US20160101199A1 - Method for upregulating antigen expression - Google Patents

Method for upregulating antigen expression Download PDF

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US20160101199A1
US20160101199A1 US14/890,737 US201414890737A US2016101199A1 US 20160101199 A1 US20160101199 A1 US 20160101199A1 US 201414890737 A US201414890737 A US 201414890737A US 2016101199 A1 US2016101199 A1 US 2016101199A1
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radioimmunoconjugate
cells
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antibody
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Roy H. Larsen
Ada Repetto-Llamazares
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Thor Medical ASA
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
    • A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
    • A61K51/04—Organic compounds
    • A61K51/08—Peptides, e.g. proteins, carriers being peptides, polyamino acids, proteins
    • A61K51/10—Antibodies or immunoglobulins; Fragments thereof, the carrier being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. a camelised human single domain antibody or the Fc fragment of an antibody
    • A61K51/1027—Antibodies or immunoglobulins; Fragments thereof, the carrier being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. a camelised human single domain antibody or the Fc fragment of an antibody against receptors, cell-surface antigens or cell-surface determinants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
    • A61K39/39533—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals
    • A61K39/39558—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals against tumor tissues, cells, antigens
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
    • A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
    • A61K51/04—Organic compounds
    • A61K51/08—Peptides, e.g. proteins, carriers being peptides, polyamino acids, proteins
    • A61K51/10—Antibodies or immunoglobulins; Fragments thereof, the carrier being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. a camelised human single domain antibody or the Fc fragment of an antibody
    • A61K51/1093—Antibodies or immunoglobulins; Fragments thereof, the carrier being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. a camelised human single domain antibody or the Fc fragment of an antibody conjugates with carriers being antibodies
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
    • A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
    • A61K51/04—Organic compounds
    • A61K51/08—Peptides, e.g. proteins, carriers being peptides, polyamino acids, proteins
    • A61K51/10—Antibodies or immunoglobulins; Fragments thereof, the carrier being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. a camelised human single domain antibody or the Fc fragment of an antibody
    • A61K51/1093—Antibodies or immunoglobulins; Fragments thereof, the carrier being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. a camelised human single domain antibody or the Fc fragment of an antibody conjugates with carriers being antibodies
    • A61K51/1096—Antibodies or immunoglobulins; Fragments thereof, the carrier being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. a camelised human single domain antibody or the Fc fragment of an antibody conjugates with carriers being antibodies radioimmunotoxins, i.e. conjugates being structurally as defined in A61K51/1093, and including a radioactive nucleus for use in radiotherapeutic applications
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A61P35/02—Antineoplastic agents specific for leukemia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2887—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against CD20
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2896—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against molecules with a "CD"-designation, not provided for elsewhere
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
    • A61K2039/507—Comprising a combination of two or more separate antibodies

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to radioimmunoconjugates that are capable of upregulating expression of one or more antigens.
  • the upregulated antigens can be the antigens that are targeted by the radioimmunoconjugates or different antigens expressed on the same cells.
  • MAT monoclonal antibody therapy
  • Radioimmunotherapy has been approved as a therapeutic option in cancer therapy (Stevens et al., 2012).
  • Today radioimmunotherapy is mainly used in those patient experiencing relapse from chemotherapy and/or MAT (Stevens et al., 2012).
  • monoclonal antibody therapy can cause reduced expression of antigen on tumor cells (Musto et al., 2011) as well as antibody combined with chemotherapy (Hiraga et al., 2009).
  • radioimmunotherapy as a reduction treatment, e.g., rituximab (the antibody) is given as a conditioning treatment before Zevalin (the radioimmunoconjugate).
  • the present invention relates to radioimmunoconjugates that are capable of upregulating expression of one or more antigens.
  • the upregulated antigens can be the antigens that are targeted by the radioimmunoconjugates, different antigens expressed on the same cells or a combination.
  • This expression allows targeting and specific inhibition of cancer cells and cells of the immune system.
  • one aspect of the present invention relates to a radioimmunoconjugate comprising a monoclonal antibody, an optional linker, and a radionuclide, for use in upregulating antigen expression of one or more antigens.
  • the present invention are the one or more upregulated antigens expressed on the surface of B-cell cancer cells.
  • in another embodiment of the present invention is the upregulation done prior to immunotherapy or immunoconjugate therapy in a patient suffering from cancer.
  • a B-cell malignancy selected from the group consisting of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
  • the linker a chelating linker selected from the group consisting of p-SCN-bn-DOTA, DOTA-NHS-ester, p-SCN-Bn-DTPA and CHX-A′′-DTPA.
  • the radionuclide selected from the group consisting of 47 Sc, 67 Cu, 90 Y, 105 Rh, 117 mSn, 131 I, 149 Tb, 153 Sm, 161 Tb, 165 Dy, 177 Lu, 186 Re, 188 Re, 211 At, 212 Pb, 212 Bi, 213 Bi, 223 Ra, 224 Ra, 225 Ac, and 227 Th.
