • the circulation pump 43 a is a mechanism for increasing the pressure of the aqueous medium, and in this configuration, is a pump in which a centrifugal and/or positive-displacement pump element (not shown) is driven by a circulation pump motor 44 a .
  • the circulation pump 43 a is provided to the first usage-side water outlet tube 48 a .
  • the rotational speed (i.e., operational frequency) of the circulation pump motor 44 a can be varied by using an inverter device (not shown), whereby the capacity of the circulation pump 43 a can be controlled.
  • the first usage unit 4 a can thereby perform hot-water supply operation by causing the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 , whereby the heat-source-side refrigerant, which has released heat in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a , is directed out to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 , the usage-side refrigerant that circulates through the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a is heated by the radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a , the usage-side refrigerant thus heated is compressed in the usage-side compressor 62 a , and the aqueous medium is thereafter heated by the radiation of the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a.
  • a first usage-side heat exchange temperature sensor 50 a for detecting a first usage-side refrigerant temperature Tsc1, which is the temperature of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the liquid side of the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a
  • a first refrigerant/water heat exchange temperature sensor 73 a for detecting a cascade-side refrigerant temperature Tsc2, which is the temperature of the usage-side refrigerant in the liquid side of the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a
  • an aqueous medium inlet temperature sensor 51 a for detecting an aqueous medium inlet temperature Twr, which is the temperature of the aqueous medium in the inlet of the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a
  • an aqueous medium outlet temperature sensor 52 a for detecting an aqueous medium outlet temperature Tw1, which is the temperature of the a
  • a control unit (not shown) for performing the following operations and/or various controls is provided to the heat pump system 200 .
  • the operation modes of the heat pump system 200 include a hot-water supply operation mode in which only the hot-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a is performed (i.e., operation of the hot-water storage unit 8 a and/or the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a ), an air-cooling operation mode in which only air-cooling operation of the second usage unit 10 a is performed, an air-warming operation mode in which only air-warming operation of the second usage unit 10 a is performed, a hot-water supply/air-warming operation mode in which hot-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a is performed together with the air-warming operation of the second usage unit 10 a , and a hot-water supply/air-cooling operation mode in which hot-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a is performed together with the air-cooling operation of the second usage unit 10 a.
  • the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is switched to the heat-source-side evaporating operation state (the state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 indicated by the broken line in FIG. 16 ) in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 , and an intake-return expansion valve 26 a and the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a are set in a closed state. Also, in the aqueous medium circuit 80 a , the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a is switched to a state in which the aqueous medium is fed to the hot-water storage unit 8 a and/or hot-water air-warming unit 9 a.
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle is taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 by way of the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c , and is discharged to a heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b after having been compressed to a high pressure in the refrigeration cycle.
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b has the refrigeration machine oil separated out in the oil separator 22 a
  • the refrigeration machine oil separated out from the heat-source-side refrigerant in the oil separator 22 a is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c by way of the oil return tube 22 b .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant from which the refrigeration machine oil has been separated out is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 by way of the heat-source-side discharge branching tube 21 d and a discharge-side shutoff valve 31 .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 is sent to the first usage unit 4 a .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage unit 4 a is sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a via the first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a and the first usage-side discharge non-return valve 49 a .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a undergoes heat exchange with the low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle that is circulating through the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a and releases heat in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant having released heat in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 via the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a and the first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 is sent to the heat source unit 2 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat source unit 2 is sent to the subcooler 27 via a liquid-side shutoff valve 29 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the subcooler 27 does not undergo heat exchange and is sent to the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 because the heat-source-side refrigerant does not flow in the intake return tube 26 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 is depressurized in the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 to become a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and is then sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 by way of a heat-source-side liquid-refrigerant tube 24 a
  • the low-pressure refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 undergoes heat exchange with outdoor air fed by the heat-source-side fan 32 and is evaporated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 .
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 via the first heat-source-side gas-refrigerant tube 23 a and the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 .
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 is again taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 via the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c.
  • the low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle that is circulating through the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a is heated and evaporated by the radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a .
  • the low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant evaporated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is sent to the usage-side accumulator 67 a via the second cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 69 a .
  • the low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant sent to the usage-side accumulator 67 a is taken into the usage-side compressor 62 a via the cascade-side intake tube 71 a , is compressed to high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and is thereafter discharged to the cascade-side discharge tube 70 a .
  • the high-pressure, usage-side refrigerant discharged to the cascade-side discharge tube 70 a is sent to the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a via the first cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 72 a .
  • the high-pressure, usage-side refrigerant sent to the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a undergoes heat exchange with the aqueous medium being circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a by the circulation pump 43 a and releases heat in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a .
  • the high-pressure, usage-side refrigerant having released heat in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is depressurized in the refrigerant/water heat exchange-side flow rate adjustment valve 66 a to become a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and is then sent again to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a by way of the cascade-side liquid-refrigerant tube 68 a.
  • the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is heated by the radiation of the usage-side refrigerant in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a .
  • the aqueous medium heated in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is taken into the circulation pump 43 a by way of the first usage-side water outlet tube 48 a and pressurized, and is then sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a
  • the aqueous medium sent to the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a is sent to the hot-water storage unit 8 a and/or the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a by way of the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a .
  • the aqueous medium sent to the hot-water storage unit 8 a undergoes heat exchange with the aqueous medium inside the hot-water storage tank 81 a and releases heat in the heat exchange coil 82 a , whereby the aqueous medium inside the hot-water storage tank 81 a is heated.
  • the aqueous medium sent to the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a releases heat in the heat exchange panel 91 a , whereby indoor walls or the like are heated and indoor floors are heated.
  • Operation in the hot-water supply operation mode for performing only hot-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a is performed in this manner.
  • the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is switched to the heat-source-side radiating operation state (the state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 indicated by the solid line in FIG. 16 ) in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 , and the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a is set in a shutoff state.
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle is taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 via the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c , and is discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b after having been compressed to high pressure in the refrigeration cycle.
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b has the refrigeration machine oil separated out in the oil separator 22 a .
  • the refrigeration machine oil separated out from the heat-source-side refrigerant in the oil separator 22 a is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c by way of the oil return tube 22 b .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant from which the refrigeration machine oil has been separated out is sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 by way of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 and a first heat-source-side gas-refrigerant tube 23 a .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 undergoes heat exchange with outdoor air fed by a heat-source-side fan 32 and releases heat in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant having released heat in the heat-source-side heat exchanger is sent to the subcooler 27 via the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the subcooler 27 undergoes heat exchange with the heat-source-side refrigerant branched from the heat-source-side liquid-refrigerant tube 24 a to the intake return tube 26 and is cooled to a subcooled state.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant that flows through the intake return tube 26 is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant cooled in the subcooler 27 is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 by way of the heat-source-side liquid-refrigerant tube 24 a and the liquid-side shutoff valve 29 .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 is sent to the second usage unit 10 a .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage unit 10 a is sent to the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a is depressurized in the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a to become a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and is then sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a by way of the second usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 103 a .
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a undergoes heat exchange with an air medium fed by the usage-side fan 105 a and evaporates in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a to thereby perform indoor air cooling.
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant thus evaporated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is sent from the second usage unit 10 a to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 by way of the second usage-side gas refrigerant tube 104 a.
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the gas-refrigerant communication tube 14 is sent to the heat source unit 2 .
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat source unit 2 is sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 by way of the gas-side shutoff valve 30 , the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b , and the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 .
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 is again taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 by way of the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c.
  • Operation in the air-cooling operation mode for performing only air-cooling operation of the second usage unit 10 a is performed in this manner.
  • the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is switched to the heat-source-side radiating operation state (the state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 indicated by the broken line in FIG. 16 ) in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 , and the intake-return expansion valve 26 a and the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a are in a shutoff state.
  • heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 in such a state, low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle is taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 via the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c , is compressed to a high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and is thereafter discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b .
  • the refrigeration machine oil of the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b is separated out in the oil separator 22 a .
  • the refrigeration machine oil separated out from the heat-source-side refrigerant in the oil separator 22 a is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c by way of the oil return tube 22 b .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant from which the refrigeration machine oil has been separated out is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the gas-refrigerant communication tube 14 by way of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 , the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b , and the gas-side shutoff valve 30 .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the gas-refrigerant communication tube 14 is sent to the second usage unit 10 a .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage unit 10 a is sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a by way of the second usage-side gas refrigerant tube 104 a .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a undergoes heat exchange with an air medium fed by the usage-side fan 105 a and releases heat in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a to thereby perform indoor air warming.
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant thus having released heat in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is sent from the second usage unit 10 a to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 by way of the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a and the second usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 103 a.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the liquid-refrigerant communication tube 13 is sent to the heat source unit 2 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat source unit 2 is sent to the subcooler 27 by way of the liquid-side shutoff valve 29 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the subcooler 27 is sent to the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 without undergoing heat exchange because the heat-source-side refrigerant does not flow in the intake return tube 26 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 is depressurized in the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 to form a low-pressure, gas-liquid two-phase state, and is then sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 by way of the heat-source-side liquid-refrigerant tube 24 a .
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 undergoes heat exchange with outdoor air fed by the heat-source-side fan 32 and is evaporated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 .
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 by way of the first heat-source-side gas-refrigerant tube 23 a and the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 .
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 is again taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 by way of the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c.
  • Operation in the air-warming operation mode for performing only air-warming operation of the second usage unit 10 a is performed in this manner.
  • the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is switched to the heat-source-side evaporating operation state (the state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 indicated by the broken line in FIG. 16 ) in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 , and the intake-return expansion valve 26 a is in a shutoff state. Also, the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a is switched in the aqueous medium circuit 80 a to a state in which the aqueous medium is fed to the hot-water storage unit 8 a and/or the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a.
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle is taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 by way of the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c , is compressed to high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and is thereafter discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b has the refrigeration machine oil separated out in the oil separator 22 a .
  • the refrigeration machine oil separated out from the heat-source-side refrigerant in the oil separator 22 a is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c by way of the oil return tube 22 b .
  • a portion of the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant from which the refrigeration machine oil has been separated out is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 by way of the heat-source-side discharge branching tube 21 d and a discharge-side shutoff valve 31 , and the remainder is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the gas-refrigerant communication tube 14 by way of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 , the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b and the gas-side shutoff valve 30 .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the gas-refrigerant communication tube 14 is sent to the second usage unit 10 a .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage unit 10 a is sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a by way of the second usage-side gas refrigerant tube 104 a .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a undergoes heat exchange with the air medium fed by the usage-side fan 105 a to release heat in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a and thereby perform indoor air warming.
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant having released heat in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is sent from the second usage unit 10 a to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 by way of the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a and the second usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 103 a.
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 is sent to the first usage unit 4 a .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage unit 4 a is sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a by way of the first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a and the first usage-side discharge non-return valve 49 a .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a undergoes heat exchange with the low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle that is circulating through the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a and releases heat in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant having released heat in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 by way of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a and the first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent from the second usage unit 10 a and the first usage unit 4 a to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 merges in the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 and is sent to the heat source unit 2 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat source unit 2 is sent to the subcooler 27 by way of the liquid-side shutoff valve 29 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the subcooler 27 is sent to the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 without undergoing heat exchange because the heat-source-side refrigerant does not flow in the intake return tube 26 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 is depressurized in the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 to become a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and is then sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 by way of the heat-source-side liquid-refrigerant tube 24 a .
  • the low-pressure refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 undergoes heat exchange with outdoor air fed by the heat-source-side fan 32 and evaporates in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 .
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 by way of the first heat-source-side gas-refrigerant tube 23 a and the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 .
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 is again taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 by way of the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c.
  • the low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle that is circulating through the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a is heated and evaporated by the radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a .
  • the low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant evaporated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is sent to the usage-side accumulator 67 a via the second cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 69 a .
  • the low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant sent to the usage-side accumulator 67 a is taken into the usage-side compressor 62 a by way of the cascade-side intake tube 71 a , is compressed to high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and is thereafter discharged to the cascade-side discharge tube 70 a .
  • the high-pressure, usage-side refrigerant discharged to the cascade-side discharge tube 70 a is sent to the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a by way of the first cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 72 a
  • the high-pressure, usage-side refrigerant sent to the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a undergoes heat exchange with the aqueous medium being circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a by the circulation pump 43 a and releases heat in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a .
  • the high-pressure, usage-side refrigerant having released heat in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is depressurized in the refrigerant/water heat exchange-side flow rate adjustment valve 66 a to become a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and is then sent again to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a by way of the cascade-side liquid-refrigerant tube 68 a.
  • the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is heated by the radiation of the usage-side refrigerant in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a .
  • the aqueous medium heated in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is taken into the circulation pump 43 a by way of the first usage-side water outlet tube 48 a and pressurized, and is then sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a
  • the aqueous medium sent to the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a is sent to the hot-water storage unit 8 a and/or the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a by way of the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a .
  • the aqueous medium sent to the hot-water storage unit 8 a undergoes heat exchange with the aqueous medium inside the hot-water storage tank 81 a and releases heat in the heat exchange coil 82 a , whereby the aqueous medium inside the hot-water storage tank 81 a is heated.
  • the aqueous medium sent to the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a releases heat in the heat exchange panel 91 a , whereby indoor walls or the like are heated and indoor floors are heated.
  • Operation in the hot-water supply/air-warming operation mode for performing hot-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a and air-warming operation of the second usage unit 10 a are performed in this manner.
  • the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is switched to the heat-source-side radiating operation state (the state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 indicated by the solid line in FIG. 16 ) in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 . Also, the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a is switched in the aqueous medium circuit 80 a to a state in which the aqueous medium is fed to the hot-water storage unit 8 a.
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle is taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 by way of the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c , is compressed to high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and is thereafter discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b has the refrigeration machine oil separated out in the oil separator 22 a .
  • the refrigeration machine oil separated out from the heat-source-side refrigerant in the oil separator 22 a is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c by way of the oil return tube 22 b .
  • a portion of the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant from which the refrigeration machine oil has been separated out is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 by way of the heat-source-side discharge branching tube 21 d and a discharge-side shutoff valve 31 , and the remainder is sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 by way of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 and the first heat-source-side gas-refrigerant tube 23 a .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 undergoes heat exchange with outdoor air fed by the heat-source-side fan 32 and releases heat in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant having released heat in the heat-source-side heat exchanger is sent to the subcooler 27 by way of the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the subcooler 27 undergoes heat exchange with the heat-source-side refrigerant branched from the heat-source-side liquid-refrigerant tube 24 a to the intake return tube 26 and is cooled to a subcooled state.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant that flows through the intake return tube 26 is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant cooled in the subcooler 27 is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 by way of the heat-source-side liquid-refrigerant tube 24 a and the liquid-side shutoff valve 29 .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 is sent to the first usage unit 4 a .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage unit 4 a is sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a by way of the first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a and the first usage-side discharge non-return valve 49 a .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a undergoes heat exchange with the low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle that circulates through the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a and releases heat in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant having released heat in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 by way of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a and the first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent from the heat source unit 2 and the first usage unit 4 a to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 merges in the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 and is sent to the second usage unit 10 a .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage unit 10 a is sent to the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a is depressurized in the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a to become a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and is then sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a by way of the second usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 103 a .
  • the low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a undergoes heat exchange with the air medium fed by the usage-side fan 105 a and evaporates in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a to thereby perform indoor air cooling.
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is sent from the second usage unit 10 a to the gas-refrigerant communication tube 14 by way of the second usage-side gas refrigerant tube 104 a.
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the gas-refrigerant communication tube 14 is sent to the heat source unit 2 .
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat source unit 2 is sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 by way of the gas-side shutoff valve 30 , the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b , and the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 .
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 is again taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 by way of the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c.
  • the low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle that is circulating through the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a is heated and evaporated by the radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a .
  • the low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant evaporated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is sent to the usage-side accumulator 67 a by way of the second cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 69 a .
  • the low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant sent to the usage-side accumulator 67 a is taken into the usage-side compressor 62 a by way of the cascade-side intake tube 71 a , is compressed to high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and is thereafter discharged to the cascade-side discharge tube 70 a
  • the high-pressure, usage-side refrigerant discharged to the cascade-side discharge tube 70 a is sent to the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a by way of the first cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 72 a .
  • the high-pressure, usage-side refrigerant sent to the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a undergoes heat exchange with the aqueous medium being circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a by the circulation pump 43 a and releases heat in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a .
  • the high-pressure, usage-side refrigerant having released heat in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is depressurized in the refrigerant/water heat exchange-side flow rate adjustment valve 66 a to become a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and is then sent again to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a by way of the cascade-side liquid-refrigerant tube 68 a.
  • the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is heated by the radiation of the usage-side refrigerant in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a .
  • the aqueous medium heated in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is taken into the circulation pump 43 a by way of the first usage-side water outlet tube 48 a and pressurized, and is then sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a .
  • the aqueous medium sent to the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a is sent to the hot-water storage unit 8 a by way of the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a .
  • the aqueous medium sent to the hot-water storage unit 8 a undergoes heat exchange with the aqueous medium inside the hot-water storage tank 81 a and releases heat in the heat exchange coil 82 a , whereby the aqueous medium inside the hot-water storage tank 81 a is heated.
  • Operation in the hot-water supply/air-cooling operation mode for performing hot-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a and air-cooling operation of the second usage unit 10 a are performed in this manner.
  • Described next is control of the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a in the above-described hot-water supply operation, hot-water supply/air-warming operation, and hot-water supply/air-cooling operation.
  • the capacity of the circulation pump 43 a is controlled so that the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ⁇ Tw becomes a predetermined target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ⁇ Tws, the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ⁇ Tw being the difference (i.e., Tw1 ⁇ Twr) between the temperature of the aqueous medium in the outlet of the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a (i.e., the aqueous medium outlet temperature Tw1) and the temperature of the aqueous medium in the inlet of the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a (i.e., the aqueous medium inlet temperature Twr).
  • the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ⁇ Tw is greater than the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ⁇ Tws, it is determined that the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulating in the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is low, and the operating capacity of the circulation pump 43 a is increased by increasing the rotational speed (i.e., operational frequency) of the circulation pump motor 44 a ; and in the case that the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ⁇ Tw is less than the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ⁇ Tws, it is determined that the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulating in the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is high, and the operating capacity of the circulation pump 43 a is reduced by reducing the rotational speed (i.e., operational frequency) of the circulation pump motor 44 a
  • the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is thereby designed to be suitably controlled
  • the capacity of the circulation pump 43 a is controlled so that the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is reduced in the case that the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ⁇ P2 is equal to or less than a predetermined usage-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference ⁇ P2s.
  • the usage-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference ⁇ P2s is set with consideration given to the design conditions of the lubrication structure of the usage-side compressor 62 a , or other factors.
  • the temperature of the aqueous medium flowing through the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is thereby more readily increased and it is possible to promote an increase in the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ⁇ P2.
  • the temperature of the usage-side refrigerant that circulates through the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a can also be readily increased because the temperature of the aqueous medium flowing through the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is more readily increased.
  • the temperature of the heat-source-side refrigerant for performing heat exchange with the usage-side refrigerant is more readily increased in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a , and an increase in the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ⁇ P1 in the heat-source-side compressor 21 is thereby facilitated.
  • the heat pump system 200 has the following characteristics.
  • the heat pump system 200 differs from the heat pump system 1 in the first embodiment in that the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a is disposed between the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 and the aqueous medium circuit 80 a , and not only is it possible to perform operation for heating the aqueous medium using the radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a , but it is also possible to use the heat of cooling which is obtained by the heat-source-side refrigerant due to heating of the aqueous medium in the operation for cooling the air medium by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a together with the operation for heating the aqueous medium performed using the radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a , in the same manner as the heat pump system 1 in the first embodiment.
  • heat of cooling such as when the aqueous medium heated in the first usage unit 4 a is used in hot-water supply and the air medium cooled in the second usage unit 10 a is used for indoor air cooling, whereas heat of cooling is not effectively used in conventional heat pump water heaters, which merely cool outside air in a heat-source-side heat exchanger; and energy savings can thereby be ensured in a heat pump system capable of using the heat pump cycle to heat an aqueous medium.
  • the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is a heat exchanger for directly receiving heat by heat exchange between the heat-source-side refrigerant and the usage-side refrigerant, thus contributing to obtaining a high-temperature aqueous medium with little heat loss when heat is received in the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a from the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 .
  • the usage-side refrigerant circulating through the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a is heated by the radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a , and the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a can achieve a higher-temperature refrigeration cycle than the refrigeration cycle in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 though which the heat-source-side refrigerant is circulating, by using the heat obtained from the heat-source-side refrigerant. Therefore, a high-temperature aqueous medium can be obtained by the release of heat by the usage-side refrigerant in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a.
  • (D) 62 a is less liable to occur without forcing unstable operation in the usage-side compressor 62 a , even when the temperature of the aqueous medium is low and the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ⁇ P1 is readily reduced such as immediately after the operation of the first usage unit 4 a has started. Also, the temperature of the aqueous medium that flows through the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a more readily increases, and as a result, lubrication deficiency in the heat-source-side compressor 21 is less likely to occur because the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ⁇ P1 in the heat-source-side compressor 21 is also ensured.
  • the capacity of the circulation pump 43 a is controlled so that the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ⁇ Tw becomes the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ⁇ Tws in the case that the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ⁇ P2 is greater than the usage-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference ⁇ P2s, and operation can therefore be performed under conditions suitable to the heat exchange capacity of the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a .
  • the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is reduced by increasing the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ⁇ Tws in the control of the capacity of the circulation pump 43 a for bringing the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ⁇ Tw to the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ⁇ Tws.
  • the first usage unit 4 a In order to more effectively use the hot-water supply/air-cooling operation in the heat pump system 200 described above (see FIG. 16 ), it is possible for the first usage unit 4 a to perform, as required, operation for heating the aqueous medium (hot-water supply operation) using the radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a (i.e., heat release by the usage-side refrigerant in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a ) when the second usage unit 10 a performs operation for cooling the air medium (air-cooling operation) by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a , in the same manner as the heat pump system 1 in Modification 1 of the first embodiment.
  • the first usage unit 4 a may perform operation for heating the aqueous medium (hot-water supply operation) using the radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a (i.e., radiation of the usage-side refrigerant in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a ) in the case that the hot-water storage temperature Twh of the hot-water storage unit 8 a is equal to or less than the predetermined hot-water storage setting temperature Twhs (i.e., the hot-water supply/air-cooling operation mode).
  • the predetermined hot-water storage setting temperature Twhs i.e., the hot-water supply/air-cooling operation mode
  • the hot-water storage temperature Twh can thereby be kept at or above the hot-water storage setting temperature Twhs while making effective use of the heat obtained by the heat-source-side refrigerant by cooling the air medium.
  • the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a with a second usage-side switching mechanism 64 a capable of switching between a usage-side heat-release operation state in which the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is made to function as a radiator of the usage-side refrigerant and the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as an evaporator of the usage-side refrigerant, and a usage-side evaporating operation state in which the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is made to function as an evaporator of the usage-side refrigerant and the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as a radiator of the usage-side refrigerant; and it is possible to further connect the first usage unit 4 a to the gas-refrigerant communication tube 14 and to further provide a first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a capable of switching between an
  • the second usage-side switching mechanism 64 a is a four-way switching valve, and is connected to the cascade-side discharge tube 70 a , the cascade-side intake tube 71 a , the first cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 72 a , and the second cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 69 a .
  • the second usage-side switching mechanism 64 a is capable of switching between placing the cascade-side discharge tube 70 a and the first cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 72 a in communication and the second cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 69 a and the cascade-side intake tube 71 a in communication (corresponding to the usage-side heat-release operation state, see the solid line of second usage-side switching mechanism 64 a in FIG.
  • the second usage-side switching mechanism 64 a is not limited to being a four-way switching valve, but may also be, e.g., a configuration in which a plurality of solenoid valves are used in combination to achieve a function similar to that described above for switching the direction of flow of the usage-side refrigerant.
  • the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a is connected together with the first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a to the gas side of the channel through which the heat-source-side refrigerant of the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a flows.
  • the gas-refrigerant communication tube 14 is connected to the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a
  • the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a has a first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a (in this case, the first usage-side discharge non-return valve 49 a is omitted) provided to the first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a , and a first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a provided to the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a , and is used for setting an aqueous medium-heating operation state by opening the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a and closing the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a , and setting an aqueous medium-cooling operation state by closing the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a and opening the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a .
  • the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a are composed of solenoid valves, both being capable of on-off control.
  • the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a may be configured using a three-way valve or the like.
