US20150241135A1 - Heat storage system and method for the charging and discharging thereof - Google Patents

Heat storage system and method for the charging and discharging thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
US20150241135A1
US20150241135A1 US14/433,574 US201314433574A US2015241135A1 US 20150241135 A1 US20150241135 A1 US 20150241135A1 US 201314433574 A US201314433574 A US 201314433574A US 2015241135 A1 US2015241135 A1 US 2015241135A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
heat
transfer fluid
heat exchanger
phase change
drum
Prior art date
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Abandoned
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US14/433,574
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English (en)
Inventor
Aleix Jove Llovera
Cristina Prieto Rios
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Abengoa Solar New Technologies SA
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Abengoa Solar New Technologies SA
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Filing date
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Publication of US20150241135A1 publication Critical patent/US20150241135A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
    • F28D20/0034—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using liquid heat storage material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K3/00—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
    • F22B1/02—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers
    • F22B1/028—Steam generation using heat accumulators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
    • F22B1/02—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers
    • F22B1/08—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being steam
    • F22B1/10—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being steam released from heat accumulators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B33/00—Steam-generation plants, e.g. comprising steam boilers of different types in mutual association
    • F22B33/18—Combinations of steam boilers with other apparatus
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
    • F28D20/02—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat
    • F28D20/021—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat the latent heat storage material and the heat-exchanging means being enclosed in one container
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/16—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
    • F28F9/026—Header boxes; End plates with static flow control means, e.g. with means for uniformly distributing heat exchange media into conduits
    • F28F9/027—Header boxes; End plates with static flow control means, e.g. with means for uniformly distributing heat exchange media into conduits in the form of distribution pipes
    • F28F9/0275—Header boxes; End plates with static flow control means, e.g. with means for uniformly distributing heat exchange media into conduits in the form of distribution pipes with multiple branch pipes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
    • F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
    • F28D2021/0061—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for phase-change applications
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/14—Thermal energy storage