  • the upregulated antigen selected from the group consisting of CD37, CD19, CD20, CD21, CD22, HLA-DR, CD23, CD39, CD52, CDw75, and CD80.
  • radioimmunoconjugate formulated as a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present invention comprises the pharmaceutical composition one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or adjuvants.
  • radioimmunoconjugate is followed by simultaneous or post-treatment with antibody therapy, immunoconjugate therapy or a combination thereof.
  • the upregulated antigen CD20 in another embodiment of the present invention is the upregulated antigen CD20, and the upregulation is followed by anti-CD20 antibody therapy with rituximab in a single administration or in a repeated administration pattern.
  • Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of upregulating antigen expression comprising administration of a radioimmunoconjugate to a person in which an upregulated antigen expression would be advantageous.
  • In one embodiment of the present invention is the person suffering from a B-cell malignancy.
  • radioimmunoconjugate is followed by simultaneous or post-treatment with antibody therapy, immunoconjugate therapy or a combination thereof.
  • radioimmunotherapy and immunotherapy or immunoconjugate therapy is repeated in several cycles.
  • the radioimmunotherapy is given as a low dose which by itself has a low cell kill effect in tumors, but has a significant antigen upregulation.
  • FIG. 2 shows upregulation of CD37 and CD20 for Daudi cells incubated during 1 h and 24 h with 177 Lu-tetulomab (Betalutin) as measured by flow cytometry.
  • FIG. 3 shows antigen expression increase after 1 h of incubation with 177 Lu-tetulomab (Betalutin) as measured by flow cytometry.
  • FIG. 4 shows upregulation of CD20 and CD37 for cells treated with 177 Lu-rituximab (Betalutin) as measured by flow cytometry.
  • FIG. 5 shows % increase in binding of 125 I-rituximab to tumor cells after radioimmunotherapy vs. control 4 days/8 days/11 days/15 days after adding Betalutin or control as measured by cell binding assay.
  • FIG. 6 shows biodistribution of 125 I-rituximab 3 days after injection of 125 I-rituximab. Mice had been injected 5 days earlier either with 350 MBq/kg Betalutin (treated) or cold HH1 (control).
  • the present inventors have to their surprise found when doing experiments with low dose rate beta emitting 177 Lu-labeled HH1 antibody (also named 177 Lu-tetulomab or Betalutin) against the B-cell associated antigen CD37, that cells treated with this would up-regulate the expression of both CD37 and CD20, another B-cell associated antigen.
  • 177 Lu-labeled HH1 antibody also named 177 Lu-tetulomab or Betalutin
  • therapy with 177 Lu-HH1 may improve condition for MAT in B-cell diseases like cancer and autoimmune disease.
  • radioimmunotherapy treatment caused increased expression of both the CD37 and the CD20 antigens. This would implicate that radioimmunotherapy with, e.g., 177 Lu-HH-1 could be used as an induction treatment to antibody therapy, since antibody therapy depends heavily on a good expression of the antigen.
  • a new way of using targeted antibody therapy can be envisioned, i.e, induction therapy with radioimmunotherapy followed by antibody or antibody-conjugate therapy in the following days and weeks to exploit the increased antigen expression.
  • the present invention relates to radioimmunoconjugates that are capable of upregulating expression of one or more antigens.
  • the upregulated antigens can be the antigens that are targeted by the radioimmunoconjugates, different antigens expressed on the same cells or a combination.
  • This expression allows targeting and specific inhibition of cancer cells and cells of the immune system.
  • one aspect of the present invention relates to a radioimmunoconjugate comprising a monoclonal antibody, an optional linker, and a radionuclide, for use in upregulating antigen expression or one or more antigens.
  • the present invention are the one or more upregulated antigens expressed on the surface of B-cell cancer cells.
  • the radioimmunoconjugates of the present invention downregulate cells of the immune system.
  • Such cells of the immune system may be diseased such as in autoimmune diseases.
  • In another embodiment of the present invention is the upregulation done prior to immunotherapy or immunoconjugate therapy in a patient suffering from cancer or a disease.
  • the patient is suffering from a B-cell malignancy selected from the group consisting of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
  • the patient is suffering from a B-cell malignancy that is non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
  • the patient is suffering from a B-cell malignancy that is acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.
  • the patient is suffering from a B-cell malignancy that is chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
  • the radioimmunotherapy is given as a low dose which by itself has a low cell kill effect on tumors, but has a significant antigen upregulation.
  • upregulated defined as a significantly higher expression of the antigen at protein level or mRNA level.
  • This inventions has surprisingly showed that a pretreatment of a B-cell malignancy using 177 Lu-labeled HH1 antibody is capable of upregulating the rituximab target CD20.
  • one aspect of the present invention relates to the use of a combinational treatment of a B-cell malignancy using 177 Lu-labeled HH1 antibody followed by rituximab.
  • a preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to 177 Lu-labeled HH1 antibody followed by rituximab for use in the treatment of a B-cell malignancy.