  • the heat pump system 200 having such a configuration, in the case that defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 has been determined to be required depending on operation in the hot-water supply operation mode, the air-warming operation mode, and the hot-water supply/air-warming operation mode, it is possible to perform a defrosting operation in which the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is made to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant by setting the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 in a heat-source-side heat-release operation state, the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant and the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is made to function as an evaporator of the usage-side refrigerant by setting the second usage-side switching mechanism 64 a in a usage-side evaporating operation state; and the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as a radiator of the usage-side refriger
  • step S 11 it is determined whether predetermined defrosting operation start conditions have been satisfied (i.e., whether defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is required) (step S 11 ).
  • the defrosting operation start conditions have been satisfied on the basis of whether the defrosting time interval ⁇ tdf (i.e., the cumulative operation time from the end of the previous defrosting operation) has reached the predetermined defrosting time interval setting value ⁇ tdfs.
  • the process starts the defrosting operation below in the case that it has been determined that the defrosting operation start conditions have been satisfied (step S 12 ).
  • a switch is made in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 to switch the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 to the heat-source-side heat-release operation state (the state indicated by the solid line of heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 of FIG. 17 ), a switch is made in the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a to switch the second usage-side switching mechanism 64 a to the usage-side evaporating operation state (the state indicated by the broken line of second usage-side switching mechanism 64 a in FIG.
  • the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a is switched to the aqueous medium-cooling operation state (i.e., the state in which the first usage-side discharge on-off value 55 a is closed and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a is open), and the intake-return expansion valve 26 a is set in a closed state.
  • the aqueous medium-cooling operation state i.e., the state in which the first usage-side discharge on-off value 55 a is closed and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a is open
  • the low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle is taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 by way of the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c , compressed to high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and thereafter discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b .
  • the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b has the refrigeration machine oil separated out in the oil separator 22 a .
  • the refrigeration machine oil separated out from the heat-source-side refrigerant in the oil separator 22 a is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c by way of the oil return tube 22 b .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant from which the refrigeration machine oil has been separated out is sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 by way of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 and the first heat-source-side gas-refrigerant tube 23 a .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 undergoes heat exchange with ice deposited in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 and heat is released in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 .
  • the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant having released heat in the heat-source-side heat exchanger is sent to the subcooler 27 by way of the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the subcooler 27 is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 by way of the heat-source-side liquid-refrigerant tube 24 a and the liquid-side shutoff valve 29 without undergoing heat exchange because the heat-source-side refrigerant does not flow in the intake return tube 26 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 branches in the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 and is sent to the first usage unit 4 a and the second usage unit 10 a.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage unit 10 a is sent to the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a is depressurized in the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a to become a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and is then sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a by way of the second usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 103 a .
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a undergoes heat exchange with an air medium fed by the usage-side fan 105 a and evaporates in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a .
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant thus evaporated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is sent from the second usage unit 10 a to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 by way of the second usage-side gas refrigerant tube 104 a.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage unit 4 a is sent to the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a is depressurized in the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a to become a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and is then sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a by way of the first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a .
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a undergoes heat exchange with the high-pressure usage-side refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle that is circulated through the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a and evaporates in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a .
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant thus evaporated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 by way of the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a constituting the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant sent from the second usage unit 10 a and the first usage unit 4 a to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 merges in the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 and is sent to the heat source unit 2 .
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat source unit 2 is sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 by way of the gas-side shutoff valve 30 , the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b , and the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 .
  • the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 is again taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 by way of the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c.
  • the high-pressure, usage-side refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle that circulates through the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a releases heat in the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a by the evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a .
  • the high-pressure, usage-side refrigerant having released heat in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is sent to the refrigerant/water heat exchange-side flow rate adjustment valve 66 a .
  • the high-pressure, usage-side refrigerant sent to the refrigerant/water heat exchange-side flow rate adjustment valve 66 a is depressurized in the refrigerant/water heat exchange-side flow rate adjustment valve 66 a to become a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and is then sent to the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a by way of the cascade-side liquid-refrigerant tube 68 a .
  • the low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant sent to the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a undergoes heat exchange with the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a by the circulation pump 43 a and evaporates in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a .
  • the low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant thus evaporated in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is sent to the usage-side accumulator 67 a by way of the first cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 72 a and the second usage-side switching mechanism 64 a .
  • the low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant sent to the usage-side accumulator 67 a is taken into the usage-side compressor 62 a by way of the cascade-side intake tube 71 a , compressed to high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and thereafter discharged to the cascade-side discharge tube 70 a .
  • the high-pressure, usage-side refrigerant discharged to the cascade-side discharge tube 70 a is again sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a by way of the second usage-side switching mechanism 64 a and the second cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 69 a.
  • the defrosting operation is started in which the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is made to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant by setting the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 in the heat-source-side heat-release operation state; the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant and the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is made to function as an evaporator of the usage-side refrigerant by setting the second usage-side switching mechanism 64 a in a usage-side evaporating operation state; and the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as a radiator of the usage-side refrigerant (i.e., as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant).
  • predetermined defrosting operation end conditions i.e., whether defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 has ended; step S 13 ).
  • the defrosting operation is ended and the process returns to the hot-water supply operation mode, the air-warming operation mode, and/or the hot-water supply/air-warming operation mode (step S 14 ).
  • the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 when the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is to be defrosted, not only is the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 made to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant by setting the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 in the heat-source-side heat-release operation state, but also the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is made to function as an evaporator of the usage-side refrigerant by setting the second usage-side switching mechanism 64 a in the usage-side evaporating operation state because the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as a radiator of the usage-side refrigerant, the heat-source-side refrigerant cooled by heat release in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is heated by the radiation of the usage-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a , and the usage-side refrigerant cooled by heat release in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a can be heated by
  • the defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 can thereby be reliably performed.
  • the defrosting operation time tdf can be shortened, and it is possible to prevent the air medium cooled in the second usage unit 10 a from reaching a low temperature because the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is also made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant.
  • the aqueous medium cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant i.e., evaporation of the usage-side refrigerant
  • the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is also made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant (i.e., causing the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a to also function as an evaporator of the usage-side refrigerant).
  • the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to stop functioning (step S 16 ) as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant (i.e., causing the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a to function as an evaporator of the usage-side refrigerant) in the case that the temperature of the aqueous medium (in this case, the aqueous medium outlet temperature Tw1) cooled by the evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant (i.e., evaporation of the usage-side refrigerant in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a ) in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a has fallen to a predetermined freezing-lower-limit temperature Tfm or less (step S 15 ) before it has been determined that the defrosting operation end conditions have been satisfied (step S 13 ), as shown in FIG.
  • the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a and/or the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a is closed and the usage-side compressor 62 a is stopped in order to stop the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a from functioning as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant (i.e., causing the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a to function as an evaporator of the usage-side refrigerant)
  • the defrosting operation is carried out to cause only the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant until the defrosting operation end conditions have been satisfied (from step S 13 to step S 14
  • the aqueous medium can thereby be prevented from freezing due to the defrosting operation because the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to stop functioning as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant (i.e., causing the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a to function as an evaporator of the usage-side refrigerant) in the case that the temperature of the aqueous medium (in this case, the aqueous medium outlet temperature Tw1) cooled by the evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant (i.e., evaporation of the usage-side refrigerant in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a ) in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is equal to or less than the freezing-lower-limit temperature Tfm during the defrosting operation.
  • the aqueous medium outlet temperature Tw1 cooled by the evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant (i.e., evaporation
  • the aqueous medium cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant i.e., evaporation of the usage-side refrigerant
  • the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is also made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant (i.e., because the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is also made to function as an evaporator of the usage-side refrigerant).
  • the opening degree of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a is reduced (step S 18 ) in the case that the temperature of the aqueous medium (in this case, the aqueous medium outlet temperature Tw1) cooled by the evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant (i.e., evaporation of the usage-side refrigerant) in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a has fallen to a predetermined freeze-warning temperature Tfa or less (step S 17 ) before it has been determined that the defrosting operation end conditions have been satisfied (step S 13 ), as shown in FIG. 6 .
  • the defrosting operation in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a and the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a are made to function as evaporators of the heat-source-side refrigerant is performed until the defrosting operation end conditions are satisfied while the function of the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant (i.e., function as an evaporator of the usage-side refrigerant of the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a ) is gradually reduced (from step S 13 to step S 14 ).
  • the freeze-warning temperature Tfa may be modified so as to be reduced in accompaniment with the reduction in the opening degree of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a.
  • the defrosting operation can therefore be continued while the aqueous medium is prevented from freezing because control is performed to reduce the opening degree of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a in the case that the temperature of the aqueous medium (in this case, the aqueous medium outlet temperature Tw1) cooled by the evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a (i.e., evaporation of the usage-side refrigerant in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a ) has fallen to the freeze-warning temperature Tfa or less during the defrosting operation.
  • the aqueous medium outlet temperature Tw1 cooled by the evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a
  • the aqueous medium can be kept from freezing by reducing the opening degree of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a , defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is insufficiently performed and unmelted ice remains. When such defrosting operation is repeated, ice-up occurs in which ice grows in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 and the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is liable to no longer sufficiently function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant.
  • the defrosting time interval-setting value ⁇ tdfs until the start of the next defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is reduced in the case that the defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 has not been completed at the defrosting operation setting time tdfs or less, whereby the defrosting operation can be carried out while the freezing of the aqueous medium is prevented and occurrence of
  • a configuration such as that of the heat pump system 200 (see FIG. 17 ) in Modifications 2 to 4 is provided with the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a , which is capable of switching between an aqueous medium-heating operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and an aqueous medium-cooling operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant discharged from the heat-source-side compressor 21 stagnates in the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 is liable to be insufficient (i.e., an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate) in the case that operation of the first usage unit 4 a is stopped and the second usage unit 10 a (air-cooling operation or air-warming operation) is operated (i.e., the case in which the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 is not used).
  • the heat pump system 200 is provided with a first refrigerant recovery mechanism 57 a for placing the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 in communication when the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a is in the aqueous medium-heating operation state or the aqueous medium cooling operation state in the same manner as Modification 6 ( FIG. 8 ) of the first embodiment, as shown in FIG. 18 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant is thereby made less likely to stagnate in the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 , and it is therefore possible to minimize the occurrence of an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 .
  • a configuration such as that of the heat pump system 200 (see FIGS. 17 and 18 ) in Modifications 2 to 5 is provided with the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a , which is capable of switching between an aqueous medium-heating operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and an aqueous medium-cooling operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant stagnates in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a and the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 is liable to be insufficient (i.e., an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate) in the case that the operation of the first usage unit 4 a is stopped and the second usage unit 10 a is operated (air-cooling operation and/or air-warming operation).
  • the heat pump system 200 is provided with a second refrigerant recovery mechanism 58 a placing the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a and the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 in communication when the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a is in the aqueous medium-heating operation state or the aqueous medium cooling operation state in the same manner as Modification 7 (see FIG. 9 ) of the first embodiment, as shown in FIG. 19 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant is thereby made less likely to stagnate in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a , and it is therefore possible to minimize the occurrence of an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 .
  • a configuration such as that of the heat pump systems 200 (see FIGS. 17 to 19 ) in Modifications 2 to 6 is provided with the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a , which is capable of switching between an aqueous medium-heating operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and an aqueous medium-cooling operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 .
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant discharged from the heat-source-side compressor 21 stagnates in the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 is liable to be insufficient (i.e., an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate) in the case that the operation of the first usage unit 4 a is stopped and the second usage unit 10 a (air-cooling operation or air-warming operation) is operated (i.e., the case of operation in which the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 is not used); and in the case that the operation of the first usage unit 4 a is stopped and the second usage unit 10 a is operated (air-cooling operation or air-warming operation), the heat-source-side refrigerant stagnates in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a and the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 is liable to be insufficient (i.e.,
  • Such an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate is thought to be mostly resolved by providing the first refrigerant recovery mechanism 57 a and/or the second refrigerant recovery mechanism 58 a in Modifications 6 and 7.
  • an insufficient flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant i.e., an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate
  • an insufficient flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 is still liable to occur in the case that operation is continued for a long period of time under conditions in which the above-described insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate readily occurs, and/or when the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a and/or the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a constituting the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a has not been sufficiently closed off, or due to some other factor.
  • a refrigerant recovery operation in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant is performed by setting the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a in an aqueous medium-heating operation state (step S 32 ), in the case that the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a is in an aqueous medium cooling operation state and at least the second usage unit 10 a is operating, and in the case that it has been determined that the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 is insufficient (step S 31 ), in the same manner as Modification 8 of the first embodiment, as shown in FIG. 10 .
  • an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate is determined to have occurred when, e.g., the heat-source-side intake pressure Ps1 is equal to or less than the predetermined refrigerant circulation-rate insufficiency pressure Prc1. Also, the state of operation prior to the refrigerant recovery operation is maintained in relation to the operation of the second usage unit 10 a during the refrigerant recovery operation.
  • step S 33 After the refrigerant recovery operation has been performed for a predetermined refrigerant recovery operation time trc1 (step S 33 ), the first usage unit 4 a is restored to the operation state that existed prior to the refrigerant recovery operation (step S 34 ).
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant is thereby made less likely to stagnate in the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 , and since the heat-source-side refrigerant is less likely to stagnate in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a , it is therefore possible to minimize the occurrence of an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 .
  • the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a is composed of the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a , and the heat-source-side refrigerant is therefore fed from only the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 to the first usage unit 4 a in any operation mode that accompanies a hot-water supply operation.
  • the heat-source-side refrigerant is at the high pressure of the refrigeration cycle not only in the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 , but also in the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 in the hot-water supply operation mode and/or the hot-water supply/air-warming operation mode among the operation modes that accompany hot-water supply operation. Therefore, it is also possible to allow high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant to be sent from not only the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 , but also from the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 to the first usage unit 4 a in the hot-water supply operation mode and/or the hot-water supply/air-warming operation mode.
  • the first usage-side gas non-return valve 59 a and the first usage-side bypass refrigerant tube 60 a are furthermore provided to the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a , and together with the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a , constitute the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a , as shown in FIG. 20 , in the same manner as Modification 9 of the first embodiment (see FIG. 11 ).
  • heat-source-side refrigerant can thereby be sent from not only the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 , but also from the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 to the first usage unit 4 a in the hot-water supply operation mode and the hot-water supply/air-warming operation mode. Therefore, the loss of pressure of the heat-source-side refrigerant fed from the heat source unit 2 to the first usage unit 4 a is reduced, contributing to an improvement in the hot-water supply capacity and operation efficiency.
  • a single first usage unit 4 a and a single second usage unit 10 a are connected to the heat source unit 2 via the refrigerant communication tubes 12 , 13 , 14 , but a plurality (two, in this case) of first usage units 4 a , 4 b may be connected in parallel to each other via the refrigerant communication tubes 12 , 13 , 14 , and/or a plurality of (two, in this case) second usage units 10 a , 10 b may be connected in parallel to each other via the refrigerant communication tubes 12 , 14 in the same manner as Modification 10 of the first embodiment (see FIGS. 12 to 14 ), as shown in FIGS.
  • the configuration of the first usage unit 4 b is the same as the configuration of the first usage unit 4 a with the subscript “b” used in place of the subscript “a” of the reference numerals indicating each part of the first usage unit 4 a , and a description of each part of the first usage unit 4 b is therefore omitted.
  • the configuration of the second usage unit 10 b is the same as the configuration of the second usage unit 10 a with the subscript “b” used in place of the subscript “a” of the reference numerals indicating each part of the second usage unit 10 a , and a description of each part of the second usage unit 10 b is therefore omitted.
  • heat pump systems 200 it is possible to accommodate a plurality of locations and/or applications that require heating of the aqueous medium, and it is possible to accommodate a plurality of locations and/or applications that require cooling of the air medium.
  • the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valves 102 a , 102 b are provided inside the second usage units 10 a , 10 b , but it is possible to omit the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valves 102 a . 102 b from the second usage units 10 a , 10 b and to provide an expansion valve unit 17 having the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valves 102 a , 102 b , as shown in FIG. 24 (in this case, the hot-water/air-warming unit, the hot-water storage unit, the aqueous medium circuits 80 a , and the like are not shown).
  • the gas-refrigerant communication tube 14 may be used as a refrigerant tube in which low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant flows in the refrigeration cycle by, e.g., placing the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b and the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c in communication, whereby the second usage-side heat exchangers 101 a , 101 b are made to function only as evaporators of the heat-source-side refrigerant, and the second usage units 10 a , 10 b are used as cooling-dedicated usage units.
  • operation in the hot-water supply/air-cooling operation mode is possible and energy savings can be ensured.
  • the gas-refrigerant communication tube 14 may be used as a refrigerant tube in which low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant flows in the refrigeration cycle by, e.g., placing the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b and the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c in communication, whereby the second usage-side heat exchangers 101 a , 101 b are made to function only as evaporators of the heat-source-side refrigerant, and the second usage units 10 a , 10 b are used as cooling-dedicated usage units.
  • operation in the hot-water supply/air-cooling operation mode is possible and energy savings can be ensured.
  • the second usage units 10 a , 10 b may be used for refrigeration and/or freezing, and purposes other than air cooling and air warming, rather than as usage units used for indoor air cooling and air warming.
  • HFC-134a is used as the usage-side refrigerant, but no limitation is imposed thereby, and it is also possible to use, e.g., HFO-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene) or another refrigerant in which the pressure that corresponds to a saturated gas temperature of 65° C. is a maximum gauge pressure of 2.8 MPa or less, preferably 2.0 MPa or less.
  • the use of the present invention makes it possible to ensure energy savings in a heat pump system that can heat an aqueous medium using a heat pump cycle.

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Abstract

A heat pump system includes a heat source unit, a discharge refrigerant communication tube, a liquid refrigerant communication tube, a gas refrigerant communication tube, a first usage unit and a second usage unit. The first usage unit has a first usage-side heat exchanger capable of functioning as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube. The first usage unit is capable of performing operation in which an aqueous medium is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger. The second usage unit has a second usage-side heat exchanger capable of functioning as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the liquid refrigerant communication tube. The second usage unit is capable of performing operation in which an air medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger.

Description

    CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
  • This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/202,372 filed on Aug. 19, 2011, which is a National Stage application of International Patent Application No. PCT/JP2010/001144 filed on Feb. 22, 2010. The entire disclosure of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/202,372 is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
  • The present invention relates to a heat pump system, and particularly relates to a heat pump system capable of heating an aqueous medium by utilizing a heat pump cycle.
    • BACKGROUND ART
  • Heat pump water heaters, such as the one described in Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 60-164157, are known which are capable of utilizing a heat pump cycle to heat water. Such a heat pump water heater has primarily a compressor, a refrigerant/water heat exchanger, and a heat-source-side heat exchanger, and is configured so that water is heated by the radiation of refrigerant in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger, and the hot water thereby obtained is fed to a storage tank.
    • SUMMARY
  • In the conventional heat pump water heater described above, since operation is performed for cooling outside air as the heat source in the heat-source-side heat exchanger, an energy-saving heat pump system can be obtained by enabling the heat of cooling obtained by the refrigerant to be utilized for another application.
  • An object of the present invention is to obtain energy-saving effects in a heat pump system capable of heating an aqueous medium by utilizing a heat pump cycle.
  • A heat pump system according to a first aspect of the present invention comprises a heat source unit, a discharge refrigerant communication tube, a liquid refrigerant communication tube, a gas refrigerant communication tube, a first usage unit, and a second usage unit. The heat source unit has a heat-source-side compressor for compressing a heat-source-side refrigerant; a heat-source-side heat exchanger; and a heat-source-side switching mechanism capable of switching between a heat-source-side radiating operation state for causing the heat-source-side heat exchanger to function as a radiator of a heat-source-side refrigerant, and a heat-source-side evaporating operation state for causing the heat-source-side heat exchanger to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant. The discharge refrigerant communication tube is capable of directing the heat-source-side refrigerant to the outside of the heat source unit from a discharge of the heat-source-side compressor in the heat-source-side radiating operation state and the heat-source-side evaporating operation state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism. The liquid refrigerant communication tube is capable of directing the heat-source-side refrigerant to the outside of the heat source unit from an outlet of the heat-source-side heat exchanger functioning as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the heat-source-side radiating operation state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism, and of introducing the heat-source-side refrigerant into an inlet of the heat-source-side heat exchanger functioning as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant from outside the heat source unit in the heat-source-side evaporating operation state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism. The gas refrigerant communication tube is capable of introducing the heat-source-side refrigerant into an intake of the heat-source-side compressor from outside the heat source unit. The first usage unit is connected to the discharge refrigerant communication tube and the liquid refrigerant communication tube, and has a first usage-side heat exchanger capable of functioning as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube, and the first usage unit is capable of directing the heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the first usage-side heat exchanger to the liquid refrigerant communication tube, and performing operation in which an aqueous medium is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger. The second usage unit is connected to the liquid refrigerant communication tube and the gas refrigerant communication tube, and has a second usage-side heat exchanger capable of functioning as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the liquid refrigerant communication tube in the heat-source-side radiating operation state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism, and the second usage unit is capable of performing operation in which directing the heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the second usage-side heat exchanger to the gas refrigerant communication tube and an air medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger.
  • In this heat pump system, not only can operation be performed for heating an aqueous medium by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger, but operation is performed for heating the aqueous medium by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger, and it is possible to utilize the heat of cooling obtained by the heat-source-side refrigerant by heating of the aqueous medium for operation in which an air medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger. Therefore, in such cases as when the aqueous medium heated in the first usage unit is used to supply hot water, and the air medium cooled in the second usage unit is used for indoor air cooling, for example, it is possible to effectively utilize the heat of cooling, which was not effectively utilized by merely cooling outside air in the heat-source-side heat exchanger in the conventional heat pump water heater, and it is thereby possible to obtain energy-saving effects in a heat pump system capable of heating an aqueous medium by utilizing a heat pump cycle.
  • A heat pump system according to a second aspect of the present invention is the heat pump system according to the first aspect, wherein the first usage unit performs operation in which the aqueous medium is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger when the second usage unit performs operation in which the air medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger.
  • In this heat pump system, the second usage unit performs operation in which an air medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger, and it is possible to utilize the heat obtained by the heat-source-side refrigerant by cooling of the air medium for operation in which the aqueous medium is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger in the first usage unit, as needed.
  • A heat pump system according to a third aspect of the present invention is the heat pump system according to the second aspect, further comprising a hot-water storage unit for storing the aqueous medium heated in the first usage unit, or the aqueous medium heated by heat exchange with the aqueous medium heated in the first usage unit; wherein the first usage unit performs operation in which the aqueous medium is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger in a case in which the hot-water storage temperature, which is the temperature of the aqueous medium stored in the hot-water storage unit, is equal to or less than a predetermined set temperature for hot-water storage.
  • In this heat pump system, since the second usage unit performs operation in which the air medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger, and the first usage unit is configured so that operation is performed for heating the aqueous medium by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger in a case in which the hot-water storage temperature is equal to or less than the set temperature for hot-water storage, the hot-water storage temperature can be kept equal to or higher than the set temperature for hot-water storage, while the heat obtained by the heat-source-side refrigerant by cooling of the air medium is effectively utilized.
  • A heat pump system according to a fourth aspect of the present invention is the heat pump system according to any of the first through third aspects, wherein the gas refrigerant communication tube is capable of introducing the heat-source-side refrigerant to an intake of the heat-source-side compressor from outside the heat source unit in the heat-source-side radiating operation state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism, and of directing the heat-source-side refrigerant to the outside of the heat source unit from a discharge of the heat-source-side compressor in the heat-source-side evaporating operation state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism; and the second usage unit is capable of performing operation in which the second usage-side heat exchanger functions as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the gas refrigerant communication tube in the heat-source-side evaporating operation state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism, the heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the second usage-side heat exchanger is directed to the liquid refrigerant communication tube, and the air medium is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger.
  • In this heat pump system, in the heat-source-side radiating operation state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism, operation can be performed for cooling the air medium by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger, and in the heat-source-side evaporating operation state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism, operation can be performed for heating the air medium by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger. Therefore, the aqueous medium heated in the first usage unit can be used to supply hot water, and the second usage unit can be used for indoor air cooling or air warming, for example.
  • A heat pump system according to a fifth aspect of the present invention is the heat pump system according to any of the first through fourth aspects, wherein the first usage unit is further connected to the gas refrigerant communication tube, and a usage-side switching mechanism is further provided which is capable of switching between an aqueous-medium heating operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger functions as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube, and an aqueous-medium cooling operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger functions as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the liquid refrigerant communication tube. The first usage unit is capable of performing operation in which the heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the first usage-side heat exchanger is directed to the liquid refrigerant communication tube, and the aqueous medium is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger in the aqueous-medium heating operation state of the usage-side switching mechanism; and of performing operation in which the heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the first usage-side heat exchanger is directed to the gas refrigerant communication tube, and the aqueous medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger in the aqueous-medium cooling operation state of the usage-side switching mechanism.