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the field of thermal storage using phase change material (PCM).
  • PCM phase change material
  • it refers to a thermal energy storage system suitable for being charged and discharged with a heat-transfer fluid in a thermal exchange process (evaporation/condensation) and which stores heat in the form of latent heat of fusion of a phase change material.
  • the thermal storage system proposed can be used in solar thermal plants for steam generation and in production processes in which the storage of heat may be an interesting differentiating factor from an economic point of view.
  • Phase change materials can be an interesting, efficient and high energy density alternative for storing heat and particularly for applications at constant temperature.
  • phase change materials and exchange system related thereto which are aimed at, among others:
  • the exchange systems based on phase change materials for generating saturated steam or for evaporating/condensing heat-transfer fluids are designed to always be charged from the upper part of the system.
  • the heat-transfer fluid passing through the phase change material chamber is always carried out from the upper part of the machine and it circulates to the lower part.
  • the main reason for this is that it enables the correct management of the volume expansion of the phase change material, leaving free space in the upper part of the machine for the expansion of this phase change material.
  • the phase change material is solidified, occupying an area in the tank up to the level indicated by a thick dashed line.
  • the phase change material begins to melt and expand, occupying the free space situated above the dashed line.
  • the steam or heat-transfer fluid must always enter from the upper part, condensing along the tubes and exiting as condensed steam through the lower part, without the possibility of natural recirculation, thus limiting the speed/flow of the fluid within the tubes to a level that enables the condensation and also the thermal transfer speed of the steam or heat-transfer fluid to the phase change material.
  • a condensing tank would be needed at the lower part of the system.
  • Patent US20070175609 describes a thermal exchange system between a phase change material and a fluid thanks to the use of graphite sheets within the phase change material with the aim of increasing heat conductivity. The invention however, does not provide details about how the charging and discharging operations are carried out.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,993,481A describes a thermal energy storage system using a porous ceramic moulding containing a phase change material and in turn crossed by a series of channels where the heat-transfer fluid circulates.
  • the invention is designed for heat-transfer or work fluids such as gases or liquids without phase change (without evaporation/condensation) therefore it does not allow for a natural recirculation given the density difference of the fluid.
  • U.S. Ser. No. 00/522,0954 describes a heat exchanger/accumulator based on phase change materials with the particular feature that its cylindrical design allows the thermal expansion of the phase change material during charging.
  • the system does not offer any thermal conductivity improvements for the phase change material or any transfer speed improvements on the work fluid side.
  • Patent CN201093907Y offers a heat exchanger system between a phase change material and a heat-transfer fluid, characterised in that it is made up of a series of finned tubes arranged in parallel and a system that allows this fluid to circulate in the desired direction, whether charging or discharging the system; however, with this system, as the load is in a vertical ascending direction, the same problem would occur in relation to the expansion of the phase change material mentioned above and therefore this patent would not solve this dilemma.
  • This document also describes the way of charging the system with a single step process but always in a descending direction (starting charging at the upper part and ending at the lower part), which means that if we want to obtain saturated water at the exit of the system, we would need a condensate tank at the lower end to enable saturated water to be obtained with the aim of being pumped back to the rest of the cycle.
  • the system can only be charged in this way (downwards) given the aforementioned volumetric expansion problem with the phase change material, thus allowing the material to expand without creating over-pressurisation areas.
  • Patent WO2010146197 refers to a composite phase change material made up of a carbon or graphite foam and hydroxide salt.
  • the material as a whole may increase the thermal conductivity of the salt thanks to the carbon and graphite conductive matrix and also enable the local management of the volume expansion of the salt.
  • this invention aims to improve the following aspects:
  • the invention consists of a thermal storage system and the process for carrying out the exchange of heat between the storage material contained in said system and the heat-transfer fluid (system charging/discharging process).
  • the storage system consists of a heat exchanger via which the heat-transfer fluid circulates and a storage material, with this material being a phase change material that has a minimum thermal expansion of less than 5% and is capable of managing its own volume expansion by itself.
  • the heat-transfer fluid in gas form that provides the storage material with heat, which melts at the same time as the heat-transfer fluid condenses.
  • the storage material that provides the heat-transfer fluid with heat which turns from liquid form to gas form while the storage material solidifies.
  • the phase change storage material consists of a rigid matrix that includes a phase change material and is contained in a casing or external tank.
  • the heat exchanger comprises a set of vertical straight tubes that penetrate the storage material via which the thermal exchange takes place between the heat-transfer fluid that circulates through them and the storage material. These tubes are separated from one another, allowing the fusion or crystallisation of all the storage material that exists between them.
  • the vertical tubes connect with at least one lower chamber via lower sub-chambers.
  • the lower sub-chambers include a series of injectors that enable the heat-transfer fluid to be inserted in gas form into the lower part of the heat exchanger when charging the system.
  • the preferably vertical tubes connect with at least one upper chamber by means of upper sub-chambers.
  • the upper chamber is, in turn, connected to a drum located outside of the casing and at a level that is higher than the upper chamber.
  • One or more recirculation downpipes extend from the drum, which are also located outside of the casing and which connect the aforementioned drum with the lower chamber. Heat-transfer fluid in liquid form circulates through these downpipes from the drum and enters the vertical tubes that penetrate through the storage material through the lower chamber and sub-chambers.
  • the drum also has an exit for heat-transfer fluid in gas form and an entry or exit point for heat-transfer fluid in liquid form whether this if for discharging or charging respectively.
  • the heat-transfer fluid in liquid form that descends the downpipes mixes with the heat-transfer fluid in gas form that is injected into the system through the lower sub-chambers.
  • This fluid in gas form inserted through the lower part of the system and mixed with the fluid in liquid form that comes from the downpipes enables, through the density differences with the fluid in liquid phase contained in the downpipes, a natural recirculation of fluid, taking advantage of this fact to increase the through-flow along the vertical tubes of the heat exchanger and thus increase the thermal transfer of the heat-transfer fluid.
  • the water level remains constant in the drum thanks to the extraction of heat-transfer fluid in liquid form.
  • the heat-transfer fluid in liquid form and in gas form is mixed in order to enable the transfer of heat by the fluid to the storage material, given that thermal transfer is always more effective by mixing liquid-gas than just gas.
