US20150296870A1 - Treatment of tobacco material - Google Patents

Treatment of tobacco material Download PDF

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Publication number
US20150296870A1
US20150296870A1 US14/647,082 US201314647082A US2015296870A1 US 20150296870 A1 US20150296870 A1 US 20150296870A1 US 201314647082 A US201314647082 A US 201314647082A US 2015296870 A1 US2015296870 A1 US 2015296870A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
tobacco material
subcritical water
tobacco
water
treatment
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
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US14/647,082
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English (en)
Inventor
Jin Hu
Robert Saunders
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
British American Tobacco Investments Ltd
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British American Tobacco Investments Ltd
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Publication date
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Assigned to BRITISH AMERICAN TOBACCO (INVESTMENTS) LIMITED reassignment BRITISH AMERICAN TOBACCO (INVESTMENTS) LIMITED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SAUNDERS, ROBERT, HU, JIN
Publication of US20150296870A1 publication Critical patent/US20150296870A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
    • A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
    • A24B15/18—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
    • A24B15/24—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by extraction; Tobacco extracts

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for the treatment of tobacco material.
  • a smoking article such as a cigarette
  • a method for treating a tobacco material comprising treating the tobacco material with subcritical water.
  • a tobacco material which has been treated by a method according to the first aspect, or a derivative thereof.
  • a smoking article comprising a tobacco material according to the second aspect.
  • a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided the use of subcritical water for removing one or more polyphenols or proteins from a tobacco material.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic of the Dionex ASE 350 pressurised hot water extraction equipment.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 show the physical properties of tobacco material treated in accordance with a method of the invention with a static time of 30 minutes.
  • FIG. 4 shows the physical properties of tobacco material treated in accordance with the invention at different static times.
  • FIG. 6 shows the concentration of polyphenols in a tobacco material treated in
  • FIG. 7 shows concentration of protein in a tobacco material treated in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic side view of a smoking article including treated tobacco material according to embodiments of the invention.
  • FIG. 9 shows the chemical structure of the four reference polyphenol compounds detected and measured in experiments using HPLC: scopoletin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and rutin.
  • Treating the tobacco material with subcritical water may be used for the purpose of modifying the tobacco material in any suitable way.
  • treatment with subcritical water leads to the removal of one or more chemical substances.
  • treatment with subcritical water leads to the removal of one or more undesirable substances.
  • treatment with subcritical water leads to the removal of one or more polyphenols.
  • the treatment with subcritical water leads to the removal of one or more polyphenols selected from the group consisting of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, scopoletin, quercetin, and rutin.
  • the treatment with subcritical water leads to the removal of chlorogenic acid and/or rutin.
  • the treatment with subcritical water may lead to the removal of one or more proteins.
  • the treatment with subcritical water may lead to the removal of one or more polyphenols and one or more proteins.
  • treatment of the tobacco material with subcritical water results in a reduction in the content of one or more polyphenols of at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 6o%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or a reduction in the content of one or more polyphenols of 100%, based upon the polyphenol content of the untreated tobacco material.
  • the treatment of the tobacco material with subcritical water results in the extraction of one or more polyphenols in an amount of at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%, based upon the polyphenol content of the untreated tobacco material.
  • the treatment with subcritical water results in a reduction in the protein content of at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or a reduction in the protein content of 100%, based upon the protein content of the untreated tobacco material.
  • the treatment of the tobacco material with subcritical water results in the extraction of protein in an amount of at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or at least 95% or 100%, based upon the protein content of the untreated tobacco material.
  • the method of the invention comprises at least one step in which the tobacco material is treated with subcritical water (“subcritical water treatment step”).
  • subcritical water treatment step the same or different conditions may be employed in each subcritical water treatment step.
  • the subcritical water treatment step employed in the method of the present invention may involve contacting the tobacco material with subcritical water.
  • the method may involve submerging the tobacco material in subcritical water.
