US20150374835A1 - Liquid topical pharmaceutical nano-emulsion formulations - Google Patents

Liquid topical pharmaceutical nano-emulsion formulations Download PDF

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US20150374835A1
US20150374835A1 US14/655,238 US201314655238A US2015374835A1 US 20150374835 A1 US20150374835 A1 US 20150374835A1 US 201314655238 A US201314655238 A US 201314655238A US 2015374835 A1 US2015374835 A1 US 2015374835A1
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transdermal
active ingredient
liquid
dermal
particle size
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Frederick L. Jordan
Chris Jordan
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JRX Biotechnology Inc
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JRX Biotechnology Inc
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Assigned to JRX BIOTECHNOLOGY, INC. reassignment JRX BIOTECHNOLOGY, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: JORDAN, CHRIS, JORDAN, FREDERICK L
Assigned to JRX BIOTECHNOLOGY, INC. reassignment JRX BIOTECHNOLOGY, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: JORDAN, FREDERICK L, JORDAN, CHRIS
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/44—Oils, fats or waxes according to two or more groups of A61K47/02-A61K47/42; Natural or modified natural oils, fats or waxes, e.g. castor oil, polyethoxylated castor oil, montan wax, lignite, shellac, rosin, beeswax or lanolin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
    • A61K31/165—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide
    • A61K31/167—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide having the nitrogen of a carboxamide group directly attached to the aromatic ring, e.g. lidocaine, paracetamol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
    • A61K31/192—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having aromatic groups, e.g. sulindac, 2-aryl-propionic acids, ethacrynic acid 
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/60—Salicylic acid; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/612—Salicylic acid; Derivatives thereof having the hydroxy group in position 2 esterified, e.g. salicylsulfuric acid
    • A61K31/616—Salicylic acid; Derivatives thereof having the hydroxy group in position 2 esterified, e.g. salicylsulfuric acid by carboxylic acids, e.g. acetylsalicylic acid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/22—Hormones
    • A61K38/28—Insulins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
    • A61K47/10—Alcohols; Phenols; Salts thereof, e.g. glycerol; Polyethylene glycols [PEG]; Poloxamers; PEG/POE alkyl ethers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
    • A61K47/36—Polysaccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. gums, starch, alginate, dextrin, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, inulin, agar or pectin
    • A61K47/38—Cellulose; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0014—Skin, i.e. galenical aspects of topical compositions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
    • A61K9/107—Emulsions ; Emulsion preconcentrates; Micelles
    • A61K9/1075—Microemulsions or submicron emulsions; Preconcentrates or solids thereof; Micelles, e.g. made of phospholipids or block copolymers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P23/00—Anaesthetics
    • A61P23/02—Local anaesthetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

  • aspects of the present invention are directed to preparations that are useful for delivery of an active ingredient.
  • Some embodiments of these preparations include transdermal and/or dermal compositions, which are formulated with an active ingredient, including, for example, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), such as aspirin, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, or naproxen, acetaminophen, or a polypeptide or protein, such as insulin, wherein the active ingredient is stabilized and greater than 90% of the particles of the active ingredient have a particle size that is less than or equal to 100 nanometers, such as 4 to 20 nanometers, as determined by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS).
  • NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
  • NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
  • acetaminophen it is common practice today for people to use a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (hereinafter, an “NSAID”) or acetaminophen to alleviate pain and/or reduce inflammation.
  • NSAIDs are also commonly prescribed medications for treating medical conditions including acute pain, chronic pain, arthritis and fever.
  • Many people today also suffer from diabetes and rely on insulin therapy to combat this disease.
  • NSAIDs are a class of drugs that provide analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects. While NSAIDs have similar anti-inflammatory properties to steroids, they are unique in that they are non-narcotic and lack many of the substantial side-effects of systemic steroid use. Typical NSAIDs include, but are not limited to, salicylic acid, aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, indomethacin, etodolac, diclofenac sodium, diclofenac epolamine, ketorolac, meloxicam, piroxicam and nabumetone, all of which are available in most countries. Acetaminophen is a pain reliever and fever reducer but is not recognized for its anti-inflammatory properties and, thus, is not considered to be an NSAID.
  • a typical and very popular NSAID is acetylsalicylic acid, i.e., aspirin, a well-known anti-inflammatory. Since 1915, aspirin has been used effectively in the medical and scientific communities to treat pain. Despite its effectiveness, aspirin and other NSAIDs are not without shortcomings. NSAIDs taken orally may cause an increased risk of serious cardiovascular thrombotic events, myocardial infarction, and stroke, which can be fatal. This risk may increase with duration of systemic use. Patients with cardiovascular disease or risk factors for cardiovascular disease may be at a greater risk.
  • topical NSAID and/or acetaminophen therapy is desired, especially if the clinical benefits of oral NSAID and/or acetaminophen therapy can be achieved without the side effects commonly associated with systemic NSAID and/or acetaminophen therapy, e.g. from ingesting oral tablets.
  • systemic NSAID and/or acetaminophen therapy e.g. from ingesting oral tablets.
  • there are many obstacles to achieving a useful topical formulation containing an NSAID and/or acetaminophen including safety, stability of the active ingredient over time, and efficacy.
  • an important aspect of any NSAID and/or acetaminophen based topical pain reliever is the ability to permeate the necessary layers of the integument (skin) in order to relieve pain. Accordingly, an effective topical NSAID and/or acetaminophen formulation should be in the form of a liquid that suspends or dissolves the active ingredient, and facilitates transport across the integument to provide effective relief.
  • Topical pain reliever formulations in the form of a liquid have been introduced in the past, but such topical pain relievers have traditionally lacked the ability to maintain the active ingredient in a suspension within the liquid of the topical pain reliever formulation.
  • topical pain reliever formulations may have significant lag time between application to the skin and reducing pain/inflammation. There may be several reasons for this lag time. For example, the topical pain reliever formulations may not quickly or effectively permeate the skin. As a consequence, it may take longer, if at all, for a user to experience any pain relief due to slow penetration of active ingredient of penetration of only an insignificant dose of active ingredient.
  • current NSAID and/or acetaminophen-containing topical pain reliever formulations have not adequately stabilized the active ingredient in liquid. That is, current NSAID and/or acetaminophen-containing topical pain formulations generally have a short shelf life since the active ingredient degrades, for example, by hydrolysis, glycolysis and/or transesterification.
  • the industry has sought to minimize the effects of the above problems and to maintain a stable topical NSAID, e.g., see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,318,960; 6,416,722; and 6,759,056, the disclosures of which are hereby expressly incorporated by reference in their entireties.
  • compositions and methods that reduce the particle size of active ingredients, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)s, acetaminophen, and/or polypeptides or proteins such as, insulin and thereby stabilize these active ingredients in an emulsion (a nano-emulsion), which, in turn, improves the delivery of the active ingredients and/or extends the shelf-life of these products.
  • NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
  • acetaminophen acetaminophen
  • polypeptides or proteins such as, insulin
  • the particle size of the active ingredient e.g., NSAIDS, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen, and acetaminophen, as well as polypeptides or proteins such as, insulin
  • the particle size of the active ingredient e.g., NSAIDS, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen, and acetaminophen, as well as polypeptides or proteins such as, insulin
  • transdermal and/or dermal formulations are prepared, as described herein, it is contemplated that greater than or equal to or any number in between 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% of the particles of the active ingredient in the transdermal and/or dermal liquid, e.g., NSAIDS such as, aspirin, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, and/or acetaminophen, and/or polypeptides or proteins such as, insulin, are reduced to an average particle size of less than or equal to any number in between 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, or 3 nanometers, as determined by DLS, preferably using a volume-weighted particle size distribution calculation method.
  • NSAIDS such as, aspirin, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, and/or acetaminophen
  • the reduced particle size of the active ingredient is contemplated to increase the stability of the active ingredient within the composition (e.g., a transdermal and/or dermal preparation). It is contemplated that formulations prepared by an alternative method, wherein water is allowed to contact the active ingredient prior to mixing the active ingredient with an alcohol or ethoxylated oil or both will have considerably larger particle size of active ingredient, with greater heterogeneity in size of particles and the active ingredient in these formulations will be less stable and will have a shorter shelf-life than formulations prepared in accordance with the teachings provided herein.
  • the reduced particle size and the increased stability of the active ingredient in the transdermal and/or dermal formulations described herein are the result of the particular amounts of the components in the formulations (e.g., the amount of ethoxylated oil, such as ethoxylated macadamia nut oil, ethoxylated meadow foam oil, or ethoxylated emu oil or mixtures thereof, having 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, or 22 ethoxylations per molecule relative to the amount of water, alcohol (e.g., 100% ethanol), and any additional ingredients, such as fragrance), as well as, the order of the addition of the active ingredient(s) to the components of the liquid (e.g., the alcohol, ethoxylated oil, and water) during the mixing phase.
  • the ethoxylated oil such as ethoxylated macadamia nut oil, ethoxylated meadow foam oil, or ethoxylated emu oil or
  • a process for making the transdermal and/or dermal compositions (e.g., liquids) described herein can be practiced by mixing an alcohol (e.g., 200 proof ethyl alcohol) and/or an ethoxylated oil (e.g., macadamia nut oil that has been ethoxylated to 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, or 22 ethoxylations per molecule) with an active ingredient (e.g., an NSAID, such as aspirin, acetaminophen, or a protein such as, insulin) and subsequently adding water.
  • an NSAID such as aspirin, acetaminophen, or a protein such as, insulin
  • the active ingredient reduces its particle size and the active ingredient is protected from destabilizing forces, such as hydrolysis mediated by the water in the formulation.
  • the reduced particle size of the active ingredient achieved by the methodologies described herein also allows for the active ingredient to remain in a liquid form for extended periods of time, which will facilitate and/or improve transdermal and/or dermal delivery of the active ingredient.
  • Nanoemulsion delivery system technology has been reviewed in the past, see e.g., “Edible nanoemulsions: fabrication, properties, and functional performance” (review) by David Julian McClements, Soft Matter, (2011) 7: 2297-2316. Nanoemulsions are typically characterized by extremely low interfacial tension. Accordingly, the system not only forms with minimal shear, but also spreads very easily after application to the surface of the skin or tissue (e.g., when applied topically or when introduced internally by injection or oral consumption).
  • this property allows the formulation to immediately spread across the surface of the skin, penetrating all of the macroscopic openings in the dermis (e.g., pores and hair follicles) well in advance of the transfer of an active ingredient.
  • the low interfacial tension can also be exploited in conjunction with micro-abrasion and injection or oral administration methodologies.
  • formulations described herein additionally may comprise one or more viscosity-increasing agents.
  • Preferred viscosity-increasing agents include but are not limited to a cellulose derivative that is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (E464), and hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose.
  • some embodiments include a viscosity-increasing agent such as a cellulose derivative selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (E464), and hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose.
  • a viscosity-increasing agent such as a cellulose derivative selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (E464), and hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose.
  • the preparations described herein may be a liquid, a colloid, a hydrogel, a lotion, a cream, a rinse, a serum, a paste, or a puddy.
  • compositions for drug and/or dietary supplement delivery, wherein said composition may be applied topically (e.g., to the skin, scalp, nasal membranes, oral, vaginal, or anal mucosa) or internally (e.g., by injection or ingestion) and, wherein said composition is comprised of a nano-emulsion comprising an active ingredient, including an NSAID (e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, or naproxen), acetaminophen, or a protein, such as insulin, collagen, or elastin, an alcohol (e.g., greater than or equal to any number in between 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, or 70% alcohol, such as 200 proof ethyl alcohol, by total weight or volume), an ethoxylated oil (e.g., greater than or equal to or any number in between 2%, 4%,
  • an NSAID e.g., aspirin, ibuprof
  • the methodologies for formulation of the transdermal and/or dermal preparations provided herein involve adding or solubilizing the delivered material or active ingredient, such as an NSAID (e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, or naproxen), acetaminophen, or a protein (e.g., insulin, collagen, or elastin) to an alcohol and/or an ethoxylated oil.
  • an NSAID e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, or naproxen
  • acetaminophen e.g., insulin, collagen, or elastin
  • the active ingredient is believed to be incorporated into the lamellar (film) phase of the nano-emulsion along with the alcohol and/or the ethoxylated oil, which is created when the addition of the active ingredient is made to the alcohol and/or the ethoxylated oil prior to contacting water.
  • the active ingredient is confined to a region of the nano-emulsion, which does not favor hydrolysis or allow for contact with enzymes, proteases, hydrolases, and other degradative components of the body, e.g. the digestive track, the active ingredient is protected, stabilized, and the shelf-life of the active ingredient is extended.
  • the primary surfactants used in the formulations described herein are chosen such that the hydrophobic portion of the surfactants (e.g., ethoxylated macadamia nut oil) matches the lipid makeup of the cell membranes of the target organ, the lamellar phase of the nano-emulsion containing the active ingredient is readily incorporated into the target cell membrane.