  • This window between administration of 177 Lu-labeled HH1 antibody and rituximab can be uptimized to generate the maximum upregulation on CD20.
  • the window will typically be at least one day, 3-5 days or 3-10 days.
  • the window may also be 0-30 days, more preferably 3-15 days after administering radioimmunotherapy.
  • co- or pre-treatment may be considered as long as the antibody is present in substantial concentration in the blood at the time when antigen up-regulation take place.
  • radioimmunotherapy with other radiolabeled antibodies against CD37 or other antigens associated with hematological cancer, e.g., radiolabeled anti-CD20 antibodies including ibritumomab, tositumomab, rituximab, ofatumumab, veltuzumab and ocrelizumab, or radiolabeled CD19, CD21, CD22, HLA-DR, CD23, CD39, CD52, CDw75 or CD80 antibodies including blinatumomab and epratuzumab.
  • radiolabeled anti-CD20 antibodies including ibritumomab, tositumomab, rituximab, ofatumumab, veltuzumab and ocrelizumab
  • radiolabeled CD19, CD21, CD22, HLA-DR, CD23, CD39, CD52, CDw75 or CD80 antibodies including blinatumoma
  • radionuclides examples include 47 Sc, 67 Cu, 90 Y, 105 Rh, 117 mSn, 131 I, 149 Tb, 153 Sm, 161 Tb, 165 Dy, 177 Lu, 186 Re, 188 Re, 211 At, 212 Pb, 212 Bi, 213 Bi, 223 Ra, 224 Ra, 225 Ac, and 227 Th which can be conjugated with a chelating linker to the antibody or by electrophilic or nucleophilic reaction with groups in the protein.
  • the radioimmunoconjugates can be any that are capable of binding to or targeting an antigen of interest.
  • Radioimmunoconjugates include but are not limited to Zevalin, Bexxar and Betalutin.
  • Betalutin also referred to as 177 Lu-HH1, 177 Lu-HH-1, 177 Lu-tetulomab or 177 Lu-tetraxetan-tetulomab.
  • the one or more antibodies or radioimmunoconjugates target CD20 In another embodiment of the present invention will the one or more antibodies or radioimmunoconjugates target CD20.
  • Antibodies include but are not limited to Rituximab, Veltuzumab, Ofatumumab, Afutuzumab, Tositumomab, Reditux and Ibritumomab.
  • the CD37 radioimmunoconjugate Betalutin is the CD37 radioimmunoconjugate Betalutin.
  • the antibodies of the present invention can be any monoclonal antibody capable of targeting any of the antigens discussed below.
  • Antibodies include but are not limited to Rituximab, Epratuzumab, L19, F8, F16, Galiximab, Toralizumab, Alemtuzumab, Ofatumumab, Veltuzumab, Afutuzumab, Tositumomab, Reditux, Ibritumomab, K7153A, 37.1 and HH1.
  • the monoclonal antibody HH1 i.e., tetulomab.
  • the present invention is the monoclonal antibody rituximab.
  • Such variant include chimeric variants or variants with a certain sequence identity with the chains of HH1.
  • HH1 chHH1.1 which is chimeric HH1 isotype IgG1 or chHH1.3H which is chimeric HH1 isotype IgG3 with R435H mutation.
  • the monoclonal antibody rituximab is the monoclonal antibody rituximab.
  • the radionuclide may be attached to the antibody by an optional linker.
  • radioimmunoconjugates with iodine not need a linker.
  • the radionuclide may be attached to the antibody by first reacting a bifunctional chelator, e.g., p-SCN-bn-DOTA (Macrocyclics, Tx, USA), with the antibody, followed by purification to remove unconjugated chelator, and then reaction of the chelator antibody conjugate with the radionuclide, followed by purification to remove any unconjugated radionuclide.
  • a bifunctional chelator e.g., p-SCN-bn-DOTA (Macrocyclics, Tx, USA
  • the chelator and the radionuclide can be combined firstly and subsequently conjugated to the antibody.
  • Chelating linkers like, e.g., p-SCN-bn-DOTA, can be used for conjugating other metal radionuclides to HH1 in similar fashion to that described for 177 Lu.
  • linker with sufficient complexing ability and a functional group allowing direct or indirect conjugation to a protein or a peptide could be used.
  • linkers are described in the literature (e.g. Brechbiel, 2008; Liu, 2008).
  • Some useful examples are bifunctional cyclic chelators like p-SCN-bn-DOTA, DOTA-NHS-ester; bifunctional linear chelators like p-SCN-Bn-DTPA and CHX-A′′-DTPA.
  • the radionuclides in the present invention will preferably be conjugated to a targeting molecule by using bifunctional chelators.
  • polyaminopolyacid chelators which comprise a linear, cyclic or branched polyazaalkane backbone with acidic (e.g. carboxyalkyl) groups attached at backbone nitrogens.