  • system charging is carried out during the day, that is, while steam is being generated in the plant through solar radiation. Discharging would take place at night when there is no solar radiation, thus using the heat stored in the storage phase change material to produce steam.
  • the natural recirculation of the heat-transfer fluid is possible because of the density difference between the heat-transfer fluid in evaporation/condensation in the thermal exchange vertical tubes and the heat-transfer fluid in liquid form in the downpipes.
  • this natural recirculation means the pass-through increases in the recirculation circuit and therefore the thermal transfer increases (increased Reynolds numbers and thermal transfer coefficient).
  • the system does not need a recirculation pump.
  • thermal storage system discharging process normally discharged during periods without sunlight, either at night or in transitory periods:
  • the heat-transfer fluid absorbs the latent heat of crystallisation of the phase change material thanks to the thermal exchange via the vertical tubes, with the phase change of said fluid beginning and changing to gas phase at the same time as the storage material begins to crystallise.
  • this invention's system enables charging and discharging operations to be performed via the lower part thereof, which enables the natural recirculation of heat-transfer fluid in both cases, thus increasing the transfer of heat between the heat-transfer fluid and the phase change material.
  • This feature means a recirculation pump is not required (required for forced recirculation) and neither is the condensate tank, which would be necessary in the lower part of the machine in order to obtain saturated water in charging systems in the prior art.
  • This invention uses the drum located in the upper part of the system instead of the condensate tank.
  • FIG. 1 Heat exchanger of the prior art
  • FIG. 2 Complete outline of this invention's thermal storage system using phase change materials (PCM) (front and side view).
  • PCM phase change materials
  • FIG. 3 Outline of the PCM composite storage material made up of salts and a carbon, graphite or metal matrix.
  • FIG. 1 Outline of 4 blocks (plan view) that contain the PCM composite storage material, showing the holes or orifices for enabling the vertical heat exchanger tubes to pass through.
  • the thermal storage system of this invention comprises a composite storage material made up of a matrix ( 12 ) made of a rigid, graphite, carbon or metal foam ( 10 ) with high porosity and thermal conductivity, with said matrix being infiltrated with highly thermally energetic salts based on hydroxides ( 11 ) (see FIGS. 3 and 4 ).
  • This storage material is located inside a casing or container tank.
  • the storage system also has a heat exchanger made up of heat exchanger tubes ( 3 ), preferably vertical, through which the heat-transfer fluid circulates and which pass through the storage material through tube pass-through orifices ( 13 , FIG. 4 ) so there is direct contact between this storage material and the vertical tubes ( 3 ).
  • a heat exchanger made up of heat exchanger tubes ( 3 ), preferably vertical, through which the heat-transfer fluid circulates and which pass through the storage material through tube pass-through orifices ( 13 , FIG. 4 ) so there is direct contact between this storage material and the vertical tubes ( 3 ).
  • the salt ( 11 ) infiltrated in the matrix ( 12 ) of the storage material melts when it receives heat and crystallises when the heat is extracted, coinciding with the condensation or evaporation of the heat-transfer fluid which passes through the heat exchanger tubes ( 3 ), a high thermal transfer is also obtained between the fluid and the phase change storage material thanks to the increased thermal conductivity provided by the carbon, graphite or metal foam ( 10 ) that this material is made up of.
  • the storage material itself manages the volumetric expansion given that the phase change material (for example salt) expands and contracts in its fusion/crystallisation locally within the same empty spaces of the matrix ( 12 ) without filtering through, which enables the system charging process to be carried out through the lower part thereof and in an ascending vertical direction.
  • the phase change material for example salt
  • This compound storage material is housed in the system's casing in the form of squares that are preferably square, which enables the assembly, as the infiltrated blocks can be alternated with a non-infiltrated phase change material.
  • a series of orifices ( 13 ) will be drilled into the blocks to enable the exchanger's vertical tubes ( 3 ) to pass through.
  • These orifices ( 13 ) are preferably round for the preferably cylindrical tubes to pass through, given that they support high pressures and provide better thermal transfer than square channels and they are also easier to manufacture and purchase.
  • the heat exchanger tubes ( 3 ) (that produce the condensation or evaporation of the heat-transfer fluid) pass through two flat tubular plates ( 5 ′ and 5 ) located on the upper and lower part of the exchanger and protrude through the lower plate ( 5 ) of the storage material's container or casing. These tubes are welded and attached to the lower tubular plate ( 5 ), forming a watertight vessel to prevent storage material leakages, however they are not welded to the upper tubular plate ( 5 ′) thus enabling the thermal expansion thereof.
  • the heat exchanger tubes ( 3 ) are joined to a series of upper sub-chambers ( 61 ′) and these to an upper chamber ( 61 ), with the latter remaining free for vertical movement and thus being able to absorb the vertical expansion of the tubes thanks to the expansion joints ( 14 ), or via an expansion management bend or expansion compensators.
  • the upper chamber ( 61 ) ends up, either separately or via the shared connection pipe ( 7 ), in a drum ( 1 ) located at the upper part of the chambers ( 61 ) and from where the heat-transfer fluid extraction pipe ( 2 ) comes out, preferably steam or dry saturated steam.
  • the piping for inserting or extracting the heat-transfer fluid in liquid form ( 15 ) comes out of this same drum ( 1 ).
  • the heat exchanger tubes ( 3 ) are joined to a series of lower sub-chambers ( 62 ′) and these to a lower chamber ( 62 ) which, via one or more connection lines ( 4 ), connect with recirculation downpipes ( 8 ) (outside of the casing that contains the storage material) which enables the recirculation of the non-evaporated heat-transfer fluid, preferably water.
  • These downpipes ( 8 ) come from the drum ( 1 ).
  • the lower sub-chambers ( 62 ′) include a series of steam injectors ( 9 ) to enable heat-transfer fluid to be inserted, preferably steam or saturated steam into the upper part of the heat exchanger tubes ( 3 ) in the case of charging.
  • This steam inserted through the lower part of the system enables a natural recirculation of fluid to be created, through the density difference with the water contained in the downpipes ( 8 ), taking advantage of this circumstance to increase the through-flow and thus increase the thermal transfer on the steam side.
  • a recirculation pump system can be included on the line ( 4 ), to enable the discharge with forced recirculation and also the installation of a valve in the same place to enable the discharge in a single step.
  • the system may include one or more valves in the downpipes ( 8 ) to enable the system to be charged and discharged without recirculation, only with the pressure of the system's incoming and outgoing steam respectively.
  • phase change material consisting of a carbon, graphite or metal foam with infiltrated salts:
  • This natural recirculation means the through-flow increases in the recirculation circuit and therefore the thermal transfer increases (increased Reynolds numbers and thermal transfer coefficient). Unlike forced recirculation, the system does not need a recirculation pump.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
US14/433,574 2012-10-04 2013-10-03 Heat storage system and method for the charging and discharging thereof Abandoned US20150241135A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ESP201200973 2012-10-04
ES201200973A ES2459241B1 (es) 2012-10-04 2012-10-04 Sistema de almacenamiento térmico y su procedimiento de carga y descarga
PCT/ES2013/000218 WO2014053677A1 (es) 2012-10-04 2013-10-03 Sistema de almacenamiento térmico y su procedimiento de carga y descarga