  • some embodiments include a transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., a liquid) comprising an ethoxylated oil, an alcohol, water; and an active ingredient, wherein greater than 90% of the particles of the active ingredient have a particle size that is less than or equal to or any number in between 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, or 4 nanometers, as determined by Dynamic Light Scattering, using a volume-weighted particle size distribution calculation method.
  • the active ingredient is an NSAID, acetaminophen, or a protein or polypeptide, such as insulin.
  • the ethoxylated oil in the transdermal liquid is present at 2%-25% by total weight or total volume of the transdermal liquid, such as 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, or 25%.
  • the ethoxylated oil is an ethoxylated macadamia nut oil having 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, or 22 ethoxylations per molecule.
  • the alcohol in the transdermal liquid is present at 1%-70%, e.g. 30%-70%, such as 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, or 70%, by total weight or total volume of the transdermal liquid.
  • Additional embodiments concern a method of making a transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., a liquid) comprising the following steps in order: (a) mixing an amount of an active ingredient with an alcohol, which is present at a final concentration of 1%-70%, e.g.
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition e.g., liquid
  • an ethoxylated oil which is present at a final concentration of 2%-25%, such as 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, or 25%, by total weight or total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid), to the mixture of (a); and (c) then adding an amount of water to bring the transdermal composition (e.g., liquid) to its final volume.
  • these methods further comprise evaluating the homogeneity of particle size of the active ingredient in the resultant transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid). Some of these methods further comprise evaluating the particle size of the active ingredient in the resultant transdermal composition (e.g., liquid). Some of these methods further comprise evaluating the stability, solubility, or bioavailability of the active ingredient in the transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid).
  • Some of these methods further comprise filtering the transdermal composition (e.g., liquid) to isolate a fraction that comprises greater than 90% of the particles of the active ingredient with a particle size that is less than or equal to or any number in between 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, or 4 nanometers, as determined by Dynamic Light Scattering, using a volume-weighted particle size distribution calculation method.
  • the active ingredient is an NSAID, acetaminophen, or a protein, such as, insulin.
  • Additional embodiments concern methods of reducing the particle size of an active ingredient comprising the following steps in order: (a) mixing an amount of an active ingredient with an alcohol, which is present at a final concentration of 1%-70%, e.g. 30%-70%, such as 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, or 70%, by total weight or total volume of the transdermal composition (e.g., liquid); (b) adding an ethoxylated oil, which is present at a final concentration of 2%-25%, such as 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, or 25%, by total weight or total volume of the transdermal composition (e.g., liquid), to the mixture of (a); (c) adding an amount of water to bring the transdermal composition (e.g., liquid) to
  • Additional embodiments concern methods of stabilizing an active ingredient in a composition (e.g., liquid) comprising the following steps in order: (a) mixing an amount of an active ingredient with an alcohol, which is present at a final concentration of 1%-70%, e.g.
  • transdermal composition e.g., liquid
  • transdermal composition e.g., liquid
  • an ethoxylated oil which is present at a final concentration of 2%-25%, such as 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, or 25%, by total weight or total volume of the transdermal composition (e.g., liquid), to the mixture of (a);
  • Additional embodiments concern methods of improving the solubility of an active ingredient in a composition (e.g., liquid) comprising the following steps in order: (a) mixing an amount of an active ingredient with an alcohol, which is present at a final concentration of 1%-70%, e.g.
  • transdermal composition e.g., liquid
  • transdermal composition e.g., liquid
  • an ethoxylated oil which is present at a final concentration of 2%-25%, such as 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, or 25%, by total weight or total volume of the transdermal composition (e.g., liquid), to the mixture of (a);
  • Additional embodiments concern methods of improving the bioavailability of an active ingredient in a composition (e.g., liquid) comprising the following steps in order: (a) mixing an amount of an active ingredient with an alcohol, which is present at a final concentration of 1%-70%, e.g.
  • transdermal composition e.g., liquid
  • ethoxylated oil which is present at a final concentration of 2%-25%, such as 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, or 25%, by total weight or total volume of the transdermal composition (e.g., liquid), to the mixture of (a); (c) adding an amount of water to bring the transdermal composition (e.g., liquid) to its final volume; and (d) analyzing the bioavailability of the active ingredient after steps (a) through (c).
  • Additional embodiments concern methods of reducing pain, fever, and/or inflammation or increasing the amount of insulin in a subject comprising administering to said subject one or more of the transdermal compositions (e.g., liquids) described above. Some of these methods further comprise evaluating a reduction of pain, fever, and/or inflammation or glucose intolerance in said subject.
  • Additional embodiments include a transdermal or dermal composition
  • an ethoxylated oil e.g., PEG-16 macadamia glycerides; an alcohol, and an active ingredient, wherein the active ingredient has a particle size that is less than or equal to 100 nanometers (e.g., wherein, on average, greater than or equal to or any number in between 90%, 92%, 94%, 96%, 98%, or 99% of the particles of the active ingredient have a particle size that is less than or equal to or any number in between 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, or 4 nanometers, as determined by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), using a volume-weighted particle size distribution calculation method).
  • DLS Dynamic Light Scattering
  • these embodiments can include water and/or a viscosity increasing agent such as a cellulose derivative that is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (E464), and hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose.
  • a viscosity increasing agent such as a cellulose derivative that is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (E464), and hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose.
  • inventions can be made by mixing in the following order: mixing an amount of an active ingredient with an alcohol and adding an amount of ethoxylated oil, such as PEG-16 macadamia glycerides to the alcohol/active ingredient mixture.
  • ethoxylated oil such as PEG-16 macadamia glycerides
  • water and/or a viscosity-increasing agent can be added after the addition of the ethoxylated oil.
  • a transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., a liquid) comprising:
  • an active ingredient wherein greater than 90% of the particles of the active ingredient have a particle size that is less than or equal to or any number in between 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, or 4 nanometers, or smaller, as determined by Dynamic Light Scattering, using a volume-weighted particle size distribution calculation method;
  • a viscosity-increasing agents such as, a cellulose derivative that is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (E464), and hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose.
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein said ethoxylated oil in the transdermal and/or dermal liquid is present at 2%-25% by total weight or total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition.
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition of any one of embodiments 1-5 wherein said alcohol in the transdermal and/or dermal liquid is present at 1%-70% by total weight or total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition, such as %, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%,
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition comprising the following steps in order:
  • said one or more viscosity-increasing agents comprises a cellulose derivative that is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (E464), and hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose.
  • any one of embodiments 8-14 further comprising filtering the transdermal and/or dermal composition to isolate a fraction that comprises greater than 90% of the particles of the active ingredient with a particle size that is less than or equal to or any number in between 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, or 4 nanometers, or smaller, as determined by Dynamic Light Scattering, using a volume-weighted particle size distribution calculation method.
  • Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug such as aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), naproxen (2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanoic acid), diclofenac (2-(2,6-dichloranilino) phenylacetic acid) (sodium and/or epolamine), ibuprofen (iso-butyl-propanoic-phenolic acid), or ketoprofen ((RS)2-(3-benzoylphenyl)-propionic acid); acetaminophen (N-acetyl-para-aminophenol); a protein such as, collagen, elastin, or insulin, or an antibiotic, such as a doxycycline (4S,4aR,5S,5aR,6R,12aS)-4-(Dimethylamino)-3,5,10,12,12a-p
  • a method of reducing the particle size of an active ingredient comprising the following steps in order:
  • antioxidant is selected from the list comprising alpha-lipoic acid, vitamin C, resveratrol, Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), green tea extract, N-acetyl cysteine, glutathione, a tocopherol, a tocotrienol, or mixture thereof.
  • EGCG Epigallocatechin gallate
  • green tea extract N-acetyl cysteine, glutathione, a tocopherol, a tocotrienol, or mixture thereof.
  • a method of stabilizing an active ingredient in a composition comprising the following steps in order:
  • antioxidant is selected from the list comprising alpha-lipoic acid, vitamin C, resveratrol, Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), green tea extract, N-acetyl cysteine, glutathione, a tocopherol, a tocotrienol, or mixture thereof.
  • EGCG Epigallocatechin gallate
  • green tea extract N-acetyl cysteine, glutathione, a tocopherol, a tocotrienol, or mixture thereof.
  • a method of improving solubility of an active ingredient in a composition comprising the following steps in order:
  • antioxidant is selected from the list comprising alpha-lipoic acid, vitamin C, resveratrol, Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), green tea extract, N-acetyl cysteine, glutathione, a tocopherol, a tocotrienol, or mixture thereof.
  • EGCG Epigallocatechin gallate
  • green tea extract N-acetyl cysteine, glutathione, a tocopherol, a tocotrienol, or mixture thereof.
  • a method of improving bioavailability of an active ingredient in a composition comprising the following steps in order:
  • antioxidant is selected from the list comprising alpha-lipoic acid, vitamin C, resveratrol, Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), green tea extract, N-acetyl cysteine, glutathione, a tocopherol, a tocotrienol, or mixture thereof.
  • EGCG Epigallocatechin gallate
  • green tea extract N-acetyl cysteine, glutathione, a tocopherol, a tocotrienol, or mixture thereof.
  • DHEA dehydroepiandrosterone
  • hormone precursor or hormone mimic is human growth hormone (hGH).
  • a method of reducing pain, fever, and/or inflammation or increasing the amount of insulin in a subject comprising:
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition of embodiment 2 administering to said subject the transdermal and/or dermal composition of embodiment 2.
  • antioxidant is selected from the list comprising alpha-lipoic acid, vitamin C, resveratrol, Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), green tea extract, N-acetyl cysteine, glutathione, a tocopherol, a tocotrienol, or mixture thereof.
  • EGCG Epigallocatechin gallate
  • green tea extract N-acetyl cysteine, glutathione, a tocopherol, a tocotrienol, or mixture thereof.
  • amino acid is selected from the list comprising glutamine or arginine, or an arginine derivative.
  • hormone precursor or hormone mimic is human growth hormone (hGH).
  • a method of inhibiting a bacterial infection in a subject comprising:
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition of embodiment 2 comprising administering to said subject the transdermal and/or dermal composition of embodiment 2 and, optionally, determining the inhibition of bacteria in said subject after said administration.
  • antioxidant is selected from the list comprising alpha-lipoic acid, vitamin C, resveratrol, Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), green tea extract, N-acetyl cysteine, glutathione, a tocopherol, a tocotrienol, or mixture thereof.
  • EGCG Epigallocatechin gallate
  • green tea extract N-acetyl cysteine, glutathione, a tocopherol, a tocotrienol, or mixture thereof.
  • hormone precursor or hormone mimic is human growth hormone (hGH).
  • a method of making a transdermal and/or dermal composition comprising the following steps in order:
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition comprises particles 90% of which are not greater than 100 nanometers on average as determined by dynamic light scattering.
  • said one or more viscosity-increasing agents comprises a cellulose derivative that is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (E464), and hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose.
  • NSAID is at least one aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), naproxen (2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanoic acid), diclofenac (2-(2,6-dichloranilino) phenylacetic acid) (sodium and/or epolamine), ibuprofen (iso-butyl-propanoic-phenolic acid), or ketoprofen ((RS)2-(3-benzoylphenyl)-propionic acid); and/or acetaminophen (N-acetyl-para-aminophenol).
  • said active ingredient comprises one or more opiods, anti-depressants, anti-epilectic drugs, adjuvant medications, muscle relaxers, nerve abalation drugs, spinal chord stimulators, nutraceuticals, vitamins for improved nutrition, minerals, neuropathy therapy drugs, male hormonal balancing drugs, female hormonal balancing drugs, and bio-identical hormones.
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition comprises particles 90% of which are no greater than 90 nanometers on average as assayed by dynamic light scattering.
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition comprises particles 90% of which are no greater than 80 nanometers on average as assayed by dynamic light scattering.
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition comprises particles 90% of which are no greater than 70 nanometers on average as assayed by dynamic light scattering.
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition comprises particles 90% of which are no greater than 60 nanometers on average as assayed by dynamic light scattering.
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition comprises particles 90% of which are no greater than 50 nanometers on average as assayed by dynamic light scattering.
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition comprises particles 90% of which are no greater than 40 nanometers on average as assayed by dynamic light scattering.
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition comprises particles 90% of which are no greater than 30 nanometers on average as assayed by dynamic light scattering.
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition comprises particles 90% of which are no greater than 25 nanometers on average as assayed by dynamic light scattering.
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition comprises particles 90% of which are no greater than 20 nanometers on average as assayed by dynamic light scattering.
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition comprises particles 90% of which are no greater than 19 nanometers on average as assayed by dynamic light scattering.
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition comprises particles 90% of which are no greater than 18 nanometers on average as assayed by dynamic light scattering.
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition comprises particles 90% of which are no greater than 17 nanometers on average as assayed by dynamic light scattering.
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition comprises particles 90% of which are no greater than 16 nanometers on average as assayed by dynamic light scattering.