  • In this heat pump system, it is possible to switch between operation in which the aqueous medium is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger, and operation in which the aqueous medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger. It is also possible to perform operation in which the air medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger, and operation in which the aqueous medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger. It is therefore possible to provide comfortable air conditioning by a combination of the first usage unit and the second usage unit, whereby the air medium cooled in the second usage unit is used for indoor air cooling while the aqueous medium cooled in the first usage unit is used in a radiator, a floor air-warming panel, or the like, for example.
  • A heat pump system according to a sixth aspect of the present invention is the heat pump system according to the fourth aspect, wherein the first usage unit is further connected to the gas refrigerant communication tube, and a usage-side switching mechanism is further provided which is capable of switching between an aqueous-medium heating operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger functions as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube, and an aqueous-medium cooling operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger functions as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the liquid refrigerant communication tube. The first usage unit is capable of performing operation in which the heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the first usage-side heat exchanger is directed to the liquid refrigerant communication tube, and the aqueous medium is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger in the aqueous-medium heating operation state of the usage-side switching mechanism; and of performing operation in which the heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the first usage-side heat exchanger is directed to the gas refrigerant communication tube, and the aqueous medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger in the aqueous-medium cooling operation state of the usage-side switching mechanism; and defrosting operation is performed in which the heat-source-side heat exchanger is caused to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant, and the second usage-side heat exchanger is caused to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant by placing the heat-source-side switching mechanism in the heat-source-side radiating operation state, and the first usage-side heat exchanger is caused to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant by placing the usage-side switching mechanism in the aqueous-medium cooling operation state in a case in which defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger is determined to be necessary.
  • In this heat pump system, during defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger, since the second usage-side heat exchanger is caused to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant, and the first usage-side heat exchanger is caused to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant, the defrosting operation time can be reduced in comparison with a case in which only the second usage-side heat exchanger is caused to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant, and it is possible to prevent the air medium cooled in the second usage unit from reaching a low temperature.
  • A heat pump system according to a seventh aspect of the present invention is the heat pump system according to the sixth aspect, wherein functioning of the first usage-side heat exchanger as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant is stopped in a case in which the temperature of the aqueous medium cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger is equal to or less than a predetermined freezing-lower-limit temperature during the defrosting operation.
  • In this heat pump system, functioning of the first usage-side heat exchanger as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant is stopped in a case in which the temperature of the aqueous medium cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger is equal to or less than a predetermined freezing-lower-limit temperature during the defrosting operation. The aqueous medium can therefore be prevented from freezing due to the defrosting operation.
  • A heat pump system according to an eighth aspect of the present invention is the heat pump system according to the sixth aspect, further comprising a first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve capable of varying the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant that flows through the first usage-side heat exchanger. In this heat pump system, during the defrosting operation, control is performed to reduce the opening degree of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve in a case in which the temperature of the aqueous medium cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger is equal to or less than a predetermined freeze-warning temperature, and in a case in which a defrosting operation time, which is the elapsed time from the start of defrosting operation, is equal to or less than a predetermined defrosting operation set time, and defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger is not completed, a predetermined defrosting time interval setting value until the start of the next defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger is reduced.
  • In this heat pump system, control is performed to reduce the opening degree of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve in a case in which the temperature of the aqueous medium cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger is equal to or less than the freeze-warning temperature during the defrosting operation. The defrosting operation can therefore be continued while the aqueous medium is prevented from freezing.
  • However, when such control is performed to reduce the opening degree of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve, although it is possible to prevent the aqueous medium from freezing, the heat-source-side heat exchanger is not adequately defrosted, and ice remains, and repeating such a defrosting operation causes ice-up in which ice forms in the heat-source-side heat exchanger; and the heat-source-side heat exchanger may no longer function adequately as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant.
  • Therefore, in this heat pump system, in addition to controlling the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve, the defrosting time interval setting value until the start of the next defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger is reduced in a case in which defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger is not completed in a time equal to or less than the defrosting operation setting time. Defrosting operation can thereby be performed while the aqueous medium is prevented from freezing, and icing up is suppressed.
  • A heat pump system according to a ninth aspect of the present invention is the heat pump system according to any of the fifth through eighth aspects, further comprising a first refrigerant recovery mechanism for communicating the discharge refrigerant communication tube and the gas refrigerant communication tube in any of the aqueous medium heating operation state and the aqueous medium cooling operation state of the usage-side switching mechanism.
  • In a configuration such as that of the heat pump system according to any of the fifth through eighth aspects, which is further provided with a usage-side switching mechanism capable of switching between an aqueous medium heating operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger is caused to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube, and an aqueous medium cooling operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger is caused to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the liquid refrigerant communication tube, in a case in which the first usage unit operates so as to cool the aqueous medium by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant, operation of the first usage unit is stopped, and the second usage unit operates (i.e., in a case of operation not using the discharge refrigerant communication tube), the heat-source-side refrigerant discharged from the heat-source-side compressor may stagnate in the discharge refrigerant communication tube, and the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor may be inadequate (i.e., the refrigerant circulation rate may be inadequate).
  • Therefore, in this heat pump system, by providing the first refrigerant recovery mechanism for communicating the discharge refrigerant communication tube and the gas refrigerant communication tube in any of the aqueous medium heating operation state and the aqueous medium cooling operation state of the usage-side switching mechanism, the heat-source-side refrigerant is less prone to stagnate in the discharge refrigerant communication tube, and the occurrence of an inadequate refrigerant circulation rate can thereby be suppressed.
  • A heat pump system according to a tenth aspect of the present invention is the heat pump system according to any of the fifth through ninth aspects, further comprising a second refrigerant recovery mechanism for communicating the first usage-side heat exchanger and the gas refrigerant communication tube in any of the aqueous medium heating operation state and the aqueous medium cooling operation state of the usage-side switching mechanism.
  • In a configuration such as that of the heat pump system according to any of the fifth through ninth aspects, which is further provided with a usage-side switching mechanism capable of switching between an aqueous medium heating operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger is caused to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube, and an aqueous medium cooling operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger is caused to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the liquid refrigerant communication tube, in a case in which operation of the first usage unit is stopped, and the second usage unit operates, the heat-source-side refrigerant may stagnate in the first usage-side heat exchanger, and the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor may be inadequate (i.e., the refrigerant circulation rate may be inadequate).
  • Therefore, in this heat pump system, by providing the second refrigerant recovery mechanism for communicating the first usage-side heat exchanger and the gas refrigerant communication tube in any of the aqueous medium heating operation state and the aqueous medium cooling operation state of the usage-side switching mechanism, the heat-source-side refrigerant is less prone to stagnate in the first usage-side heat exchanger, and the occurrence of an inadequate refrigerant circulation rate can thereby be suppressed.
  • A heat pump system according to an eleventh aspect of the present invention is the heat pump system according to any of the fifth through tenth aspects, wherein refrigerant recovery operation is performed in which the usage-side switching mechanism is placed in the aqueous medium heating operation state, and the first usage-side heat exchanger is thereby caused to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant in a case in which the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor is determined to be inadequate in a case in which the usage-side switching mechanism is in the aqueous medium cooling operation state and the second usage unit is at least operating.
  • In a configuration such as that of the heat pump system according to any of the fifth through tenth aspects, which is further provided with a usage-side switching mechanism capable of switching between an aqueous medium heating operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger is caused to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube, and an aqueous medium cooling operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger is caused to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the liquid refrigerant communication tube, in a case in which the first usage unit operates so as to cool the aqueous medium by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant, operation of the first usage unit is stopped, and the second usage unit operates, the heat-source-side refrigerant discharged from the heat-source-side compressor may stagnate in the discharge refrigerant communication tube, and the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor may be inadequate (i.e., the refrigerant circulation rate may be inadequate). In a case in which operation of the first usage unit is stopped, and the second usage unit operates, the heat-source-side refrigerant may stagnate in the first usage-side heat exchanger, and the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor may be inadequate (i.e., the refrigerant circulation rate may be inadequate).
  • Therefore, in this heat pump system, refrigerant recovery operation is performed in which the usage-side switching mechanism is placed in the aqueous medium heating operation state, and the first usage-side heat exchanger is thereby caused to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant in a case in which the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor is determined to be inadequate in a case in which the usage-side switching mechanism is in the aqueous medium cooling operation state and the second usage unit is at least operating. The heat-source-side refrigerant is thereby made less prone to stagnate in the discharge refrigerant communication tube, and the heat-source-side refrigerant is made less prone to stagnate in the first usage-side heat exchanger. The occurrence of an inadequate refrigerant circulation rate can thereby be suppressed.
  • A heat pump system according to a twelfth aspect of the present invention is the heat pump system according to any of the first through eleventh aspects, wherein the first usage-side heat exchanger is a heat exchanger for exchanging heat between the heat-source-side refrigerant and the aqueous medium.
  • A heat pump system according to a thirteenth aspect of the present invention is the heat pump system according to the twelfth aspect, further comprising an aqueous medium circuit through which circulates an aqueous medium for exchanging heat with the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger, the aqueous medium circuit having a variable-capacity circulation pump. In this heat pump system, the capacity of the circulation pump is controlled so that the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit decreases in a case in which a heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference, which is the difference between the pressure of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the discharge of the heat-source-side compressor and the pressure of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the intake of the heat-source-side compressor, is equal to or less than a predetermined heat-source-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference.
  • In a configuration in which the aqueous medium is circulated through an aqueous medium circuit, under operating conditions in which the temperature of the aqueous medium is low, such as immediately after the start of operation by the first usage unit, the pressure of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the discharge of the heat-source-side compressor decreases, the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference decreases, and lubrication deficiency may occur due to poor circulation of the refrigeration machine oil in the heat-source-side compressor.
  • However, when the capacity of the circulation pump is controlled so that the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit increases, the temperature of the aqueous medium flowing through the first usage-side heat exchanger is less prone to increase, and the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is prevented from increasing.
  • Therefore, in this heat pump system, since a variable-capacity circulation pump is provided, and the capacity of the circulation pump is controlled so that the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit decreases in a case in which a heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference, which is the difference between the pressure of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the discharge of the heat-source-side compressor and the pressure of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the intake of the heat-source-side compressor, is equal to or less than a predetermined heat-source-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference, the heat-source-side compressor is not forced to operate unstably, the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is maintained, and lubrication deficiency in the heat-source-side compressor can be suppressed even in a case in which the temperature of the aqueous medium is low, and the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is prone to decrease, such as immediately after the start of operation by the first usage unit.
  • A heat pump system according to a fourteenth aspect of the present invention is the heat pump system according to the thirteenth aspect, wherein the capacity of the circulation pump is controlled so that the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference, which is the difference between the temperature of the aqueous medium in an outlet of the first usage-side heat exchanger and the temperature of the aqueous medium in an inlet of the first usage-side heat exchanger; is equal to a predetermined target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference in a case in which the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is greater than the heat-source-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference.
  • In this heat pump system, the capacity of the circulation pump is controlled so that the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference, which is the difference between the temperature of the aqueous medium in an outlet of the first usage-side heat exchanger and the temperature of the aqueous medium in an inlet of the first usage-side heat exchanger, is equal to a predetermined target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference in a case in which the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is greater than the heat-source-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference, and lubrication deficiency is not prone to occur in the heat-source-side compressor. The heat pump system can therefore operate in conditions suited to the heat exchange capability of the first usage-side heat exchanger.
  • A heat pump system according to a fifteenth aspect of the present invention is the heat pump system according to the fourteenth aspect, wherein the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference is increased in a case in which the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is equal to or less than the heat-source-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference.
  • In this heat pump system, the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit is reduced by increasing the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference in the control of the capacity of the circulation pump, which is performed to make the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference equal to the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference. Control of the capacity of the circulation pump can therefore be employed which makes the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference equal to the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference regardless of whether the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is equal to or less than the heat-source-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference.
  • A heat pump system according to a sixteenth aspect of the present invention is the heat pump system according to any of the first through eleventh aspects, wherein the first usage-side heat exchanger is a heat exchanger for exchanging heat with the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube and a usage-side refrigerant other than the heat-source-side refrigerant; and the first usage unit further has a usage-side compressor for compressing the usage-side refrigerant; and a refrigerant/water heat exchanger which is capable of functioning as a radiator of the usage-side refrigerant and heating the aqueous medium; and the first usage unit together with the first usage-side heat exchanger constitute a usage-side refrigerant circuit for circulating the usage-side refrigerant.
  • In this heat pump system, in the first usage-side heat exchanger, the usage-side refrigerant circulated through the usage-side refrigerant circuit is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant, the usage-side refrigerant circuit utilizes the heat obtained from the heat-source-side refrigerant, and a refrigeration cycle is obtained which has a higher temperature than the refrigeration cycle in the refrigerant circuit through which the heat-source-side refrigerant circulates. A high-temperature aqueous medium can therefore be obtained by radiation of the usage-side refrigerant in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger.
  • A heat pump system according to a seventeenth aspect of the present invention is the heat pump system according to the sixteenth aspect, further comprising an aqueous medium circuit through which circulates an aqueous medium for exchanging heat with the usage-side refrigerant in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger, the aqueous medium circuit having a variable-capacity circulation pump. In this heat pump system, the capacity of the circulation pump is controlled so that the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit decreases in a case in which a usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference, which is the difference between the pressure of the usage-side refrigerant in the discharge of the usage-side compressor and the pressure of the usage-side refrigerant in the intake of the usage-side compressor, is equal to or less than a predetermined usage-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference.
  • In a configuration in which the aqueous medium is circulated through an aqueous medium circuit, under operating conditions in which the temperature of the aqueous medium is low, such as immediately after the start of operation by the first usage unit, the pressure of the usage-side refrigerant in the discharge of the usage-side compressor decreases, the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference decreases, and lubrication deficiency may occur due to poor circulation of the refrigeration machine oil in the usage-side compressor.
  • However, when the capacity of the circulation pump is controlled so that the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit increases, the temperature of the aqueous medium flowing through the refrigerant/water heat exchanger is less prone to increase, and the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is prevented from increasing.
  • Therefore, in this heat pump system, by providing a variable-capacity circulation pump and controlling the capacity of the circulation pump so that the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit decreases in a case in which the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference, which is the difference between the pressure of the usage-side refrigerant in the discharge of the usage-side compressor and the pressure of the usage-side refrigerant in the intake of the usage-side compressor, is equal to or less than a predetermined usage-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference, the usage-side compressor is not forced to operate unstably, the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is maintained, and lubrication deficiency in the usage-side compressor can be suppressed even in a case in which the temperature of the aqueous medium is low, and the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is prone to decrease, such as immediately after the start of operation by the first usage unit.
  • A heat pump system according to an eighteenth aspect of the present invention is the heat pump system according to the seventeenth aspect, wherein the capacity of the circulation pump is controlled so that the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference, which is the difference between the temperature of the aqueous medium in an outlet of the refrigerant/water heat exchanger and the temperature of the aqueous medium in an inlet of the refrigerant/water heat exchanger, is equal to a predetermined target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference in a case in which the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is greater than the usage-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference.
  • In this heat pump system, the capacity of the circulation pump is controlled so that the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference, which is the difference between the temperature of the aqueous medium in an outlet of the refrigerant/water heat exchanger and the temperature of the aqueous medium in an inlet of the refrigerant/water heat exchanger, is equal to a predetermined target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference in a case in which the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is greater than the usage-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference, and lubrication deficiency is not prone to occur in the usage-side compressor. The heat pump system can therefore operate in conditions suited to the heat exchange capability of the refrigerant/water heat exchanger.
  • A heat pump system according to a nineteenth aspect of the present invention is the heat pump system according to the eighteenth aspect, wherein the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference is increased in a case in which the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is equal to or less than the usage-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference.
  • In this heat pump system, the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit is reduced by increasing the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference in the control of the capacity of the circulation pump, which is performed to make the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference equal to the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference. Control of the capacity of the circulation pump can therefore be employed which makes the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference equal to the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference regardless of whether the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is equal to or less than the usage-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference.
  • A heat pump system according to a twentieth aspect of the present invention is the heat pump system according to any of the first through nineteenth aspects, wherein a plurality of the second usage unit are connected to each other in parallel via the liquid refrigerant communication tube and the gas refrigerant communication tube.
  • In this heat pump system, it is possible to adapt to a plurality of locations and/or applications in which cooling of an air medium is necessary.
  • A heat pump system according to a twenty-first aspect of the present invention is the heat pump system according to any of the first through twentieth aspects, wherein a plurality of the first usage unit are connected to each other in parallel via the discharge refrigerant communication tube and the liquid refrigerant communication tube.
  • In this heat pump system, it is possible to adapt to a plurality of locations and/or applications in which heating of an aqueous medium is necessary.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • FIG. 1 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to a first embodiment and first modification of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing the control of the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit in the first embodiment and a second embodiment.
  • FIG. 3 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modifications 2 through 5, and Modification 8 of the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing the defrosting operation in Modification 3 of the first embodiment and Modification 2 of the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing the defrosting operation in Modification 4 of the first embodiment and Modification 3 of the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing the defrosting operation in Modification 5 of the first embodiment and Modification 4 of the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 7 is a flowchart showing the processing for changing the defrosting time interval in Modification 5 of the first embodiment and Modification 4 of the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 8 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modifications 6 and 8 of the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 9 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modifications 7 and 8 of the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 10 is a flowchart showing the refrigerant recovery operation in Modification 8 of the first embodiment and Modification 7 of the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 11 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modification 9 of the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 12 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modification 10 of the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 13 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modification 10 of the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 14 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modification 10 of the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 15 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modification 11 of the first embodiment.
  • FIG. 16 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to the second embodiment and Modification 1 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 17 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modifications 2 through 4 and Modification 8 of the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 18 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modifications 5 and 7 of the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 19 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modifications 6 and 7 of the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 20 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modification 8 of the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 21 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modification 9 of the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 22 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modification 9 of the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 23 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modification 9 of the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 24 is a view showing the general configuration of the heat pump system according to Modification 10 of the second embodiment.
    •  DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
  • Embodiments of the heat pump system according to the present invention will be described based on the drawings.
    • First Embodiment Configuration Overall Configuration
  • FIG. 1 is a view showing the general configuration of a heat pump system 1 according to a first embodiment of the present invention. The heat pump system 1 is an apparatus capable of operation for heating an aqueous medium, and other operation by utilizing a vapor compression heat pump cycle.
  • The heat pump system 1 has primarily a heat source unit 2, a first usage unit 4 a, a second usage unit 10 a, a discharge refrigerant communication tube 12, a liquid refrigerant communication tube 13, a gas refrigerant communication tube 14, a hot-water storage unit 8 a, a hot-water air-warming unit 9 a, an aqueous medium communication tube 15 a, and an aqueous medium communication tube 16 a The heat source unit 2, the first usage unit 4 a, and the second usage unit 10 a are connected via the refrigerant communication tubes 12, 13, 14, thereby constituting a heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20. The first usage unit 4 a, the hot-water storage unit 8 a, and the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a are connected via the aqueous medium communication tubes 15 a, 16 a, thereby constituting an aqueous medium circuit 80 a. HFC-410A, which is a type of HFC-based refrigerant is enclosed as heat-source-side refrigerant in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20, and an ester-based or ether-based refrigeration machine oil that is compatible with a HFC-based refrigerant is enclosed for lubricating a heat-source-side compressor 21 (described hereinafter). Water as the aqueous medium is circulated in the aqueous medium circuit 80 a.
    • Heat Source Unit
  • The heat source unit 2 is installed outdoors, is connected to the usage unit 4 a and 10 a via the refrigerant communication tubes 12, 13, 14, and constitutes a portion of the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20.
  • The heat source unit 2 has primarily a heat-source-side compressor 21, an oil separation mechanism 22, a heat-source-side switching mechanism 23, a heat-source-side heat exchanger 24, a heat-source-side expansion valve 25, an intake return tube 26, a subcooler 27, a heat-source-side accumulator 28, a liquid-side shutoff valve 29, a gas-side shutoff valve 30, and a discharge-side shutoff valve 31.
  • The heat-source-side compressor 21 is a mechanism for compressing the heat-source-side refrigerant. The heat-source-side compressor 21 used herein is an airtight compressor in which a rotary-type, scroll-type, or other positive-displacement compression element (not shown) housed in a casing (not shown) is driven by a heat-source-side compressor motor 21 a which is also housed in the casing. A high-pressure space (not shown) filled by the heat-source-side refrigerant after compression in the compression element is formed inside the casing of the heat-source-side compressor 21, and refrigeration machine oil is stored in the high-pressure space. The rotation speed (i.e., the operating frequency) of the heat-source-side compressor motor 21 a can be varied by an inverter apparatus (not shown), and the capacity of the heat-source-side compressor 21 can thereby be controlled.
  • The oil separation mechanism 22 is a mechanism for separating refrigeration machine oil included in the heat-source-side refrigerant that is discharged from the heat-source-side compressor 21 and returning the refrigeration machine oil to the intake of the heat-source-side compressor. The oil separation mechanism 22 has primarily an oil separator 22 a provided to a heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b of the heat-source-side compressor 21, and an oil return tube 22 b for connecting the oil separator 22 a and a heat-source-side intake tube 21 c of the heat-source-side compressor 21. The oil separator 22 a is a device for separating refrigeration machine oil included in the heat-source-side refrigerant that is discharged from the heat-source-side compressor 21. The oil return tube 22 b has a capillary tube, and is a refrigerant tube for returning the refrigeration machine oil separated from the heat-source-side refrigerant in the oil separator 22 a to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c of the heat-source-side compressor 21.
  • The heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is a four-way switching valve capable of switching between a heat-source-side radiating operation state in which the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 functions as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant, and a heat-source-side evaporating operation state in which the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 functions as a evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant. The heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is connected to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b, the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c, a first heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 a connected to the gas side of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24, and a second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b connected to the gas-side shutoff valve 30. The heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is capable of switching for communicating the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b with the first heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 a, and communicating the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b with the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c (this switching corresponding to the heat-source-side radiating operation state, indicated by solid lines in the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 in FIG. 1). The heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is also capable of switching for communicating the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b with the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b, and communicating the first heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 a with the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c (this switching corresponding to the heat-source-side evaporating operation state, indicated by dashed lines in the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 in FIG. 1). The heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is not limited to a four-way switching valve, and may configured so as to have a function for switching the same directions of heat-source-side refrigerant flow as those described above, through the use of a combination of a plurality of solenoid valves or the like, for example.
  • The heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is a heat exchanger for functioning as a radiator or evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant by exchanging heat between the heat-source-side refrigerant and outdoor air. A heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a is connected to the liquid side of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24, and the first heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 a is connected to the gas side thereof. The outdoor air for heat exchange with the heat-source-side refrigerant in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is fed by a heat-source-side fan 32 which is driven by a heat-source-side fan motor 32 a.
  • The heat-source-side expansion valve 25 is an electrical expansion valve for performing such functions as depressurizing the heat-source-side refrigerant flowing through the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24, and is provided to the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a.
  • The intake return tube 26 is a refrigerant tube for diverting a portion of the heat-source-side refrigerant flowing through the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a and returning the diverted refrigerant to the intake of the heat-source-side compressor 21, and in the present embodiment, one end of the intake return tube 26 is connected to the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a, and the other end is connected to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c. An intake return expansion valve 26 a, the opening degree of which can be controlled, is provided to the intake return tube 26. The intake return expansion valve 26 a is composed of an electrical expansion valve.
  • The subcooler 27 is a heat exchanger for exchanging heat between the heat-source-side refrigerant flowing through the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a and the heat-source-side refrigerant flowing through the intake return tube 26 (more specifically, the heat-source-side refrigerant that has been depressurized by the intake return expansion valve 26 a).
  • The heat-source-side accumulator 28 is provided to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c, and is a container for temporarily storing the heat-source-side refrigerant circulated through the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 before the heat-source-side refrigerant is drawn into the heat-source-side compressor 21 from the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c.
  • The liquid-side shutoff valve 29 is a valve provided at the connection between the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a and the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13. The gas-side shutoff valve 30 is a valve provided at the connection between the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b and the gas refrigerant communication tube 14. The discharge-side shutoff valve 31 is a valve provided at the connection between the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 and a heat-source-side discharge branch tube 21 d which is diverted from the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b.