  • Suitable chelators include DOTA derivatives such as p-isothiocyanatobenzyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (p-SCN-Bz-DOTA) and DTPA derivatives such as p-isothiocyanatobenzyl-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (p-SCN-Bz-DTPA), the first being cyclic chelators, the latter linear chelators.
  • DOTA derivatives such as p-isothiocyanatobenzyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (p-SCN-Bz-DOTA)
  • DTPA derivatives such as p-isothiocyanatobenzyl-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (p-SCN-Bz-DTPA), the first being cyclic chelators, the latter linear
  • Metallation of the complexing moiety may be performed before or after conjugation of the complexing moiety to the targeting moiety.
  • the radiolabeling procedure will in general be more convenient in terms of time used etc if the chelator is conjugated to the antibody before the radiolabeling takes place.
  • HH1 can be used to prepare radioimmunoconjugates with differences in radiation properties and effective half-lives.
  • the linker a chelating linker selected from the group consisting of p-SCN-bn-DOTA, DOTA-NHS-ester, p-SCN-Bn-DTPA and CHX-A′′-DTPA.
  • Beta and/or alpha-emitting radionuclides with metallic character allows complexing to bifunctional chelate linkers from the following exemplified by but not limited to Bn-TCMC, DOTA, Bn-DOTA, Bn-NOTA, Bn-oxo-DO3A, DTPA, CHX-A-DTPA, Bn-DTPA, Bn-PCTA, and molecules from the classes of calixarenes, cryptates and cryptands etc.
  • the linker may be a bifunctional chelating linker.
  • the linker a chelating linker.
  • radioimmunoconjugates A natural part of constructing such radioimmunoconjugates is the choice of radionuclide.
  • the radionuclide a metallic radionuclide.
  • the radionuclide an alpha emitter.
  • the alpha emitter may be selected from the group consisting of 212 Bi, 213 Bi, 225 Ac, 227 Th.
  • the radionuclide a beta emitter.
  • the beta emitter may be selected from the group consisting of 90 Y, 153 Sm, 161 Tb, 177 Lu.
  • the radionuclide selected from the group consisting of 47 Sc, 67 Cu, 90 Y, 105 Rh, 117 mSn, 131 I, 149 Tb, 153 Sm, 161 Tb, 165 Dy, 177 Lu, 186 Re, 188 Re, 211 At, 212 Pb, 212 Bi, 213 Bi, 223 Ra, 224 Ra, 225 Ac, and 227Th.
  • the radionuclide is selected from the group consisting of 211 At, 212 Pb, 212 Bi, 213 Bi.
  • the radionuclide is selected from the group consisting of 47 Sc, 67 Cu, 90 Y, 105 Rh, 117 mSn, 131 I, 149 Tb, 153 Sm, 161 Tb, 165 Dy, 177 Lu, 186 Re, 188 Re, 223 Ra, 224 Ra, 225 Ac, and 227 Th.
  • the antigens of the present invention are antigens that can be upregulated by the radioimmunoconjugates of the present invention.
  • This upregulation can also be seen as an increase or induction of expression of the antigen.
  • the upregulation or increase can be measured by conventional techniques known by the person skilled in the art including western blotting and FACS.
  • It may be a single antigen that is upregulated but it can also be several.
  • the upregulated antigen selected from the group consisting of CD37, CD19, CD20, CD21, CD22, HLA-DR, CD39, CD52, CDw75, and CD80.
  • the upregulated antigen CD37 is the upregulated antigen CD37.
  • the upregulated antigen CD20 is the upregulated antigen CD20.
  • B-cell antigens that are upregulated by radioimmunotherapy or potentially may be up-regulated include CD19, CD20, CD22, CD37 and CD52.
  • antigens selected from the listing consisting of CD19, CD20, CD22, CD37 and CD52.
  • B-cell specific antigens selected from the group consisting of CD19, CD20, CD22, CD37.
  • the antigen may also be an antigen specific for auto-immune diseases or disorders.
  • the antigen When the antigen is specific for an auto-immune disease is the antigen downregulated and thus has the potential to treat for example inflammation.
  • antigens examples include TNF- ⁇ , IL-2, or Immunoglobulin E.
  • the disease multiple myeloma is the disease multiple myeloma and the antigen is selected from the group consisting of CD38, CD138, BCMA, CD317, CS1, CD40, BLyS, CD56, CD52, KMA, GRP78, BAFF, CXCR4, and LMA.
  • the antibodies involved in multiple myeloma treatment or under development for multiple myeloma treatment can be selected from the group consisting of denosumab, elotuzumab, daratumumab, milatuzumab, lucatumumab, MDX-1097, PAT-SM6, tabalumab, ulocuplumab, and MDX-1458.
  • Antibody drug conjugates for the treatment of multiple myeloma can be selected from the group consisting of BT062, milatuzumab-DOX, lorvotuzumab-mertansine.
  • Antibodies involved in osteolytic bone disease in multiple myeloma patients can be selected from the group consisting of anti-DKK-1 antibody BHQ-880 that promotes the activity of osteoblast cells that form bones.
