Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/24—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with vanadium
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
  • C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
  • C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
  • C21D1/19—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering by interrupted quenching
  • C21D1/20—Isothermal quenching, e.g. bainitic hardening
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
  • C21D6/002—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Cr
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
  • C21D6/005—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Mn
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
  • C21D6/008—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Si
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/12—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, vanadium, or niobium
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/22—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with molybdenum or tungsten
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
  • C21D2211/002—Bainite
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
  • C21D2211/004—Dispersions; Precipitations

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a metallic material. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a metallic material, and to the use of a metallic material for the production of a component part in an internal combustion engine.
• Metallic materials are used in a multitude of applications. For instance, metallic materials are known as components of an internal combustion engine.
• An essential limitation in the possible utilization of high-strength materials such as metallic materials, for example, is the result of their mechanical properties and also their processing capability.
• the cyclical load capability and economical processing capability, such as the plasticity, machinability or weldability may be of particular importance.
• the subject matter of the present invention is a metallic material which contains at least iron, carbon, chromium, molybdenum and vanadium, the material having a bainitic basic structure; carbidic phases, which are at least partially formed by molybdenum, vanadium and/or chromium present the form of carbide, are provided in addition, the carbidic phases at least partially having a diameter ranging from less than to equal to 200 nm.
• the present invention thus relates to a metallic material having a plurality of metals, which, for instance, may at least partially be present as an alloy or as pure metals.
• the main component of the metallic material in particular may include iron (Fe), and carbon (C) may be provided in addition.
• the carbon content may be present in a range from more than or equal to 0.01 wt. % to less than or equal to 2.06 wt. %, so that the metallic material could be a steel material, in particular.
• such a metallic material furthermore includes at least chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo) and vanadium (V).
• Cr chromium
• Mo molybdenum
• V vanadium
• the aforementioned metals may be present in the form of an alloy, for instance, at least partially as pure metals, or also at least partially as carbide, as will be explained in the following text.
• the material may include further components, such as may be required for a suitable manufacturing process or for a particular application field. To be mentioned as further components are elements that are common in the production of steel, such as sulfur and phosphorus.
• a bainitic basic structure may be a structure which can include ferritic phases and cementite phases (Fe 3 C), in particular.
• a bainitic structure specifically may include ferrite crystals oversaturated in carbon, which are present as cubic body-centered crystal lattice.
• a bainitic structure can be recognized by a ferritic mixed crystal oversaturated with regard to carbon, possibly including further elements such as especially chromium, molybdenum and vanadium, in combination with iron-rich metal carbides such as cementite, for example, a non-limiting typical iron content of the metallic components of the carbides being in a range from greater than or equal to 50 atom-%.
• the combination of the mixed crystal and the carbides may exist side-by-side, but this may often be quite difficult to discern.
• carbidic phases may be present or specified in the afore-described material. These carbidic phases may at least partially be formed by molybdenum, vanadium and/or chromium present as carbide. Each aforementioned metal may be present as carbide, or single metals or a suitable mixture of said metals may be present as carbides. It is obvious to one skilled in the art that the aforementioned metals need not be present entirely as carbides, but may additionally also be included in the material in non-carbidic form.
• the carbidic phases are at least partially present at a diameter that lies in a range from less than or equal to 200 nm, in particular in a range from less than or equal to 100 nm.
• Molybdenum and/or vanadium in particular are present as carbides in this order of magnitude. These carbides, in particular, may be responsible for an increase in hardness, as will be discussed in detail in the following text. Further carbides that have a larger diameter, such as carbide of iron and/or chromium, for instance, may be present in addition.
• the aforementioned material thus is a carbide-hardened steel, in particular.
• said steel allows an increase in the cyclical load capability, such as in particular an improved vibration resistance and greater ductility, while at the same time showing little dimensional change in the heat treatment.
• the described carbide-hardened steel specifically makes it possible to combine processing in the soft state with an increase in the cyclical load capability.