  • Various sensors are provided to the heat source unit 2. Specifically, the heat source unit 2 is provided with a heat-source-side intake pressure sensor 33 for detecting a heat-source-side intake pressure Ps1, which is the pressure of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the intake of the heat-source-side compressor 21; a heat-source-side discharge pressure sensor 34 for detecting a heat-source-side discharge pressure Pd1, which is the pressure of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the discharge of the heat-source-side compressor 21; a heat-source-side heat exchange temperature sensor 35 for detecting a heat-source-side heat exchanger temperature Thx, which is the temperature of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the liquid side of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24; and an outdoor air temperature sensor 36 for detecting an outdoor air temperature To.
    • Discharge Refrigerant Communication Tube
  • The discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 is connected to the heat-source-side discharge branch tube 21 d via the discharge-side shutoff valve 31, and is a refrigerant tube capable of directing the heat-source-side refrigerant to the outside of the heat source unit 2 from the discharge of the heat-source-side compressor 21 in any of the heat-source-side radiating operation state and the heat-source-side evaporating operation state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23.
    • Liquid Refrigerant Communication Tube
  • The liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 is connected to the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a via the liquid-side shutoff valve 29, and the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 is a refrigerant tube capable of directing the heat-source-side refrigerant to the outside of the heat source unit 2 from the outlet of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 which functions as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant when the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is in the heat-source-side radiating operation state. The liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 is also a refrigerant tube capable of introducing the heat-source-side refrigerant from outside the heat source unit 2 into the inlet of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 which functions as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant when the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is in the heat-source-side evaporating operation state.
    • Gas Refrigerant Communication Tube
  • The gas refrigerant communication tube 14 is connected to the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b via the gas-side shutoff valve 30. The gas refrigerant communication tube 14 is a refrigerant tube capable of introducing the heat-source-side refrigerant into the intake of the heat-source-side compressor 21 from outside the heat source unit 2 when the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is in the heat-source-side radiating operation state. The gas refrigerant communication tube 14 is also a refrigerant tube capable of directing the heat-source-side refrigerant to the outside of the heat source unit 2 from the discharge of the heat-source-side compressor 21 when the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is in the heat-source-side evaporating operation state.
    • First Usage Unit
  • The first usage unit 4 a is installed indoors, is connected to the heat source unit 2 via the refrigerant communication tubes 12, 13, and constitutes a portion of the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20. The first usage unit 4 a is also connected to the hot-water storage unit 8 a and the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a via the aqueous medium communication tubes 15 a, 16 a, and constitutes a portion of the aqueous medium circuit 80 a.
  • The first usage unit 4 a has primarily a first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a, a first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a, and a circulation pump 43 a.
  • The first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is a heat exchanger for functioning as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant by exchanging heat between the heat-source-side refrigerant and the aqueous medium, a first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a is connected to the liquid side of the flow passage through which the heat-source-side refrigerant flows, a first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a is connected to the gas side of the flow passage through which the heat-source-side refrigerant flows, a first usage-side water inlet tube 47 a is connected to the inlet side of the flow passage through which the aqueous medium flows, and a first usage-side water outlet tube 48 a is connected to the outlet side of the flow passage through which the aqueous medium flows. The liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 is connected to the first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a, the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 is connected to the first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a, the aqueous medium communication tube 15 a is connected to the first usage-side water inlet tube 47 a, and the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a is connected to the first usage-side water outlet tube 48 a.
  • The first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a is an electrical expansion valve whereby the flow rate of heat-source-side refrigerant flowing through the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a can be varied by controlling the opening degree of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a, and the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a is provided to the first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a.
  • The first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a is provided with a first usage-side discharge non-return valve 49 a for allowing the heat-source-side refrigerant to flow toward the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a from the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and preventing the heat-source-side refrigerant from flowing toward the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 from the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a.
  • The circulation pump 43 a is a mechanism for pressurizing the aqueous medium, and the circulation pump 43 a used herein is a pump in which a centrifugal and/or positive-displacement pump element (not shown) is driven by a circulation pump motor 44 a. The circulation pump 43 a is provided to the first usage-side water outlet tube 48 a. The rotation speed (i.e., the operating frequency) of the circulation pump motor 44 a can be varied by an inverter apparatus (not shown), and the capacity of the circulation pump 43 a can thereby be controlled.
  • The first usage unit 4 a is thereby configured so that a hot-water supply operation can be performed in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is caused to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12, whereby the heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is directed to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13, and the aqueous medium is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a.
  • Various sensors are provided to the first usage unit 4 a. Specifically, the first usage unit 4 a is provided with a first usage-side heat exchange temperature sensor 50 a for detecting a first usage-side refrigerant temperature Tsc1, which is the temperature of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the liquid side of the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a; an aqueous medium inlet temperature sensor 51 a for detecting an aqueous medium inlet temperature Twr, which is the temperature of the aqueous medium in the inlet of the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a; and an aqueous medium outlet temperature sensor 52 a for detecting an aqueous medium outlet temperature Tw1, which is the temperature of the aqueous medium in the outlet of the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a.
    • —Hot-Water Storage Unit—
  • The hot-water storage unit 8 a is installed indoors, is connected to the first usage unit 4 a via the aqueous medium communication tubes 15 a, 16 a, and constitutes a portion of the aqueous medium circuit 80 a.
  • The hot-water storage unit 8 a has primarily a hot-water storage tank 81 a and a heat exchange coil 82 a.
  • The hot-water storage tank 81 a is a container for storing water as the aqueous medium for the hot water supply, a hot-water supply tube 83 a for sending the aqueous medium as hot water to a faucet, shower, or the like is connected to the top of the hot-water storage tank 81 a, and a water supply tube 84 a for replenishing the aqueous medium expended by the hot-water supply tube 83 a is connected to the bottom of the hot-water storage tank 81 a.
  • The heat exchange coil 82 a is provided inside the hot-water storage tank 81 a, and is a heat exchanger for functioning as a heater of the aqueous medium in the hot-water storage tank 81 a by exchanging heat between the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a and the aqueous medium inside the hot-water storage tank 81 a. The aqueous medium communication tube 16 a is connected to the inlet of the heat exchange coil 82 a, and the aqueous medium communication tube 15 a is connected to the outlet thereof.
  • The hot-water storage unit 8 a is thereby capable of heating the aqueous medium inside the hot-water storage tank 81 a through the use of the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a, which has been heated in the first usage unit 4 a, and storing the heated aqueous medium as hot water. The type of hot-water storage unit 8 a used herein is a hot-water storage unit for storing, in a hot-water storage tank, the aqueous medium heated by heat exchange with the aqueous medium heated in the first usage unit 4 a, but a type of hot-water storage unit for storing an aqueous medium heated in the first usage unit 4 a in a hot-water storage tank may also be used.
  • Various sensors are also provided to the hot-water storage unit 8 a. Specifically, the hot-water storage unit 8 a is provided with a hot-water storage temperature sensor 85 a for detecting a hot-water storage temperature Twh, which is the temperature of the aqueous medium stored in the hot-water storage tank 81 a.
    • —Hot-Water Air-Warming Unit—
  • The hot-water air-warming unit 9 a is installed indoors, is connected to the first usage unit 4 a via the aqueous medium communication tubes 15 a, 16 a, and constitutes a portion of the aqueous medium circuit 80 a.
  • The hot-water air-warming unit 9 a has primarily a heat exchange panel 91 a, and is composed of a radiator and/or a floor heating panel and other components.
  • The heat exchange panel 91 a is provided alongside a wall or elsewhere indoors when configured as a radiator, and is provided under the floor or elsewhere indoors when configured as a floor heating panel. The heat exchange panel 91 a is a heat exchanger for functioning as a radiator or heater of the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a, and the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a is connected to the inlet of the heat exchange panel 91 a, and the aqueous medium communication tube 15 a is connected to the outlet of the heat exchange panel 91 a.
    • Aqueous Medium Communication Tubes
  • The aqueous medium communication tube 15 a is connected to the outlet of the heat exchange coil 82 a of the hot-water storage unit 8 a, and the outlet of the heat exchange panel 91 a of the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a. The aqueous medium communication tube 16 a is connected to the inlet of the heat exchange coil 82 a of the hot-water storage unit 8 a, and the inlet of the heat exchange panel 91 a of the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a. The aqueous medium communication tube 16 a is provided with an aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a capable of switching between feeding the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a to both the hot-water storage unit 8 a and the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a, or to any one of the hot-water storage unit 8 a and the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a. The aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a is composed of a three-way valve.
    • Second Usage Unit
  • The second usage unit 10 a is installed indoors, is connected to the heat source unit 2 via the refrigerant communication tubes 13, 14, and constitutes a portion of the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20.
  • The second usage unit 10 a has primarily a second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a and a second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a.
  • The second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is a heat exchanger for functioning as a radiator or evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant by exchanging heat between the heat-source-side refrigerant and indoor air as the air medium, a second usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 103 a is connected to the liquid side of the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a, and a second usage-side gas refrigerant tube 104 a is connected to the gas side of the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a. The liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 is connected to the second usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 103 a, and the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 is connected to the second usage-side gas refrigerant tube 104 a. The air medium for exchanging heat with the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is fed by a usage-side fan 105 a driven by a usage-side fan motor 106 a.
  • The second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a is an electrical expansion valve whereby the flow rate of heat-source-side refrigerant flowing through the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a can be varied by controlling the opening degree of the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a, and the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a is provided to the second usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 103 a.
  • The second usage unit 10 a is thereby configured so that an air-cooling operation can be performed in which the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is caused to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 in the heat-source-side radiating operation state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23, whereby the heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is directed to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14, and the air medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a. The second usage unit 10 a is also configured so that an air-warming operation can be performed in which the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is caused to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 in the heat-source-side evaporating operation state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23, whereby the heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is directed to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13, and the air medium is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a.
  • Various sensors are provided to the second usage unit 10 a Specifically, the second usage unit 10 a is provided with an outdoor temperature sensor 107 a for detecting an outdoor temperature Tr.
  • The heat pump system 1 is also provided with a controller (not shown) for performing the operations and/or various types of control described below.
    • Operation
  • The operation of the heat pump system 1 will next be described.
  • The operation modes of the heat pump system 1 include a hot-water supply operation mode for performing only the hot-water supply operation (i.e., operation of the hot-water storage unit 8 a and/or the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a) of the first usage unit 4 a; an air-cooling operation mode for performing only the air-cooling operation of the second usage unit 10 a; an air-warming operation mode for performing only the air-warming operation of the second usage unit 10 a, a hot-water supply/air-warming operation mode for performing the hot-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a as well as the air-warming operation of the second usage unit 10 a; and a hot-water supply/air-cooling operation mode for performing the hot-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a as well as the air-cooling operation of the second usage unit 10 a.
  • The operation in the five operating modes of the heat pump system 1 will next be described.
    • Hot-Water Supply Operation Mode
  • In the case of performing only the hot-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a, the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is switched to the heat-source-side evaporating operation state (indicated by dashed lines in the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 in FIG. 1), and the intake return expansion valve 26 a and the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a are closed in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20. In the aqueous medium circuit 80 a, the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a is switched to the state of feeding the aqueous medium to the hot-water storage unit 8 a and/or the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a.
  • In the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 in such a state, the heat-source-side refrigerant at a low pressure in the refrigeration cycle is drawn into the heat-source-side compressor 21 through the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c and compressed to a high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and subsequently discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b. In the oil separator 22 a, the refrigeration machine oil is separated from the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b. The refrigeration machine oil separated from the heat-source-side refrigerant in the oil separator 22 a is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c through the oil return tube 22 b. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant from which the refrigeration machine oil has been separated is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 through the heat-source-side discharge branch tube 21 d and the discharge-side shutoff valve 31.
  • The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 is sent to the first usage unit 4 a. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage unit 4 a is sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a through the first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a and the first usage-side discharge non-return valve 49 a. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is heat-exchanged with the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a by the circulation pump 43 a and radiated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 through the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a and the first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a.
  • The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 is sent to the heat source unit 2. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat source unit 2 is sent to the subcooler 27 through the liquid-side shutoff valve 29. Since the heat-source-side refrigerant does not flow in the intake return tube 26, the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the subcooler 27 is sent to the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 without exchanging heat. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 is depressurized in the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 to a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 through the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a The low-pressure refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is heat-exchanged with the outdoor air fed by the heat-source-side fan 32 and evaporated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24. The low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 through the first heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 a and the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23. The low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 is again drawn into the heat-source-side compressor 21 through the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c.
  • On the other hand, in the aqueous medium circuit 80 a, the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a. The aqueous medium heated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is drawn into the circulation pump 43 a through the first usage-side water outlet tube 48 a and pressurized, and subsequently sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a The aqueous medium sent to the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a is sent to the hot-water storage unit 8 a and/or the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a through the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a. The aqueous medium sent to the hot-water storage unit 8 a is heat-exchanged with the aqueous medium in the hot-water storage tank 81 a and radiated in the heat exchange coil 82 a, and the aqueous medium in the hot-water storage tank 81 a is thereby heated. The aqueous medium sent to the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a is radiated in the heat exchange panel 91 a, the walls, the indoor floor and other indoor areas are thereby heated.
  • The operations in the hot-water supply operation mode for performing only the hot-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a are thus performed.
    • Air-Cooling Operation Mode
  • In the case of performing only the air-cooling operation of the second usage unit 10 a, the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is switched to the heat-source-side radiating operation state (indicated by solid lines in the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 in FIG. 1), and the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a is closed in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20.
  • In the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 in such a state, the heat-source-side refrigerant at the low pressure in the refrigeration cycle is drawn into the heat-source-side compressor 21 through the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c and compressed to the high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and subsequently discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b In the oil separator 22 a, the refrigeration machine oil is separated from the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b. The refrigeration machine oil separated from the heat-source-side refrigerant in the oil separator 22 a is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c through the oil return tube 22 b. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant from which the refrigeration machine oil has been separated is sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 through the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 and the first heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 a The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is heat-exchanged with the outdoor air fed by the heat-source-side fan 32 and radiated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger is sent to the subcooler 27 through the heat-source-side expansion valve 25. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the subcooler 27 is heat-exchanged with the heat-source-side refrigerant diverted to the intake return tube 26 from the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a, and is cooled to a subcooled state. The heat-source-side refrigerant flowing through the intake return tube 26 is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c The heat-source-side refrigerant cooled in the subcooler 27 is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 through the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a and the liquid-side shutoff valve 29.
  • The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 is sent to the second usage unit 10 a. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage unit 10 a is sent to the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a is depressurized in the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a to a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a through the second usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 103 a The low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is heat-exchanged with the air medium fed by the usage-side fan 105 a and evaporated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a, and indoor air cooling is thereby performed. The low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is sent from the second usage unit 10 a to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 through the second usage-side gas refrigerant tube 104 a.
  • The low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 is sent to the heat source unit 2. The low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat source unit 2 is sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 through the gas-side shutoff valve 30, the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b, and the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23. The low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 is again drawn into the heat-source-side compressor 21 through the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c.
  • The operations in the air-cooling operation mode for performing only the air-cooling operation of the second usage unit 10 a are thus performed.
    • Air-Warming Operation Mode
  • In the case of performing only the air-warming operation of the second usage unit 10 a, the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is switched to the heat-source-side radiating operation state (indicated by dashed lines in the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 in FIG. 1), and the intake return expansion valve 26 a and the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a are closed in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20.
  • In the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 in such a state, the heat-source-side refrigerant at a low pressure in the refrigeration cycle is drawn into the heat-source-side compressor 21 through the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c and compressed to a high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and subsequently discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b. In the oil separator 22 a, the refrigeration machine oil is separated from the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b. The refrigeration machine oil separated from the heat-source-side refrigerant in the oil separator 22 a is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c through the oil return tube 22 b. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant from which the refrigeration machine oil has been separated is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 through the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23, the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b, and the gas-side shutoff valve 30.
  • The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 is sent to the second usage unit 10 a. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage unit 10 a is sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a through the second usage-side gas refrigerant tube 104 a. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is heat-exchanged with the air medium fed by the usage-side fan 105 a and radiated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a, and indoor air warming is thereby performed. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is sent from the second usage unit 10 a to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 through the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a and the second usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 103 a.
  • The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 is sent to the heat source unit 2. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat source unit 2 is sent to the subcooler 27 through the liquid-side shutoff valve 29. Since the heat-source-side refrigerant does not flow in the intake return tube 26, the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the subcooler 27 is sent to the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 without exchanging heat. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 is depressurized in the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 to a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 through the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a. The low-pressure refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is heat-exchanged with the outdoor air fed by the heat-source-side fan 32 and evaporated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24. The low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 through the first heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 a and the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23. The low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 is again drawn into the heat-source-side compressor 21 through the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c.
  • The operations in the air-warming operation mode for performing only the air-warming operation of the second usage unit 10 a are thus performed.
    • Hot-Water Supply/Air-Warming Operation Mode
  • In the case of performing the hot-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a as well as the air-warming operation of the second usage unit 10 a, the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is switched to the heat-source-side evaporating operation state (indicated by dashed lines in the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 in FIG. 1), and the intake return expansion valve 26 a is closed in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20. In the aqueous medium circuit 80 a, the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a is switched to a state in which the aqueous medium is fed to the hot-water storage unit 8 a and/or the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a.
  • In the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 in such a state, the heat-source-side refrigerant at a low pressure in the refrigeration cycle is drawn into the heat-source-side compressor 21 through the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c and compressed to a high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and subsequently discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b. In the oil separator 22 a, the refrigeration machine oil is separated from the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b. The refrigeration machine oil separated from the heat-source-side refrigerant in the oil separator 22 a is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c through the oil return tube 22 b A portion of the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant from which the refrigeration machine oil has been separated is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 through the heat-source-side discharge branch tube 21 d and the discharge-side shutoff valve 31, and the remainder is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 through the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b and the gas-side shutoff valve 30.
  • The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 is sent to the second usage unit 10 a. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage unit 10 a is sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a through the second usage-side gas refrigerant tube 104 a. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is heat-exchanged with the air medium fed by the usage-side fan 105 a and radiated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a, and indoor air warming is thereby performed. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is sent from the second usage unit 10 a to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 through the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a and the second usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 103 a.
  • The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 is sent to the first usage unit 4 a. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage unit 4 a is sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a through the first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a and the first usage-side discharge non-return valve 49 a. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is heat-exchanged with the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a by the circulation pump 43 a and radiated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 through the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a and the first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a.
  • The heat-source-side refrigerant sent from the second usage unit 10 a and the first usage unit 4 a to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 merges in the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13, and is sent to the heat source unit 2. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat source unit 2 is sent to the subcooler 27 through the liquid-side shutoff valve 29. Since the heat-source-side refrigerant does not flow in the intake return tube 26, the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the subcooler 27 is sent to the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 without exchanging heat. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 is depressurized in the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 to a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state and sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 through the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a. The low-pressure refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is heat-exchanged with the outdoor air fed by the heat-source-side fan 32 and evaporated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24. The low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 through the first heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 a and the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23. The low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 is again drawn into the heat-source-side compressor 21 through the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c.
  • In the aqueous medium circuit 80 a, the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is heated by the radiating of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a. The aqueous medium heated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is drawn into the circulation pump 43 a through the first usage-side water outlet tube 48 a and pressurized, and subsequently sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a. The aqueous medium sent to the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a is sent to the hot-water storage unit 8 a and/or the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a through the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a. The aqueous medium sent to the hot-water storage unit 8 a is heat-exchanged with the aqueous medium in the hot-water storage tank 81 a and radiated in the heat exchange coil 82 a, and the aqueous medium in the hot-water storage tank 81 a is thereby heated. The aqueous medium sent to the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a is radiated in the heat exchange panel 91 a, the walls and other indoor areas are thereby heated, and the indoor floor is heated.
  • The operations in the hot-water supply/air-warming operation mode for performing the hot-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a as well as the air-warming operation of the second usage unit 10 a are thus performed.
    • Hot-Water Supply/Air-Cooling Operation Mode
  • In the case of performing the hot-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a as well as the air-cooling operation of the second usage unit 10 a, the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is switched to the heat-source-side radiating operation state (indicated by solid lines in the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 in FIG. 1) in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20. In the aqueous medium circuit 80 a, the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a is switched to a state in which the aqueous medium is fed to the hot-water storage unit 8 a.
  • In the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 in such a state, the heat-source-side refrigerant at a low pressure in the refrigeration cycle is drawn into the heat-source-side compressor 21 through the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c and compressed to a high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and subsequently discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b. In the oil separator 22 a, the refrigeration machine oil is separated from the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b. The refrigeration machine oil separated from the heat-source-side refrigerant in the oil separator 22 a is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c through the oil return tube 22 b A portion of the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant from which the refrigeration machine oil has been separated is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 through the heat-source-side discharge branch tube 21 d and the discharge-side shutoff valve 31, and the remainder is sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 through the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 and the first heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 a. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is heat-exchanged with the outdoor air fed by the heat-source-side fan 32 and radiated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger is sent to the subcooler 27 through the heat-source-side expansion valve 25. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the subcooler 27 is heat-exchanged with the heat-source-side refrigerant diverted to the intake return tube 26 from the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a, and is cooled to a subcooled state. The heat-source-side refrigerant flowing through the intake return tube 26 is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c. The heat-source-side refrigerant cooled in the subcooler 27 is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 through the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a and the liquid-side shutoff valve 29.
  • The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 is sent to the first usage unit 4 a. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage unit 4 a is sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a through the first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a and the first usage-side discharge non-return valve 49 a. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is heat-exchanged with the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a by the circulation pump 43 a and radiated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 through the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a and the first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a.
  • The heat-source-side refrigerant sent from the heat source unit 2 and the first usage unit 4 a to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 merges in the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13, and is sent to the second usage unit 10 a. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage unit 10 a is sent to the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a is depressurized in the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a to a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state and sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a through the second usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 103 a. The low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is heat-exchanged with the air medium fed by the usage-side fan 105 a and evaporated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a, and indoor air-cooling is thereby performed. The low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is sent from the second usage unit 10 a to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 through the second usage-side gas refrigerant tube 104 a.
  • The low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 is sent to the heat source unit 2. The low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat source unit 2 is sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 through the gas-side shutoff valve 30, the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b, and the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23. The low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 is again drawn into the heat-source-side compressor 21 through the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c.
  • On the other hand, in the aqueous medium circuit 80 a, the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a The aqueous medium heated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is drawn into the circulation pump 43 a through the first usage-side water outlet tube 48 a and pressurized, and subsequently sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a The aqueous medium sent to the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a is sent to the hot-water storage unit 8 a through the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a. The aqueous medium sent to the hot-water storage unit 8 a is heat-exchanged with the aqueous medium in the hot-water storage tank 81 a and radiated in the heat exchange coil 82 a, and the aqueous medium in the hot-water storage tank 81 a is thereby heated.
  • The operations in the hot-water supply/air-cooling operation mode for performing the hot-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a as well as the air-cooling operation of the second usage unit 10 a are thus performed.
    • Control of the Flow Rate of the Aqueous Medium Circulating Through the Aqueous Medium Circuit
  • Described next is control of the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a in the above-described hot-water supply operation, hot-water supply/air-warming operation, and hot-water supply/air-cooling operation.
  • In the heat pump system 1, the capacity of the circulation pump 43 a is controlled so that the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTw becomes a predetermined target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTws, the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTw being the difference (i.e., Tw1−Twr) between the temperature of the aqueous medium in the outlet of the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a (i.e., the aqueous medium outlet temperature Tw1) and the temperature of the aqueous medium in the inlet of the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a (i.e., the aqueous medium inlet temperature Twr). More specifically, in the case that the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTw is greater than the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTws, it is determined that the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulating in the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is low, and the operating capacity of the circulation pump 43 a is increased by increasing the rotational speed (i.e., operational frequency) of the circulation pump motor 44 a; and in the case that the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTw is less than the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTws, it is determined that the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulating in the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is high, and the operating capacity of the circulation pump 43 a is reduced by reducing the rotational speed (i.e., operational frequency) of the circulation pump motor 44 a. The flow rate of the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is thereby designed to be suitably controlled. The target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTws is set with consideration given to the design conditions of the heat-exchange capacity of the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a, or other factors.
  • However, in operating conditions in which the temperature of the aqueous medium is low, such as immediately after the operation of the first usage unit 4 a has started, lubrication deficiency is liable to occur when the pressure of the heat-source-side refrigerant (i.e., the heat-source-side discharge pressure Pd1) in the discharge of the heat-source-side compressor 21 falls; the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ΔP1, which is the pressure difference (Pd1−Ps1) between the heat-source-side discharge pressure Pd1 and the pressure of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the intake of the heat-source-side compressor 21 (i.e., the heat-source-side intake pressure Ps1) becomes smaller; and the circulation of refrigeration machine oil inside the heat-source-side compressor 21 worsens.