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition comprises particles 90% of which are no less than 2 nanometers on average as assayed by dynamic light scattering.
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition comprises particles 90% of which are no less than 3 nanometers on average as assayed by dynamic light scattering.
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition comprises particles 90% of which are no less than 4 nanometers on average as assayed by dynamic light scattering.
  • a method of reducing the particle size of an active ingredient in a drug delivery composition comprising water comprising the following steps in order:
  • antioxidant is selected from the list comprising alpha-lipoic acid, vitamin C, resveratrol, Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), green tea extract, N-acetyl cysteine, glutathione, a tocopherol, a tocotrienol, or mixture thereof.
  • EGCG Epigallocatechin gallate
  • green tea extract N-acetyl cysteine, glutathione, a tocopherol, a tocotrienol, or mixture thereof.
  • amino acid is selected from the list comprising glutamine or arginine, or an arginine derivative.
  • hormone precursor or hormone mimic is human growth hormone (hGH).
  • FIG. 1A Contact angle for Water using Quartz Plate as Substrate.
  • FIG. 1B Contact angle for DermX® Direct “Liquid Aspirin” using Quartz Plate as Substrate.
  • FIG. 2A Photomicrograph of Water Spreading using Quartz Plate as Substrate. Each grid division equals 2 mm.
  • FIG. 2B Photomicrograph of DermX® Direct “Liquid Aspirin” Spreading using Quartz Plate as Substrate. Each grid division equals 2 mm.
  • FIG. 3A Optical Image of Acetaminophen dry powder (400 ⁇ magnification).
  • FIG. 3B Particle Size Distribution of Acetaminophen suspension.
  • FIG. 3C Particle Size Distribution of “Liquid Acetaminophen”.
  • FIG. 3D Particle Size Distribution of the DermX® MegaspheresTM carrier system (“Placebo”).
  • FIG. 3E Comparison of Raman Spectra.
  • FIG. 4A Optical Image of Ibuprofen dry powder (400 ⁇ magnification).
  • FIG. 4B Particle Size Distribution of Ibuprofen suspension.
  • FIG. 4C Particle Size Distribution of “Liquid Ibuprofen”.
  • FIG. 4D Comparison of Raman Spectra.
  • FIG. 5A Particle Size Distribution of Insulin solution.
  • FIG. 5B Particle Size Distribution of Insulin suspension.
  • FIG. 5C Particle Size Distribution of “Liquid Ibuprofen”.
  • FIG. 6A Optical Image of Ketoprofen dry powder (400 ⁇ magnification).
  • FIG. 6B Particle Size Distribution of Ketoprofen suspension.
  • FIG. 6C Particle Size Distribution of “Liquid Ketoprofen”.
  • FIG. 6D Comparison of Raman Spectra.
  • FIG. 7A Optical Image of Naproxen dry powder (400 ⁇ magnification).
  • FIG. 7B Particle Size Distribution of Naproxen suspension.
  • FIG. 7C Particle Size Distribution of “Liquid Naproxen”.
  • FIG. 7D Comparison of Raman Spectra.
  • FIG. 8A Dry Aspirin at 100 ⁇ magnification.
  • FIG. 8B Formula 1 at 100 ⁇ Magnification.
  • FIG. 8C Formula 1C at 100 ⁇ Magnification.
  • FIG. 8D Formula 2 at 100 ⁇ Magnification.
  • FIG. 8E Formula 3 at 100 ⁇ Magnification.
  • FIG. 8F Dry Aspirin Suspension at 400 ⁇ magnification.
  • FIG. 8G Laser Diffraction Result for Dry Aspirin at 2.2% in Water.
  • Transdermal and/or dermal compositions e.g., liquids
  • active ingredients in the formulation such as, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, and/or proteins or polypeptides, such as, insulin, have been developed.
  • NSAIDs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
  • acetaminophen acetaminophen
  • proteins or polypeptides such as, insulin
  • transdermal and/or dermal formulations comprising NSAIDs, acetaminophen, and/or proteins such as insulin, wherein greater than 90% of the particles of the active ingredient have a particle size of less than or equal to or any number in between 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, or 4 nanometers, as determined by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), using a volume-weighted particle size distribution calculation method, can be prepared.
  • DLS Dynamic Light Scattering
  • these transdermal and/or dermal formulations stabilize the active ingredients in liquid for extended periods of time.
  • the reduced particle size of the NSAID, acetaminophen, and/or insulin and the stability in liquid afforded by the formulation described herein, is contemplated to improve transdermal and/or dermal delivery of the active ingredient, as well as, improve the shelf-life of the product.
  • a transdermal and/or dermal composition comprising alcohol (e.g., absolute ethanol), an NSAID (e.g., aspirin), acetaminophen, and/or a protein (e.g., insulin, collagen, or elastin) water, approximately 4%-25% by weight or volume of an ethoxylated oil having 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, or 22 ethoxylations per molecule (e.g., ethoxylated macadamia nut oil having 16 ethoxylations per molecule), and optionally, a fragrance, wherein greater than or equal to or any number in between 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% of the NSAID, acetaminophen, and/or insulin particles in the composition (e.g., liquid) have a particle size of less than or equal to 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11,
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition e.g., liquid
  • a transdermal and/or dermal composition e.g., liquid
  • BRIJ Polyethylene glycol hexadecyl ether
  • the amount of alcohol (e.g., 200 proof ethyl alcohol) in the transdermal and/or dermal liquid formulations described herein is greater than or equal to or any number in between 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, or 60% of the total volume or weight of the transdermal and/or dermal liquid.
  • alcohol e.g. 200 proof ethyl alcohol
  • the amount of alcohol (e.g., 200 proof ethyl alcohol) in the afore-mentioned transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid) is greater than or equal to or any number in between 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, or 52% of the total volume or weight of the transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid).
  • the amount of alcohol (e.g., 200 proof ethyl alcohol) in the afore-mentioned transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid) is greater than or equal to or any number in between, 49%, 50%, or 51% of the total volume or weight of the transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid).
  • the amount of alcohol (e.g., 200 proof ethyl alcohol) in the transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid) is 50% of the total volume or weight of the transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid).
  • a variety of active ingredients can be used in one or more of the transdermal and/or dermal compositions (e.g., liquids) described herein.
  • the described embodiments can be organized according to their ability to deliver a low or high molecular weight active ingredient.
  • Low molecular weight molecules e.g., a molecule having a molecular weight less than 6,000 Daltons
  • high molecular weight molecules e.g., a molecule having a molecular weight equal to or greater than 6,000 Daltons
  • a transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid) described herein comprises an active ingredient having a molecular weight of 50 Daltons to less than 6,000 Daltons.
  • a transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid) described herein comprises an active ingredient having a molecular weight of 50 Daltons to 2,000,000 Daltons or less.
  • a preferred transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid) described herein comprises an active ingredient having a molecular weight of less than or equal to or any number in-between 50, 100, 200, 500, 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, 2,500, 3,000, 3,500, 4,000, 4,500, 5,000, 5,500, 6,000, 7,000, 8,000, 9,000, 10,000, 11,000, 12,000, 13,000, 14,000, 15,000, 16,000, 17,000, 18,000, 19,000, 20,000, 21,000, 22,000, 23,000, 24,000, 25,000, 26,000, 27,000, 28,000, 29,000, 30,000, 31,000, 32,000, 33,000, 34,000, 35,000, 36,000, 37,000, 38,000, 39,000, 40,000, 41,000, 42,000, 43,000, 44,000, 45,000, 46,000, 47,000, 48,000, 49,000, 50,000, 51,000, 52,000, 53,000, 54,000, 55,000, 56,000, 57,000, 58,000, 59,000, 60,000, 61,000, 62,000,
  • NSAIDs can be provided in one or more of the transdermal and/or dermal compositions (e.g., liquids) described herein.
  • one or more of the following NSAIDs are included in the transdermal composition (e.g., liquid): ibuprofen (2-(isobutylphenyl)-propionic acid); methotrexate (N-[4-(2,4diamino6-pteridinyl-methyl]methylamino]benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid); aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid); salicylic acid; diphenhydramine(2-(diphenylmethoxy)-NN-dimethylethylamine hydrochloride); naproxen (2-naphthaleneacetic acid, 6-methoxy-9-methyl-, sodium salt, ( ⁇ )); phenylbutazone (4-butyl-1,2-diphenyl-3
  • a transdermal and/or dermal composition prepared as described herein comprises one or more of the following NSAIDs: ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, aspirin, salicylic acid, indomethacin, fenoprofen, tolmetin, sulindac, meclofenamate, proxicam, flurbiprofen, or diclofenac (sodium or epolamine).
  • the transdermal and/or dermal composition e.g., liquid
  • the transdermal and/or dermal composition e.g., liquid
  • the transdermal and/or dermal composition e.g., liquid
  • the transdermal and/or dermal composition e.g., liquid
  • the transdermal and/or dermal composition e.g., liquid
  • the transdermal and/or dermal composition e.g., liquid
  • the transdermal and/or dermal composition e.g., liquid
  • the amount of active ingredient (e.g., a low molecular weight active ingredient, such as an NSAID or acetaminophen) in the transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid) is greater than or equal to or any number in between 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.0%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5.0%, 5.25%, 5.5%, 5.8%, 6.0%, 6.25%, 6.5%, 6.8%, 7.0%,
  • the amount of active ingredient (e.g., an NSAID or acetaminophen) in the transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid) formulation is greater than or equal to or any number in between 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.0%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5.0%, 5.25%, 5.5%, 5.8%, 6.0%, 6.25%, 6.5%, 6.8%, 7.0%, 7.25%, 7.5%, 7.8%, 8.0% 8.25%, 8.5%, 8.8%, 9.0%, 9.25%, 9.5%, 9.8%, 10.0%, 10.25%, 10.5%, 10.8%, 11.0%, 11.25%, 11.5%, 11.8%, or
  • the amount of active ingredient (e.g., an NSAID or acetaminophen) in the transdermal and/or dermal composition is greater than or equal to or any number in between 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.0%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5.0%, 5.25%, 5.5%, 5.8%, 6.0%, 6.25%, 6.5%, 6.8%, 7.0%, 7.25%, 7.5%, 7.8%, 8.0% 8.25%, 8.5%, 8.8%, 9.0%, 9.25%, 9.5%, 9.8%, 10.0%, 10.25%, 10.5%, 10.8%, 11.0%, 11.25%, 11.5%, 11.8%, or 12.0% of the total volume or weight of the transdermal and/or
  • the amount of active ingredient (e.g., an NSAID or acetaminophen) in the transdermal and/or dermal composition is greater than or equal to or any number in between 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.0%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5.0%, 5.25%, 5.5%, 5.8%, 6.0%, 6.25%, 6.5%, 6.8%, 7.0%, 7.25%, 7.5%, 7.8%, 8.0% 8.25%, 8.5%, 8.8%, 9.0%, 9.25%, 9.5%, 9.8%, 10.0%, 10.25%, 10.5%, 10.8%, 11.0%, 11.25%, 11.5%, 11.8%, or 12.0% of the total volume or weight of the transdermal and/or
  • the amount of active ingredient (e.g., an NSAID or acetaminophen) in the transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid) formulation is greater than or equal to or any number in between 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, or 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.0%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5.0%, 5.25%, 5.5%, 5.8%, 6.0%, 6.25%, 6.5%, 6.8%, 7.0%, 7.25%, 7.5%, 7.8%, 8.0% 8.25%, 8.5%, 8.8%, 9.0%, 9.25%, 9.5%, 9.8%, 10.0%, 10.25%, 10.5%, 10.8%, 11.0%, 11.25%, 11.5%, 11.8%, or 12.0% of the total volume or weight of the transdermatitis, 3.1%
  • a large number of poly peptides and/or proteins can also be incorporated into one or more of the transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid) formulations described herein.
  • Collagens and elastins exist in many forms and can be isolated from a number of sources. Additionally, several forms of collagen can be obtained commercially (e.g., Sederma, N.J.). Many low molecular weight collagens and elastins can be made, for example, by hydrolysis or protease digestion.
  • transdermal and/or dermal compositions e.g., liquids
  • transdermal and/or dermal compositions comprise collagens and/or elastins having molecular weights less than or equal to 6,000 Daltons (e.g., achievable by limited enzymatic digestion or hydrolysis). Additionally, several higher molecular weight collagens and elastins exist. Some are isolated from animal or plant sources and some are synthesized or produced through techniques common in molecular biology.
