US20150231334A1 - Drug mixing and delivery system and method - Google Patents

Drug mixing and delivery system and method Download PDF

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Publication number
US20150231334A1
US20150231334A1 US14/576,179 US201414576179A US2015231334A1 US 20150231334 A1 US20150231334 A1 US 20150231334A1 US 201414576179 A US201414576179 A US 201414576179A US 2015231334 A1 US2015231334 A1 US 2015231334A1
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Prior art keywords
liquid
acid
solution
epinephrine
dry
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Inventor
Brent A. Buchine
Adam R. Standley
Christopher J. Stepanian
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Windgap Medical Inc
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Windgap Medical Inc
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Priority to US14/576,179 priority Critical patent/US20150231334A1/en
Assigned to WINDGAP MEDICAL, INC. reassignment WINDGAP MEDICAL, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BUCHINE, BRENT A., STANDLEY, ADAM R., STEPANIAN, CHRISTOPHER J.
Publication of US20150231334A1 publication Critical patent/US20150231334A1/en
Priority to US16/675,219 priority patent/US20200139048A1/en
Priority to US17/991,676 priority patent/US20230088439A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
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    • A61M5/2448—Ampoule syringes, i.e. syringes with needle for use in combination with replaceable ampoules or carpules, e.g. automatic comprising means for injection of two or more media, e.g. by mixing
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    • A61M5/3294—Needles; Details of needles pertaining to their connection with syringe or hub; Accessories for bringing the needle into, or holding the needle on, the body; Devices for protection of needles comprising means for injection of two or more media, e.g. by mixing
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    • A61M5/44—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests having means for cooling or heating the devices or media
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    • A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
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    • A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
    • A61M2205/36—General characteristics of the apparatus related to heating or cooling
    • A61M2205/366—General characteristics of the apparatus related to heating or cooling by liquid heat exchangers

Definitions

  • the response of a sensitive individual to an allergen can either gradually or abruptly increase or decrease over time, making a large portion of those sensitive individuals needful of a solution to mitigate the effects of anaphylactic shock. Responding rapidly to mitigate the effects from such exposures can prevent injury and/or death. For example, in certain situations, an injection of epinephrine (i.e., adrenaline) can provide substantial and/or complete relief from the allergic reaction.
  • an allergic reaction may occur in a location physically distant from the nearest hospital or medical facility.
  • bee stings are more likely to occur outside than indoors.
  • Food containing peanuts are more likely to be supplied to the individual away from a controlled home environment like at a baseball park.
  • a medicament delivery device such as, for example, an auto-injector
  • an auto-injector to rapidly self-administer the epinephrine in response to an allergic reaction.
  • Having an epinephrine auto-injector nearby enables emergency intervention after an exposure to an allergen to reduce and/or reverse the side-effects of life threatening anaphylaxis.
  • the thermal stability profile of the medication can present an issue. Patients must care for their medications in a way that prevents them from being exposed to excessive heat or cold outside of controlled room temperature. Not doing so can degrade the medication rapidly and result in a drug that doesn't have the recommended potency to deal with the onsets of anaphylactic shock.
  • aspects of the invention relate to dry drug compositions (e.g., dry powder compositions) that can be dissolved and/or reconstituted rapidly for delivery to a patient (e.g., a human patient).
  • dry compositions have several advantages over liquid compositions, including increased stability (e.g., a long shelf life, potency and/or chiral stability) over time and upon exposure to changes in temperature.
  • a dry drug composition comprises an epinephrine free base. In some embodiments the dry drug composition comprises an L-epinephrine freebase. In some embodiments, a dry drug composition comprises an epinephrine salt. In some embodiments, the epinephrine salt is a maleate, malate, fumarate, acid tartrate, hydrogen tartrate, or sulfate salt of epinephrine. In some embodiments, the epinephrine salt is epinephrine hydrochloride. In some embodiments, the epinephrine salt is epinephrine bitartrate.
  • the epinephrine salt is epinephrine borate. In some embodiments, the epinephrine is L-epinephrine. In some embodiments, the dry drug composition further comprises a salt and/or an antioxidant. In some embodiments, the dry drug composition comprises sodium metabisulfite and/or manitol.
  • a dry drug composition is prepared by drying a drug solution (e.g., by vacuum drying, freeze drying, lyophilizing, or any suitable drying technique, as aspects of the invention are not limited in this respect).
  • the dry drug is placed inside the autoinjector as a dry powder.
  • a dry composition may have any suitable particle size that allows for efficient and rapid reconstitution.
  • the particle size of the dry drug can be controlled by drying a drug solution within a confined volume.
  • a drug solution is dried within the confines of an autoinjector (e.g., within one or more microfluidic channels of an autoinjector).