• the carbide hardening offers the possibility of an increase in strength with low dimensional change of the steel structure by way of precipitation or heat treatment at moderate temperatures.
• a soft bainitic base structure for instance having a hardness in a range of less than 37 HRC (Rockwell hardness);
• the Rockwell hardness of a material results from the penetration depth of a test body in response to the application of a certain preforce and test force and may be ascertained according to DIN EN ISO 6508-1), for example, via following carbide precipitation and high strength increases of up to 10 HRC or even higher may be realizable.
• the afore-described material thus makes it possible to keep the costs down during possibly required subsequent reworking in the hard state.
• Reworking in a hard state in particular may be dispensed with completely in the production of an afore-described material, which makes it possible to shorten the value chain for an adjustment of the desired component property. This makes for an especially uncomplicated and cost-effective production method. It is furthermore possible to adapt the material to an especially broad application field.
• Said material is particularly cost-effective in its manufacture and may also satisfy future requirements; the ability of tailoring it to the specific usage specifications may exist in addition.
• the afore-described metallic material or the afore-described carbide-hardened steel allows an especially advantageous application under particularly harsh conditions, such as high temperatures, oxidative atmospheres and high pressures, for instance.
• One advantageous use may be seen in internal combustion engines.
• the afore-described material in particular may be used in injection systems, e.g., of a diesel engine.
• Specific examples of application include the development of nozzles or injectors, pressure reservoirs or high-pressure pumps in injection systems, because said material can be used without any problems even under the conditions that arise in such applications, such as high injection pressures of 3000 bar, for example, while offering cost-effective manufacturability.
• the material or its structure retains sufficient ductility even after hardening, so that further strength-increasing technologies may be employed, such as autofrettage.
• the afore-described material allows the production of components that can tolerate high mechanical and/or cyclical loading, an adjustment of heretofore unavailable characteristics combinations in steels, and an especially simple and cost-effective production method in addition.
• the material may furthermore include at least one additional component from the group made up of silicon and manganese. Providing at least one of these further components makes it possible to improve the characteristics of the material even further, especially with regard to mechanical resistance or the cyclical load capability.
• manganese for instance, it is possible to improve the hardenability, tensile strength and weldability and, in general, the processing capability, which may offer considerable advantages, depending on the individual application case or the manufacture, in particular. For example, cooling that occurs during the production can be improved because of a larger cooling window.
• Silicon for instance, may be used, especially in the production of the material, in order to improve the processing capability and also as deoxidizer in order to thereby protect the material from negative influences.
• silicon is furthermore able to increase the strength.
• silicon as mixed crystal hardener can improve the mechanical properties even further.
• the material may include:
• Chromium for instance, may therefore be present as an alloy component, i.e., in non-carbidic form, or also at least partially in the form of a carbide. Additional components not specifically mentioned may be contained in said material in addition, for instance in order to optimize the production method or to allow an adaptation to special application fields.
• the material includes the following components:
• afore-described integral composition of the material is ascertainable by a spark spectrum analysis, in particular.
• a spark spectrum analysis is a method in which the individual atoms, especially the metal atoms, are excited and the correspondingly emitted spectrum lines are analyzed, the quantity being ascertainable based on the intensity, or the type of atoms being ascertainable based on the wavelength.
• the material may have a hardness of more than or equal to 45 HRC.
• the material has a hardness that could not be achieved according to the related art or only by considerably more involved manufacturing steps than required for the described material.
• the material having a hardness of this magnitude in particular has very high mechanical stability or cyclical load capability, so that an especially broad application field is possible.
• HRC specifically may describe the hardness according to Rockwell. The Rockwell hardness of a material results from the penetration depth of a test body in response to the application of a certain pre-force or test force and can be ascertained according to DIN EN ISO 6508-1, for example.