  • transdermal and/or dermal compositions e.g., liquids
  • transdermal and/or dermal compositions e.g., liquids
  • transdermal and/or dermal compositions e.g., liquids
  • transdermal and/or dermal compositions e.g., liquids
  • embodiments of the transdermal and/or dermal compositions (e.g., liquids) described herein comprise collagens and/or elastins having molecular weights of greater than or equal to or any number in-between 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, 2,500, 3,000, 3,500, 4,000, 4,500, 5,000, 5,500, 6,000, 7,000, 8,000, 9,000, 10,000, 11,000, 12,000, 13,000, 14,000, 15,000, 16,000, 17,000, 18,000, 19,000, 20,000, 21,000, 22,000, 23,000, 24,000, 25,000, 26,000, 27,000, 28,000, 29,000, 30,000, 31,000, 32,000, 33,000, 34,000, 35,000, 36,000, 37,000, 38,000, 39,000, 40,000, 41,000, 42,000, 43,000, 44,000, 45,000, 46,000, 47,000, 48,000, 49,000, 50,000, 51,000, 52,000, 53,000, 54,000, 55,000, 5
  • a variety of insulins can also be provided in one or more of the transdermal and/or dermal compositions (e.g., liquids) provided herein including, but not limited to, human insulin, recombinant insulin, porcine insulin, bovine insulin, and/or modified insulin (e.g., hexyl-insulin monoconjugate 2 (HIM2)).
  • the amount of insulin in a transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid) prepared as described herein can also vary widely depending on the patient being treated and the desired amount of insulin that is to be delivered to the patient.
  • the amount of insulin in the transdermal and/or dermal composition is greater than or equal to or any number in between 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, or 120 units of insulin per milliliter of transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid).
  • the amount of insulin in the transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid) formulation is greater than or equal to or any number in between 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, or 105 units of insulin per ml of transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid).
  • the amount of insulin in the transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid) is greater than or equal to or any number in between 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, or 102 units of insulin per ml of transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid).
  • the amount of insulin in the transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid) is 100 units of insulin per ml of transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid).
  • the amount of insulin in a transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid) described herein can be greater than or equal to or any number in between 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.2%, 0.21%, 0.22%, 0.23%, 0.24%, 0.25%, 0.26%, 0.27%, 0.28%, 0.29%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, or 2.0% of the total volume or weight of the transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid).
  • the amount of insulin in a transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid) described herein can be greater than or equal to or any number in between 0.1%, 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.2%, 0.21%, 0.22%, 0.23%, 0.24%, 0.25%, 0.26%, 0.27%, 0.28%, 0.29%, or 0.3% of the total volume or weight of the transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid).
  • the amount of insulin in a transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid) described herein can be greater than or equal to or any number in between 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.2%, 0.21%, 0.22%, 0.23%, 0.24%, or 0.25% of the total volume or weight of the transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid).
  • the amount of insulin in a transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid) is 0.2% of the total volume or weight of the transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid).
  • the amount of insulin in a transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid) described herein is adjusted according to the patient's weight and/or treatment needs.
  • the amount of insulin in a transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid) can be an amount that provides to a patient an amount of insulin in one, two, three, or more applications that is greater than or equal to or any number in between 0.5 g, 0.6 g, 0.7 g, 0.8 g, 0.9 g, 1.0 g, 1.1 g, 1.2 g, or 1.3 g of insulin per kg of patient body weight per day.
  • additional proteins can be provided in one or more of the transdermal and/or dermal compositions (e.g., liquids) provided herein.
  • polypeptides and/or proteins that can be included in one or more of the transdermal compositions (e.g., liquids) described herein include: vasopressin, vasopressin polypeptide analogs, desmopressin, glucagon, corticotropin (ACTH), gonadotropin, calcitonin, C-peptide of insulin, parathyroid hormone (PTH), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), growth hormone (HG), human growth hormone (hGH), growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), oxytocin, corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), somatostatin or somatostatin polypeptide analogs, gonadotropin agonist or gonadotropin agonist polypeptide analogs, human atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), human
  • additional molecules can be provided in one or more of the transdermal and/or dermal compositions (e.g., liquids) provided herein.
  • additional active ingredients that can be included in one or more of the transdermal and/or dermal compositions (e.g., liquids) described herein include: sex hormones, such as, estradiol, diethylstilbestrol, conjugated estrogens, estrone, norethindrone, medroxyprogesterone, progesterone, norgestrel, testosterone, methyltestosterone, fluoxymesterone, or thymosin beta-4; anabolic steroids, such as, androstenediol methandrostenolone, androstenedione methenolone, boldenone, methyltestosterone, chlorotestosterone (4-chlortestosterone) mibolerone, clostebol, methandriol, dehydrochlormethyltestosterone
  • sex hormones such as, estradiol, die
  • antibiotics of the lincomycin family include lincomycin (6,8-dideoxy-6-[[(1-methyl-4-propyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-carbonyl]amino]-1-thio-L-threo-alpha-D-galacto-octopyranoside), clindamycin, the 7-deoxy, 7-chloro derivative of lincomycin (i.e., 7-chloro-6,7,8-trideoxy-6-[[(1-methyl-4-propyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl]amino]-1-thio-L-threo-alpha-D-galacto-octopyranoside), and other known analogs and/or related.
  • antibiotics of the tetracycline family which may be included in a formulation described herein include tetracycline (4-(dimethylamino)1,4,4-alpha-,5,5-alpha-,6,11,12 alpha-octahydro-3,-6,12-,12-alpha-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-2naphthacenecarboxamide)-chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, demeclocycline, rolitetracycline, methacycline and doxycycline and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters.
  • tetracycline (4-(dimethylamino)1,4,4-alpha-,5,5-alpha-,6,11,12 alpha-octahydro-3,-6,12-,12-alpha-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-2naphthacenecarboxamide
  • Exemplary sulfur-based antibiotics include, which may be included in one or more of the formulations described herein include the sulfonamides sulfacetamide, sulfabenzamide, sulfadiazine, sulfadoxine, sulfamerazine, sulfanethazine, sulfamethizole, sulfamethoxazole, and pharmacologically acceptable salts and esters thereof, such as sulfacetamide sodium.
  • Anti-viral agents for use with the formulations described herein include reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as Nevirapine, Delavirdine, and Efavirenz; nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nucleoside analogs) such as Zidovudine, Didanosine, Zalcitabine, Stavudine, Lamivudine, Abacavir, and Emtricitabine; protease inhibitors such as Amprenavir, Fosamprenavir, Indinavir, lopinavir, Ritonavir, Saquinavir, and Nelfinavir; and nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtARTIs or NtRTIs) such as Tenofovir and Adefovir.
  • reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as Nevirapine, Delavirdine, and Efavirenz
  • nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors nucleoside analogs
  • protease inhibitors such as Ampren
  • UV blocking agents or sunscreen agents that may be incorporated into the formulations described herein include: UVB blocking agents such as salicylic acid derivatives, cinnamic acid derivatives, liquid beta, beta′-diphenylacrylate derivatives, p-aminobenzoic acid derivatives, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid, and 1,3,5-triazine derivatives; UVA blocking agents such as dibenzoylmethane derivatives, benzophenone derivatives, silane derivatives or polyorganosiloxanes containing a benzophenone group, anthranilates, silicon derivatives of N-substituted benzimidazolylbenzazoles or of benzofurylbenzazoles, and triazine derivatives; and combinations thereof.
  • UVB blocking agents such as salicylic acid derivatives, cinnamic acid derivatives, liquid beta, beta′-diphenylacrylate derivatives, p-aminobenz
  • Anti-wrinkle agents for use with the formulations described herein include retinol and retinoic acid derivatives, such as 13-trans retinoic acid, 13-cis retinoic acid and retinol ester; hydroxy acids, such as hydroxy acid, alpha hydroxy acid, beta hydroxy acid, poly hydroxy acid, glycolic acid, and lactic acid; exfoliants; Coenzyme Q10 copper peptides; kinetins; hyaluronic acid and tea extracts; as well as the aforementioned collagens and elastins.
  • retinol and retinoic acid derivatives such as 13-trans retinoic acid, 13-cis retinoic acid and retinol ester
  • hydroxy acids such as hydroxy acid, alpha hydroxy acid, beta hydroxy acid, poly hydroxy acid, glycolic acid, and lactic acid
  • exfoliants Coenzyme Q10 copper peptides
  • kinetins kinetins
  • Anti-malarial agents for use with the formulations described herein include quinine; quinimax; quinidine; chloroquine and derivatives such as chloroquine phosphate and hydroxychloroquine; amodiaquine; pyrimethamine; sulphadoxine; proguanil; mefloquine; atovaquone; primaquine; artemesinin; halofantrine; doxycycline; and clindamycin.
  • an active ingredient comprises a sugar or a sugar-containing compound such as a cyclodextrin or beta-cyclodextrin.
  • Pain-management and additional agents for use with the formulations described herein include opiods, anti-depresssants, anti-epilectic, adjuvant medications, muscle relaxer, nerve abalation, spinal chord stimulators, nutraceuticals, vitamins for improved nutrition, minerals, neuropathy therapy, hormonal balancing (male & female), and bio-identical hormones.
  • ethoxylated oils can be used to prepare a transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid), as described herein (e.g., macadamia nut oil, meadow foam oil, jojoba oil, emu oil, and/or synthetic oil).
  • these ethoxylated oils have been ethoxylated to have 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, or 22 ethoxylations per molecule.
  • the ethoxylated oils used in the preparations described herein have 16, 17, or 18 ethoxylations per molecule and most preferable are ethoxylated oils having 16 ethoxylations per molecule.
  • macadamia nut oil having 16 ethoxylations per molecule is used in the transdermal compositions (e.g., liquids) described herein.
  • the amount of the aforementioned ethoxylated oils to include in a transdermal and/or dermal composition is preferably greater than or equal to or any number in between 2%-25% by total weight or volume. That is, the amount of ethoxylated oil that can be incorporated into a transdermal composition (e.g., liquid), as described herein, can be greater than or equal to or any number in between 2.0%, 2.25%, 2.5%, 2.75%, 3.0%, 3.25%, 3.5%, 3.75%, 4.0%, 4.25%, 4.5%, 4.75%, 5.0%, 5.25%, 5.5%, 5.75%, 6.0%, 6.25%, 6.5%, 6.75%, 7.0%, 7.25%, 7.5%, 7.75%, 8.0% 8.25%, 8.5%, 8.75%, 9.0%, 9.25%, 9.5%, 9.75%, 10.0%, 10.25%, 10.5%, 10.75%, 11.0%, 11.25%, 11.5%, 11.75%, 12.0%, 12.25%,
  • the amount of water in the transdermal and/or dermal composition varies according to the amount of alcohol, active ingredient, and ethoxylated oil present. That is, for example, when making 100 ml of a transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid), as described herein, the water is used to bring the volume of the emulsion comprising the alcohol, ethoxylated oil, and active ingredient with or without fragrance up to the total volume of 100 ml.
  • the water should be added to the transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid) subsequent to the addition of the active ingredient to the alcohol and/or ethoxylated oil so as to protect the active ingredient from degradative forces (e.g., hydrolysis) and force particle size reduction of the active ingredient, which will improve stability and skin penetration.
  • a variety of fragrances can be added to the transdermal liquids described herein (e.g., Peace and Calming oil, Sandal Wood Oil, or Tangerine oil). It is preferred that the fragrances are added to the transdermal composition (e.g., liquid) after the addition of water.
  • One approach to making the transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid) described herein involves mixing an amount (e.g., 1%-70%, e.g. 30%-70%, or 30%-60% by total weight or volume or any number in between this range, as described supra) of alcohol (e.g., 200 proof ethyl alcohol) with an amount (e.g., 0.5%-12.0% by total weight or volume or any number in between this range, as described supra) of an active ingredient, such as an NSAID (e.g., aspirin), acetaminophen, or a protein such as, insulin while stirring the alcohol continuously with a stir plate and magnetic stir bar.
  • an NSAID e.g., aspirin
  • acetaminophen e.g., aspirin
  • a protein such as, insulin
  • the amount of insulin added to the formulation can be an amount sufficient to achieve a final concentration of 80-120 units insulin per ml or any number in between this range, as described supra.
  • an amount e.g., 2%-25% by total weight or volume or any number in between either of these ranges, as described supra
  • ethoxylated oil e.g., macadamia nut oil having 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, or 22 ethoxylations per molecule
  • water e.g., distilled water
  • a 100 ml transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid) preparation is prepared by mixing 50 ml of absolute ethanol with 2.2 grams of aspirin powder while stirring continuously; adding 10 ml of ethoxylated macadamia nut oil (16 ethoxylations per molecule) to the alcohol and aspirin mixture while stirring so as to generate an emulsion; and bringing the total remaining volume up to 100 ml by adding distilled water in a drop-wise fashion.
  • fragrance is added after adding the water.
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition e.g., liquid
  • a transdermal and/or dermal composition e.g., liquid
  • a size of active ingredient that is less than or equal to or any number in between 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, or 4 nanometers, as determined by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), using a volume-weighted particle size distribution calculation method).