  • the particle size of a dried drug composition may be one the order of the diameter of a microfluidic channel (e.g., from about 1 micron to about 500 microns in diameter). However, smaller or larger particle sizes may be used in some embodiments.
  • a dried drug composition may include the drug alone and/or any other molecules that were present in the drug solution (e.g., one or more salts, stabilizers, anti-oxidants, etc., or any combination thereof).
  • a dry composition has less than 50% water by weight, less than 40% water by weight, less than 30% water by weight, less than 20% water by weight, less than 10% water by weight, less than 5% water by weight, less than 1% water by weight, less than 0.1% water by weight, less than 0.01% water by weight, or less.
  • a dry drug composition can be dissolved and/or mixed and/or reconstituted by exposure to water or any suitable solvent (aqueous or non-aqueous), with or without salts and/or other buffers or components.
  • the present disclosure provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a medicament as a dry component.
  • the medicament can be kept out of the liquid phase and stored as a dry medication, for example, as a lyophilized, spray dried, vacuum dried or chemical derived powder.
  • the dry medicament has the advantages of an extended shelf-life, reduced temperature susceptibility, a greater efficacy and potency to endure over a longer period of time and through a wider range of temperature environments.
  • aspects of the invention relate to a sealed container comprising a dry drug composition (e.g., a dry drug powder) as described herein.
  • the sealed container is incorporated into the housing of an injector.
  • the sealed container is a microfluidic channel in an injector and wherein the channel is connected to a liquid reservoir.
  • the dry drug is placed inside the microfluidic channel.
  • aspects of the invention relate to an injector comprising a dry drug composition.
  • dry drug compositions can be prepared and/or delivered in injector devices.
  • an injector device also contains a liquid reservoir that can be accessed to deliver a fluid to the dry composition in order to solubilize and/or rehydrate and/or dissolve the drug immediately prior to injection.
  • the injector is an autoinjector that automatically mixes the dry drug composition with the fluid when the injector is activated.
  • the dry drug is placed within the confines of an autoinjector as a dry powder, for example, the loading of L-epinephrine freebase.
  • the dry drug for example, L-epinephrine freebase is ground using a mortar and pestle to decrease the particle size and improve the dissolution rate.
  • the L-epinephrine freebase is ground using another means.
  • aspects of the invention relate to a method of delivering a drug (e.g., epinephrine) to a subject by dissolving and/or rehydrating and/or mixing a dry composition (e.g., a dry epinephrine) with a solution sufficient to dissolve the dry drug (e.g., to dissolve at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, around 95%, or 90-100% of the dry drug), and delivering the dissolved drug (and, in some embodiments, some quantity of undissolved drug) to a subject via injection (e.g., immediately after dissolving the drug).
  • a drug e.g., epinephrine
  • the solution to dissolve the dry drug is pH optimized with a buffer. Where pH optimized means a pH that will result in the dissolution of the various forms of epinephrine.
  • the buffer is an acid. In some embodiments the buffer is hydrochloric acid.
  • epinephrine solution is administered. In some embodiments, an L-epinephrine solution is administered. In some embodiments, an epinephrine salt solution is administered.
  • the epinephrine salt is a maleate, malate, fumarate, acid tartrate, hydrogen tartrate, or sulfate salt of epinephrine.
  • the epinephrine salt is epinephrine HCl, epinephrine bitartrate, or epinephrine borate.
  • the mixing is performed in an autoinjector prior to injection. In some embodiments, the mixing is performed in a prefilled syringe prior to injection.
  • the subject is a human subject. In some embodiments, the subject is non-human.
  • the present disclosure provides methods to prepare a medical solution by utilizing the energy released from the ingredients of the solution to dissolve the therapeutic compounds.
  • a method of preparing a medical solution from a dry medicament composition comprises mixing a first liquid with a second liquid to generate a mixture.
  • the mixing of the two liquids generates heat to promote solubility of a dry medicament in the mixture.
  • the first and second liquids are mixed together before contacting the dry medicament composition.
  • one of the liquids can be contacted to the dry medicament composition before being mixed with the other liquid, or both liquids and the dry medicament composition can all be mixed together simultaneously as aspects of the disclosure are not limited in this respect.
  • a medical kit comprising a dry medicament, a first liquid, and a second liquid.
  • heat is produced from mixing the first liquid and the second liquid to promote solubility of the dry medicament in the mixture.
  • a method of preparing a medical solution comprising mixing a solid component with a liquid to generate a solution.
  • the mixing of the solid component and the liquid would generate heat to promote solubility of a dry medicament in the solution.
  • a medical kit comprising a dry medicament and a liquid. Heat would be produced from mixing the dry medicament with the liquid to promote solubility of the dry medicament in the mixture.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a method for a single-stage mixing and injection process.