  • the method involves submerging the tobacco material in water at ambient temperature and subsequently increasing the pressure and temperature. This increase in pressure and temperature provides subcritical water in which the tobacco material is submerged.
  • the method may involve first increasing the pressure and then increasing the temperature of the water so as to provide the tobacco material submerged in subcritical water.
  • Subcritical water exists under pressure, i.e. at an increased pressure in comparison to atmospheric pressure.
  • the pressure employed in the method of the present invention maybe any pressure suitable for providing subcritical water. That is, a pressure at which liquid water exists at a temperature between 100° C. and 374° C.
  • the method of the present invention comprises treating the tobacco material with subcritical water at a pressure of from about 1500 psi to about 1700 psi (from about 100 bar to about 120 bar). In some embodiments, the pressure is about 1500 psi (about 100 bar).
  • Subcritical water exists at temperatures between 100° C. and 374° C.
  • the temperature employed in the method of the present invention may be a temperature that provides liquid water at a temperature between 100° C. and 374° C.
  • the treatment step is carried out at a temperature of at least 125° C.
  • the treatment step is carried out at a temperature between about 100° C. and about 220° C. or between about 120° C. and about 200° C. or between about 125° C. and about 175° C.
  • the treatment step is carried out at a temperature between about 125° C. and about 150° C.
  • the water employed in the method may be de-oxygenated water.
  • the water may be degassed using a sonicated bath to remove dissolved oxygen.
  • the water employed is HPLC grade water.
  • treating the tobacco material with subcritical water is a static treatment.
  • the tobacco material may be submerged in subcritical water for a period of time; referred to as the “static period”.
  • the static period may be any length of time that allows the tobacco material to be modified in the required way.
  • the method of the present invention involves a static period of up to 2 hours. In some embodiments, the method involves a static period of up to 1 hour. In some embodiments, the method involves a static period of between about 5 minutes and about 55 minutes or between about 15 minutes and about 45 minutes.
  • the tobacco material may be separated from the water (also referred to as the liquid extract). This separation may involve any suitable filtration method, any suitable filtering medium pore size, and any suitable number of filtration steps.
  • the tobacco material may be filtered by paper filtration, nanofiltration, microfiltration, and/or ultrafiltration.
  • the tobacco material may be separated from the liquid extract by centrifugation using any suitable centrifuge system, any suitable angular velocity, and any suitable number of centrifugation steps.
  • the methods of the present invention therefore further comprise the step of separating the tobacco material from the water.
  • the pressure at which the step of separating (whether by filtration or by any other means) is carried out is independent of the pressure employed in the subcritical water treatment step. In some embodiments, the step of separating (whether by filtration or by any other means) is carried out at the same pressure as the subcritical water treatment step.
  • the method of the present invention may involve one or more subcritical water treatment steps.
  • the method comprises two or more (multiple) subcritical water treatment steps.
  • the methods of the present invention may involve one or more static subcritical water treatment steps.
  • the method comprises two or more (multiple) static subcritical water treatment steps.
  • the method of the present invention may comprise: a first subcritical water treatment step comprising treating a tobacco material with subcritical water by submerging it in subcritical water; a first subsequent separation step comprising separating the tobacco material from the subcritical water (e.g. by filtration); a second subcritical water treatment step comprising treating a tobacco material with subcritical water by submerging it in subcritical water; and a second subsequent separation step comprising separating the tobacco material from the subcritical water (e.g. by filtration).
  • such a method of the present invention further comprises a third subcritical water treatment step comprising treating a tobacco material with subcritical water by submerging it in subcritical water; and a third subsequent separation step comprising separating the tobacco material from the subcritical water (e.g. by filtration).
  • each treatment step and each separation step is carried out at the same pressure, e.g. from about 1500 psi to about 1700 psi (from about 100 bar to about 120 bar).
  • the tobacco material (also referred to as tobacco residue) may be washed any suitable number of times using any suitable liquid or liquids, such as water.
  • the methods of the invention further comprise a washing step comprising washing the treated tobacco material with water.
  • the method of the present invention further comprises a step of drying the treated, separated tobacco material.
  • the tobacco material may be dried using a centrifuge and/or in an oven.
  • Tobacco material comprises dead plant cells, and dead plant cells have many functional groups.
  • the functional groups are reactive towards water under conditions provided by the invention.
  • exposing tobacco material to water under favourable conditions is likely to result in the breakdown of different cellular structures, and the consequent release of different chemical substances.