• the subject matter of the present invention is furthermore a method for manufacturing a metallic material developed as described above, having the method steps:
• the afore-described method in particular is based on the adjustment of a bainitic basic structure with subsequent carbide precipitation during a two-step temperature treatment or precipitation at moderate temperatures with subsequent cooling.
• a metallic composition such as an alloy composition is provided for this purpose, which includes at least the following components: iron, carbon, chromium, molybdenum and vanadium, and possibly silicon and manganese.
• the aforementioned components may be present in the metallic composition in particular at the levels described below:
• the afore-described metallic composition thus is a steel, in particular. It furthermore has the potential for carbide precipitation through the elements of carbon in combination with chromium, molybdenum and vanadium.
• a treatment of the metallic composition at a higher temperature takes place in a further method step b).
• the metallic composition may be heated, in particular to or above its austenitizing temperature or austenite forming temperature. Heating to a temperature in a range that is greater than or equal to 950° C. up to a temperate in a range of smaller than or equal to 1100° C. takes place for the present metallic composition. This temperature may be retained for a predefined period of time, such as typically 15 to 120 minutes.
• an austenite formation of the metallic composition thus occurs.
• cooling of the metallic composition at a predefined cooling rate takes place as well.
• the predefined cooling rate may be selected as a function of the specifically selected metallic composition or its percentage composition.
• cooling rates that lie in a range from more than or equal to 0.2K/s to less than or equal to 3K/s may be suitable for the described metallic composition.
• the formation of a bainitic basic structure takes place in this method step c).
• a steel which already has a hardness ranging from 32 to 40 HRC, such as 35 HRC, for example, may be obtained in the process.
• another heat treatment of the obtained product takes place at a temperature in a range that is greater than or equal to 400° C., especially at a temperature in a range that is greater than or equal to 450° C. to smaller than or equal to 600° C., for instance for a range of more than one hour, e.g., for two hours.
• the formation of the corresponding metal carbides, in particular of carbidic phases or nano-scale carbide precipitations in a range from less than or equal to 200 nm, in particular in a range from 100 nm takes place, in particular by the provision of carbon and furthermore, chromium, molybdenum and vanadium. This further increases the hardness by a range of approximately 10 HRC, so that a material is achievable that has a hardness of 45 HRC or even higher.
• the material or its structure retains sufficient ductility even after hardening, so that further technologies that increase the strength, such as autofrettage, may be employed.
• Additional subject matters of the present invention are a use of a material developed as described above or a method developed as described above for the production of a component for an internal combustion engine, in particular for the production of an injection component.
• an internal combustion engine in particular denotes a heat engine which converts the chemical energy of a fuel into mechanical energy by way of a combustion process.
• Examples of internal combustion engines in particular are a combustion engine such as a diesel engine or an Otto engine.
• injection components such as nozzles or injectors, high-pressure pumps or pressure reservoirs, especially for a diesel engine.
• an injection component for an internal combustion engine which includes a material developed as described before is a subject matter of the present invention.
• the subject matter of the present invention in particular is an injection component, such as a nozzle or an injector, a high-pressure pump or a pressure reservoir, which are at least partially, e.g., completely, made from the afore-described material.
• the concept of an injection component within the sense of the present invention in particular denotes a pressure-conducting or pressure-loaded component of an injection system, especially for a diesel engine. Because of the outstanding characteristics of the afore-described material as far as the mechanical stability as well as cyclical load capability are concerned, said material is suitable in particular for producing an injection component, especially for a diesel engine.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Metallurgy (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Thermal Sciences (AREA)
• Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
• Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
• Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)

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• 2012
  • 2012-11-27 DE DE201210221607 patent/DE102012221607A1/de not_active Withdrawn
• 2013
  • 2013-11-25 EP EP13795241.2A patent/EP2925899B8/fr active Active
  • 2013-11-25 WO PCT/EP2013/074542 patent/WO2014082945A1/fr active Application Filing
  • 2013-11-25 US US14/647,375 patent/US20150292066A1/en not_active Abandoned

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