  • FIGS. 2A-B illustrate a two-step mixing and then injecting the mixed or dissolved solution.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a multi-step dissolution method including a fast dissolution step followed by a pH adjusting step causing the solution to be suitable for injecting.
  • FIG. 4 shows a non-limiting embodiment of an injection system 20 using the inventive methods.
  • FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate a non-limiting embodiment of a dual wet chamber injection device configured to hold the first liquid and the second liquid that combine to form an exothermic reaction to aid in dissolving the dry medicament in a fluidic channel.
  • FIG. 6 shows a non-limiting embodiment of an injection system 300 using the inventive methods.
  • FIG. 7 is a non-limiting embodiment of a sectional view of an enlarged portion of an exemplified mixer.
  • FIG. 8 shows a non-limiting embodiment of an injection device equipped with a heat exchanger in the form of the tube coil around the dry medicament vial.
  • Heat may be activated via mixing multiple liquids and/or mixing at least one liquid with at least one solid component.
  • FIG. 9 shows a non-limiting embodiment of an injection device equipped with a heat exchanger having a jacket around the vial containing the dry medicament. Heat may be activated via mixing multiple liquids and/or mixing at least one liquid with at least one solid component.
  • FIG. 10 shows a non-limiting embodiment of an injection device equipped with a microfluidic heat exchanger.
  • Heat may be activated via mixing multiple liquids and/or mixing at least one liquid with at least one solid component through a microfluidic channel.
  • the microfluidic channel is in the form of a closed loop, separate from the mixing channel of the medicament constituents.
  • the exemplified injection device shows heat generated from mixing two liquid reactants. It is understood that the exemplified microfluidic heat exchanger can also be applied to transferring the heat generated from mixing at least one liquid with at least one solid component.
  • a plurality of vials may be added to accommodate more heat-generating components.
  • FIG. 11 shows a non-limiting embodiment of an injection device equipped with a microfluidic heat exchanger.
  • Heat may be activated via mixing multiple liquids and/or mixing at least one liquid with at least one solid component through a microfluidic channel.
  • the exemplified injection device shows heat generated from mixing the liquid and the solid component. It is understood that the exemplified microfluidic heat exchanger can also be applied to transferring the heat generated from mixing liquids.
  • a plurality of vials may be added to accommodate more heat-generating components.
  • aspects of the invention relate to stabilizing a drug and making it less susceptible to temperature-induced degradation, by preparing a dry composition (e.g., a dry salt form) of the drug that can be readily reconstituted (e.g., in the context of an autoinjector) for delivery to a patient.
  • a dry composition e.g., a dry salt form
  • the dry composition can be prepared from any suitable method as used in the pharmaceutical formulation.
  • a drug may be chemically derived, lyophilized (freeze-dried) and/or spray dried and/or using any other technique to put the drug and/or medicament into a dry form.
  • epinephrine in some form, including those used to treat cardiac arrest as well as anaphylaxis. Due to the insolubility of epinephrine freebase, finished dosage forms of epinephrine used in healthcare are typically formulated using an acid to form hydrochloride, bitartrate, or borate salts.
  • Epinephrine freebase is only sparingly soluble in water, while some epinephrine salts dissolve readily. Epinephrine freebase, however, becomes more soluble when properly pH adjusted with an acid, like with hydrochloric acid, to a pH below 6, a pH below 5, a pH between 2-5, a pH between 1-5. Adding metabisulfite to the solution also helps epinephrine freebase dissolve more readily into solution. When used in drug applications, epinephrine is usually administered as a salt dissolved in water, or the equivalent, to form a solution.
  • aspects of the invention relate to a dried epinephrine composition.
  • a composition includes a chemically derived, lyophilized, spray dried, vacuum dried or other method for making a dry composition of matter that includes one or more or all of the following components: epinephrine, an acid or epinephrine along with an acid, sodium chloride or other salt or compound added to adjust tonicity, sodium metabisulfite or other antioxidant and/or manitol.
  • the acid can be of a number of embodiments like hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, maleic acid and others.
  • a dried (e.g., freeze dried) form of ( ⁇ )-epinephrine Hydrochloride (EpiHCl) is used.
  • ( ⁇ )-epinephrine is also referred to as L-epinephrine.
  • Free-base Epinephrine formulated in medical solutions utilizes hydrochloric acid for dissolution, which effectively converts the free base into a soluble salt in solution.
  • the reconstitution of ( ⁇ )-Epinephrine Hydrochloride as described herein is therefore equivalent to a formulation of epinephrine base using hydrochloric acid.
  • L-epinephrine freebase is placed inside an autoinjector, for example, in one chamber.
  • a solution that is pH optimized with HCl, or any other acid is placed in another chamber.