  • Anti-RANKL antibody denosumab reduces the activity of osteoclasts that break down bone tissue.
  • the antibody denusomab and the disease is osteoporosis.
  • the angiogenesis antigen VEGF can be anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab that prevents new blood vessel growth in cancer cells.
  • angiogenesis in cancer cells is targeted, the antigen is VEGF and the antibody is bevacizumab.
  • Antibodies are usually applied in the treatment of diseases formulated in pharmaceutical compositions.
  • compositions are optimized for parameters such as physiological tolerance and shelf-life.
  • radioimmunoconjugate formulated as a pharmaceutical composition.
  • An embodiment of the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition as described above, further comprising one or more additional therapeutic agents.
  • a buffer solution which to a substantial degree maintain the chemical integrity of the radioimmunoconjugate and is being physiologically acceptable for infusion into patients.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or adjuvants.
  • Acceptable pharmaceutical carriers include but are not limited to non-toxic buffers, fillers, isotonic solutions, etc. More specifically, the pharmaceutical carrier can be but are not limited to normal saline (0.9%), half-normal saline, Ringer's lactate, 5% Dextrose, 3.3% Dextrose/0.3% Saline.
  • the physiologically acceptable carrier can contain a radiolytic stabilizer, e.g., ascorbic acid, which protect the integrity of the radiopharmaceutical during storage and shipment.
  • One embodiment of the present invention comprises the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention and one or more additional antibodies or radioimmunoconjugates.
  • Radioimmunoconjugate may be for treatment against malignant cells expressing an antigen as described herein, including but not limited to a B-cell malignancy selected from the group consisiting of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and multiple myeloma.
  • a B-cell malignancy selected from the group consisiting of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and multiple myeloma.
  • one aspect of the present invention relates to a method of upregulating antigen expression comprising administration of a radioimmunoconjugate to a person in which an upregulated antigen expression would be advantageous.
  • One embodiment of the present invention relates to a method of treatment of a B-cell malignancy or a disease or disorder of the immune system in which CD20 is the target and the radioimmunoconjugate is capable of upregulating CD20 antigen expression.
  • the radioimmunoconjugate is capable of upregulating CD20 antigen expression betalutin and CD20 is targeted by rituximab or a variant hereof.
  • One aspect of the present invention relates to a combinational treatment of a B-cell malignancy or a disease or disorder of the immune system using betalutin followed by followed by rituximab, obinutuzumab or similar CD20 therapeutic antibody.
  • the present invention is the person suffering from a B-cell malignancy or a disease or disorder of the immune system.
  • radioimmunoconjugate is followed by simultaneous or post-treatment with antibody therapy, immunoconjugate therapy or a combination thereof.
  • the therapy could be administered either as a monotherapy or in combination with other therapies, preferentially standard treatments.
  • Such other therapies may be pretreatment, surgery, chemotherapy (including doxorubicin, vinblastin and gemcitabine), immunotherapy, antibody therapy, photodynamic therapy, proteasome inhibitor (including bortezomib), histone deacetylase inhibitors (including vorinostat and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid), vitamin D3 and vitamin D3 analogs, cell cycle checkpoint inhibitors (including UCN-01 and 2-(4-(4-Chlorophenoxy)phenyl)-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxamide), hypoxic cell radiosensitizers (including metronidazole and misonidazole), apoptosis inducers (including withaferin A) radiosensitizers, radioimmunotherapy or a combination of two or more of these.
  • the radioimmunoconjugate of the present invention can be administered directly in a vein by a peripheral cannula connected to a drip chamber that prevents air embolism and allows an estimate of flow rate into the patient.
  • the radioimmunoconjugate can be administered in a repeated fashion.
  • radioimmunoconjugate followed by monoclonal antibody (or immunoconjugate) can both be administered in a repeated fashion.
  • the radioimmunoconjugate could be administered in a repeated fashion but with different radionuclides, e.g., beta-radioimmunotherapy could be followed by alpha-radioimmunotherapy or vice versa.
  • An aspect of the present invention relates to the use of the radioimmunoconjugate of the present invention for the treatment of B-cell malignancies.
  • An embodiment of the present invention relates to the use of the radioimmunoconjugate of the present invention administered in combination with or in addition to other therapy.
  • the other therapies is selected from pretreatment, chemotherapy, monoclonal antibody therapy, surgery, radiotherapy, and/or photodynamic therapy.
  • the other therapies are bone marrow transplantation or stem cell transplantation and/or therapy.
  • the antibody dosing is 1-1000 mg per patient, more preferably 5-50 mg per patient, and 177 Lu amounting to 1-200 MBq/kg, more preferably 10-100 MBq/kg of bodyweight.
  • radioimmunoconjugates be used in combination with other types of therapy.
  • a combinational therapy where the radioimmunoconjugate followed by simultaneous or post-treatment with antibody therapy, immunoconjugate therapy or a combination thereof.