  • DLS Dynamic Light Scattering
  • transdermal and/or dermal compositions e.g., liquids
  • an amount e.g., 2%-25% by total weight or volume or any number in between this range, as described supra
  • ethoxylated oil e.g., macadamia nut oil having 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, or 22 ethoxylations per molecule
  • an amount e.g., 0.5%-12.0% by total weight or volume or any number in between this range, as described supra
  • an active ingredient such as an NSAID (e.g., aspirin), acetaminophen, or a protein, such as insulin
  • stirring the ethoxylated oil continuously e.g., with a stir plate and magnetic stir bar.
  • the amount of insulin added to the formulation can be an amount sufficient to achieve a final concentration of 80-120 units insulin per ml or any number in between this range, as described supra.
  • an amount e.g., 1%-70%, e.g. 30%-70%, by total weight or volume or any number in between this range, as described supra
  • alcohol e.g. 200 proof ethyl alcohol
  • water e.g., distilled water
  • a 100 ml transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid) preparation is prepared by mixing 10 ml of ethoxylated macadamia nut oil (16 ethoxylations per molecule) with 2.2 grams of aspirin powder while stirring continuously; adding 50 ml of absolute ethanol to the ethoxylated oil and aspirin mixture while stirring so as to generate a nano-emulsion; and bringing the total remaining volume up to 100 ml by adding distilled water in a drop-wise fashion.
  • fragrance is added after adding the water.
  • transdermal composition e.g., liquid
  • a transdermal composition having an active ingredient that is of a relatively homogeneous size and having a size of the active ingredient that is less than or equal to or any number in between 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, or 4 nanometers, as determined by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), using a volume-weighted particle size distribution calculation method).
  • DLS Dynamic Light Scattering
  • transdermal and/or dermal compositions e.g., liquids
  • a container e.g., a bottle that preferably has a convenient applicator (e.g., sprayer, roller ball, or roll-on applicator).
  • the applicators can also be configured such that a measured amount of a transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid) is provided with each application such that an effective dose of the active ingredient can be administered.
  • transdermal and/or dermal compositions made in accordance with the teachings herein comprise greater than or equal to or any number in between 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% of the particles of active ingredient with a particle size of less than or equal to or any number in between 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, or 4 nanometers, as determined by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), using a volume-weighted particle size distribution calculation method, which is considerably less than the particle size of the active ingredient prior to formulation in accordance with the methods described herein.
  • DLS Dynamic Light Scattering
  • the mixing of the active ingredient with the alcohol and/or ethoxylated oil prior to contacting the active ingredient with water promotes a reduction of particle size of the active ingredient.
  • This reduced particle size and the nano-emulsion generated by the methodologies provided herein is also thought to protect the active ingredient from degradation e.g., from hydrolysis, and thereby provide greater stability of the active ingredient, which improves shelf-life of the product, and the dermal and/or transdermal delivery of the active ingredient.
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition e.g., liquid
  • a transdermal and/or dermal composition e.g., liquid
  • an active ingredient particle size that is substantially reduced, as compared to the particle size of the active ingredient prior to it being diluted into a formulation.
  • the pain reliever acetamenophin, and insulin were formulated into a transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid) in accordance with the teachings herein, a significant reduction in particle size of the NSAIDs, acetamenophin, and insulin as compared to the NSAIDs, acetaminophen, and insulin prior to formulation, was detected.
  • a transdermal and/or dermal composition e.g., liquid
  • acetaminophen based on DLS measurements, after formulation in accordance with the methods described herein, it was found that greater than 99% of acetaminophen particles were less than 10 nm in size, when a volume-weighted particle size distribution calculation was used. Prior to formulation, the particle size of the acetaminophen (dry powder) was extremely variable (1-100 microns in size).
  • an ibuprofen-containing transdermal and/or dermal composition e.g., liquid
  • a volume-weighted particle size distribution calculation was used. But prior to formulation, the particle size of the ibuprofen (dry powder) was extremely variable (10-100 microns in size).
  • a ketoprofen-containing transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid), prepared in accordance with the teachings herein, was also analyzed by DLS and it was found that greater than 90% of the ketoprofen particles were less than 6 nm, when a volume-weighted particle size distribution calculation was used. But prior to formulation the particle size of the ketoprofen (dry powder) was extremely variable (10-100 microns in size).
  • a naproxen-containing transdermal and/or dermal composition e.g., liquid
  • the particle size of the naproxen (dry powder) was extremely variable (approximately, 100 microns in size).
  • An aspirin-containing transdermal and/or dermal composition e.g., liquid
  • DLS aspirin-containing transdermal and/or dermal composition
  • an insulin-containing transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid), prepared in accordance with the teachings herein, was analyzed by DLS and it was found that greater than 90% of the insulin particles are less than 3 nm, when a volume-weighted particle size distribution calculation was used but prior to formulation 99.9% of the insulin had a particle size of about 6 nm in size.
  • formulations prepared by an alternative method wherein water is allowed to contact the active ingredient prior to mixing the active ingredient with an alcohol or ethoxylated oil or both will have considerably larger size of active ingredient particles, with greater heterogeneity in size of particles and these formulations will be less stable and will have a shorter shelf-life than formulations prepared in accordance with the teachings provided herein.
  • Additional aspects of the invention concern methods of reducing particle size of an active ingredient (e.g., an NSAID, such as aspirin, acetaminophen, or a polypeptide or protein, such as insulin) in a transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid).
  • an active ingredient e.g., an NSAID, such as aspirin, acetaminophen, or a polypeptide or protein, such as insulin
  • a transdermal and/or dermal composition e.g., liquid.
  • the amount of insulin added to the formulation can be an amount sufficient to achieve a final concentration of 80-120 units insulin per ml or any number in between this range, as described supra.
  • water e.g., distilled water
  • the methods above can include a step of measuring the particle size after the formulation is prepared or after the active ingredient is mixed with the alcohol and/or ethoxylated oil. See Example 4 and 8.
  • Another optional step that can be performed with these methods includes separating, isolating and/or purifying the prepared formulation and/or the mixture of active ingredient with the alcohol and/or the ethoxylated oil (e.g., by separating the formulation and/or the mixture of active ingredient with the alcohol and/or the ethoxylated oil by HPLC or FPLC column chromatography (e.g., size exclusion chromatography)).
  • an active ingredient e.g., an NSAID, acetaminophen, or a protein, such as insulin
  • a transdermal and/or dermal or oral or injectable composition e.g., liquid
  • an active ingredient such as an NSAID (e.g., aspirin), acetaminophen, or a protein, such as insulin
  • an amount e.g. 0.5%-12.0% by total weight or volume or any number in between this range, as described supra
  • an active ingredient such as an NSAID (e.g., aspirin), acetaminophen, or a protein, such as insulin
  • an amount 1%-70%, e.g.
  • the amount of insulin added to the formulation can be an amount sufficient to achieve a final concentration of 80-120 units insulin per ml or any number in between this range, as described supra.
  • water e.g., distilled water
  • water can be added, preferably in a dropwise fashion, to bring the remaining volume up to the total volume of the preparation desired.
  • the mixing of the active ingredient with the alcohol and/or the ethoxylated oil stabilizes the active ingredient in the composition (e.g., liquid), preventing degradation (e.g., proteolysis) and/or hydrolysis.
  • the methods above can include a step of measuring the stability of the formulation or the mixture of active ingredient, alcohol and/or ethoxylated oil after it is prepared (e.g., measuring the degradation or hydrolysis of the active ingredient by HPLC after high temperature and high humidity stress tests).
  • Yet more aspects of the invention concern methods of improving the solubility and/or bioavailability of an active ingredient (e.g., an NSAID, acetaminophen, or a protein, such as insulin) in a transdermal and/or dermal or oral or injectable composition (e.g., liquid).
  • an active ingredient e.g., an NSAID, acetaminophen, or a protein, such as insulin
  • a transdermal and/or dermal or oral or injectable composition e.g., liquid.
  • a method for practicing these methods can be practiced by contacting an amount (e.g., 0.5%-12.0% by total weight or volume or any number in between this range, as described supra) of an active ingredient, such as an NSAID (e.g., aspirin), acetaminophen, or a protein, such as insulin with an amount (e.g., 1%-70% or 30%-70% by total weight or volume or any number in between this range, as described supra) of alcohol (e.g., 200 proof ethyl alcohol) or an amount (e.g., 2%-25% by total weight or volume or any number in between this range, as described supra) of ethoxylated oil (e.g., macadamia nut oil having 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22 ethoxylations per molecule) while stirring continuously (e.g., with a stir plate and magnetic stir bar).
  • an active ingredient such as an NSAID (e.g., aspirin), acetamin
  • the amount of insulin added to the formulation can be an amount sufficient to achieve a final concentration of 80-120 units insulin per ml or any number in between this range, as described supra.
  • water e.g., distilled water
  • the mixing of the active ingredient with the alcohol and/or the ethoxylated oil stabilizes the active ingredient in the composition (e.g., liquid), preventing degradation (e.g., proteolysis) and/or hydrolysis.
  • the methods above can include a step of measuring the solubility and/or bioavailability of the formulation or the mixture of active ingredient, alcohol and/or ethoxylated oil after it is prepared.
  • compositions e.g., liquids
  • a method of reducing pain, fever, and/or inflammation is practiced by providing one or more of the transdermal and/or dermal compositions (e.g., liquids) comprising an NSAID and/or acetaminophen, as described herein to a subject (human or animal) in need of a medicament that reduces pain, fever, and/or inflammation (e.g., a patient that has been diagnosed with acute pain, chronic pain, arthritis, inflammation, or a fever, all of which can be ascertained by routine clinical or diagnostic evaluation).
  • a subject is identified as one being in need of a transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid) that provides a particle size of an NSAID (e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, salicylic acid) and/or acetaminophen that is less than or equal to or any number in between 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, or 4 nanometers, as determined by Dynamic Light Scattering, using a volume-weighted particle size distribution calculation method (e.g., a dermal and/or transdermal composition (e.g., liquid) having greater than 90% of the particles of the NSAID and/or acetaminophen having a particle size of less than or equal to or any number in between 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11,
  • Such subjects can be identified by evaluation that said subjects are experiencing pain, fever, and/or inflammation and such subjects need a dermal and/or transdermal composition (e.g., liquid) that exhibits a stabilized NSAID or acetaminophen, or a dermal and/or transdermal liquid that has deep penetrance by virtue of the small particle size.
  • Subjects are then provided one or more of the NSAID- and/or acetaminophen-containing transdermal and/or dermal compositions (e.g., liquids) prepared as described herein.
  • the transdermal and/or dermal composition e.g., liquid
  • the subject is evaluated for pain reduction, fever reduction, and/or a reduction in inflammation.
  • a method of administering or providing insulin to a subject is practiced by providing one or more of the transdermal and/or dermal or oral or injectable compositions (e.g., liquids) comprising an amount of insulin, as described herein to a subject in need of a medicament that treats, ameliorates, or reduces diabetes or a condition associated with diabetes or an insulin deficiency (e.g., a patient that has been diagnosed with an insulin deficiency, or diabetes, all of which can be ascertained by routine clinical or diagnostic evaluation).
  • a medicament that treats, ameliorates, or reduces diabetes or a condition associated with diabetes or an insulin deficiency (e.g., a patient that has been diagnosed with an insulin deficiency, or diabetes, all of which can be ascertained by routine clinical or diagnostic evaluation).
  • a subject is identified as one being in need of a composition (e.g., liquid) that provides a particle size of insulin or modified insulin that is less than or equal to 16 nanometers, as determined by Dynamic Light Scattering, using a volume-weighted particle size distribution calculation method (e.g., a dermal and/or transdermal composition (e.g., liquid) having greater than 90% of the particles of the insulin or modified insulin having a particle size of less than 16 nm, as determined by Dynamic Light Scattering, using a volume-weighted particle size distribution calculation method).
  • a composition e.g., liquid
  • a volume-weighted particle size distribution calculation method e.g., a dermal and/or transdermal composition (e.g., liquid) having greater than 90% of the particles of the insulin or modified insulin having a particle size of less than 16 nm, as determined by Dynamic Light Scattering, using a volume-weighted particle size distribution calculation method.
  • Such subjects can be identified by evaluation that said subjects are experiencing a reduced production of insulin and such subjects need a transdermal and/or dermal or oral or injectable composition (e.g., liquid) that exhibits a stabilized insulin or modified insulin, or a transdermal and/or dermal liquid that has deep penetrance by virtue of the small particle size of the insulin.
  • Subjects are then provided one or more of the insulins and/or modified insulin-containing compositions (e.g., liquids) prepared as described herein.
  • the compositions e.g., liquids
  • the subject is evaluated for an increase in insulin and/or glucose tolerance.
  • compositions useful for the delivery of an active ingredient as provided herein have a Z-avg particle size measured by dynamic light scattering of less than, equal to, or any number in between 1 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, 16 nm, 17 nm, 18 nm, 19 nm, 20 nm, 21 nm, 22 nm, 23 nm, 24 nm, 25 nm, 26 nm, 27 nm, 28 nm, 29 nm, 30 nm, 31 nm, 32 nm, 33 nm, 34 nm, 35 nm, 36 nm, 37 nm, 38 nm, 39 nm, 40 nm, 41 nm, 42 nm,
  • the amount of alcohol can be at a final concentration of less than or equal to any number including or in between 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, or 65%, such as 20%-60%, 25%-55%, 30%-55%, 35%-55%, 40%-55%, 45%-55%, or 50%.