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US20150241135A1 true US20150241135A1 (en) 2015-08-27

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US14/433,574 Abandoned US20150241135A1 (en) 2012-10-04 2013-10-03 Heat storage system and method for the charging and discharging thereof

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US (1) US20150241135A1 (de)
EP (1) EP2905569A4 (de)
CL (1) CL2015000832A1 (de)
ES (1) ES2459241B1 (de)
WO (1) WO2014053677A1 (de)
ZA (1) ZA201502168B (de)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20180017339A1 (en) * 2015-01-26 2018-01-18 Valeo Systemes Thermiques Thermal battery with encapsulated phase-change material and associated production method
CN109585045A (zh) * 2018-12-26 2019-04-05 中国船舶重工集团公司第七〇九研究所 一种用于反应堆的换热装置及非能动余热排出系统
WO2019086837A1 (en) * 2017-10-30 2019-05-09 Pumped Heat Limited Energy storage system
CN117028960A (zh) * 2023-09-27 2023-11-10 国网江苏省电力有限公司常州供电分公司 一种带储热的闭式循环蒸汽发生装置

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CN107917431A (zh) * 2017-11-09 2018-04-17 中国科学院过程工程研究所 一种相变储热式烟道及垃圾焚烧炉
CN111682281B (zh) * 2019-08-07 2022-09-06 兰州理工大学 一种基于热管冷却的圆柱形锂电池单体及电池组
CN111043581B (zh) * 2019-12-26 2020-12-22 中国矿业大学 一种基于重力热管的分层式相变储热器
CN111678366B (zh) * 2020-04-23 2021-11-19 山东建筑大学 一种蓄热管壳式换热器及泄漏检测方法

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20180017339A1 (en) * 2015-01-26 2018-01-18 Valeo Systemes Thermiques Thermal battery with encapsulated phase-change material and associated production method
US10436523B2 (en) * 2015-01-26 2019-10-08 Valeo Systemes Thermiques Thermal battery with encapsulated phase-change material and associated production method
WO2019086837A1 (en) * 2017-10-30 2019-05-09 Pumped Heat Limited Energy storage system
CN109585045A (zh) * 2018-12-26 2019-04-05 中国船舶重工集团公司第七〇九研究所 一种用于反应堆的换热装置及非能动余热排出系统
CN117028960A (zh) * 2023-09-27 2023-11-10 国网江苏省电力有限公司常州供电分公司 一种带储热的闭式循环蒸汽发生装置

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Publication number Publication date
CL2015000832A1 (es) 2015-12-04
EP2905569A1 (de) 2015-08-12
EP2905569A4 (de) 2016-06-01
WO2014053677A1 (es) 2014-04-10
ES2459241A1 (es) 2014-05-08
ES2459241B1 (es) 2015-02-17
ZA201502168B (en) 2016-01-27

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