  • cellulose in the plant cell walls comprises O-glycosidic bonds, which may be broken under favourable conditions to cause the cell wall to rupture, and the cell membrane to rupture—without the cell wall to balance the positive pressure potential of the water ( ⁇ p ), and many intracellular substances to escape.
  • the method of the invention may be applied to any suitable tobacco material.
  • the tobacco material maybe derived from any suitable part of any suitable tobacco plant of the plant genus Nicotiana .
  • the tobacco material may then be treated in any suitable way, and may be cured using any suitable method of curing, before being treated according to the method of the invention. In some embodiments, however, the tobacco material treated by the method of the invention has already been cured and may be cured cut rag and/or cured whole leaf tobacco.
  • tobaccos which may be used in the method of the invention include, but are not limited to: Virginia, Burley, Maryland, Oriental, and Rustica.
  • the method of the invention in particular the step of treating tobacco material with subcritical water—reduces or minimises the removal of at least some of the chemical substances whose removal would be undesirable, which could be the case for a variety of different reasons.
  • Nicotine may be an example of such a substance, and for this reason in some embodiments it is undesirable to remove this molecule.
  • the method of the invention removes less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, or 5% of the nicotine from the tobacco material; in further embodiments, the method of the invention removes less than 2%, 1%, 0.5%, or 0.1% of nicotine from the tobacco material; and, in further embodiments still, the method of the invention removes essentially no nicotine from the tobacco material.
  • one or more of these may be re-introduced into the material following treatment, and one or more of these may be substances whose removal would be undesirable, such as nicotine.
  • the method of the invention may comprise one or more further treatment steps. Further treatment steps maybe particularly useful in the method of the invention for the purpose of removing large quantities of protein. This is because treatment with subcritical water is likely to rupture the plant cell walls in the tobacco material, thereby providing easier access to the intracellular components of the plant cells and the proteins found therein.
  • Suitable additional treatment steps include, but are not limited to: treating the tobacco material with one or more suitable non-ionic liquids, such as water; treating the tobacco material with one or more enzymes, which may be enzymes which catalyse the modification of polyphenols or proteins, such as phenol-oxidising and proteolytic enzymes; treating the tobacco material with one or more suitable surfactants, such as sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), in any suitable solvent; treating the tobacco material with one or more suitable adsorbent materials, such as polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (PVPP), hydroxylapatite, bentonite, activated carbon or attapulgite, in any suitable solvent if appropriate; and treating the tobacco material with one or more suitable non-aqueous liquids, such as ionic liquids.
  • suitable non-ionic liquids such as water
  • enzymes which may be enzymes which catalyse the modification of polyphenols or proteins, such as phenol-oxidising and proteolytic enzymes
  • the tobacco material subjected to subcritical water treatment may be subsequently subjected to further extraction processes.
  • the tobacco material may be dried and further modified in any suitable way before being incorporated into a smoking article.
  • certain chemical substances may be added to the tobacco material, such as flavourants where local regulations permit, and the tobacco material maybe cut and/or shredded before being incorporated into a smoking article using any suitable method of incorporation.
  • smoking article includes smokeable products such as cigarettes, cigars and cigarillos whether based on tobacco, tobacco derivatives, expanded tobacco, reconstituted tobacco or tobacco substitutes and also heat-not-burn products.
  • the smoking article may be provided with a filter for the gaseous flow drawn by the smoker.
  • flavour and “flavourant” refer to materials which, where local regulations permit, maybe used to create a desired taste or aroma in a product for adult consumers. They may include extracts (e.g., licorice, hydrangea, Japanese white bark magnolia leaf, chamomile, fenugreek, clove, menthol, Japanese mint, aniseed, cinnamon, herb, wintergreen, cherry, berry, peach, apple, Drambuie, bourbon, scotch, whiskey, spearmint, peppermint, lavender, cardamon, celery, cascarilla, nutmeg, sandalwood, bergamot, geranium, honey essence, rose oil, vanilla, lemon oil, orange oil, cassia, caraway, cognac, jasmine, ylang-ylang, sage, fennel, piment, ginger, anise, coriander, coffee, or a mint oil from any species of the genus Mentha ),
  • extracts e.g.,
  • a smoking article l according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention comprises a filter 2 and a cylindrical rod of smokeable material 3 , such as tobacco treated in accordance with the invention described herein, aligned with the filter 2 such that one end of the smokeable material rod 3 abuts the end of the filter 2 .
  • the filter 2 is wrapped in a plug wrap (not shown) and the smokeable material rod 3 is joined to the filter 2 by tipping paper (not shown) in a conventional manner.
  • FIG. 10 shows, for illustration only, a flow chart setting out the steps involved in one embodiment of the invention. The steps shown in FIG. 10 should not be viewed as limiting the disclosure of the present application as a whole.
  • the methods of the invention may comprise any suitable steps, and any suitable number of steps, in order to reduce the polyphenol and/or protein content of the tobacco material.