  • the amount of active ingredient in the formulation can be at a final concentration of less than or equal to or any number in between 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.0%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 7.5%, 8.0%
  • the amount of an ethoxylated oil can be present at a final concentration of less than or equal to or any number in between 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, or 25%, such as 5%-20%, 5%-15%, 6%-14%, 7%-13%, 8%-12%, 9%-11% or 10%.
  • an ethoxylated oil such as PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides
  • water is added to bring the transdermal and/or dermal composition to or near to its final volume, such as 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, or 70%, for example 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, or 45%, or for example 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%
  • one or more viscosity-increasing agents can be added, such as a cellulose derivative that is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (E464), and hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose; and optionally adding a fragrance or coloring or a fragrance and a coloring, at for example about 0.1% to about 1% by total weight or volume (that is, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0%, or up to 1.1%), which when calculated with the amount of water to be added the final volume is 100%.
  • a cellulose derivative that is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (E464), and hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose
  • compositions useful for the delivery of an active ingredient as provided herein that have a Z-avg particle size measured by dynamic light scattering of less than, equal to, or any number in between 1 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, 16 nm, 17 nm, 18 nm, 19 nm, 20 nm, 21 nm, 22 nm, 23 nm, 24 nm, 25 nm, 26 nm, 27 nm, 28 nm, 29 nm, 30 nm, 31 nm, 32 nm, 33 nm, 34 nm, 35 nm, 36 nm, 37 nm, 38 nm, 39 nm, 40
  • the amount of alcohol can be at a final concentration of less than or equal to any number including or in between 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, or 65%, such as 20%-60%, 25%-55%, 30%-55%, 35%-55%, 40%-55%, 45%-55%, or 50%.
  • the amount of active ingredient in the formulation can be at a final concentration of less than or equal to or any number in between 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.0%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 7.5%, 8.0%
  • the amount of an ethoxylated oil can be present at a final concentration of less than or equal to any number in between 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, or 25%, such as 5%-20%, 5%-15%, 6%-14%, 7%-13%, 8%-12%, 9%-11% or 10%.
  • an ethoxylated oil such as PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides
  • water is added to bring the transdermal and/or dermal composition to or near to its final volume, such as 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, or 70%, for example 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, or 45%, or for example 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%
  • one or more viscosity-increasing agents can be added, such as, a cellulose derivative that is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (E464), and hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose; and optionally adding a fragrance or coloring agent or a fragrance and a coloring agent, at for example about 0.1% to about 1% by total weight or volume (that is, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0%, or up to 1.1%), which when calculated with the amount of water to be added the final volume is 100%.
  • a cellulose derivative that is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (E464), and hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose
  • the methods provided herein are useful for the production of said compositions comprise the following steps in order: mixing an amount of an above-mentioned active ingredient with an above-mentioned alcohol, adding an above-mentioned ethoxylated oil; optionally adding an amount of water to bring the transdermal and/or dermal composition to or substantially to its final volume; and optionally adding one or more viscosity-increasing agents, such as a cellulose derivative that is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (E464), and hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose and/or optionally adding a fragrance or coloring or a fragrance and a coloring.
  • a cellulose derivative that is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (E464), and hydroxyeth
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition e.g., liquid
  • a transdermal and/or dermal composition comprising the following steps in order: (a) mixing an amount of an active ingredient with an alcohol, which such alcohol is present at a final concentration of 1%-70%, e.g.
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition (b) adding an ethoxylated oil, which is present at a final concentration of 2%-25% by total weight or total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition, to the mixture of (a); (c) optionally, adding an amount of water to bring the transdermal and/or dermal composition to its final volume; and (d) optionally, adding one or more viscosity-increasing agents, such as a cellulose derivative that is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (E464), and hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose and/or one or more fragrances or coloring agents.
  • a cellulose derivative that is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (E464), and hydroxyethyl
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition e.g., liquid
  • a transdermal and/or dermal composition comprising the following steps in order: (a) mixing an amount of an active ingredient with an alcohol, which such alcohol is present at a final concentration of 1%-70%, e.g.
  • the addition of an ethoxylated oil which may be present at a final concentration of 2%-25% by total weight or total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition (such as PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides at 10%, for example), has a substantial impact on particle size as indicated by final Z-Avg values as measured by dynamic light scattering. Particle sizes may be over 100 ⁇ smaller when an ethoxylated agent present at a final concentration of 2%-25% by total weight or total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition (such as PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides at 10%, for example) is added compared to formulations where it is not added. This indicates that the addition of an ethoxylated oil, which is present at a final concentration of 2%-25% by total weight or total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition, has a substantial impact on final particle size or volume.
  • an ethoxylated oil which is present at a final concentration of 2%-25% by total weight or
  • the order of addition of the components has a substantial impact on particle size as indicated by final Z-Avg values as measured by dynamic light scattering.
  • Particle sizes for compositions constituted following the sequential combination of components as disclosed in methods herein comprising the following steps in order: (a) mixing an amount of an active ingredient with an alcohol, which such alcohol is present at a final concentration of 1%-70%, e.g.
  • particle sizes for formulations wherein the order of addition is altered may yield particle sizes of greater than 100 nm, while compositions generated through the sequential addition of constituents as indicated herein yield particle sizes of 100 nm, less than 100 nm, less than 90 nm, less than 80 nm, less than 70 nm, less than 60 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 30 nm, or less than 20 nm, as indicated by final Z-Avg values as measured by dynamic light scattering.
  • Formulations useful for the delivery of an active ingredient were prepared using the components as disclosed herein, but differing in the order in which the components are added.
  • the formulation was constituted by the following steps in order: (a) mixing an amount of an active ingredient with an alcohol, which is present at a final concentration of 30-70% by total weight or total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition; (b) adding an ethoxylated oil, PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides, which is present at a final concentration of 2-25% by total weight or total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition, to the mixture of (a); (c) adding an amount of water, to bring the transdermal and/or dermal composition to its final volume; and optionally adding a minimal proportional volume of a fragrance and optionally adding one or more viscosity-increasing agents, such as a cellulose derivative that is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (E464), and hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose and/or one or more fragrance
  • formulation 1c the formulation was constituted by the following steps in order: (a) mixing an amount of an active ingredient with an alcohol, which is present at a final concentration of 30-70% by total weight or total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition; (b) adding an amount of water to bring the transdermal and/or dermal composition to its final volume; and optionally adding a minimal proportional amount of a fragrance and optionally adding one or more viscosity-increasing agents, such as a cellulose derivative that is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (E464), and hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose and/or one or more fragrances or coloring agents or both.
  • Formulation 1c was a control for formulation 1 and lacks PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides.
  • the formulation was constituted by the following steps in order: (a) mixing an amount of an active ingredient with an amount of water; (b) adding an alcohol, which is present at a final concentration of 30-70% by total weight or total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition; (c) adding an ethoxylated oil, PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides, which is present at a final concentration of 2-25% by total weight or total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition, to the mixture of (a); and optionally adding a minimal proportional amount of a fragrance and optionally adding one or more viscosity-increasing agents, such as a cellulose derivative that is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (E464), and hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose and/or one or more fragrances or coloring agents or both.
  • a cellulose derivative that is selected from the
  • the formulation was constituted by the following steps in order: (a) mixing an amount of water with an ethoxylated oil, PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides, which is present at a final concentration of 2-25% by total weight or total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition; (b) mixing an amount of an active ingredient; (c) optionally adding a minimal proportional amount of a fragrance; and (d) adding an alcohol, which is present at a final concentration of 30-70% by total weight or total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition and optionally adding one or more viscosity-increasing agents, such as a cellulose derivative that is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (E464), and hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose and/or one or more fragrances or coloring agents or both.
  • a cellulose derivative that is selected from the group consisting of
  • the formulation was constituted by the following steps in order: (a) providing an amount of an alcohol, which is present at a final concentration of 30-70% by total weight or total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition; (b) adding an ethoxylated oil, PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides, which is present at a final concentration of 2-25% by total weight or total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition, to the alcohol of (a); (c) adding an amount of water, to bring the transdermal and/or dermal composition to its final volume; and optionally adding a minimal proportional amount of a fragrance and optionally adding one or more viscosity-increasing agents, such as a cellulose derivative that is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (E464), and hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose and/or one or more fragrances or coloring agents
  • Formulation 1 particles have a particle size that is less than or equal to or any number in between 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, or 4 nanometers, as determined by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), using a volume-weighted particle size distribution calculation method, wherein particles of Formulations 2, 3 and 4 are greater than 100 nm.
  • particles of Formulations 2, 3 and 4 are at least 2 ⁇ , 5 ⁇ , 6 ⁇ , 7 ⁇ , 8 ⁇ , 9 ⁇ , 10 ⁇ , 20 ⁇ , or greater than particles of Formulation 1.
  • Formulation 1c particle sizes are substantially greater than those of Formulas 2, 3, or 4.
  • a ‘dry’ formulation 1 can constituted by the following steps in order: (a) mixing an amount of an active ingredient with an alcohol; (b) adding an ethoxylated oil, PEG 16 Mac, which is present at a final concentration of 2-25% by total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition, to the mixture of (a); (c) and optionally adding a minimal proportional volume of a fragrance and optionally adding one or more viscosity-increasing agents, such as a cellulose derivative that is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (E464), and hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose and/or one or more fragrances or coloring agents or both).
  • a cellulose derivative that is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (E46
  • ‘dry’ formulations having constituents as recited in the paragraph immediately above, but in which the order of addition of the active ingredient, the alcohol and the ethoxylated oil, PEG-16 Mac, which is present at a final concentration of 2-25% by total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition, is changed with respect to the ‘dry’ formulation above, the resulting particles are substantially larger than those observed by Dynamic Light Scattering to measure Z-avg values in nm for ‘dry’ formulation 1, above.
  • transdermal and/or dermal composition e.g., liquid
  • a transdermal and/or dermal composition comprising an NSAID, acetaminophen, or insulin
  • greater than 90% of the particles of the NSAID, acetaminophen, or insulin are less than or equal to 13 nanometers in size, as determined by a volume-weighted particle size distribution calculation.
  • An exemplary formulation is shown below, but alternative formulations can be made by substituting another NSAID, acetaminophen, or insulin for aspirin (see below).
  • the amounts of alcohol, active ingredient, and/or ethoxylated oil can be altered within the ranges provided in this disclosure so long as the amount of water added is adjusted to accommodate the increase or decrease in weight or volume afforded by the alteration in the amount of alcohol, active ingredient, and/or ethoxylated oil.
  • the resultant formulation is separated by size-exclusion chromatography (e.g. HPLC or FPLC) and the fraction representing the solubilized Aspirin in the dermal and/or transdermal liquid having a reduced particle size (e.g. a particle size of less than or equal to 13 nm, 12 nm, 11 nm, 10 nm, 9 nm, 8 nm, 7 nm, 6 nm, or 5 nm) is isolated from the non-solubilized Aspirin (having a particle size of greater than 13 nm, 12 nm, 11 nm, 10 nm, 9 nm, 8 nm, 7 nm, 6 nm, or 5 nm).
  • a reduced particle size e.g. a particle size of less than or equal to 13 nm, 12 nm, 11 nm, 10 nm, 9 nm, 8 nm, 7 nm, 6 nm, or 5 nm.
  • a cream, rinse, hydrogel, serum, lotion, gel, paste or puddy can be obtained by adding an appropriate amount of one or more viscosity-increasing agents, such as a cellulose derivative that is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (E464), and hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose.
  • viscosity-increasing agents such as a cellulose derivative that is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (E464), and hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose.
  • Acetaminophen 2.2% formulation: Substitute 2.2% Acetaminophen for 2.2% aspirin.
  • Naproxen 2.2% formulation Substitute 2.2% Naproxen for 2.2% aspirin.
  • Ketoprofen 2.2% formulation Substitute 2.2% Ketoprofen for 2.2% aspirin.
  • Ibuprofen 2.2% formulation Substitute 2.2% ibuprofen for 2.2% aspirin.
  • Insulin 2.2% formulation Substitute 2.2% insulin for 2.2% aspirin.
  • the viscosity of a sample of the 2.2% liquid aspirin formulation was measured (at ambient room temperature) using a Brookfield Model LV viscometer (Spindle #6 at Speed 3). The viscosity of the formulation was found to be only 20 cP. For reference, the viscosity of water is approximately 1 cP.
  • the viscosity value for the 2.2% liquid aspirin formulation was compared a sample of ThermazeneTM (having a viscosity of 192,000 cP) using a TA Instruments Rheometer Model AR1000.