  • Nevertheless, when the capacity of the circulation pump 43 a is controlled so that the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is increased, the temperature of the aqueous medium flowing through the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is less likely to increase and the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ΔP1 is prevented from increasing.
  • In view of the above, in the heat pump system 1, the capacity of the circulation pump 43 a is controlled so that the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is reduced in the case that the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ΔP1 is equal to or less than a predetermined heat-source-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference ΔP1s. More specifically, the operating capacity of the circulation pump 43 a is controlled (step S1) so that the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTw becomes the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTws (ΔTws=initial value) as described above in the case that the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ΔP1 is greater than the heat-source-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference ΔP1s (from step S2 to step S1), as shown in FIG. 2; and in the case that the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ΔP1 is equal to or less than the heat-source-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference ΔP1s (from step S2 to step S3), it is determined that the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a must be reduced by increasing the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTws (step S3, ΔTws=initial value+correction value), and control is performed to reduce the operating capacity of the circulation pump 43 a by reducing the rotational speed (i.e., operational frequency) of the circulation pump motor 44 a. The heat-source-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference ΔP1s is set with consideration given to the design conditions or the like of the lubrication structure of the heat-source-side compressor 21.
  • The temperature of the aqueous medium flowing through the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is thereby more readily increased, and it is possible to promote an increase in the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ΔP1.
  • After the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ΔP1 has become greater than the heat-source-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference ΔP1s (from step S2 to step S1), the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTws is reduced (step S1, ΔTws=initial value) and a transition is made to normal capacity control of the circulation pump 43 a.
    • Characteristics
  • The heat pump system 1 has the following characteristics.
  • (A) In the heat pump system 1, not only can operation be performed for heating an aqueous medium by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a, but operation is performed for heating the aqueous medium by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a, and it is possible to utilize the heat of cooling obtained by the heat-source-side refrigerant by heating of the aqueous medium for operation in which an air medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a. Therefore, in such cases as when the aqueous medium heated in the first usage unit 4 a is used to supply hot water, and the air medium cooled in the second usage unit 10 a is used for indoor air cooling, for example, it is possible to effectively utilize the heat of cooling, which was not effectively utilized by merely cooling outside air in the heat-source-side heat exchanger in the conventional heat pump water heater, and it is thereby possible to obtain energy-saving effects in a heat pump system capable of heating an aqueous medium by utilizing a heat pump cycle.
  • (B) In the heat pump system 1, in the heat-source-side radiating operation state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23, operation (air-cooling operation) can be performed for cooling the air medium by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a, and in the heat-source-side evaporating operation state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23, operation (air-warming operation) can be performed for heating the air medium by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a. Therefore, the aqueous medium heated in the first usage unit 4 a can be used to supply hot water, and the second usage unit 10 a can be used for indoor air cooling or air warming, for example.
  • (C) In the heat pump system 1, the heat-source-side compressor 21 is not forced to operate unstably, the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ΔP1 is maintained, and lubrication deficiency in the heat-source-side compressor 21 can be suppressed even in a case in which the temperature of the aqueous medium is low, and the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ΔP1 is prone to decrease, such as immediately after the start of operation by the first usage unit 4 a. In the heat pump system 1, the capacity of the circulation pump 43 a is controlled so that the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTw is equal to the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTws in a case in which the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ΔP1 is greater than the heat-source-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference ΔP1s. The heat pump system can therefore operate in conditions suited to the heat exchange capability of the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a. Furthermore, in the heat pump system 1, the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is reduced by increasing the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTws in the control of the capacity of the circulation pump 43 a, which is performed to make the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTw equal to the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTws. Control of the capacity of the circulation pump 43 a can therefore be employed which makes the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTw equal to the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTws regardless of whether the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ΔP1 is equal to or less than the heat-source-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference ΔP1s.
    • (1) Modification 1
  • In order to more effectively use the hot-water supply/air-cooling operation in the heat pump system 1 described above (see FIG. 1), it is possible for the first usage unit 4 a to perform, as required, operation for heating the aqueous medium (hot-water supply operation) using the radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a when the second usage unit 10 a performs operation for cooling the air medium (air-cooling operation) by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a.
  • For example, in the case that air-cooling operation is being performed, the first usage unit 4 a may perform operation for heating the aqueous medium (hot-water supply operation) using the radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a in the case that the hot-water storage temperature Twh of the hot-water storage unit 8 a is equal to or less than the predetermined hot-water storage setting temperature Twhs (i.e., the hot-water supply/air-cooling operation mode).
  • The hot-water storage temperature Twh can be thereby kept at or above the hot-water storage setting temperature Twhs while making effective use of the heat obtained by the heat-source-side refrigerant by cooling the air medium.
    • (2) Modification 2
  • In the heat pump system 1 (see FIG. 1) described above, hot-water supply operation is possible in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant, and the aqueous medium is thereby heated, but, as shown in FIG. 3, it is possible to further connect the first usage unit 4 a to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 and to further provide a first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a capable of switching between an aqueous medium heating operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12, and an aqueous medium cooling operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13; to enable operation (hot-water supply operation) to be performed in which the heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is directed to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13, and the aqueous medium is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a in the aqueous medium heating operation state of the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a; and to enable operation to be performed in which the heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is directed to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14, and the aqueous medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a in the aqueous medium cooling operation state of the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a.
  • The first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a as well as a first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a are connected to the gas side of the flow passage through which the heat-source-side refrigerant flows in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a The gas refrigerant communication tube 14 is connected to the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a. The first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a has a first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a (in this case, the first usage-side discharge non-return valve 49 a is omitted) provided to the first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a, and a first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a provided to the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a; and by opening the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a and closing the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a, the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a is placed in the aqueous medium heating operation state, and by closing the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a and opening the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a, the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a is placed in the aqueous medium cooling operation state. The first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a are composed of solenoid valves, both being capable of on-off control. The first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a may be configured using a three-way valve or the like.
  • In this heat pump system 1, by placing the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a in the aqueous medium heating operation state (i.e., a state in which the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a is open and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a is closed), the same operations in the hot-water supply operation mode and/or the hot-water supply air-warming mode are possible as in the heat pump system 1 (see FIG. 1) described above. In this heat pump system 1, operation is also possible in a cold-water supply/air-cooling operation mode for performing cold-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a as well as air-cooling operation of the second usage unit 10 a.
  • Operation in the cold-water supply/air-cooling operation mode will next be described.
  • In the case of performing the cold-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a as well as the air-cooling operation of the second usage unit 10 a, the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is switched to the heat-source-side radiating operation state (indicated by solid lines in the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 in FIG. 3), and the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a is switched to the aqueous medium cooling operation state (i.e., the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a is closed and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a is open) in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20. In the aqueous medium circuit 80 a, the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a is switched to the state of feeding the aqueous medium to the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a.
  • In the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 in such a state, the heat-source-side refrigerant at a low pressure in the refrigeration cycle is drawn into the heat-source-side compressor 21 through the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c and compressed to a high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and subsequently discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b. In the oil separator 22 a, the refrigeration machine oil is separated from the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b. The refrigeration machine oil separated from the heat-source-side refrigerant in the oil separator 22 a is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c through the oil return tube 22 b. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant from which the refrigeration machine oil has been separated is sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 through the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 and the first heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 a. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is heat-exchanged with the outdoor air fed by the heat-source-side fan 32 and radiated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger is sent to the subcooler 27 through the heat-source-side expansion valve 25. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the subcooler 27 is heat-exchanged with the heat-source-side refrigerant diverted to the intake return tube 26 from the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a, and is cooled to a subcooled state. The heat-source-side refrigerant flowing through the intake return tube 26 is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c. The heat-source-side refrigerant cooled in the subcooler 27 is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 through the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a and the liquid-side shutoff valve 29.
  • The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 is diverted in the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 and sent to the first usage unit 4 a and the second usage unit 10 a.
  • The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage unit 10 a is sent to the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a is depressurized in the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a to a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a through the second usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 103 a. The low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is heat-exchanged with the air medium fed by the usage-side fan 105 a and evaporated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a, and indoor air cooling is thereby performed. The low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is sent from the second usage unit 10 a to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 through the second usage-side gas refrigerant tube 104 a.
  • The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage unit 4 a is sent to the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a is depressurized in the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a to a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a through the first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a. The low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is heat-exchanged with the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a by the circulation pump 43 a and evaporated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a. The low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 through the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a and the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a which constitute the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a.
  • The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 from the second usage unit 10 a and the first usage unit 4 a merges in the gas refrigerant communication tube 14, and is sent to the heat source unit 2. The low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat source unit 2 is sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 through the gas-side shutoff valve 30, the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b, and the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23. The low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 is again drawn into the heat-source-side compressor 21 through the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c.
  • On the other hand, in the aqueous medium circuit 80 a, the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is cooled by the evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a. The aqueous medium cooled in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is drawn into the circulation pump 43 a through the first usage-side water outlet tube 48 a and pressurized, and is subsequently sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a. The aqueous medium sent to the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a is sent to the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a through the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a. The aqueous medium sent to the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a is heat-absorbed in the heat exchange panel 91 a, the walls and other indoor areas are thereby cooled, and the indoor floor is cooled.
  • The operations in the hot-water supply/air-cooling operation mode for performing the cold-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a as well as the air-cooling operation of the second usage unit 10 a are thus performed.
  • The heat pump system 1 is thereby configured so that it is possible to switch between operation (hot-water supply operation) for heating the aqueous medium by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a, and operation (cold-water supply operation) for cooling the aqueous medium by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a, and it is possible to perform operation (air-cooling operation) for cooling the air medium by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a, as well as operation (cold-water supply operation) for cooling the aqueous medium by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a. It is therefore possible to provide comfortable air conditioning by a combination of the first usage unit 4 a and the second usage unit 10 a, whereby the air medium cooled in the second usage unit 10 a is used for indoor air cooling while the aqueous medium cooled in the first usage unit 4 a is used in a radiator, a floor air-warming panel, or the like, for example.
    • (3) Modification 3
  • In the heat pump system 1 (see FIG. 3) having the configuration of Modification 2, by the operations in the hot-water supply operation mode, the air-warming operation mode, and the hot-water supply/air-warming operation mode, defrosting operation may be performed in which the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is caused to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant, and the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is caused to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant by placing the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 in the heat-source-side radiating operation state, and the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is caused to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant by placing the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a in the aqueous-medium cooling operation state (i.e., a state in which the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a is closed and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a is open) in a case in which defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is determined to be necessary.
  • Operation in the defrosting operation is described below with reference to FIG. 4.
  • First, it is determined whether predetermined defrosting operation start conditions have been satisfied (i.e., whether defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is required) (step S11). Here, it is determined whether the defrosting operation start conditions have been satisfied on the basis of whether the defrosting time interval Δtdf (i.e., the cumulative operation time from the end of the previous defrosting operation) has reached the predetermined defrosting time interval setting value Δtdfs.
  • The process starts the defrosting operation below in the case that it has been determined that the defrosting operation start conditions have been satisfied (step S12).
  • When the defrosting operation is started, a switch is made in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 to switch the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 to the heat-source-side radiating operation state (the state indicated by the solid line of heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 of FIG. 3), the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a is switched to the aqueous medium cooling operation state (i.e., the state in which the first usage-side discharge on-off value 55 a is closed and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a is open), and the intake return expansion valve 26 a is set in a closed state.
  • In the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 in such a state, the heat-source-side refrigerant at a low pressure in the refrigeration cycle is drawn into the heat-source-side compressor 21 through the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c and compressed to a high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and subsequently discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b In the oil separator 22 a, the refrigeration machine oil is separated from the high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b. The refrigeration machine oil separated from the heat-source-side refrigerant in the oil separator 22 a is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c through the oil return tube 22 b. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant from which the refrigeration machine oil has been separated is sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 through the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 and the first heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 a The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is heat-exchanged with ice adhering to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 and radiated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger is sent to the subcooler 27 through the heat-source-side expansion valve 25. Since the heat-source-side refrigerant does not flow in the intake return tube 26, the heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the subcooler 27 is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 through the heat-source-side liquid refrigerant tube 24 a and the liquid-side shutoff valve 29 without exchanging heat.
  • The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 branches in the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 and is sent to the first usage unit 4 a and the second usage unit 10 a.
  • The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage unit 10 a is sent to the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a is depressurized in the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a to become a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and is then sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a by way of the second usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 103 a. The low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a undergoes heat exchange with an air medium fed by the usage-side fan 105 a and evaporates in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a. The low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant thus evaporated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is sent from the second usage unit 10 a to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 by way of the second usage-side gas refrigerant tube 104 a.
  • The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage unit 4 a is sent to the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a is depressurized in the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a to become a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and is then sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a by way of the first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a The low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a undergoes heat exchange with an aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a by the circulation pump 43 a, and evaporates in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a. The low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant thus evaporated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 by way of the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a constituting the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a.
  • The heat-source-side refrigerant sent from the second usage unit 10 a and the first usage unit 4 a to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 merges in the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 and is sent to the heat source unit 2. The low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat source unit 2 is sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 by way of the gas-side shutoff valve 30, the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b, and the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23. The low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 is again taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 by way of the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c.
  • In this manner, the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is placed in an operation state for dissipating heat-source-side heat, whereby the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is made to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant and the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant; and the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a is placed in an operation state for cooling the aqueous medium, whereby a defrosting operation is started for causing the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant.
  • It is determined whether predetermined defrosting operation end conditions have been satisfied (i.e., whether defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 has ended; step S13). Here, it is determined whether the defrosting operation end conditions have been satisfied depending on whether the heat-source-side heat exchanger temperature Thx has reached a predetermined defrosting completion temperature Thxs, or whether the defrosting operation time tdf, which is the time elapsed from the start of the defrosting operation, has reached a predetermined defrosting operation setting time tdfs.
  • In the case that it has been determined that the defrosting operation end conditions have been satisfied, the defrosting operation is ended and the process returns to the hot-water supply operation mode, the air-warming operation mode, and/or the hot-water supply/air-warming operation mode (step S14).
  • With the heat pump system 1, the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is thereby made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant and the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant when the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is to be defrosted. Therefore, the defrosting operation time tdf can be made shorter than in the case in which only the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant, and it is possible to prevent the air medium cooled in the second usage unit 10 a from reaching a low temperature.
    • (4) Modification 4
  • In the defrosting operation used in the heat pump system 1 in Modification 3, the aqueous medium cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant is liable to freeze because not only is the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant, but the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is also made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant.
  • In view of the above, in the defrosting operation of the heat pump system 1, the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to stop functioning as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant (step S16) in the case that the temperature of the aqueous medium (in this case, the aqueous medium outlet temperature Tw1) cooled by the evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a has fallen to a predetermined freezing-lower-limit temperature Tfm or less (step S15) before it has been determined that the defrosting operation end conditions have been satisfied (step S13), as shown in FIG. 5. Here, the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a and/or the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a is closed in order to stop the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a from functioning as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant. After the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a has been stopped from functioning as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant, a defrosting operation is carried out to cause only the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant until the defrosting operation end conditions have been satisfied (from step S13 to step S14).
  • With the heat pump system 1, the aqueous medium can be prevented from freezing due to the defrosting operation because the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is stopped from being made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the case that the temperature of the aqueous medium (in this case, the aqueous medium outlet temperature Tw1) cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a has fallen to the freezing-lower-limit temperature Tfm or less.
    • (5) Modification 5
  • With the defrosting operation used in the heat pump system 1 in Modification 3, the aqueous medium cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant is liable to freeze because not only is the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant, but the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is also made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant.
  • In view whereof, in the defrosting operation of the heat pump system 1, a control is performed to reduce the opening degree of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a (step S18) in the case that the temperature of the aqueous medium (in this case, the aqueous medium outlet temperature Tw1) cooled by the evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a has fallen to a predetermined freeze-warning temperature Tfa or less (step S17) before it has been determined that the defrosting operation end conditions have been satisfied (step S13), as shown in FIG. 6. The defrosting operation in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a and the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a are made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant is performed until the defrosting operation end conditions are satisfied while the function of the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant is gradually reduced (from step S13 to step S14). Here, the freeze-warning temperature Tfa may be modified so as to be reduced in accompaniment with the reduction in the opening degree of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a.
  • With the heat pump system 1, the defrosting operation can thereby be continued while the aqueous medium is prevented from freezing because a control is performed to reduce the opening degree of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a in the case that the temperature of the aqueous medium (in this case, the aqueous medium outlet temperature Tw1) cooled by the evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a has fallen to the freeze-warning temperature Tfa or less during the defrosting operation.
  • Although the aqueous medium can be kept from freezing when the opening degree of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a is reduced, defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is insufficiently performed and unmelted ice remains. When such a defrosting operation is repeated, ice-up occurs in which ice grows in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 and the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is liable to no longer sufficiently function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant.
  • In view of this situation, in addition to the control of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a in the defrosting operation of the heat pump system 1, the defrosting time interval-setting value Δtdfs until the start of the next defrosting operation of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is reduced (step S20; Δtdfs=Δtdfs−correction value) in the case that the defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is not completed when the defrosting operation time tdf is equal to or less than the defrosting operation setting time tdfs, i.e., in the case that the defrosting operation time tdf reaches the defrosting operation setting time tdfs before the heat-source-side heat exchanger temperature Thx reaches the predetermined defrosting completion temperature Thxs (step S19), as shown in FIG. 7. Conversely, in the case that defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 has been completed when the defrosting operation time tdf is less than the defrosting operation setting time tdfs, i.e., in the case that the heat-source-side heat exchanger temperature Thx has reached the predetermined defrosting completion temperature Thxs before the defrosting operation time tdf has reached the defrosting operation setting time tdfs (step S19), and in the further case that it has been determined whether the defrosting operation time tdf is equal to or less than a predetermined defrosting operation completion time tdfg (step S21) and the defrosting operation time tdf is not equal to or less than the defrosting operation completion time tdfg, the defrosting time interval-setting value Δtdfs in the next defrosting operation is kept at the current setting value (from step S21 to step S19; Δtdfs=Δtdfs); and in the case that the defrosting operation time tdf is equal to or less than the defrosting operation completion time tdfg, the defrosting time interval-setting value Δtdfs is increased (step S22, Δtdfs=Δtdfs+correction value).
  • In addition to performing control to reduce the opening degree of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a in the heat pump system 1, in the case that the temperature of the aqueous medium (in this case, the aqueous medium outlet temperature Tw1) cooled by the evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is equal to or less than the freeze-warning temperature Tfa during the defrosting operation, the defrosting time interval-setting value Δtdfs until the start of the next defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is reduced in the case that the defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 has not been completed at the defrosting operation setting time tdfs or less, whereby the defrosting operation can be carried out while the freezing of the aqueous medium is prevented and occurrence of ice-up is minimized.
    • (6) Modification 6
  • A configuration such as that of the heat pump system 1 (see FIG. 3) in Modifications 2 to 5 is provided with the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a, which is capable of switching between an aqueous medium-heating operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and an aqueous medium-cooling operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13. In such a configuration, the heat-source-side refrigerant discharged from the heat-source-side compressor 21 stagnates in the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 is liable to be insufficient (i.e., an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate) in the case that the first usage unit 4 a performs operation for cooling the aqueous medium by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant (cool water-supply operation), or in the case that the operation of the first usage unit 4 a is stopped and the second usage unit 10 a (air-cooling operation and/or air-warming operation) is operated (i.e., the case in which the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 is not used).
  • In view of the above, the heat pump system 1 is provided with a first refrigerant recovery mechanism 57 a for placing the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 in communication when the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a is in the aqueous medium-heating operation state or the aqueous medium cooling operation state, as shown in FIG. 8. Here, the first refrigerant recovery mechanism 57 a is a refrigerant tube having a capillary tube in which one end is connected to the portion of the first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a that connects the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a and the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12, and the other end is connected to the portion of the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a that connects the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a and the gas refrigerant communication tube 14, and the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 are in communication regardless of the on-off state of the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a and/or the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a.
  • In the heat pump system 1, the heat-source-side refrigerant is thereby made less likely to stagnate in the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12, and it is therefore possible to minimize the occurrence of an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20.
    • (7) Modification 7
  • A configuration such as that of the heat pump systems 1 (see FIGS. 3 and 8) in Modifications 2 to 6 is provided with the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a, which is capable of switching between an aqueous medium-heating operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and an aqueous medium-cooling operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13. In such a configuration, the heat-source-side refrigerant stagnates in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a and the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 is liable to be insufficient (i.e., an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate) in the case that the operation of the first usage unit 4 a is stopped and the second usage unit 10 a is operated (air-cooling operation or air-warming operation).
  • In view of the above, in this heat pump system 1, there is provided a second refrigerant recovery mechanism 58 a placing the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a and the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 in communication when the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a is in an aqueous medium-heating operation state or in an aqueous medium cooling operation state, as shown in FIG. 9. Here, the second refrigerant recovery mechanism 58 a is a tube having a capillary tube in which one end is connected to the portion of the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a that connects the gas side of the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a, and the other end is connected to the portion of the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a that connects the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a and the gas refrigerant communication tube 14; and the second refrigerant recovery mechanism 58 a bypasses the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a and places the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a and the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 in communication even in the case that the operation of the first usage unit 4 a is stopped.
  • In this heat pump system 1, the heat-source-side refrigerant is thereby made less likely to stagnate in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a, and it is therefore possible to minimize the occurrence of an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20.
    • (8) Modification 8
  • A configuration such as that of the heat pump systems 1 (see FIGS. 3, 8, and 9) in Modifications 2 to 7 is provided with the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a, which is capable of switching between an aqueous medium-heating operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and an aqueous medium-cooling operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13. In such a configuration, the heat-source-side refrigerant discharged from the heat-source-side compressor 21 stagnates in the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 is liable to be insufficient (i.e., an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate) in the case that the first usage unit 4 a performs an operation for cooling the aqueous medium by the cooling of the heat-source-side refrigerant (cool water-supply operation), or in the case that the operation of the first usage unit 4 a is stopped and the second usage unit 10 a (air-cooling operation and/or air-warming operation) is operated (i.e., the case of operation in which the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 is not used); and in the case that the operation of the first usage unit 4 a is stopped and the second usage unit 10 a is operated (air-cooling operation and/or air-warming operation), the heat-source-side refrigerant stagnates in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a and the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 is liable to be insufficient (i.e., an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate).
  • Such an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate is thought to be mostly resolved by providing the first refrigerant recovery mechanism 57 a and/or the second refrigerant recovery mechanism 58 a in Modifications 7 and 8. However, an insufficient flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant (i.e., an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate) taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 is still liable to occur in the case that operation is continued for a long period of time under conditions in which the above-described insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate readily occurs, and/or when the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a and/or the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a constituting the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a has not been sufficiently closed off, or due to some other factor.
  • In view whereof, in this heat pump system 1, a refrigerant recovery operation in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant is performed by setting the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a in an aqueous medium-heating operation state (step S32), in the case that the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a is in an aqueous medium cooling operation state and at least the second usage unit 10 a is operating, and in the case that it has been determined that the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 is insufficient (step S31), as shown in FIG. 10. Here, in relation to determining whether the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant being taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 is insufficient, an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate is determined to have occurred when, e.g., the heat-source-side intake pressure Ps1 is equal to or less than the predetermined refrigerant circulation-rate insufficiency pressure Prc1. Also, the state of operation prior to the refrigerant recovery operation is maintained in relation to the operation of the second usage unit 10 a during the refrigerant recovery operation. After the refrigerant recovery operation has been performed for a predetermined refrigerant recovery operation time trc1 (step S33), the first usage unit 4 a is restored to the operation state that existed prior to the refrigerant recovery operation (step S34).
  • In this heat pump system 1, the heat-source-side refrigerant is thereby made less likely to stagnate in the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12, and since the heat-source-side refrigerant is less likely to stagnate in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a, it is therefore possible to minimize the occurrence of an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20.
    • (9) Modification 9
  • In the heat pump systems 1 (see FIGS. 3, 8, and 9) in the Modifications 2 to 8, the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a is composed of the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a, and the heat-source-side refrigerant is therefore fed from only the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 to the first usage unit 4 a in any operation mode that accompanies a hot-water supply operation.
  • However, the heat-source-side refrigerant is at the high pressure of the refrigeration cycle not only in the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12, but also in the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 in the hot-water supply operation mode and/or the hot-water supply/air-warming operation mode among the operation modes that accompany hot-water supply operation. Therefore, it is also possible to allow high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant to be sent from not only the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12, but also from the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 to the first usage unit 4 a in the hot-water supply operation mode and/or the hot-water supply/air-warming operation mode.