  • the method of the invention may also further modify the tobacco material in any suitable way, for example by modifying the flavour it generates upon combustion, and/or removing other types of chemical substances.
  • the methods described herein may comprise one or more further steps to modify the tobacco material in any suitable way.
  • the tobacco material maybe modified to provide it with one or more characteristics desirable for a tobacco material.
  • the tobacco material may be treated in order to modify the flavour it generates upon combustion, and/or may be treated in order to remove one or more of its chemical substances.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic of the Dionex ASE 350 pressurised hot water extraction (PHWE) equipment, which is one type of equipment that can be used to perform the method of the present invention. Of course, other equipment may also be used.
  • Sample material is packed into a 100 ml stainless steel sample cell fitted with a paper filter at the base. The cell is then transferred to a preheated oven by a robotic arm. The cell and ASE equipment is capable of withstanding pressure of up to 3000 psi.
  • a pump delivers solvent at ambient temperature to the sample cell.
  • the static release valve seals the cell automatically once solvent has travelled through the system to the collection vessel.
  • the pump continues to pump solvent until the pressure reaches 1500 psi. If the pressure reaches 1700 psi at any time during operation the static valve opens briefly to relieve the pressure.
  • the pump also delivers fresh solvent to the cell to maintain high pressure.
  • the static valve is opened and the solvent drained to the collection bottle. Fresh solvent is then pumped through the cell to remove extracted materials. The amount of solvent used here in this purging stage is defined by the operator. Finally the solvent is purged out of the cell with nitrogen (150 psi). The cell is removed from the oven by a mechanical arm and the residual pressure vented to atmosphere. With the cell removed from the circuit the entire system is purged with clean solvent to prevent contamination.
  • the cells were allowed to cool briefly and the extracted fibre was dried using a centrifuge at 1000 rpm for 15 mins. The filtrate was combined with the primary water extract. The dried fibre was then dried in an oven at 75° C. for 12 hrs then at room temperature for 48 hrs.
  • the liquid extracts were transferred to weighed vessels, frozen then dried to a constant weight using a freeze drier. This took approximately 3 days. After freeze drying the samples were weighed placed in airtight containers and stored at ⁇ 4° C.
  • the fibre Prior to treatment in any of the following analytical techniques the fibre was ground to a fine powder using an in house modified small domestic blender. The material was continually ground until it would pass through a 40 mesh screen.
  • Samples were diluted but shaken on an orbital shaker for 10 mins then sonicated using a sonic bath for a period of 20 mins. Following this the samples were centrifuged using a desk centrifuge for a period of 15 mins.
  • the dried tobacco residues were analysed using a combustion method.
  • the analysis was performed using a LECO TruMac.
  • the amount of sample used was 1 g. Only the fibre could be analysed with this technique as the extracts were highly soluble in water and washes to remove non-protein nitrogen were not possible.
  • the temperatures 150 III and 125 III refer to the extractions where three extracts are produced from the same tobacco.
  • the physical properties of the tobacco residue change dramatically as the temperature is increased. Up to 100° C. the material remains mostly unchanged and un-compacted. Between 125° C. and 150° C. the material begins to compact slightly although individual strands/fibres can still be seen and broken up by crumbling, the material begins to take on a slightly darker colour. At 175° C. and above the material begins to compact heavily, and the material takes on a dark brown black colour.
  • HPLC HPLC was employed to quantify polyphenols in the treated tobacco material.
  • An example trace of unextracted tobacco is shown in FIG. 5 for comparison.
  • the peak symmetry is good and the isomer of chlorogenic acid (cryptochlorogenic acid) is sufficiently separated from chlorogenic acid to allow accurate integration.
  • the table shows clearly that the total amount of chlorogenic acid in the fibre drops rapidly even when extracted with water at 75° C. for 15 mins. The amount of chlorogenic acid decreases steadily as the temperature is increased. The effect of time is seen to be less influential. When the fibre was extracted with three volumes of fresh water no chlorogenic acid could be detected in the treated tobacco material.
  • the total phenolic content of the treated tobacco material as expressed in Gallic acid equivalence (GAE) is shown in Table 8 below.
  • the data shows a significant reduction in total phenolic content compared to the untreated tobacco.
  • the amount of protein present in the fibre follows a rapid descent from 75° C. to 125° C. after this point the amount of protein stabilises and increasing temperature has little effect. This could be due to the maximum amount of protein being removed at 125° C.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Tobacco Products (AREA)
US14/647,082 2012-11-26 2013-11-25 Treatment of tobacco material Abandoned US20150296870A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GBGB1221199.1A GB201221199D0 (en) 2012-11-26 2012-11-26 Treatment of tobacco material
GB1221199.1 2012-11-26
PCT/GB2013/053108 WO2014080229A1 (en) 2012-11-26 2013-11-25 Treatment of tobacco material