  • ThermazeneTM is an Over-The-Counter (or OTC) topical antimicrobial drug product, manufactured by Ascend Kendall Healthcare.
  • ThermazeneTM is sold as a soft, water-dispersible cream containing 1% silver sulfadiazine (claimed to be in micronized form) and used as an adjunct for the prevention and treatment of wound sepsis in patients with second and third degree burns.
  • the exceptionally low viscosity of the 2.2% liquid aspirin formulation provides evidence that upon application to the skin, the formulation disperses as a thin film, which allows rapid diffusion of the active ingredient (i.e., Aspirin).
  • the contact angle of distilled/deionized water on a quartz plate substrate was compared to the contact angle of the liquid aspirin 2.2% formulation set forth above using a Krüss Model DSA 10 contact angle goniometer (see FIGS. 1A and 1B ).
  • the contact angle of the water under these conditions was found to be about 15°; however, it was not possible to measure the contact angle of the liquid aspirin 2.2% formulation set forth above because it wetted and spread too rapidly over the quartz plate resulting in too thin a film. This result was also confirmed from a spreading experiment, wherein 0.02 mL drop of each liquid (i.e.
  • liquid aspirin 2.2% formulation set forth above promotes deep penetration into human skin because of: (i) the low viscosity characteristics of the formulation, (ii) its ability to significantly reduce particle size (see Example 4) and enhance dispersion (e.g., to dramatically increase the solubility of aspirin) and (iii) its ability to efficiently (and rapidly) wet and spread over a surface.
  • NSAID transdermal and/or dermal compositions e.g., liquids
  • NSAID transdermal and/or dermal compositions can be readily prepared following the approach described in Example 1 with the following modifications.
  • Diclofenac Sodium 2.2% formulation: Substitute 2.2% Diclofenac Sodium for 2.2% aspirin.
  • Diclofenac Epolamine 2.2% formulation: Substitute 2.2% Diclofenac Epolamine for 2.2% aspirin.
  • Salicylic Acid 2.2% formulation: Substitute 2.2% Salicylic Acid for 2.2% aspirin.
  • Indomethicin 2.2% formulation: Substitute 2.2% Indomethicin for 2.2% aspirin.
  • Etodolac 2.2% formulation: Substitute 2.2% Etodolac for 2.2% aspirin.
  • Ketorolac 2.2% formulation: Substitute 2.2% Ketorolac for 2.2% aspirin.
  • Piroxicam 2.2% formulation: Substitute 2.2% Piroxicam for 2.2% aspirin.
  • Nabumetone 2.2% formulation Substitute 2.2% Nabumetone for 2.2% aspirin.
  • transdermal and/or dermal compositions e.g., liquids
  • NSAIDs e.g., acetaminophen
  • insulin e.g., 4.4% or 6.6% or higher concentration of active ingredient
  • the amount of water added is reduced accordingly, but the additional components in the mixture are added as described in the same amount.
  • the differences in volume can be accommodated by altering the amount of water added so as to maintain the same total volume, as mentioned previously.
  • a prior art dermal and/or transdermal composition (liquid) for use in comparative particle size and stability studies is prepared as follows:
  • a cream, rinse, hydrogel, serum, gel, lotion, paste or puddy can be obtained by adding an appropriate amount of one or more viscosity-increasing agents such as, a cellulose derivative that is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (E464), and hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose.
  • a viscosity-increasing agents such as, a cellulose derivative that is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (E464), and hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose.
  • Acetaminophen 2.2% formulation: Substitute 2.2% Acetaminophen for 2.2% aspirin.
  • Naproxen 2.2% formulation Substitute 2.2% Naproxen for 2.2% aspirin.
  • Ketoprofen 2.2% formulation Substitute 2.2% Ketoprofen for 2.2% aspirin.
  • Ibuprofen 2.2% formulation Substitute 2.2% ibuprofen for 2.2% aspirin.
  • Insulin 2.2% formulation Substitute 2.2% insulin for 2.2% aspirin.
  • Example 1 The particle size of aspirin (dry powder) and the aspirin diluted in the dermal and/or transdermal liquid formulation set forth in Example 1 were compared. Two studies were carried out to determine the particle size (and distribution) of samples of: (i) the formulation of Example 1, lacking only the aspirin (delivery system control), (ii) the formulation of Example 1, including the aspirin (experimental) and (iii) pure (dry) aspirin (control).
  • Example 1 The analysis revealed that the Z-average (Z-Avg) size as determined by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) measurements for the formulation of Example 1 containing the aspirin was 12.3 nanometers (10 ⁇ 9 ), which was very similar to the measurements obtained for the formulation of Example 1, lacking only the aspirin (delivery system control, which measured 15.9 nanometers).
  • the pure (dry) Aspirin was measured at an average “particle size” of 670 microns (10 ⁇ 6 ); which is more than 10,000 times larger than the aspirin present in the formulation set forth in Example 1 (the formulation containing aspirin).
  • the liquid aspirin 2.2% formulation set forth in Example 1 is analyzed for shelf-life/stability. Stability of the aspirin when it is disposed in a liquid is a particular problem for aspirin-based liquid formulations because aspirin is very susceptible to hydrolysis.
  • the formulation of Example 1 creates a favorable environment for aspirin stability. Because the water is added last in the manufacturing method, the water can be excluded from the interior of the emulsified particles, wherein the aspirin is incorporated. It is contemplated that the methodology set forth in Example 1 reduces hydrolysis of the aspirin, and thus increases stability of the formulation and improves shelf-life of the product.
  • Topical administration of a liquid formulation comprising an NSAID requires a very small dosage of the NSAID, as compared to a typical oral dose of NSAID.
  • Five subjects were given a single one-gram (approximately 1 ml) application of 2.2% liquid aspirin (formulation from Example 1) and the amount of aspirin in their blood was determined (in triplicate) at 15 and 30 minutes and again at one and three hours after topical application. Under these conditions, no aspirin or salicylates were detected in the blood plasma among all five subjects, demonstrating very low, if any, systemic exposure.
  • the liquid aspirin 2.2% formulation set forth in Example 1 was also tested for skin irritation and allergenicity with a human repeat insult patch test (HRIPT). Irritation and allergenicity were tested separately, each on 50 human subjects over a six week period. No skin irritation or allergic reactions were observed during the course of the trial on any of the 50 human subjects tested.
  • HRIPT human repeat insult patch test
  • a clinical study will be performed to evaluate the ability of the NSAID and/or acetaminophen formulations set forth in Example 1 to effectively deliver a therapeutically effective amount of the NSAID and/or acetaminophen across the skin of a subject so as to provide therapeutic benefit.
  • the NSAID and/or acetaminophen formulations set forth in Example 1 are administered to subjects suffering from degenerative arthritis over 10 days.
  • test groups are divided as follows: (i) a control topical agent lacking NSAID or acetaminophen; (ii) an NSAID and/or acetominophen formulation set forth in Example 1, (iii) an NSAID and/or acetaminophen formulation prepared in accordance with Example 3 (prior art control), and (vi) an oral NSAID or acetaminophen dosage. Participants are asked to fill out a daily survey detailing amount of pain relief and noticeable side-effects. It is expected that the NSAID and/or acetaminophen formulations set forth in Example 1 will provide faster pain relief and greater reduction in pain for a prolonged period than the NSAID and/or acetaminophen formulations set forth in Example 3.
  • the particle size of acetaminophen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, and insulin within the dermal and/or transdermal liquid prepared in accordance with the teachings of Example 1 (“Liquid Acetaminophin,” “Liquid ibuprofen,” “Liquid insulin,” “Liquid ketoprofen,” and “Liquid naproxen”), were compared to the particle size of dry acetaminophen, dry ibuprofen, dry ketoprofen, and dry naproxen powder and a suspension of insulin in distilled water.
  • LD laser diffraction
  • Liquid API For particle size analysis by dynamic light scattering (DLS), a sample was retrieved from the roller bottle and measured directly.
  • DLS dynamic light scattering
  • the optical microscope was a Zeiss Model Std 25 fitted with a 40 ⁇ objective.
  • the particle size analyzers were the Horiba LA 950 (LD) and a Malvern NanoSizer 90Z (DLS).
  • the Raman spectrometer was a Horiba XploRA Raman Microscope.
  • FIG. 3A A visual image was obtained ( FIG. 3A ) from which it can be clearly seen that the particle size distribution (PSD) of the Acetominophen dry powder material is very broad—estimates of size range from around one or two microns ( ⁇ m) to over 100 ⁇ m depending upon the dimension measured.
  • PSD particle size distribution
  • FIG. 3B shows a very broad irregular distribution ranging from about 1 ⁇ m to ca 400 ⁇ m. Given that the LD method provides only an “equivalent spherical diameter” size, the PSD data so obtained are consistent with the estimates from the microscopic examination.
  • the raw light “intensity” data is weighted (i.e. influenced and emphasized) by the 6th power of the particle diameter. As such it is very sensitive to any larger particles within a particle size distribution (PSD).
  • PSD particle size distribution
  • the intensity data for the Liquid Acetominophen reveals multiple peaks and indicates the presence of particles as large as 6.5 ⁇ m in size.
  • the measured polydispersity index (PDI) (which can be thought of as a variance) was 1.00 suggesting an extremely broad particle size distribution and this is clearly concordant with the size data in Table 1B. To put the PDI value into perspective a “narrow” distribution would typically have a PDI ⁇ 0.03. However, the actual amount of these larger fractions is very small indeed as will be illustrated in the following.
  • the intensity-weighted data determined for the original delivery system alone (e.g., the liquid comprising the ethanol, ethoxylated oil, and water in the absence of the active ingredient, or otherwise referred to herein as “DermX® MegaspheresTM”) also indicated the presence of a small fraction of much larger particles. Thus, it was decided to reevaluate a second sample of DermX® MegaspheresTM alone. The results are summarized in Table 1C and the volume-weighted PSD is shown in FIG. 3D .
  • Liquid Acetaminophen is, indeed, Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (or API) solubilized within DermX® MegaspheresTM.
  • API Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient
  • a Raman spectroscopic examination of the neat acetaminophen, the DermX® MegaspheresTM by itself (no API present) and the “Liquid Acetaminophen” was conducted.
  • a comparison of the three spectra shown in FIG. 3E (RED: neat acetaminophen; BLUE: DermX® MegaspheresTM only; Green: Liquid API) clearly demonstrates that the Liquid API is solubilized Acetaminophen.
  • FIG. 4A A visual image was obtained ( FIG. 4A ) from which it can be seen that the PSD or the dry powder Ibuprofen is very broad—estimates of size range from around 10 ⁇ m to over 100 ⁇ m depending upon the dimension measured.
  • FIG. 4B shows a very broad irregular distribution ranging from about 2 ⁇ m to about 300 ⁇ m. Given that the LD method provides only an “equivalent spherical diameter” size, the PSD data so obtained are consistent with the estimates from the microscopic examination above.
  • the intensity data for the Liquid Ibuprofen reveals multiple peaks and indicates the presence of particles as large as 5.5 ⁇ m in size.
  • the measured PDI was 0.94 suggesting an extremely broad PSD and this is clearly concordant with the size data in Table 2B.
  • the actual amount of these larger fractions is very small as can be seen from the volume-weighted PSD ( FIG. 4C ); 99.5% of the Ibuprofen particles are ⁇ 10 nm in size. On a number-weighted basis there are so few particles >8 nm that they cannot be statistically counted.
  • the intensity data for the supplied Insulin solution/suspension reveals multiple peaks and indicates the presence of particles as large as 5 ⁇ m in size.
  • the measured polydispersity index (PDI) was 0.97 suggesting an extremely broad PSD and this is clearly concordant with the size data in Table 3A.
  • the actual amount of these larger fractions is small as can be seen from the volume-weighted PSD ( FIG. 4C ); 99.9% of the Insulin particles are around 6 nm in size.
  • the intensity data for the Liquid Insulin reveals multiple peaks and indicates the presence of particles as large as 5 ⁇ m in size.
  • the measured polydispersity index (PDI) was 0.26 suggesting a very broad PSD and this is clearly concordant with the size data in Table 3B.
  • the actual amount of these larger fractions is small as can be seen from the volume-weighted PSD ( FIG. 5C ).
  • FIG. 6A A visual image was obtained ( FIG. 6A ) from which it can be clearly seen that the PSD of the dry powder Ketoprofen is broad—estimates of size range from singlet particles around 10 ⁇ m to aggregates between 50 ⁇ m and over 100 ⁇ m.
  • FIG. 6B shows a very broad distribution with sizes ranging from about 1 ⁇ m to ca 200 ⁇ m, with the majority being about 30 ⁇ m. Given that the LD method provides only an “equivalent spherical diameter” size, the PSD data so obtained are consistent with the estimates from the microscopic examination above.
  • the intensity data for the Liquid Ketoprofen reveals multiple peaks and indicates the presence of particles as large as 6 ⁇ m in size.