  • In view of the above, in this heat pump system 1, a first usage-side gas non-return valve 59 a and a first usage-side bypass refrigerant tube 60 a are furthermore provided to the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a; and, together with the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a, constitute the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a, as shown in FIG. 11. Here, the first usage-side gas non-return valve 59 a is provided to the portion of the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a that connects the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a and the gas refrigerant communication tube 14. The first usage-side gas non-return valve 59 a is a non-return valve that allows the flow of heat-source-side refrigerant from the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a toward the gas refrigerant communication tube 14, and prohibits the flow of the heat-source-side refrigerant from the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 toward the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a; and the flow of heat-source-side refrigerant from the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 toward the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a by way of the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a is thereby prohibited. The first usage-side bypass refrigerant tube 60 a is connected to the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a so as to bypass the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a and the first usage-side gas non-return valve 59 a, and constitutes a portion of the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a. The first usage-side bypass refrigerant tube 60 a is provided with the first usage-side gas non-return valve 59 a for allowing the flow of heat-source-side refrigerant from the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a and prohibiting the flow of heat-source-side refrigerant from the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14, whereby the flow of heat-source-side refrigerant from the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is allowed by way of the first usage-side bypass refrigerant tube 60 a.
  • In this heat pump system 1, high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant can thereby be sent from not only the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12, but also from the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 to the first usage unit 4 a in the hot-water supply operation mode and the hot-water supply/air-warming operation mode. Therefore, the loss of pressure of the heat-source-side refrigerant fed from the heat source unit 2 to the first usage unit 4 a is reduced, which can contribute to an improvement in the hot-water supply capacity and/or operation efficiency.
    • (10) Modification 10
  • In the heat pump systems 1 described above (see FIGS. 3, 8, 9, and 11), a single first usage unit 4 a and a single second usage unit 10 a are connected to the heat source unit 2 via the refrigerant communication tubes 12, 13, 14, but a plurality of first usage units 4 a, 4 b (two, in this case) may be connected in parallel to each other via the refrigerant communication tubes 12, 13, 14, and/or a plurality of second usage units 10 a. 10 b (two, in this case) may be connected in parallel to each other via the refrigerant communication tubes 13, 14, as shown in FIGS. 12 to 14 (in this case, the hot-water/air-warming unit, the hot-water storage unit, the aqueous medium circuits 80 a. 80 b and the like are not shown). The configuration of the first usage unit 4 b is the same as the configuration of the first usage unit 4 a with the subscript “b” used in place of the subscript “a” of the reference numerals indicating each part of the first usage unit 4 a, and a description of each part of the first usage unit 4 b is therefore omitted. Also, the configuration of the second usage unit 10 b is the same as the configuration of the second usage unit 10 a with the subscript “b” used in place of the subscript “a” of the reference numerals indicating each part of the second usage unit 10 a, and a description of each part of the second usage unit 10 b is therefore omitted.
  • In these heat pump systems 1, it is possible to accommodate a plurality of locations and/or applications that require heating of the aqueous medium, and it is possible to accommodate a plurality of locations and/or applications that require cooling of the air medium.
    • (11) Modification 11
  • In the heat pump systems 1 described above (see FIGS. 3, 8, 9, and 11 to 14), the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valves 102 a, 102 b are provided inside the second usage units 10 a, 10 b, but it is possible to omit the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valves 102 a, 102 b from the second usage units 10 a, 10 b and to provide an expansion valve unit 17 having the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valves 102 a, 102 b, as shown in FIG. 15 (in this case, the hot-water/air-warming unit, the hot-water storage unit, the aqueous medium circuits 80 a, and the like are not shown).
    • Second Embodiment
  • In the heat pump system 1 in the first embodiment and modifications thereof described above, operation must be carried out under conditions in which the pressure of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the discharge of the heat-source-side compressor 21 is increased, or under other poor conditions in order to obtain a high-temperature aqueous medium such as hot water at, e.g., 65° C. or higher, and such an operation is not regarded as a preferred operation.
  • In view of the above, with the heat pump system 200, the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a in the configuration of the heat pump system 1 in the first embodiment described above (FIG. 1) is a heat exchanger for exchanging heat between the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and the usage-side refrigerant, which is separate from the heat-source-side refrigerant; and the first usage unit 4 a is further provided with a usage-side compressor 62 a (described later) for compressing the usage-side refrigerant, and/or a refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a (described later) that can function as a radiator of the usage-side refrigerant and heat the aqueous medium, and, together with the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a, thereby constituting the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a through which the usage-side refrigerant circulates, as shown in FIG. 16. The configuration of the heat pump system 200 is described below.
    • Configuration Overall Configuration
  • FIG. 16 is a schematic structural diagram of the heat pump system 200 according to the second embodiment of the present invention. The heat pump system 200 is an apparatus capable of performing an operation for heating an aqueous medium, and other operation using a vapor compression heat pump cycle.
  • The heat pump system 200 mainly has a heat source unit 2, a first usage unit 4 a, a second usage unit 10 a, a discharge refrigerant communication tube 12, a liquid-refrigerant communication tube 13, a gas-refrigerant communication tube 14, a hot-water storage unit 8 a, a hot-water air-warming unit 9 a, an aqueous medium communication tube 15 a, and an aqueous medium communication tube 16 a. The heat source unit 2, the first usage unit 4 a, and the second usage unit 10 a are connected via the refrigerant communication tubes 12, 13, 14 to thereby constitute a heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20. The first usage unit 4 a constitutes a usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a The first usage unit 4 a, the hot-water storage unit 8 a, and the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a are connected via the aqueous medium communication tubes 15 a, 16 a to thereby constitute an aqueous medium circuit 80 a. HFC-410A, which is a type of HFC-based refrigerant, is enclosed inside the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 as a heat-source-side refrigerant, and an ester-based or ether-based refrigeration machine oil having compatibility in relation to the HFC-based refrigerant is enclosed for lubrication of the heat-source-side compressor 21. HFC-134a, which is a type of HFC-based refrigerant, is enclosed inside the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a as a usage-side refrigerant, and an ester-based or ether-based refrigeration machine oil having compatibility in relation to the HFC-based refrigerant is enclosed for lubrication of the usage-side compressor 62 a. The usage-side refrigerant is preferably one in which the pressure that corresponds to a saturated gas temperature of 65° C. is a maximum gauge pressure of 2.8 MPa or less, and more preferably 2.0 MPa or less from the viewpoint of using a refrigerant that is advantageous for a high-temperature refrigeration cycle. HFC-134a is a type of refrigerant having such saturation pressure characteristics Water as the aqueous medium circulates in the aqueous medium circuit 80 a.
  • In the description related to the configurations below, the same reference numerals will be used and a description omitted for the configuration of the heat source unit 2, the second usage unit 10 a, the hot-water storage unit 8 a, the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a, the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12, the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13, the gas-refrigerant communication tube 14, and the aqueous medium communication tubes 15 a, 16 a, all of which have the same configuration as those of heat pump system 1 in the first embodiment (see FIG. 1). Only the configuration of the first usage unit 4 a will be described.
    • First Usage Unit
  • The first usage unit 4 a is arranged indoors, is connected to the heat source unit 2 and the second usage unit 10 a via the refrigerant communication tubes 12, 13, and constitutes a portion of the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20. The first usage unit 4 a constitutes the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a. The first usage unit 4 a is connected to the hot-water storage unit 8 a and the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a via the aqueous medium communication tubes 15 a, 16 a and constitutes a portion of aqueous medium circuit 80 a.
  • The first usage unit 4 a mainly has the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a, the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a, the usage-side compressor 62 a, the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a, a refrigerant/water heat exchange-side flow rate adjustment valve 66 a, a usage-side accumulator 67 a, and a circulation pump 43 a.
  • The first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is a heat exchanger that functions as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant by performing heat exchange between the heat-source-side refrigerant and the usage-side refrigerant. A first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a is connected to the liquid side of the channel through which the heat-source-side refrigerant flows. A first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a is connected to the gas side of the channel through which the heat-source-side refrigerant flows. A cascade-side liquid-refrigerant tube 68 a is connected to the liquid side of the channel through which the usage-side refrigerant flows, and a second cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 69 a is connected to the gas side of the channel through which the usage-side refrigerant flows. The liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 is connected to the first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a. The discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 is connected to the first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a. The refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is connected to the cascade-side liquid-refrigerant tube 68 a, and the usage-side compressor 62 a is connected to the second cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 69 a.
  • The first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a is an electrical expansion valve that can vary the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant that flows through the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a by controlling the opening degree, and is provided to the first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a.
  • The first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a is provided with a first usage-side discharge non-return valve 49 a for allowing the flow of heat-source-side refrigerant from the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a and for prohibiting the flow of heat-source-side refrigerant from the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a to the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12.
  • The usage-side compressor 62 a is a mechanism for compressing the usage-side refrigerant, and in this case, is a sealed compressor having rotary elements, scroll elements, or other type of positive displacement compression elements (not shown) accommodated in a casing (not shown), and is driven by a usage-side compression motor 63 a accommodated in the same casing. A high-pressure space (not shown) which is filled with the usage-side refrigerant that has been compressed in the compression element is formed inside the casing of the usage-side compressor 62 a, and refrigeration machine oil is accumulated in this high-pressure space. The rotational speed (i.e., operational frequency) of the usage-side compression motor 63 a can be varied by using an inverter device (not shown), whereby the capacity of the usage-side compressor 62 a can be controlled. A cascade-side discharge tube 70 a is connected to the discharge of the usage-side compressor 62 a, and a cascade-side intake tube 71 a is connected to the intake of the usage-side compressor 62 a The cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 71 a is connected to the second cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 69 a.
  • The refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is a heat exchanger that functions as a radiator of the usage-side refrigerant by heat exchange between the usage-side refrigerant and the aqueous medium. A cascade-side liquid-refrigerant tube 68 a is connected to the liquid side of the channel through which the usage-side refrigerant flows. A first cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 72 a is connected to the gas side of the channel through which the usage-side refrigerant flows. A first usage-side water inlet tube 47 a is connected to the inlet side of the channel through which the aqueous medium flows. A first usage-side water outlet tube 48 a is connected to the outlet side of the channel through which the aqueous medium flows. The first cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 72 a is connected to the cascade-side discharge tube 70 a. An aqueous medium communication tube 15 a is connected to the first usage-side water inlet tube 47 a and an aqueous medium communication tube 16 a is connected to the first usage-side water outlet tube 48 a.
  • The refrigerant/water heat exchange-side flow rate adjustment valve 66 a is an electrical expansion valve that can vary the flow rate of the usage-side refrigerant that flows through the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a by controlling the opening degree, and is provided to the cascade-side liquid-refrigerant tube 68 a.
  • The usage-side accumulator 67 a is a container provided to the cascade-side intake tube 71 a and is used for temporarily accumulating the usage-side refrigerant circulating through the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a before the usage-side refrigerant is taken from the cascade-side intake tube 71 a into the usage-side compressor 62 a.
  • In this manner, the usage-side compressor 62 a, the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a, the refrigerant/water heat exchange-side flow rate adjustment valve 66 a, and the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a are connected via the refrigerant tubes 71 a, 70 a, 72 a, 68 a, 69 a to thereby constitute the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a.
  • The circulation pump 43 a is a mechanism for increasing the pressure of the aqueous medium, and in this configuration, is a pump in which a centrifugal and/or positive-displacement pump element (not shown) is driven by a circulation pump motor 44 a. The circulation pump 43 a is provided to the first usage-side water outlet tube 48 a. The rotational speed (i.e., operational frequency) of the circulation pump motor 44 a can be varied by using an inverter device (not shown), whereby the capacity of the circulation pump 43 a can be controlled.
  • The first usage unit 4 a can thereby perform hot-water supply operation by causing the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12, whereby the heat-source-side refrigerant, which has released heat in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a, is directed out to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13, the usage-side refrigerant that circulates through the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a is heated by the radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a, the usage-side refrigerant thus heated is compressed in the usage-side compressor 62 a, and the aqueous medium is thereafter heated by the radiation of the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a.
  • Various types of sensors are provided to the first usage unit 4 a. Specifically provided to the first usage unit 4 a are a first usage-side heat exchange temperature sensor 50 a for detecting a first usage-side refrigerant temperature Tsc1, which is the temperature of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the liquid side of the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a, a first refrigerant/water heat exchange temperature sensor 73 a for detecting a cascade-side refrigerant temperature Tsc2, which is the temperature of the usage-side refrigerant in the liquid side of the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a; an aqueous medium inlet temperature sensor 51 a for detecting an aqueous medium inlet temperature Twr, which is the temperature of the aqueous medium in the inlet of the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a; an aqueous medium outlet temperature sensor 52 a for detecting an aqueous medium outlet temperature Tw1, which is the temperature of the aqueous medium in the outlet of the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a; a usage-side intake pressure sensor 74 a for detecting a usage-side intake pressure Ps2, which is the pressure of the usage-side refrigerant in the intake of the usage-side compressor 62 a, a usage-side discharge pressure sensor 75 a for detecting the usage-side discharge pressure Pd2, which is the pressure of the usage-side refrigerant in the discharge of the usage-side compressor 62 a, and a usage-side discharge temperature sensor 76 a for detecting the usage-side discharge temperature Td2, which is the temperature of the usage-side refrigerant in the discharge of the usage-side compressor 62 a.
  • A control unit (not shown) for performing the following operations and/or various controls is provided to the heat pump system 200.
    • Operation
  • Next, the operation of the heat pump system 200 will be described.
  • The operation modes of the heat pump system 200 include a hot-water supply operation mode in which only the hot-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a is performed (i.e., operation of the hot-water storage unit 8 a and/or the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a), an air-cooling operation mode in which only air-cooling operation of the second usage unit 10 a is performed, an air-warming operation mode in which only air-warming operation of the second usage unit 10 a is performed, a hot-water supply/air-warming operation mode in which hot-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a is performed together with the air-warming operation of the second usage unit 10 a, and a hot-water supply/air-cooling operation mode in which hot-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a is performed together with the air-cooling operation of the second usage unit 10 a.
  • Operation in the five operation modes of the heat pump system 200 is described below.
    • Hot-Water Supply Operation Mode
  • In the case that only hot-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a is to be performed, the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is switched to the heat-source-side evaporating operation state (the state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 indicated by the broken line in FIG. 16) in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20, and an intake-return expansion valve 26 a and the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a are set in a closed state. Also, in the aqueous medium circuit 80 a, the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a is switched to a state in which the aqueous medium is fed to the hot-water storage unit 8 a and/or hot-water air-warming unit 9 a.
  • In the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 in such a state, the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle is taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 by way of the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c, and is discharged to a heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b after having been compressed to a high pressure in the refrigeration cycle. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b has the refrigeration machine oil separated out in the oil separator 22 a The refrigeration machine oil separated out from the heat-source-side refrigerant in the oil separator 22 a is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c by way of the oil return tube 22 b. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant from which the refrigeration machine oil has been separated out is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 by way of the heat-source-side discharge branching tube 21 d and a discharge-side shutoff valve 31.
  • The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 is sent to the first usage unit 4 a. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage unit 4 a is sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a via the first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a and the first usage-side discharge non-return valve 49 a. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a undergoes heat exchange with the low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle that is circulating through the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a and releases heat in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant having released heat in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 via the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a and the first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a.
  • The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 is sent to the heat source unit 2. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat source unit 2 is sent to the subcooler 27 via a liquid-side shutoff valve 29. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the subcooler 27 does not undergo heat exchange and is sent to the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 because the heat-source-side refrigerant does not flow in the intake return tube 26. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 is depressurized in the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 to become a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and is then sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 by way of a heat-source-side liquid-refrigerant tube 24 a The low-pressure refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 undergoes heat exchange with outdoor air fed by the heat-source-side fan 32 and is evaporated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24. The low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 via the first heat-source-side gas-refrigerant tube 23 a and the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23. The low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 is again taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 via the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c.
  • In the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a, the low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle that is circulating through the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a is heated and evaporated by the radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a. The low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant evaporated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is sent to the usage-side accumulator 67 a via the second cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 69 a. The low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant sent to the usage-side accumulator 67 a is taken into the usage-side compressor 62 a via the cascade-side intake tube 71 a, is compressed to high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and is thereafter discharged to the cascade-side discharge tube 70 a. The high-pressure, usage-side refrigerant discharged to the cascade-side discharge tube 70 a is sent to the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a via the first cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 72 a. The high-pressure, usage-side refrigerant sent to the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a undergoes heat exchange with the aqueous medium being circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a by the circulation pump 43 a and releases heat in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a. The high-pressure, usage-side refrigerant having released heat in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is depressurized in the refrigerant/water heat exchange-side flow rate adjustment valve 66 a to become a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and is then sent again to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a by way of the cascade-side liquid-refrigerant tube 68 a.
  • In the aqueous medium circuit 80 a, the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is heated by the radiation of the usage-side refrigerant in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a. The aqueous medium heated in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is taken into the circulation pump 43 a by way of the first usage-side water outlet tube 48 a and pressurized, and is then sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a The aqueous medium sent to the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a is sent to the hot-water storage unit 8 a and/or the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a by way of the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a. The aqueous medium sent to the hot-water storage unit 8 a undergoes heat exchange with the aqueous medium inside the hot-water storage tank 81 a and releases heat in the heat exchange coil 82 a, whereby the aqueous medium inside the hot-water storage tank 81 a is heated. The aqueous medium sent to the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a releases heat in the heat exchange panel 91 a, whereby indoor walls or the like are heated and indoor floors are heated.
  • Operation in the hot-water supply operation mode for performing only hot-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a is performed in this manner.
    • Air-Cooling Operation Mode
  • In the case that only air-cooling operation of the second usage unit 10 a is to be performed, the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is switched to the heat-source-side radiating operation state (the state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 indicated by the solid line in FIG. 16) in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20, and the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a is set in a shutoff state.
  • In the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 in such a state, the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle is taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 via the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c, and is discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b after having been compressed to high pressure in the refrigeration cycle. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b has the refrigeration machine oil separated out in the oil separator 22 a. The refrigeration machine oil separated out from the heat-source-side refrigerant in the oil separator 22 a is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c by way of the oil return tube 22 b. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant from which the refrigeration machine oil has been separated out is sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 by way of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 and a first heat-source-side gas-refrigerant tube 23 a. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 undergoes heat exchange with outdoor air fed by a heat-source-side fan 32 and releases heat in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant having released heat in the heat-source-side heat exchanger is sent to the subcooler 27 via the heat-source-side expansion valve 25. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the subcooler 27 undergoes heat exchange with the heat-source-side refrigerant branched from the heat-source-side liquid-refrigerant tube 24 a to the intake return tube 26 and is cooled to a subcooled state. The heat-source-side refrigerant that flows through the intake return tube 26 is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c. The heat-source-side refrigerant cooled in the subcooler 27 is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 by way of the heat-source-side liquid-refrigerant tube 24 a and the liquid-side shutoff valve 29.
  • The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 is sent to the second usage unit 10 a. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage unit 10 a is sent to the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a is depressurized in the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a to become a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and is then sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a by way of the second usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 103 a. The low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a undergoes heat exchange with an air medium fed by the usage-side fan 105 a and evaporates in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a to thereby perform indoor air cooling. The low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant thus evaporated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is sent from the second usage unit 10 a to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 by way of the second usage-side gas refrigerant tube 104 a.
  • The low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the gas-refrigerant communication tube 14 is sent to the heat source unit 2. The low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat source unit 2 is sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 by way of the gas-side shutoff valve 30, the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b, and the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23. The low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 is again taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 by way of the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c.
  • Operation in the air-cooling operation mode for performing only air-cooling operation of the second usage unit 10 a is performed in this manner.
    • Air-Warming Operation Mode
  • In the case that only air-warming operation of the second usage unit 10 a is to be performed, the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is switched to the heat-source-side radiating operation state (the state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 indicated by the broken line in FIG. 16) in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20, and the intake-return expansion valve 26 a and the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a are in a shutoff state.
  • In the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 in such a state, low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle is taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 via the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c, is compressed to a high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and is thereafter discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b. The refrigeration machine oil of the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b is separated out in the oil separator 22 a. The refrigeration machine oil separated out from the heat-source-side refrigerant in the oil separator 22 a is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c by way of the oil return tube 22 b. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant from which the refrigeration machine oil has been separated out is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the gas-refrigerant communication tube 14 by way of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23, the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b, and the gas-side shutoff valve 30.
  • The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the gas-refrigerant communication tube 14 is sent to the second usage unit 10 a. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage unit 10 a is sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a by way of the second usage-side gas refrigerant tube 104 a. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a undergoes heat exchange with an air medium fed by the usage-side fan 105 a and releases heat in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a to thereby perform indoor air warming. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant thus having released heat in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is sent from the second usage unit 10 a to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 by way of the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a and the second usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 103 a.
  • The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the liquid-refrigerant communication tube 13 is sent to the heat source unit 2. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat source unit 2 is sent to the subcooler 27 by way of the liquid-side shutoff valve 29. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the subcooler 27 is sent to the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 without undergoing heat exchange because the heat-source-side refrigerant does not flow in the intake return tube 26. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 is depressurized in the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 to form a low-pressure, gas-liquid two-phase state, and is then sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 by way of the heat-source-side liquid-refrigerant tube 24 a. The low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 undergoes heat exchange with outdoor air fed by the heat-source-side fan 32 and is evaporated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24. The low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 by way of the first heat-source-side gas-refrigerant tube 23 a and the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23. The low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 is again taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 by way of the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c.
  • Operation in the air-warming operation mode for performing only air-warming operation of the second usage unit 10 a is performed in this manner.
    • —Hot-Water Supply/Air-Warming Operation Mode—
  • In the case that hot-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a and the air-warming operation of the second usage unit 10 a are to be performed together, the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is switched to the heat-source-side evaporating operation state (the state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 indicated by the broken line in FIG. 16) in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20, and the intake-return expansion valve 26 a is in a shutoff state. Also, the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a is switched in the aqueous medium circuit 80 a to a state in which the aqueous medium is fed to the hot-water storage unit 8 a and/or the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a.
  • In the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 in such a state, the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle is taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 by way of the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c, is compressed to high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and is thereafter discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b has the refrigeration machine oil separated out in the oil separator 22 a. The refrigeration machine oil separated out from the heat-source-side refrigerant in the oil separator 22 a is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c by way of the oil return tube 22 b. A portion of the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant from which the refrigeration machine oil has been separated out is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 by way of the heat-source-side discharge branching tube 21 d and a discharge-side shutoff valve 31, and the remainder is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the gas-refrigerant communication tube 14 by way of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23, the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b and the gas-side shutoff valve 30.
  • The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the gas-refrigerant communication tube 14 is sent to the second usage unit 10 a. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage unit 10 a is sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a by way of the second usage-side gas refrigerant tube 104 a. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a undergoes heat exchange with the air medium fed by the usage-side fan 105 a to release heat in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a and thereby perform indoor air warming. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant having released heat in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is sent from the second usage unit 10 a to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 by way of the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a and the second usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 103 a.
  • The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 is sent to the first usage unit 4 a. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage unit 4 a is sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a by way of the first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a and the first usage-side discharge non-return valve 49 a. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a undergoes heat exchange with the low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle that is circulating through the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a and releases heat in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant having released heat in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 by way of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a and the first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a.
  • The heat-source-side refrigerant sent from the second usage unit 10 a and the first usage unit 4 a to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 merges in the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 and is sent to the heat source unit 2. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat source unit 2 is sent to the subcooler 27 by way of the liquid-side shutoff valve 29. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the subcooler 27 is sent to the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 without undergoing heat exchange because the heat-source-side refrigerant does not flow in the intake return tube 26. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 is depressurized in the heat-source-side expansion valve 25 to become a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and is then sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 by way of the heat-source-side liquid-refrigerant tube 24 a. The low-pressure refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 undergoes heat exchange with outdoor air fed by the heat-source-side fan 32 and evaporates in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24. The low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 by way of the first heat-source-side gas-refrigerant tube 23 a and the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23. The low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 is again taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 by way of the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c.
  • In the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a, the low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle that is circulating through the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a is heated and evaporated by the radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a. The low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant evaporated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is sent to the usage-side accumulator 67 a via the second cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 69 a. The low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant sent to the usage-side accumulator 67 a is taken into the usage-side compressor 62 a by way of the cascade-side intake tube 71 a, is compressed to high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and is thereafter discharged to the cascade-side discharge tube 70 a. The high-pressure, usage-side refrigerant discharged to the cascade-side discharge tube 70 a is sent to the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a by way of the first cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 72 a The high-pressure, usage-side refrigerant sent to the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a undergoes heat exchange with the aqueous medium being circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a by the circulation pump 43 a and releases heat in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a. The high-pressure, usage-side refrigerant having released heat in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is depressurized in the refrigerant/water heat exchange-side flow rate adjustment valve 66 a to become a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and is then sent again to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a by way of the cascade-side liquid-refrigerant tube 68 a.