  • the upregulated antigen CD20 in another embodiment of the present invention is the upregulated antigen CD20, and the upregulation is followed by anti-CD20 antibody therapy with rituximab in a single administration or in a repeated administration pattern.
  • yet another embodiment of the present invention is the simultaneous or post-treatment targeting a different antigen than the radioimmunoconjugate.
  • the administration pattern can be in a single administration where the radioimmunoconjugates upregulate and expression of one or more antigens which then are targeted by a single dose or several doses of antigen-specific therapy.
  • Such therapy may be a monoclonal antibody such as rituximab or HH1 depending on the antigen in focus.
  • the therapy can be repeated in cyclic pattern where administration of the radioimmunoconjugates and the monoclonal antibodies are repeated once, twice or several times.
  • An advantage of such administration is that the target cell can be treated by the same or different antibodies in each cycle ensuring that the antigen with the highest expression is in focus.
  • a strategy where several antigens are in focus limits the risk of expressional drifting of the antigens expressed on the surface of the target cells.
  • the immunoreactive fractions (IRFs) of the RICs were estimated using Ramos and Daudi lymphoma cells and a one point assay. A cell concentration of 75 million cells/ml were used. Cells incubated with cold tetulomab were used to assess the non-specific binding. Blocked and unblocked cells were incubated for 1.5 h with 40 ng/ml of radioimmunoconjugate. The added activity was measured using by a calibrated gamma detector (Cobra II auto-gamma detector, Packard Instrument Company, Meriden, Conn., USA). Cells were afterwards washed three times with PBS with 0.5% BSA and bound activity was measured in the gamma counter. IRF was estimated by subtracting the non-specific binding measured using the blocked samples to the bound activity of the unblocked samples. The IRF was 52+/ ⁇ 3 in Daudi cells and 75+/ ⁇ 1 in Ramos cells.
  • Daudi cells were diluted to 1 million cell/ml using RPMI 1640 supplied with 10% FBS. Cells were then alicuoted in two cell culture flasks, each containing 6 ml. One of the flasks received around 4.6 MBq of 177 Lu-tetraxetan-tetulomab (10 ⁇ g/ml) while the other didn't receive any treatment. Both flasks were incubated for 24h, washed and resuspended in fresh medium to a concentration of 0.5 million cells/ml. The absorbed radiation dose to the medium of the treated cells was around 1.1 Gy.
  • Both treated and control cells were then aliquoted in cell culture flasks that corresponded to each time point to be measured. Each cell flask contained around 5 ml of cell suspension. Fresh medium was not given to the cells until the end of the experiment 72 h after treatment.
  • control cells where stained with 0.4 ⁇ g/ml of the DNA stain Hoechst33342 (H33342) for 20 minutes at 37° C. Subsequently, control and treated cells were washed and mixed. Cells were incubated for 20 minutes with cold tetulomab in order to saturate all CD37 sites. Subsequently cells were washed with PBS and the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab conjugated to Alexa647 and a secondary rabbit anti-mouse antibody (conjugated to phycoerythrin (PE) (DakoCytomation) were added to the solution. After incubation in ice for 30 minutes samples were washed and measured using flow cytometry.
  • PE phycoerythrin
  • the increase in antigen expression was calculated as the difference in intensity measurements (in %) between the control and the treated cells.
  • the control and treated cells were distinguished by gating on the blue fluorescence from the H3342 stain in the control cells' DNA.
  • CD20 upregulation was evaluated for 0, 18, 24, 48 and 72 hours.
  • CD37 was evaluated at 24 and 48 h. To control that the rabbit anti-mouse Ab didn't influenced the CD20 measurements, staining with and without the anti-mouse Ab was performed at 24 h and 48 h.
  • the CD20 and CD37 antigens were up-regulated after cells were treated with 177 Lu-tetraxetan-tetulomab. The increase was approximately constant for all time points and around 130% for CD20 and it increased from 30 to 60% for CD37 between 48 and 72 h after treatment.
  • Daudi cells were incubated with Betalutin for 1 h.
  • Example 1 The procedure used to label the antibodies and to calculate the IRF has been previously discussed in Example 1.
  • the specific activity of 177 Lu-tetulomab was 212 MBq/mg and the Ab concentration was 0.5 mg/ml.
  • the IRF was 72+/ ⁇ 2% and it was measured in Ramos cells.
  • the procedure followed to treat the cells was similar to the one described in example 1. Two different treatments were evaluated in this example. One treatment involved incubation of cells during 24 hours, similarly to what was done in example 1. The other treatment involved incubation of cells during 1 hour. Control cells were prepared for each of the treatments as described in example 1. The same amount of activity was added to both treatments (4.6 MBq, the same activity as given in example 1). Every 2 to 5 days cells were split and fresh medium was added so that the cell concentration was between 0.5 and 1 million cells/ml after dilution.
  • the staining of cells and measurement of antigen upregulation in treated cells compared to control cells was performed using the same procedure as described in example 1. Measurements were performed at time points between 0 and 14 days.