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US (1) US20150296870A1 (ja)
EP (1) EP2922422A1 (ja)
JP (1) JP2015536150A (ja)
BR (1) BR112015012158A2 (ja)
CA (1) CA2889320A1 (ja)
GB (1) GB201221199D0 (ja)
RU (1) RU2015125058A (ja)
WO (1) WO2014080229A1 (ja)

Cited By (2)

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CN114947181A (zh) * 2022-06-13 2022-08-30 湖北中烟工业有限责任公司 一种亚临界水萃取与有机溶剂萃取耦合提取烟草提取物的方法
CN115088861A (zh) * 2022-06-29 2022-09-23 河南中烟工业有限责任公司 利用废弃烟叶/烟末制备烟叶提取物的方法

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US9765411B2 (en) * 2013-05-07 2017-09-19 Tyton Biosciences, Llc Green process to hydrolyze carbohydrates from tobacco biomass using subcritical water
FR3072874B1 (fr) * 2017-11-02 2020-11-20 Laboratoire Phenobio Extrait particulier de plantes a parfums, aromatiques et medicinales, procede d'obtention, compositions l'incluant et utilisations
KR102458971B1 (ko) * 2020-06-10 2022-10-24 주식회사 케이티앤지 열수침적된 잎담배를 포함하는 흡연물품 및 그의 제조방법

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US20050095332A1 (en) * 2001-11-15 2005-05-05 Stanley Roger A. Extraction of phenolic antioxidants
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US6001256A (en) * 1996-09-25 1999-12-14 Energy & Environmental Research Center Method of manipulating the chemical properties of water to improve the effectiveness of a desired chemical process
US20050095332A1 (en) * 2001-11-15 2005-05-05 Stanley Roger A. Extraction of phenolic antioxidants
US20060207618A1 (en) * 2002-11-05 2006-09-21 Prestes Jose A G Removal of soluble components from tobacco material and apparatus therefore
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US20070014912A1 (en) * 2005-05-13 2007-01-18 Giuseppe Mazza Extraction of phytochemicals

Cited By (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114947181A (zh) * 2022-06-13 2022-08-30 湖北中烟工业有限责任公司 一种亚临界水萃取与有机溶剂萃取耦合提取烟草提取物的方法
CN115088861A (zh) * 2022-06-29 2022-09-23 河南中烟工业有限责任公司 利用废弃烟叶/烟末制备烟叶提取物的方法

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Publication number Publication date
WO2014080229A1 (en) 2014-05-30
CA2889320A1 (en) 2014-05-30
EP2922422A1 (en) 2015-09-30
GB201221199D0 (en) 2013-01-09
BR112015012158A2 (pt) 2017-07-11
JP2015536150A (ja) 2015-12-21
RU2015125058A (ru) 2017-01-10

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