  • In the aqueous medium circuit 80 a, the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is heated by the radiation of the usage-side refrigerant in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a. The aqueous medium heated in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is taken into the circulation pump 43 a by way of the first usage-side water outlet tube 48 a and pressurized, and is then sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a The aqueous medium sent to the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a is sent to the hot-water storage unit 8 a and/or the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a by way of the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a. The aqueous medium sent to the hot-water storage unit 8 a undergoes heat exchange with the aqueous medium inside the hot-water storage tank 81 a and releases heat in the heat exchange coil 82 a, whereby the aqueous medium inside the hot-water storage tank 81 a is heated. The aqueous medium sent to the hot-water air-warming unit 9 a releases heat in the heat exchange panel 91 a, whereby indoor walls or the like are heated and indoor floors are heated.
  • Operation in the hot-water supply/air-warming operation mode for performing hot-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a and air-warming operation of the second usage unit 10 a are performed in this manner.
    • Hot-Water Supply/Air-Cooling Operation Mode
  • In the case that hot-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a and the air-cooling operation of the second usage unit 10 a are to be performed together, the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 is switched to the heat-source-side radiating operation state (the state of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 indicated by the solid line in FIG. 16) in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20. Also, the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a is switched in the aqueous medium circuit 80 a to a state in which the aqueous medium is fed to the hot-water storage unit 8 a.
  • In the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 in such a state, the low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle is taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 by way of the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c, is compressed to high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and is thereafter discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b has the refrigeration machine oil separated out in the oil separator 22 a. The refrigeration machine oil separated out from the heat-source-side refrigerant in the oil separator 22 a is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c by way of the oil return tube 22 b. A portion of the high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant from which the refrigeration machine oil has been separated out is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 by way of the heat-source-side discharge branching tube 21 d and a discharge-side shutoff valve 31, and the remainder is sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 by way of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 and the first heat-source-side gas-refrigerant tube 23 a. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 undergoes heat exchange with outdoor air fed by the heat-source-side fan 32 and releases heat in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant having released heat in the heat-source-side heat exchanger is sent to the subcooler 27 by way of the heat-source-side expansion valve 25. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the subcooler 27 undergoes heat exchange with the heat-source-side refrigerant branched from the heat-source-side liquid-refrigerant tube 24 a to the intake return tube 26 and is cooled to a subcooled state. The heat-source-side refrigerant that flows through the intake return tube 26 is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c. The heat-source-side refrigerant cooled in the subcooler 27 is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 by way of the heat-source-side liquid-refrigerant tube 24 a and the liquid-side shutoff valve 29.
  • The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 is sent to the first usage unit 4 a. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage unit 4 a is sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a by way of the first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a and the first usage-side discharge non-return valve 49 a. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a undergoes heat exchange with the low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle that circulates through the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a and releases heat in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant having released heat in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 by way of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a and the first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a.
  • The heat-source-side refrigerant sent from the heat source unit 2 and the first usage unit 4 a to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 merges in the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 and is sent to the second usage unit 10 a. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage unit 10 a is sent to the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a is depressurized in the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a to become a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and is then sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a by way of the second usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 103 a. The low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a undergoes heat exchange with the air medium fed by the usage-side fan 105 a and evaporates in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a to thereby perform indoor air cooling. The low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is sent from the second usage unit 10 a to the gas-refrigerant communication tube 14 by way of the second usage-side gas refrigerant tube 104 a.
  • The low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the gas-refrigerant communication tube 14 is sent to the heat source unit 2. The low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat source unit 2 is sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 by way of the gas-side shutoff valve 30, the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b, and the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23. The low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 is again taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 by way of the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c.
  • In the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a, the low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle that is circulating through the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a is heated and evaporated by the radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a. The low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant evaporated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is sent to the usage-side accumulator 67 a by way of the second cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 69 a. The low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant sent to the usage-side accumulator 67 a is taken into the usage-side compressor 62 a by way of the cascade-side intake tube 71 a, is compressed to high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and is thereafter discharged to the cascade-side discharge tube 70 a The high-pressure, usage-side refrigerant discharged to the cascade-side discharge tube 70 a is sent to the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a by way of the first cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 72 a. The high-pressure, usage-side refrigerant sent to the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a undergoes heat exchange with the aqueous medium being circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a by the circulation pump 43 a and releases heat in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a. The high-pressure, usage-side refrigerant having released heat in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is depressurized in the refrigerant/water heat exchange-side flow rate adjustment valve 66 a to become a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and is then sent again to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a by way of the cascade-side liquid-refrigerant tube 68 a.
  • In the aqueous medium circuit 80 a, the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is heated by the radiation of the usage-side refrigerant in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a. The aqueous medium heated in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is taken into the circulation pump 43 a by way of the first usage-side water outlet tube 48 a and pressurized, and is then sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a. The aqueous medium sent to the aqueous medium communication tube 16 a is sent to the hot-water storage unit 8 a by way of the aqueous-medium-side switching mechanism 161 a. The aqueous medium sent to the hot-water storage unit 8 a undergoes heat exchange with the aqueous medium inside the hot-water storage tank 81 a and releases heat in the heat exchange coil 82 a, whereby the aqueous medium inside the hot-water storage tank 81 a is heated.
  • Operation in the hot-water supply/air-cooling operation mode for performing hot-water supply operation of the first usage unit 4 a and air-cooling operation of the second usage unit 10 a are performed in this manner.
    • Control of the Flow Rate of the Aqueous Medium Circulating Through the Aqueous Medium Circuit
  • Described next is control of the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a in the above-described hot-water supply operation, hot-water supply/air-warming operation, and hot-water supply/air-cooling operation.
  • In the heat pump system 200, the capacity of the circulation pump 43 a is controlled so that the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTw becomes a predetermined target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTws, the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTw being the difference (i.e., Tw1−Twr) between the temperature of the aqueous medium in the outlet of the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a (i.e., the aqueous medium outlet temperature Tw1) and the temperature of the aqueous medium in the inlet of the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a (i.e., the aqueous medium inlet temperature Twr). More specifically, in the case that the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTw is greater than the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTws, it is determined that the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulating in the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is low, and the operating capacity of the circulation pump 43 a is increased by increasing the rotational speed (i.e., operational frequency) of the circulation pump motor 44 a; and in the case that the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTw is less than the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTws, it is determined that the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulating in the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is high, and the operating capacity of the circulation pump 43 a is reduced by reducing the rotational speed (i.e., operational frequency) of the circulation pump motor 44 a The flow rate of the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is thereby designed to be suitably controlled. The target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTws is set with consideration given to the design conditions of the heat-exchange capacity of the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a, or other factors.
  • However, in operating conditions in which the temperature of the aqueous medium is low, such as immediately after the operation of the first usage unit 4 a has started or at other times, lubrication is liable to be deficient when the pressure of the usage-side refrigerant (i.e., the usage-side discharge pressure Pd2) in the discharge of the usage-side compressor 62 a falls; the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ΔP2, which is the pressure difference (Pd2−Ps2) between the usage-side discharge pressure Pd2 and the pressure of the usage-side refrigerant in the intake of the usage-side compressor 62 a (i.e., the usage-side intake pressure Ps2) becomes smaller, and the circulation of refrigeration machine oil inside the usage-side compressor 62 a worsens.
  • Nevertheless, when the capacity of the circulation pump 43 a is controlled so that the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is increased, die temperature of die aqueous medium flowing through the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is less likely to increase and the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ΔP2 is prevented from increasing.
  • In view of the above, in the heat pump system 200, the capacity of the circulation pump 43 a is controlled so that the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is reduced in the case that the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ΔP2 is equal to or less than a predetermined usage-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference ΔP2s. More specifically, the operating capacity of the circulation pump 43 a is controlled so that the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTw becomes the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTws (ΔTws=initial value) as described above (step S1) in the case that the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ΔP2 is greater than the usage-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference ΔP2s (from step S2 to step S1), as shown in FIG. 2 (note that, ΔP2 and ΔP2s are substituted for ΔP1 and ΔP1s in step S2), and in the case that the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ΔP2 is equal to or less than the usage-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference ΔP2s (from step S2 to step S3), it is determined that the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a must be reduced by increasing the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTws (step S3, ΔTws=initial value+correction value), and control is performed to reduce the operating capacity of the circulation pump 43 a by reducing the rotational speed (i.e., operational frequency) of the circulation pump motor 44 a. The usage-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference ΔP2s is set with consideration given to the design conditions of the lubrication structure of the usage-side compressor 62 a, or other factors.
  • The temperature of the aqueous medium flowing through the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is thereby more readily increased and it is possible to promote an increase in the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ΔP2. The temperature of the usage-side refrigerant that circulates through the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a can also be readily increased because the temperature of the aqueous medium flowing through the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is more readily increased. Therefore, the temperature of the heat-source-side refrigerant for performing heat exchange with the usage-side refrigerant is more readily increased in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a, and an increase in the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ΔP1 in the heat-source-side compressor 21 is thereby facilitated.
  • After the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ΔP2 has become greater than the usage-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference ΔP2s (from step S2 to step S1), the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTws is reduced (step S1, ΔTws=initial value) and a transition is made to normal capacity control of the circulation pump 43 a.
    • Characteristics
  • The heat pump system 200 has the following characteristics.
  • (A) The heat pump system 200 differs from the heat pump system 1 in the first embodiment in that the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a is disposed between the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 and the aqueous medium circuit 80 a, and not only is it possible to perform operation for heating the aqueous medium using the radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a, but it is also possible to use the heat of cooling which is obtained by the heat-source-side refrigerant due to heating of the aqueous medium in the operation for cooling the air medium by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a together with the operation for heating the aqueous medium performed using the radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a, in the same manner as the heat pump system 1 in the first embodiment. Therefore, as described above, it is possible to effectively use heat of cooling such as when the aqueous medium heated in the first usage unit 4 a is used in hot-water supply and the air medium cooled in the second usage unit 10 a is used for indoor air cooling, whereas heat of cooling is not effectively used in conventional heat pump water heaters, which merely cool outside air in a heat-source-side heat exchanger; and energy savings can thereby be ensured in a heat pump system capable of using the heat pump cycle to heat an aqueous medium. Also, in the heat pump system 200, the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is a heat exchanger for directly receiving heat by heat exchange between the heat-source-side refrigerant and the usage-side refrigerant, thus contributing to obtaining a high-temperature aqueous medium with little heat loss when heat is received in the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a from the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20.
  • (B) With this heat pump system 200, the usage-side refrigerant circulating through the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a is heated by the radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a, and the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a can achieve a higher-temperature refrigeration cycle than the refrigeration cycle in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 though which the heat-source-side refrigerant is circulating, by using the heat obtained from the heat-source-side refrigerant. Therefore, a high-temperature aqueous medium can be obtained by the release of heat by the usage-side refrigerant in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a.
  • (C) With this heat pump system 200, operation for cooling the air medium (air-cooling operation) by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a can be performed with the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 in the heat-source-side heat-release operation state; and the operation for heating the air medium (air-warming operation) by the heat released from the heat-source-side refrigerant can be performed in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a with the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 in the heat-source-side evaporating operation state. Therefore, as described above, the aqueous medium heated in the first usage unit 4 a can be used for hot-water supply and the second usage unit 10 a can be used for indoor air cooling and air warming.
  • (D) 62 a is less liable to occur without forcing unstable operation in the usage-side compressor 62 a, even when the temperature of the aqueous medium is low and the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ΔP1 is readily reduced such as immediately after the operation of the first usage unit 4 a has started. Also, the temperature of the aqueous medium that flows through the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a more readily increases, and as a result, lubrication deficiency in the heat-source-side compressor 21 is less likely to occur because the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ΔP1 in the heat-source-side compressor 21 is also ensured. Also, with this heat pump system 200, the capacity of the circulation pump 43 a is controlled so that the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTw becomes the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTws in the case that the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ΔP2 is greater than the usage-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference ΔP2s, and operation can therefore be performed under conditions suitable to the heat exchange capacity of the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a. Furthermore, with this heat pump system 200, the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulating through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a is reduced by increasing the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTws in the control of the capacity of the circulation pump 43 a for bringing the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTw to the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTws. Therefore, it is possible to control the capacity of the circulation pump 43 a for bringing the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTw to the target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference ΔTws regardless of whether the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference ΔP2 is equal to or less than the usage-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference ΔP2s.
    • (1) Modification 1
  • In order to more effectively use the hot-water supply/air-cooling operation in the heat pump system 200 described above (see FIG. 16), it is possible for the first usage unit 4 a to perform, as required, operation for heating the aqueous medium (hot-water supply operation) using the radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a (i.e., heat release by the usage-side refrigerant in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a) when the second usage unit 10 a performs operation for cooling the air medium (air-cooling operation) by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a, in the same manner as the heat pump system 1 in Modification 1 of the first embodiment.
  • For example, in the case that air-cooling operation is being performed, the first usage unit 4 a may perform operation for heating the aqueous medium (hot-water supply operation) using the radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a (i.e., radiation of the usage-side refrigerant in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a) in the case that the hot-water storage temperature Twh of the hot-water storage unit 8 a is equal to or less than the predetermined hot-water storage setting temperature Twhs (i.e., the hot-water supply/air-cooling operation mode).
  • The hot-water storage temperature Twh can thereby be kept at or above the hot-water storage setting temperature Twhs while making effective use of the heat obtained by the heat-source-side refrigerant by cooling the air medium.
    • (2) Modification 2
  • In the heat pump system 200 (see FIG. 16) described above, as shown in FIG. 17, it is possible to furthermore provide the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a with a second usage-side switching mechanism 64 a capable of switching between a usage-side heat-release operation state in which the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is made to function as a radiator of the usage-side refrigerant and the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as an evaporator of the usage-side refrigerant, and a usage-side evaporating operation state in which the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is made to function as an evaporator of the usage-side refrigerant and the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as a radiator of the usage-side refrigerant; and it is possible to further connect the first usage unit 4 a to the gas-refrigerant communication tube 14 and to further provide a first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a capable of switching between an aqueous medium-heating operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12, and an aqueous medium-cooling operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13.
  • Here, the second usage-side switching mechanism 64 a is a four-way switching valve, and is connected to the cascade-side discharge tube 70 a, the cascade-side intake tube 71 a, the first cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 72 a, and the second cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 69 a. The second usage-side switching mechanism 64 a is capable of switching between placing the cascade-side discharge tube 70 a and the first cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 72 a in communication and the second cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 69 a and the cascade-side intake tube 71 a in communication (corresponding to the usage-side heat-release operation state, see the solid line of second usage-side switching mechanism 64 a in FIG. 17), and placing the cascade-side discharge tube 70 a and the second cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 69 a in communication and the first cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 72 a and the cascade-side intake tube 71 a in communication (corresponding to the usage-side evaporating operation state; see the broken line of second usage-side switching mechanism 64 a in FIG. 17). The second usage-side switching mechanism 64 a is not limited to being a four-way switching valve, but may also be, e.g., a configuration in which a plurality of solenoid valves are used in combination to achieve a function similar to that described above for switching the direction of flow of the usage-side refrigerant.
  • The first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a is connected together with the first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a to the gas side of the channel through which the heat-source-side refrigerant of the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a flows. The gas-refrigerant communication tube 14 is connected to the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a The first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a has a first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a (in this case, the first usage-side discharge non-return valve 49 a is omitted) provided to the first usage-side discharge refrigerant tube 46 a, and a first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a provided to the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a, and is used for setting an aqueous medium-heating operation state by opening the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a and closing the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a, and setting an aqueous medium-cooling operation state by closing the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a and opening the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a. The first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a are composed of solenoid valves, both being capable of on-off control. The first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a may be configured using a three-way valve or the like.
  • With the heat pump system 200 having such a configuration, in the case that defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 has been determined to be required depending on operation in the hot-water supply operation mode, the air-warming operation mode, and the hot-water supply/air-warming operation mode, it is possible to perform a defrosting operation in which the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is made to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant by setting the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 in a heat-source-side heat-release operation state, the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant and the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is made to function as an evaporator of the usage-side refrigerant by setting the second usage-side switching mechanism 64 a in a usage-side evaporating operation state; and the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as a radiator of the usage-side refrigerant.
  • Operation in the defrosting operation is described below with reference to FIG. 4.
  • First, it is determined whether predetermined defrosting operation start conditions have been satisfied (i.e., whether defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is required) (step S11). Here, it is determined whether the defrosting operation start conditions have been satisfied on the basis of whether the defrosting time interval Δtdf (i.e., the cumulative operation time from the end of the previous defrosting operation) has reached the predetermined defrosting time interval setting value Δtdfs.
  • The process starts the defrosting operation below in the case that it has been determined that the defrosting operation start conditions have been satisfied (step S12).
  • When the defrosting operation is started, a switch is made in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 to switch the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 to the heat-source-side heat-release operation state (the state indicated by the solid line of heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 of FIG. 17), a switch is made in the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a to switch the second usage-side switching mechanism 64 a to the usage-side evaporating operation state (the state indicated by the broken line of second usage-side switching mechanism 64 a in FIG. 17), the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a is switched to the aqueous medium-cooling operation state (i.e., the state in which the first usage-side discharge on-off value 55 a is closed and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a is open), and the intake-return expansion valve 26 a is set in a closed state.
  • In the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20 in such a state, the low-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle is taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 by way of the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c, compressed to high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and thereafter discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b. The high-pressure heat-source-side refrigerant discharged to the heat-source-side discharge tube 21 b has the refrigeration machine oil separated out in the oil separator 22 a. The refrigeration machine oil separated out from the heat-source-side refrigerant in the oil separator 22 a is returned to the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c by way of the oil return tube 22 b. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant from which the refrigeration machine oil has been separated out is sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 by way of the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 and the first heat-source-side gas-refrigerant tube 23 a. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 undergoes heat exchange with ice deposited in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 and heat is released in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24. The high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant having released heat in the heat-source-side heat exchanger is sent to the subcooler 27 by way of the heat-source-side expansion valve 25. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the subcooler 27 is sent from the heat source unit 2 to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 by way of the heat-source-side liquid-refrigerant tube 24 a and the liquid-side shutoff valve 29 without undergoing heat exchange because the heat-source-side refrigerant does not flow in the intake return tube 26.
  • The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 branches in the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13 and is sent to the first usage unit 4 a and the second usage unit 10 a.
  • The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage unit 10 a is sent to the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a is depressurized in the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 102 a to become a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and is then sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a by way of the second usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 103 a. The low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a undergoes heat exchange with an air medium fed by the usage-side fan 105 a and evaporates in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a. The low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant thus evaporated in the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is sent from the second usage unit 10 a to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 by way of the second usage-side gas refrigerant tube 104 a.
  • The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage unit 4 a is sent to the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a. The heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a is depressurized in the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a to become a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and is then sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a by way of the first usage-side liquid refrigerant tube 45 a. The low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a undergoes heat exchange with the high-pressure usage-side refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle that is circulated through the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a and evaporates in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a. The low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant thus evaporated in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is sent from the first usage unit 4 a to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 by way of the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a constituting the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a.
  • The heat-source-side refrigerant sent from the second usage unit 10 a and the first usage unit 4 a to the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 merges in the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 and is sent to the heat source unit 2. The low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat source unit 2 is sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 by way of the gas-side shutoff valve 30, the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b, and the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23. The low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant sent to the heat-source-side accumulator 28 is again taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 by way of the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c.
  • The high-pressure, usage-side refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle that circulates through the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a releases heat in the usage-side refrigerant circuit 40 a by the evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a. The high-pressure, usage-side refrigerant having released heat in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is sent to the refrigerant/water heat exchange-side flow rate adjustment valve 66 a. The high-pressure, usage-side refrigerant sent to the refrigerant/water heat exchange-side flow rate adjustment valve 66 a is depressurized in the refrigerant/water heat exchange-side flow rate adjustment valve 66 a to become a low-pressure gas-liquid two-phase state, and is then sent to the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a by way of the cascade-side liquid-refrigerant tube 68 a. The low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant sent to the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a undergoes heat exchange with the aqueous medium circulated through the aqueous medium circuit 80 a by the circulation pump 43 a and evaporates in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a. The low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant thus evaporated in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is sent to the usage-side accumulator 67 a by way of the first cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 72 a and the second usage-side switching mechanism 64 a. The low-pressure, usage-side refrigerant sent to the usage-side accumulator 67 a is taken into the usage-side compressor 62 a by way of the cascade-side intake tube 71 a, compressed to high pressure in the refrigeration cycle, and thereafter discharged to the cascade-side discharge tube 70 a. The high-pressure, usage-side refrigerant discharged to the cascade-side discharge tube 70 a is again sent to the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a by way of the second usage-side switching mechanism 64 a and the second cascade-side gas-refrigerant tube 69 a.
  • In this manner, the defrosting operation is started in which the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is made to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant by setting the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 in the heat-source-side heat-release operation state; the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant and the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is made to function as an evaporator of the usage-side refrigerant by setting the second usage-side switching mechanism 64 a in a usage-side evaporating operation state; and the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as a radiator of the usage-side refrigerant (i.e., as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant).
  • It is determined whether predetermined defrosting operation end conditions have been satisfied (i.e., whether defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 has ended; step S13). Here, it is determined whether the defrosting operation end conditions have been satisfied depending on whether the heat-source-side heat exchanger temperature Thx has reached the predetermined defrosting completion temperature Thxs, or whether the defrosting operation time tdf, which is the time elapsed from the start of the defrosting operation, has reached a predetermined defrosting operation setting time tdfs.
  • In the case that it has been determined that the defrosting operation end conditions have been satisfied, the defrosting operation is ended and the process returns to the hot-water supply operation mode, the air-warming operation mode, and/or the hot-water supply/air-warming operation mode (step S14).
  • With the heat pump system 200, when the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is to be defrosted, not only is the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 made to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant by setting the heat-source-side switching mechanism 23 in the heat-source-side heat-release operation state, but also the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is made to function as an evaporator of the usage-side refrigerant by setting the second usage-side switching mechanism 64 a in the usage-side evaporating operation state because the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as a radiator of the usage-side refrigerant, the heat-source-side refrigerant cooled by heat release in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is heated by the radiation of the usage-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a, and the usage-side refrigerant cooled by heat release in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a can be heated by evaporation in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a. The defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 can thereby be reliably performed. The defrosting operation time tdf can be shortened, and it is possible to prevent the air medium cooled in the second usage unit 10 a from reaching a low temperature because the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a is also made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant.
    • (3) Modification 3
  • In the defrosting operation used in the heat pump system 200 in Modification 2, the aqueous medium cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant (i.e., evaporation of the usage-side refrigerant) is liable to freeze because not only is the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant, but the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is also made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant (i.e., causing the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a to also function as an evaporator of the usage-side refrigerant).
  • In view of the above, in the defrosting operation of the heat pump system 200, the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to stop functioning (step S16) as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant (i.e., causing the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a to function as an evaporator of the usage-side refrigerant) in the case that the temperature of the aqueous medium (in this case, the aqueous medium outlet temperature Tw1) cooled by the evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant (i.e., evaporation of the usage-side refrigerant in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a) in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a has fallen to a predetermined freezing-lower-limit temperature Tfm or less (step S15) before it has been determined that the defrosting operation end conditions have been satisfied (step S13), as shown in FIG. 5. Here, the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a and/or the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a is closed and the usage-side compressor 62 a is stopped in order to stop the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a from functioning as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant (i.e., causing the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a to function as an evaporator of the usage-side refrigerant) After the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a has been stopped from functioning as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant (i.e., causing the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a to function as an evaporator of the usage-side refrigerant), the defrosting operation is carried out to cause only the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant until the defrosting operation end conditions have been satisfied (from step S13 to step S14).
  • With the heat pump system 200, the aqueous medium can thereby be prevented from freezing due to the defrosting operation because the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to stop functioning as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant (i.e., causing the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a to function as an evaporator of the usage-side refrigerant) in the case that the temperature of the aqueous medium (in this case, the aqueous medium outlet temperature Tw1) cooled by the evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant (i.e., evaporation of the usage-side refrigerant in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a) in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is equal to or less than the freezing-lower-limit temperature Tfm during the defrosting operation.
    • (4) Modification 4
  • In the defrosting operation used in the heat pump system 200 in Modification 2, the aqueous medium cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant (i.e., evaporation of the usage-side refrigerant) is liable to freeze because not only is the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant, but the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is also made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant (i.e., because the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a is also made to function as an evaporator of the usage-side refrigerant).