  • the dose to the medium of the cells incubated for 1 h was around 0.05 Gy while the dose to the cells incubated during 24 hours was around 1.1 Gy.
  • Cells incubated for 1 h had 45.5% increase in CD20 and 3.8% increase in CD37 48 h after exposure and 48.8% and 15.1% respectively 144 h after exposure indicating that cell specific radiation from the radioimmunoconjugate was an important component to the effect, particularly for the CD20 antigen ( FIG. 2 ). Upregulation of anteigens seems to decrease towards 0 after 14 days.
  • Example 1 The procedure used to label the antibodies and to calculate the IRF has been previously discussed in Example 1.
  • the specific activity of 177 Lu-tetulomab was 212 MBq/mg and the Ab concentration was 0.5 mg/ml.
  • the IRF was 72+/ ⁇ 2% and it was measured in Ramos cells.
  • the procedure followed to treat the cells was similar to the one described in example 1. Cells were incubated during 1 hour. Control cells were prepared for each of the cell lines as described in example 1. The same amount of activity was added to the cell lines (4.6 MBq, the same activity as given in example 1). The dose to the medium of the cells was around 0.05 Gy. Every 2 to 5 days cells were split and fresh medium was added so that the cell concentration was between 0.5 and 1 million cells/ml after dilution.
  • the staining of cells and measurement of antigen upregulation in treated cells compared to control cells was performed using the same procedure as described in example 1. Measurements were performed at time points between 0 and 7 days.
  • the upregulation of antigens seems to be general for non-Hodgkin lymphoma cells.
  • the increase in CD20 was observed on all cell lines while increase in CD37 expression was observed on 3 of the 4 cells lines (Table 1).
  • Example 1 The procedure used to label rituximab and to calculate the IRF has been previously discussed in Example 1.
  • the specific activity of 177 Lu-rituximab was 165 MBq/mg and the Ab concentration was 0.2 mg/ml.
  • the IRF was 60+/ ⁇ 2% and it was measured in Ramos cells.
  • the staining of cells and measurement of antigen upregulation in treated cells compared to control cells was performed using the same procedure as described in example 1. Measurements were performed at time points between 0 and 7 days. Given that 177 Lu-rituximab binds to CD20 and that the same antibody was used to measure the intensity of fluorescence, the results found give a minimum value for the upregulation of CD20.
  • the upregulation of CD37 was evaluated by using both secondary (rabbit anti-mouse) and direct Ab (tetulomab bound to Alexa488).
  • the two cell lines Daudi Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
  • JMV-3 B-cell leukemia
  • the binding of 125 I-Labeled rituximab was measured.
  • 125 I-rituximab was prepared using iodogen tubes (Pierce). An iodogen tube was washed with 1 ml tris-buffer and subsequent added 100 ⁇ l tris buffer (pH 7.5) and added 125 I iodine. The solution was swirled gently in the tube a few times during a 6 minutes period where after some or all of the 125 I solution was added to a vial with typically 100 ⁇ l tris with 50-200 ⁇ g OI-3 antibody.
  • the antibody HH-1 was first labeled with p-SCN-Bn-DOTA dissolved in 0.005M HCl.
  • the molar ratio of p-SCN-Bn-DOTA to antibody was 6:1.
  • the reaction was pH-adjusted to 8.5 ⁇ 0.2 using carbonate buffer. After 45 minutes of incubation at 37° C. the reaction was stopped by the addition of 50 ⁇ l of 0.2 M glycine solution/mg of Ab. To remove free chelator the conjugated antibody was washed by diluting the antibody conjugate 1:10 with 0.9% NaCl and up-concentrate by centrifugation with AMICON-30 centrifuge tubes (Millipore, Cork, Ireland). The procedure was repeated 4-5 times.
  • the radiochemical purity (RCP) of the radioimmunoconjugate (RIC) was evaluated using instant thin layer chromatography (ITLC).
  • the RCP was 95.5%.
  • the immunoreactive fractions (IRFs) of the RICs were measured using Ramos ( 177 Lu-HH1) or Daudi ( 125 I-Rituximab) lymphoma cells and a one point assay. A cell concentration of approximately 50 million cells/ml were used. Two tubes were not blocked and 2 tubes were pretreated with 10 ⁇ g HH-1 whereafter they were added 2 ng of 177 Lu-HH1 and shaken for 1.5 hours.
  • the tubes were counted on a gamma counter to determine applied activity, washed and centrifuged three times with 0.5 ml DPBS/BSA before the tubes were counted for cell bound activity.
  • the cell bound activity was corrected for non-specific binding by subtracting the counts from the blocked tubes.
  • the IRF i.e, specific bound vs. total applied, was 78% ( 177 Lu-HH1) and 71% ( 125 I-rituximab).