  • the measured polydispersity index (PDI) was 0.73 suggesting a broad PSD and this is clearly concordant with the size data in Table 4B.
  • the actual amount of these larger fractions is small as can be seen from the volume-weighted PSD ( FIG. 6C ).
  • FIG. 7A A visual image was obtained ( FIG. 7A ) from which it can be clearly seen that the PSD of the dry powder Naproxen is broad. There are lots of singlet particles of only a few microns in size and aggregates as large as 100 ⁇ m.
  • FIG. 7B shows a very broad symmetrical distribution ranging from about 2 ⁇ m to over 200 ⁇ m, with the majority being around 20 ⁇ m. Given that the LD method provides only an “equivalent spherical diameter” size, the PSD data so obtained are consistent with the estimates from the microscopic examination above.
  • the intensity data for the Liquid Naproxen reveals multiple peaks and indicates the presence of particles as large as 600 nm in size.
  • the measured polydispersity index (PDI) was 0.50 suggesting a broad PSD (but it is the narrowest of all the Liquid API systems) and this is clearly concordant with the size data in Table 5B.
  • the actual amount of this large size fraction is very small as can be seen from the volume-weighted PSD ( FIG. 6C ). On a number-weighted basis 99.9% of the particles are ⁇ 12 nm.
  • transdermal and/or dermal liquid formulations prepared in accordance with the teachings of Examples 1 and 2 are compared to the prior art liquid formulations prepared in accordance with the teachings of Example 3 and the particle size and stability evaluations detailed in Examples 4, 5, and 8.
  • transdermal and/or dermal liquid formulations prepared in accordance with the teachings set forth in Examples 1 and 2 have greater than or equal to 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% of the particles of the active ingredient with a particle size that is less than or equal to 13 nm, 12 nm, 11 nm, 10 nm, 9 nm, 8 nm, 7 nm, 6 nm, or 5 nm, as determined by Dynamic Light Scattering, using a volume-weighted particle size distribution calculation method.
  • transdermal and/or dermal liquid formulations prepared in accordance with the teachings set forth in Examples 1 and 2 also have long term stability to degradation and hydrolysis, as determined for example by HPLC analysis of the active ingredients after exposure to 90 days at 40° C./75% relative humidity followed by 30 days at 25° C.
  • liquid formulations prepared in accordance with the teachings set forth in Example 3 will have less than 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% of the particles of the active ingredient with a particle size that is less than or equal to 13 nm, 12 nm, 11 nm, 10 nm, 9 nm, 8 nm, 7 nm, 6 nm, or 5 nm, as determined by Dynamic Light Scattering, using a volume-weighted particle size distribution calculation method.
  • the liquid formulations prepared in accordance with the teachings set forth in Example 3 are also expected to be less stabile to degradation and hydrolysis, as determined by HPLC analysis of the active ingredients after exposure to 90 days at 40° C./75% relative humidity followed by 30 days at 25° C., than the transdermal and/or dermal liquid formulations prepared in accordance with the teachings set forth in Examples 1 and 2. Accordingly, these experiments will demonstrate that reducing the contact of the active ingredient with water during the manufacturing of the transdermal and/or dermal liquid reduces particle size of the active ingredient, improves the homogeneity of size of the population of particles in the liquid, and improves the stability of the active ingredient in the liquid.
  • transdermal and/or dermal liquid formulations containing NSAIDs e.g., aspirin, naproxen, ibuprofen, and/or ketoprofen
  • acetaminophen e.g., insulin
  • ethoxylated oil e.g., macadamia nut oil having 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22 ethoxylations per molecule
  • the transdermal and/or dermal liquid formulations which will be made for these experiments may have, for example, 3.0%, 4.0%, 5.0%, 6.0%, 7.0%, 8.0%, 9.0%, 10.0%, 11.0%, 12.0%, 13.0%, 14.0%, 15.0%, 16.0%, 17.0%, 18.0%, 19.0%, 20.0%, 21.0%, 22.2%, 23.0%, 24.0%, or 25.0% of the total volume or weight of such ethoxylated oil.
  • the amount of water that will be added to the formulations will also vary accordingly so as to accommodate the increase or decrease in the amount of ethoxylated oil in the preparation.
  • transdermal and/or dermal liquid formulations having an amount of ethoxylated oil in the preparation that is 10.0%, 11.0%, 12.0%, 13.0%, 14.0%, 15.0%, 16.0%, 17.0%, 18.0%, 19.0%, or 20.0% of the total volume or weight of the transdermal and/or dermal liquid will have greater than or equal to 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% of the particles of the active ingredient with a particle size that is less than or equal to 13 nm, 12 nm, 11 nm, 10 nm, 9 nm, 8 nm, 7 nm, 6 nm, or 5 nm, as determined by Dynamic Light Scattering, using a volume-weighted particle size distribution calculation method.
  • These transdermal and/or dermal liquid formulations will also have long term stability to degradation and hydrolysis, as determined for example by HPLC analysis of the active ingredients after exposure to 90 days at 40° C./7
  • the transdermal and/or dermal liquid formulations having an amount of ethoxylated oil in the preparation that is 7.0%, 8.0%, 9.0% or 21.0%, 22.0%, 23.0%, 24.0%, or 25.0% of the total volume or weight of the transdermal and/or dermal liquid will have less than 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% of the particles of the active ingredient with a particle size that is less than or equal to 13 nm, 12 nm, 11 nm, 10 nm, 9 nm, 8 nm, 7 nm, 6 nm, or 5 nm, as determined by Dynamic Light Scattering, using a volume-weighted particle size distribution calculation method.
  • the transdermal and/or dermal liquid formulations having an amount of ethoxylated oil in the preparation that is 3.0%, 4.0%, 5.0%, 6.0%, 7.0%, 8.0%, 9.0% or 21.0%, 22.2%, 23.0%, 24.0%, or 25.0% of the total volume or weight of the transdermal and/or dermal liquid are also expected to be less stable and more susceptible to degradation and hydrolysis, as determined by HPLC analysis of the active ingredients after exposure to 90 days at 40° C./75% relative humidity, than the transdermal and/or dermal liquid formulations having an amount of ethoxylated oil in the preparation that is 10.0%, 11.0%, 12.0%, 13.0%, 14.0%, 15.0%, 16.0%, 17.0%, 18.0%, 19.0%, or 20.0% of the total volume or weight of the transdermal and/or dermal liquid.
  • Normal rats (with a shaved portion on their dorsal surface) will be anesthetized with a mixture of xylazine and ketamine to elevate their blood glucose levels.
  • the elevated levels of d-glucose that occur in response to anesthesia provide an optimal model system to measure the efficacy of topically delivered insulin. This animal model mimics the hyperglycemic state seen in diabetic animals and humans.
  • the anesthetized rats will be divided into three groups: (i) rats treated with a Liquid Insulin formulation prepared in accordance with the teachings of Example 1; (ii) rats given a control formulation lacking insulin (the DermX® delivery system without insulin); and (iii) rats treated with a Liquid Insulin formulation prepared in accordance with the teachings in Example 3 (prior art formulation).
  • Each group will receive the same topical “dose” and the change in blood glucose levels detected in the animals will reflect the effect of insulin absorbed transdermally (i.e., the amount of insulin absorbed into systemic circulation). It is expected that the rats that are provided the Liquid Insulin formulation prepared in accordance with the teachings of Example 1 will have a greater amount of insulin detected in their bodies and will experience a greater drop in blood glucose levels than the rats given the control formulation lacking insulin (the DermX® delivery system without insulin); and the rats treated with the Liquid Insulin formulation prepared in accordance with the teachings in Example 3 (prior art formulation).
  • Formulations 1, 2, 3, and 4 comprised Alcohol (50%), Aspirin (2.2%), PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides (10%), water (37.67%), and fragrance (0.13%), to a total of 100%.
  • Formulation 1C comprised Alcohol (50%), Aspirin (2.2%), PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides (0%), water (47.67%), and fragrance (0.13%), to a total of 100%, lacking PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides.
  • Formulations 1, 2, 3, and 4 comprise the same constituents but differ in the order in which each constituent is added to assemble the formulation.
  • the preparation was constituted by the following steps in order: (a) mixing an amount of an active ingredient (Aspirin, 2.2% of the final formulation) with an alcohol, which is present at a final concentration of 30-70% (50% in the present example) by total weight or total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition; (b) adding an ethoxylated oil, PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides, which is present at a final concentration of 2-25% (10% in the present example) by total weight or total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition, to the mixture of (a); (c) adding an amount of water (37.67%), to bring the transdermal and/or dermal composition to its final volume to the mixture of (a) and (b); and (d) adding a minimal proportional volume (0.13%) of a fragrance to the mixture of (a), (b) and (c).
  • an active ingredient Aspirin, 2.2% of the final formulation
  • alcohol which is present at a final concentration of 30-70% (50% in the
  • formulation 1c the formulation was constituted by the following steps in order: (a) mixing an amount of an active ingredient (Aspirin, 2.2% of the final formulation) with an alcohol, which is present at a final concentration of 30-70% (50% in the present example) by total weight or total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition; (b) adding an amount of water (47.67% in this example) to bring the transdermal and/or dermal composition to its final volume; and adding a minimal proportional amount (0.13%) of a fragrance.
  • Formulation 1c lacks PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides.
  • the formulation was constituted by the following steps in order: (a) mixing an amount of an active ingredient (Aspirin, 2.2% of the final formulation) with an amount of water (37.67%); (b) adding an alcohol, which is present at a final concentration of 30-50% (50% in the present example) by total weight or total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition to the mixture of (a); (c) adding an ethoxylated oil, PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides, which is present at a final concentration of 2-25% (10% in the present example) by total weight or total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition, to the mixture of (a) and (b); and adding a minimal proportional amount (0.13%) of a fragrance.
  • the formulation was constituted by the following steps in order: (a) mixing an amount of water (37.67%) with an ethoxylated oil, PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides, which is present at a final concentration of 2-25% (10% in the present example) by total weight or total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition; (b) mixing an amount of an active ingredient (Aspirin, 2.2% of the final formulation) to the mixture of (a); (c) adding a minimal proportional amount (0.13%) of a fragrance to the mixture of (a) and (b); and (d) adding an alcohol, which is present at a final concentration of 30-70% (50% in the present example) by total weight or total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition, to the mixture of (a), (b) and (c).
  • formulation 4 the formulation was constituted by the following steps in order: (a) providing an amount of alcohol, which is present at a final concentration of 30-70% (50% in the present example) by total weight or total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition; (b) adding an ethoxylated oil, PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides, which is present at a final concentration of 2-25% (10% in the present example) by total weight or total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition, to the mixture of (a); (c) adding an amount of water (39.87%) to mixture (a) and (b), to bring the transdermal and/or dermal composition to its final volume; and (d) adding a minimal proportional amount (0.13%) of a fragrance to mixture (a), (b) and (c).
  • Formulation 4 lacks Aspirin.
  • Each formulation was constituted using the sequential formulation steps in order as indicated above. Images of these formulations were taken by light microscopy at 100 ⁇ magnification, and are presented in FIGS. 8A-8F . A particle size distribution was determined for a sample of each formulation by Dynamic Light Scattering and the Z-avg in nanometers (nm) was determined. Similar measurements were made for Dry Aspirin.
  • Z-Avg (nm) is the product of the dynamic light scattering results, and represents the intensity weighted harmonic mean size of particles of each Particle Size.
  • Particle sizes for Formulation 1 (constituted by practicing a method of making a transdermal and/or dermal composition (e.g., liquid) comprising the following steps in order: (a) mixing an amount of an active ingredient with an alcohol, which is present at a final concentration of 1%-70% (or more exemplary at 30%-70%, 30%-60%, or 40%-60%, or 45%-55%, or 50%) by total weight or total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition; (b) adding an ethoxylated oil, which is present at a final concentration of 2%-25% by total weight or total volume of the transdermal and/or dermal composition, to the mixture of (a); (c) optionally, adding an amount of water to mixture (a) and (b) to bring the transdermal and/or dermal composition to its final volume; and (d) optionally, adding
  • Particle sizes for Formulations 2, 3, and 4 were greater than 7 ⁇ , greater than 20 ⁇ , and greater than 7 ⁇ , respectively, larger than those of Formulation 1 in size as indicated by final Z-Avg values as measured by dynamic light scattering.
  • the Formulations assayed only Formulation 1 produced particles having a size below 100 nm as measured by Z-avg, the intensity weighted harmonic mean size of particles of each Particle Size.

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WO2018115932A1 (en) 2016-12-21 2018-06-28 Dukebox Sp. Z O. O. A method of manufacturing a water-in-oil emulsion of nanoparticles of paracetamol
KR102117651B1 (ko) 2018-04-27 2020-06-02 대구가톨릭대학교산학협력단 항산화, 주름개선 또는 염증개선용 한방 조성물 및 이를 포함하는 화장료 조성물

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