  • In view of the above, in the defrosting operation of the heat pump system 200, the opening degree of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a is reduced (step S18) in the case that the temperature of the aqueous medium (in this case, the aqueous medium outlet temperature Tw1) cooled by the evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant (i.e., evaporation of the usage-side refrigerant) in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a has fallen to a predetermined freeze-warning temperature Tfa or less (step S17) before it has been determined that the defrosting operation end conditions have been satisfied (step S13), as shown in FIG. 6. The defrosting operation in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a and the second usage-side heat exchanger 101 a are made to function as evaporators of the heat-source-side refrigerant is performed until the defrosting operation end conditions are satisfied while the function of the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant (i.e., function as an evaporator of the usage-side refrigerant of the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a) is gradually reduced (from step S13 to step S14). Here, the freeze-warning temperature Tfa may be modified so as to be reduced in accompaniment with the reduction in the opening degree of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a.
  • With the heat pump system 200, the defrosting operation can therefore be continued while the aqueous medium is prevented from freezing because control is performed to reduce the opening degree of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a in the case that the temperature of the aqueous medium (in this case, the aqueous medium outlet temperature Tw1) cooled by the evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a (i.e., evaporation of the usage-side refrigerant in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a) has fallen to the freeze-warning temperature Tfa or less during the defrosting operation.
  • Although the aqueous medium can be kept from freezing by reducing the opening degree of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a, defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is insufficiently performed and unmelted ice remains. When such defrosting operation is repeated, ice-up occurs in which ice grows in the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 and the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is liable to no longer sufficiently function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant.
  • In view of this situation, in addition to such control of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a in the defrosting operation of the heat pump system 200, the defrosting time interval-setting value Δtdfs until the start of the next defrosting operation of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is reduced (step S20; Δtdfs=Δtdfs−correction value) in the case that the defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is not completed when the defrosting operation time tdf is equal to or less than the defrosting operation setting time tdfs, i.e., in the case that the defrosting operation time tdf reaches the defrosting operation setting time tdfs before the heat-source-side heat exchanger temperature Thx reaches the predetermined defrosting completion temperature Thxs (step S19), as shown in FIG. 7. Conversely, in the case that defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 has been completed when the defrosting operation time tdf is less than the defrosting operation setting time tdfs, i.e., in the case that the heat-source-side heat exchanger temperature Thx has reached the predetermined defrosting completion temperature Thxs before the defrosting operation time tdf has reached the defrosting operation setting time tdfs (step S19), and in the further case that it has been determined whether the defrosting operation time tdf is equal to or less than a predetermined defrosting operation completion time tdfg (step S21) and the defrosting operation time tdf is not equal to or less than the defrosting operation completion time tdfg, the defrosting time interval-setting value Δtdfs in the next defrosting operation is kept at the current setting value (from step S21 to step S19; Δtdfs=Δtdfs), and in the case that the defrosting operation time tdf is equal to or less than the defrosting operation completion time tdfg, the defrosting time interval-setting value Δtdfs is increased (step S22; Δtdfs=Δtdfs+correction value).
  • In addition to performing a control to reduce the opening degree of the first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve 42 a in the heat pump system 200, in the case that the temperature of the aqueous medium (in this case, the aqueous medium outlet temperature Tw1) cooled by the evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a (i.e., evaporation of the usage-side refrigerant in the refrigerant/water heat exchanger 65 a) is equal to or less than the freeze-warning temperature Tfa during the defrosting operation, the defrosting time interval-setting value Δtdfs until the start of the next defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 is reduced in the case that the defrosting of the heat-source-side heat exchanger 24 has not been completed at the defrosting operation setting time tdfs or less, whereby the defrosting operation can be carried out while the freezing of the aqueous medium is prevented and occurrence of ice-up is minimized.
    • (5) Modification 5
  • A configuration such as that of the heat pump system 200 (see FIG. 17) in Modifications 2 to 4 is provided with the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a, which is capable of switching between an aqueous medium-heating operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and an aqueous medium-cooling operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13. In such a configuration, the heat-source-side refrigerant discharged from the heat-source-side compressor 21 stagnates in the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 is liable to be insufficient (i.e., an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate) in the case that operation of the first usage unit 4 a is stopped and the second usage unit 10 a (air-cooling operation or air-warming operation) is operated (i.e., the case in which the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 is not used).
  • In view of the above, the heat pump system 200 is provided with a first refrigerant recovery mechanism 57 a for placing the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 in communication when the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a is in the aqueous medium-heating operation state or the aqueous medium cooling operation state in the same manner as Modification 6 (FIG. 8) of the first embodiment, as shown in FIG. 18.
  • In the heat pump system 200, the heat-source-side refrigerant is thereby made less likely to stagnate in the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12, and it is therefore possible to minimize the occurrence of an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20.
    • (6) Modification 6
  • A configuration such as that of the heat pump system 200 (see FIGS. 17 and 18) in Modifications 2 to 5 is provided with the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a, which is capable of switching between an aqueous medium-heating operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and an aqueous medium-cooling operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13. In such a configuration, the heat-source-side refrigerant stagnates in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a and the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 is liable to be insufficient (i.e., an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate) in the case that the operation of the first usage unit 4 a is stopped and the second usage unit 10 a is operated (air-cooling operation and/or air-warming operation).
  • In view of the above, the heat pump system 200 is provided with a second refrigerant recovery mechanism 58 a placing the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a and the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 in communication when the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a is in the aqueous medium-heating operation state or the aqueous medium cooling operation state in the same manner as Modification 7 (see FIG. 9) of the first embodiment, as shown in FIG. 19.
  • In this heat pump system 200, the heat-source-side refrigerant is thereby made less likely to stagnate in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a, and it is therefore possible to minimize the occurrence of an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20.
    • (7) Modification 7
  • A configuration such as that of the heat pump systems 200 (see FIGS. 17 to 19) in Modifications 2 to 6 is provided with the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a, which is capable of switching between an aqueous medium-heating operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and an aqueous medium-cooling operation state in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from the liquid refrigerant communication tube 13. In such a configuration, the heat-source-side refrigerant discharged from the heat-source-side compressor 21 stagnates in the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 and the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 is liable to be insufficient (i.e., an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate) in the case that the operation of the first usage unit 4 a is stopped and the second usage unit 10 a (air-cooling operation or air-warming operation) is operated (i.e., the case of operation in which the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 is not used); and in the case that the operation of the first usage unit 4 a is stopped and the second usage unit 10 a is operated (air-cooling operation or air-warming operation), the heat-source-side refrigerant stagnates in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a and the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 is liable to be insufficient (i.e., an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate).
  • Such an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate is thought to be mostly resolved by providing the first refrigerant recovery mechanism 57 a and/or the second refrigerant recovery mechanism 58 a in Modifications 6 and 7. However, an insufficient flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant (i.e., an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate) taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 is still liable to occur in the case that operation is continued for a long period of time under conditions in which the above-described insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate readily occurs, and/or when the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a and/or the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a constituting the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a has not been sufficiently closed off, or due to some other factor.
  • In view whereof, in this heat pump system 200, a refrigerant recovery operation in which the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a is made to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant is performed by setting the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a in an aqueous medium-heating operation state (step S32), in the case that the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a is in an aqueous medium cooling operation state and at least the second usage unit 10 a is operating, and in the case that it has been determined that the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 is insufficient (step S31), in the same manner as Modification 8 of the first embodiment, as shown in FIG. 10. Here, in relation to determining whether the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant being taken into the heat-source-side compressor 21 is insufficient, an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate is determined to have occurred when, e.g., the heat-source-side intake pressure Ps1 is equal to or less than the predetermined refrigerant circulation-rate insufficiency pressure Prc1. Also, the state of operation prior to the refrigerant recovery operation is maintained in relation to the operation of the second usage unit 10 a during the refrigerant recovery operation. After the refrigerant recovery operation has been performed for a predetermined refrigerant recovery operation time trc1 (step S33), the first usage unit 4 a is restored to the operation state that existed prior to the refrigerant recovery operation (step S34).
  • In this heat pump system 200, the heat-source-side refrigerant is thereby made less likely to stagnate in the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12, and since the heat-source-side refrigerant is less likely to stagnate in the first usage-side heat exchanger 41 a, it is therefore possible to minimize the occurrence of an insufficient refrigerant-circulation rate in the heat-source-side refrigerant circuit 20.
    • (8) Modification 8
  • In the heat pump systems 200 (see FIGS. 17 to 19) in the Modifications 2 to 7, the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a is composed of the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a, and the heat-source-side refrigerant is therefore fed from only the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12 to the first usage unit 4 a in any operation mode that accompanies a hot-water supply operation.
  • However, the heat-source-side refrigerant is at the high pressure of the refrigeration cycle not only in the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12, but also in the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 in the hot-water supply operation mode and/or the hot-water supply/air-warming operation mode among the operation modes that accompany hot-water supply operation. Therefore, it is also possible to allow high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant to be sent from not only the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12, but also from the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 to the first usage unit 4 a in the hot-water supply operation mode and/or the hot-water supply/air-warming operation mode.
  • In view of the above, in this heat pump system 200, the first usage-side gas non-return valve 59 a and the first usage-side bypass refrigerant tube 60 a are furthermore provided to the first usage-side gas refrigerant tube 54 a, and together with the first usage-side discharge on-off valve 55 a and the first usage-side gas on-off valve 56 a, constitute the first usage-side switching mechanism 53 a, as shown in FIG. 20, in the same manner as Modification 9 of the first embodiment (see FIG. 11).
  • In this heat pump system 200, high-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant can thereby be sent from not only the discharge refrigerant communication tube 12, but also from the gas refrigerant communication tube 14 to the first usage unit 4 a in the hot-water supply operation mode and the hot-water supply/air-warming operation mode. Therefore, the loss of pressure of the heat-source-side refrigerant fed from the heat source unit 2 to the first usage unit 4 a is reduced, contributing to an improvement in the hot-water supply capacity and operation efficiency.
    • (9) Modification 9
  • In the heat pump systems 200 described above (see FIGS. 17 to 20), a single first usage unit 4 a and a single second usage unit 10 a are connected to the heat source unit 2 via the refrigerant communication tubes 12, 13, 14, but a plurality (two, in this case) of first usage units 4 a, 4 b may be connected in parallel to each other via the refrigerant communication tubes 12, 13, 14, and/or a plurality of (two, in this case) second usage units 10 a, 10 b may be connected in parallel to each other via the refrigerant communication tubes 12, 14 in the same manner as Modification 10 of the first embodiment (see FIGS. 12 to 14), as shown in FIGS. 21 to 23 (in this case, the hot-water/air-warming unit, the hot-water storage unit, the aqueous medium circuits 80 a. 80 b, and the like are not shown). The configuration of the first usage unit 4 b is the same as the configuration of the first usage unit 4 a with the subscript “b” used in place of the subscript “a” of the reference numerals indicating each part of the first usage unit 4 a, and a description of each part of the first usage unit 4 b is therefore omitted. Also, the configuration of the second usage unit 10 b is the same as the configuration of the second usage unit 10 a with the subscript “b” used in place of the subscript “a” of the reference numerals indicating each part of the second usage unit 10 a, and a description of each part of the second usage unit 10 b is therefore omitted.
  • In these heat pump systems 200, it is possible to accommodate a plurality of locations and/or applications that require heating of the aqueous medium, and it is possible to accommodate a plurality of locations and/or applications that require cooling of the air medium.
    • (10) Modification 10
  • In the heat pump systems 200 described above (see FIGS. 17 to 21), the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valves 102 a, 102 b are provided inside the second usage units 10 a, 10 b, but it is possible to omit the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valves 102 a. 102 b from the second usage units 10 a, 10 b and to provide an expansion valve unit 17 having the second usage-side flow rate adjustment valves 102 a, 102 b, as shown in FIG. 24 (in this case, the hot-water/air-warming unit, the hot-water storage unit, the aqueous medium circuits 80 a, and the like are not shown).
    • Other Embodiments
  • Embodiments of the present invention and modifications thereof were described above with reference to the drawings, but specific configurations are not limited to these embodiments and modifications thereof, and it is possible to make modifications within a range that does not depart from the spirit of the invention.
  • (A) In the heat pump system 1 of the first embodiment and modifications thereof, the gas-refrigerant communication tube 14 may be used as a refrigerant tube in which low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant flows in the refrigeration cycle by, e.g., placing the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b and the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c in communication, whereby the second usage- side heat exchangers 101 a, 101 b are made to function only as evaporators of the heat-source-side refrigerant, and the second usage units 10 a, 10 b are used as cooling-dedicated usage units. In this case as well, operation in the hot-water supply/air-cooling operation mode is possible and energy savings can be ensured.
  • (B) In the heat pump system 200 of the second embodiment and modifications thereof, the gas-refrigerant communication tube 14 may be used as a refrigerant tube in which low-pressure, heat-source-side refrigerant flows in the refrigeration cycle by, e.g., placing the second heat-source-side gas refrigerant tube 23 b and the heat-source-side intake tube 21 c in communication, whereby the second usage- side heat exchangers 101 a, 101 b are made to function only as evaporators of the heat-source-side refrigerant, and the second usage units 10 a, 10 b are used as cooling-dedicated usage units. In this case as well, operation in the hot-water supply/air-cooling operation mode is possible and energy savings can be ensured.
  • (C) In the heat pump systems 1, 200 of the first and second embodiments and modifications thereof, the second usage units 10 a, 10 b may be used for refrigeration and/or freezing, and purposes other than air cooling and air warming, rather than as usage units used for indoor air cooling and air warming.
  • (D) in the heat pump system 200 of the second embodiment and modifications thereof, HFC-134a is used as the usage-side refrigerant, but no limitation is imposed thereby, and it is also possible to use, e.g., HFO-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene) or another refrigerant in which the pressure that corresponds to a saturated gas temperature of 65° C. is a maximum gauge pressure of 2.8 MPa or less, preferably 2.0 MPa or less.
  • The use of the present invention makes it possible to ensure energy savings in a heat pump system that can heat an aqueous medium using a heat pump cycle.

Claims (18)

What is claimed is:
1. A heat pump system comprising:
a heat source unit having
a heat-source-side compressor arranged to compress a heat-source-side refrigerant,
a heat-source-side heat exchanger, and
a heat-source-side switching mechanism switchable between
a heat-source-side radiating operation state in which said heat-source-side heat exchanger functions as a radiator of a heat-source-side refrigerant, and
a heat-source-side evaporating operation state in which said heat-source-side heat exchanger functions as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant;
a discharge refrigerant communication tube capable of directing the heat-source-side refrigerant to the outside of said heat source unit from a discharge of said heat-source-side compressor in said heat-source-side radiating operation state and said heat-source-side evaporating operation state of said heat-source-side switching mechanism;
a liquid refrigerant communication tube capable of
directing the heat-source-side refrigerant to the outside of said heat source unit from an outlet of said heat-source-side heat exchanger functioning as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant in said heat-source-side radiating operation state of said heat-source-side switching mechanism, and
introducing the heat-source-side refrigerant into an inlet of said heat-source-side heat exchanger functioning as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant from outside said heat source unit in said heat-source-side evaporating operation state of said heat-source-side switching mechanism:
a gas refrigerant communication tube capable of introducing the heat-source-side refrigerant into an intake of said heat-source-side compressor from outside said heat source unit;
a first usage unit connected to said discharge refrigerant communication tube and said liquid refrigerant communication tube, the first usage unit having a first usage-side heat exchanger capable of functioning as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from said discharge refrigerant communication tube, and the first usage unit being capable of performing operation in which
the heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in said first usage-side heat exchanger is directed to said liquid refrigerant communication tube, and
an aqueous medium is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in said first usage-side heat exchanger, and
a second usage unit connected to said liquid refrigerant communication tube and said gas refrigerant communication tube, the second usage unit having a second usage-side heat exchanger capable of functioning as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from said liquid refrigerant communication tube in said heat-source-side radiating operation state of said heat-source-side switching mechanism, and the second usage unit being capable of
directing the heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in said second usage-side heat exchanger to said gas refrigerant communication tube, and
performing operation in which an air medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in said second usage-side heat exchanger.
2. The heat pump system according to claim 1, further comprising:
a usage-side switching mechanism switchable between
an aqueous-medium heating operation state in which said first usage-side heat exchanger functions as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from said discharge refrigerant communication tube, and
an aqueous-medium cooling operation state in which said first usage-side heat exchanger functions as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from said liquid refrigerant communication tube,
said first usage unit being further connected to said gas refrigerant communication tube, and said first usage unit being capable of
performing operation in which the heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in said first usage-side heat exchanger is directed to said liquid refrigerant communication tube, and the aqueous medium is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in said first usage-side heat exchanger in said aqueous-medium heating operation state of said usage-side switching mechanism; and
performing operation in which the heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in said first usage-side heat exchanger is directed to said gas refrigerant communication tube, and the aqueous medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in said first usage-side heat exchanger in said aqueous-medium cooling operation state of said usage-side switching mechanism.
3. The heat pump system according to claim 1, wherein
said gas refrigerant communication tube is capable of
introducing the heat-source-side refrigerant to an intake of said heat-source-side compressor from outside said heat source unit in said heat-source-side radiating operation state of said heat-source-side switching mechanism, and
directing the heat-source-side refrigerant to the outside of said heat source unit from a discharge of said heat-source-side compressor in said heat-source-side evaporating operation state of said heat-source-side switching mechanism, and
said second usage unit is capable of performing operation in which
said second usage-side heat exchanger functions as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from said gas refrigerant communication tube in said heat-source-side evaporating operation state of said heat-source-side switching mechanism,
the heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in said second usage-side heat exchanger is directed to said liquid refrigerant communication tube, and
the air medium is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in said second usage-side heat exchanger; and
the heat pump system further comprises
a usage-side switching mechanism switchable between
an aqueous-medium heating operation state in which said first usage-side heat exchanger functions as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from said discharge refrigerant communication tube, and
an aqueous-medium cooling operation state in which said first usage-side heat exchanger functions as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from said liquid refrigerant communication tube,
said first usage unit being-further connected to said gas refrigerant communication tube, and said first usage unit being capable of
performing operation in which the heat-source-side refrigerant radiated in said first usage-side heat exchanger is directed to said liquid refrigerant communication tube, and the aqueous medium is heated by radiation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in said first usage-side heat exchanger in said aqueous-medium heating operation state of said usage-side switching mechanism, and
performing operation in which the heat-source-side refrigerant evaporated in said first usage-side heat exchanger is directed to said gas refrigerant communication tube, and the aqueous medium is cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in said first usage-side heat exchanger in said aqueous-medium cooling operation state of said usage-side switching mechanism, and
a defrosting operation being performed in which
said heat-source-side heat exchanger is caused to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant, and said second usage-side heat exchanger is caused to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant by placing said heat-source-side switching mechanism in said heat-source-side radiating operation state, and
said first usage-side heat exchanger is caused to function as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant by placing said usage-side switching mechanism in said aqueous-medium cooling operation state in a case in which defrosting of said heat-source-side heat exchanger is determined to be necessary.
4. The heat pump system according to claim 3, wherein
functioning of said first usage-side heat exchanger as an evaporator of the heat-source-side refrigerant is stopped in a case in which temperature of the aqueous medium cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in said first usage-side heat exchanger is equal to or less than a predetermined freezing-lower-limit temperature during said defrosting operation.
5. The heat pump system according to claim 3, further comprising:
a first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve capable of varying flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant that flows through said first usage-side heat exchanger,
during said defrosting operation, control being performed to reduce an opening degree of said first usage-side flow rate adjustment valve
in a case in which the temperature of the aqueous medium cooled by evaporation of the heat-source-side refrigerant in said first usage-side heat exchanger is equal to or less than a predetermined freeze-warning temperature, and
in a case in which a defrosting operation time, which is an elapsed time from a start of defrosting operation, is equal to or less than a predetermined defrosting operation set time, and defrosting of said heat-source-side heat exchanger is not completed, a predetermined defrosting time interval setting value until the start of the next defrosting of said heat-source-side heat exchanger is reduced.
6. The heat pump system according to claim 2, further comprising:
a first refrigerant recovery mechanism arranged to communicate said discharge refrigerant communication tube and said gas refrigerant communication tube in any of said aqueous medium heating operation state and said aqueous medium cooling operation state of said usage-side switching mechanism.
7. The heat pump system according to claim 2, further comprising:
a second refrigerant recovery mechanism arranged to communicate said first usage-side heat exchanger and said gas refrigerant communication tube in any of said aqueous medium heating operation state and said aqueous medium cooling operation state of said usage-side switching mechanism.
8. The heat pump system according to claim 2, wherein
a refrigerant recovery operation is performed in which said usage-side switching mechanism is placed in said aqueous medium heating operation state, and said first usage-side heat exchanger is thereby caused to function as a radiator of the heat-source-side refrigerant in a case in which the flow rate of the heat-source-side refrigerant taken into said heat-source-side compressor is determined to be inadequate in a case in which said usage-side switching mechanism is in said aqueous medium cooling operation state and said second usage unit is at least operating.
9. The heat pump system according to claim 1, wherein
said first usage-side heat exchanger is arranged to exchange heat between the heat-source-side refrigerant and the aqueous medium.
10. The heat pump system according to claim 9, further comprising:
an aqueous medium circuit through which an aqueous medium circulates in order to exchange heat with the heat-source-side refrigerant in said first usage-side heat exchanger, the aqueous medium circuit having a variable-capacity circulation pump,
the capacity of said circulation pump being controlled so that the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulated through said aqueous medium circuit decreases in a case in which a heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is equal to or less than a predetermined heat-source-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference, and
the heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference being the difference between the pressure of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the discharge of said heat-source-side compressor and the pressure of the heat-source-side refrigerant in the intake of said heat-source-side compressor.
11. The heat pump system according to claim 10, wherein
the capacity of said circulation pump is controlled so that an aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature is equal to a predetermined target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference in a case in which said heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is greater than said heat-source-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference; and
the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference is the difference between the temperature of the aqueous medium in an outlet of said first usage-side heat exchanger and the temperature of the aqueous medium in an inlet of said first usage-side heat exchanger.
12. The heat pump system according to claim 11, wherein
said target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference is increased in a case in which said heat-source-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is equal to or less than said heat-source-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference.
13. The heat pump system according to claim 1, wherein
said first usage-side heat exchanger is arranged to exchange heat with the heat-source-side refrigerant introduced from said discharge refrigerant communication tube and a usage-side refrigerant other than the heat-source-side refrigerant;
said first usage unit further has
a usage-side compressor arranged to compress the usage-side refrigerant, and
a refrigerant/water heat exchanger capable of functioning as a radiator of the usage-side refrigerant and heating the aqueous medium, and
said first usage unit together with said first usage-side heat exchanger constitute a usage-side refrigerant circuit through which the usage-side refrigerant circulates.
14. The heat pump system according to claim 13, further comprising:
an aqueous medium circuit through which an aqueous medium circulates in order to exchange heat with the usage-side refrigerant in said refrigerant/water heat exchanger, the aqueous medium circuit having a variable-capacity circulation pump,
the capacity of said circulation pump being controlled so that the flow rate of the aqueous medium circulated through said aqueous medium circuit decreases in a case in which a usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is equal to or less than a predetermined usage-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference,
the usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference being the difference between the pressure of the usage-side refrigerant in the discharge of said usage-side compressor and the pressure of the usage-side refrigerant in the intake of said usage-side compressor.
15. The heat pump system according to claim 14, wherein
the capacity of said circulation pump is controlled so that the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference is equal to a predetermined target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference in a case in which said usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is greater than said usage-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference; and
the aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference is the difference between the temperature of the aqueous medium in an outlet of said refrigerant/water heat exchanger and the temperature of the aqueous medium in an inlet of said refrigerant/water heat exchanger.
16. The heat pump system according to claim 15, wherein
said target aqueous medium outlet/inlet temperature difference is increased in a case in which said usage-side outlet/inlet pressure difference is equal to or less than said usage-side low differential pressure protection pressure difference.
17. The heat pump system according to claim 1, wherein
a plurality of said second usage units are connected to each other in parallel via said liquid refrigerant communication tube and said gas refrigerant communication tube.
18. The heat pump system according to claim 1, wherein
a plurality of said first usage units are connected to each other in parallel via said discharge refrigerant communication tube and said liquid refrigerant communication tube.
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US9581361B2 (en) 2017-02-28
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EP2402686A4 (en) 2017-04-26
JP2010196950A (en) 2010-09-09
AU2010219244A1 (en) 2011-10-13
AU2010219244B2 (en) 2012-11-01
EP2402686A1 (en) 2012-01-04
US20110296861A1 (en) 2011-12-08
KR101241631B1 (en) 2013-03-11
WO2010098061A1 (en) 2010-09-02
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CN102326039A (en) 2012-01-18
CN102326039B (en) 2013-07-17

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