  • Cell culture flasks 25 cm2, Corning containing 5 ml of RPMI 1640 supplied with 10% FBS and with 1 million cells per ml were added either 2.5 MBq 177 Lu-Bn-DOTA-HH-1 ( 177 Lu-HH-1), Bn-DOTA-HH-1 (DOTA-HH-1, control group 1) or formulation buffer, i.e., same solution as the two other treatment except for RIC or antibody conjugate (control group 2) in 16.7 microliter.
  • both b-cell lymphoma and b-cell leukemia cells showed increased binding of 125 I-rituximab after 177 Lu-HH1 exposure. This indicates that radioimmunotherapy could be beneficial as induction therapy in patients undergoing monoclonal antibody therapy, e.g., rituximab treatment against lymphoma and leukemia.
  • Daudi cells approximately 1 million per ml in 25 cm 2 culture flasks, were exposed to either unlabeled HH1 antibody (control 1), formulation buffer (control) or 0.1 MBq/ml or 0.5 MBq/ml 177 Lu-HH-1 for three days. After one day the concentration was reduced to 50% by adding fresh medium. At day three the cells suspensions were withdrawn and used for the binding assay and treated as in example 4, with duplicate tubes from the tree groups receiving 125 I-rituximab. In addition duplicates of each group was treated with unlabeled rituximab (100 ⁇ g/ml) for half an hour to block the CD20 antigen.
  • the antigen blocking was equally effective on treated and not-treated cells.
  • the increased binding to radioimmunoconjugate treated cells was not caused by non-specific binding and must therefore be caused by increased antigen expression.
  • the chelator p-SCN-Bn-DOTA (DOTA) was dissolved in 0.005 M HCl, added to the antibody in a 6:1 ratio and pH-adjusted to approximately 8.5 using carbonate buffer. After 45 minutes of incubation at 37° C. the reaction was stopped by the addition of 50 ⁇ l per mg of Ab of 0.2 M glycine solution. To remove free DOTA the conjugated antibody was washed using AMICON-30 centrifuge tubes (Millipore, Cork, Ireland) 4-5 times with NaCl 0.9%. Before labeling with 177 Lu the pH was adjusted to 5.3 ⁇ 0.3 using 0.25 M ammonium acetate buffer.
  • Radiochemical purity (RCP) of the conjugate was evaluated using instant thin layer chromatography. If RCP was below 95% the conjugate was purified using Econo-Pac 10 DG columns (Bio-rad Laboratories, California, USA).
  • Rituximab was labeled with 125 I through indirect iodination using IODOGEN pre-coated iodination tubes (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.) according to manufacturer's description. After terminating reaction with L-tyrosine, the reaction mixture was eluted through Sephadex G-25 PD-10 column to remove low-molecular weight compounds. The specific activity of the final product was 12 MBq/mg. Immunoreactive fraction of 177 Lu-HH1 and 125 I-rituximab
  • mice Institutionally bred female athymic nude Foxn1nu mice that were around 8-9 weeks old and had body weights around 22 g at the start of the experiment were used. The animals were maintained under pathogen-free conditions, and food and water were supplied ad libitum. All procedures and experiments involving animals in this study were approved by the National Animal Research Authority and carried out according to the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrates Used for Scientific Purposes. Mice were injected subcutaneously in both flanks with 50 ⁇ l of a mushed solution of Ramos lymphoma tumor tissue slightly diluted with around 300 ⁇ l NaCl for each ml of mushed tumor solution.
  • the biodistribution of 125 I-rituximab and 177 Lu-HH1 were determined in nude Foxn1nu mice with Ramos xenografts with diameters between 5 and 14 mm at the start of the study.
  • the preparations were administered by tail vein injection of 100 ⁇ l solution to each animal.
  • a dosage of around 350 MBq/kg of Betalutin, equivalent to a protein dosage of 2.3 mg/kg (the 177 Lu-HH-1 had been stored before use hence the specific activity was reduces) was administered to 5 mice (treated mice).
  • the control group consisted in 7 mice which were injected with the same protein dosage of cold HH1 as the treated ones (2.3 mg/kg).
  • mice Two days after injection of Betalutin or cold HH1, all mice were injected with 3 mg/kg of 125 I-rituximab. Three days after injection of 125 I-rituximab mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation and autopsies were performed. The weight of each tissue sample was determined, and the amount of 177 Lu and 125 I was measured by a calibrated gamma detector (Cobra II auto-gamma detector, Packard Instrument Company, Meriden, Conn., USA). Samples of the injectates were used as references in the measurement procedures. The decay corrected percentages of the injected dose per gram tissue (% ID/g) were calculated for each time point.
  • % ID/g The decay corrected percentages of the injected dose per gram tissue
  • FIG. 6 shows the biodistribution of 125 I-rituximab 3 days after injection of 125 I-rituximab.
  • Avg % ID/g in tumor in control mice was 1.3+/ ⁇ 0.2 while it was 3.6+/ ⁇ 0.7 in treated mice.
  • Betalutin upregulates the CD20 antigen in vivo and this translates into a substantially increased tumor uptake.

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