  • the HCl solution is of 1 M or higher. In some embodiments, the HCl solution is of 0.1M or higher. In some embodiments, the HCl solution is of 0.01M or higher. In some embodiments, the HCl solution is of 0.001M or higher. In some embodiments, the HCl solution is of 0.0001M or higher. In some embodiments, the HCl solution is of 0.00001M or higher. In some embodiments, the HCl solution is of 0.000001M or higher.
  • additional components like metabisulfite, sodium chloride and other materials may also be included in the solution for dissolving the epinephrine.
  • the autoinjector is activated and/or fluid communication is created between the pH optimized solution and the epinephrine freebase causing the epinephrine freebase to dissolve readily into solution and be injected into the patient, all in one step ( FIG. 1 ).
  • the dissolving of epinephrine freebase happens in one step and the dissolved solution is held inside the autoinjector or prefilled syringe until a subsequent step and/or input from the user causes the liquid dose of epinephrine to be injected into the body ( FIGS. 2A and 2B ).
  • the epinephrine freebase is dissolved into solution using a first solution (e.g., a pH optimizing solution) so the pH of the dissolved material is below a pH of 6, is below a pH of 5, is below a pH of 4, is below a pH of 3, is below a pH of 2, is between a pH of 2-5.
  • a first solution e.g., a pH optimizing solution
  • the dissolved epinephrine solution is secondly adjusted with a second solution (e.g., a pH adjusting solution) so the final pH is physiologically acceptable for administration.
  • the first solution (e.g., the pH optimizing solution) has a pH that is capable of dissolving or solubilizing a medicament dry power (e.g., an epinephrine dry powder).
  • a medicament dry power e.g., an epinephrine dry powder.
  • the first solution comprises an acid.
  • the first solution comprises a base.
  • the first solution comprises a buffer.
  • the second solution (e.g., the pH adjusting solution) is capable of adjusting the pH of the medicament solution (e.g., the epinephrine solution), for example to result in a pH that is physiologically acceptable.
  • the second solution comprises an acid.
  • the second solution comprises a base.
  • the second solution comprises a buffer.
  • a buffer for adjusting the pH of the dissolved solution is contained inside a reservoir to receive the dissolved solution.
  • this buffer may exist to increase the pH of the dissolved solution above a pH of 2 if a pH upon dissolution drops below a pH of 2.
  • the pH adjusting solution is water.
  • the pH adjusting solution is a base.
  • the pH adjusting solution is sodium hydroxide.
  • the components of each solution are weighed and measured so that the final concentration of therapeutic agent or medicament (e.g., L-epinephrine) in solution is 1 mg/ml.
  • the final concentration of therapeutic agent or medicament e.g., L-epinephrine
  • the final concentration of therapeutic agent or medicament is between 0.8 mg/ml and 1.2 mg/ml.
  • the final concentration of therapeutic agent or medicament is between 0.7 mg/ml and 1.3 mg/ml.
  • the final concentration of therapeutic agent or medicament e.g., L-epinephrine
  • the final concentration of therapeutic agent or medicament is less than 0.8 mg/ml, for example less than 0.7 mg/ml.
  • the final concentration of therapeutic agent or medicament e.g., L-epinephrine
  • the concentration of one or more components ranges from 1 nM to 1 M, for example from 1 nM to 1 ⁇ M, from 1 ⁇ m to 1 mM, from 1 mM to 10 mM, from 10 mM to 100 mM, from 100 mM to 500 mM, from 500 mM to 1M, about 1 mM, about 5 mM, about 10 mM, about 50 mM, about 100 mM, about 500 mM, about 1M, or higher or lower depending on the component and/or the application.
  • 1 nM to 1 M for example from 1 nM to 1 ⁇ M, from 1 ⁇ m to 1 mM, from 1 mM to 10 mM, from 10 mM to 100 mM, from 100 mM to 500 mM, from 500 mM to 1M, about 1 mM, about 5 mM, about 10 mM, about 50 mM, about 100 mM, about 500 mM, about 1M, or
  • aspects of the invention are useful for preparing a dry drug form that a) is stable for extended periods of time and b) can be rapidly dissolved and/or mixed and/or reconstituted into a liquid form for injection.
  • the dry drug composition is stored in an injector housing along with a liquid that is separated from the dry composition until activation. Activation can bring the liquid and dry phases into contact using any suitable technique or combination of channels, reservoir, seals, and/or electromechanical elements that can be used to control the storage and mixing of the dry and liquid phases.
  • aspects of the invention relate to dry epinephrine compositions.
  • epinephrine Like all medications, drugs or antidotes, epinephrine has a lifetime over which it's acceptably effective, beyond which it has potentially degraded and lost an unacceptable amount of its potency.
  • degradation of epinephrine can be accelerated when subjected to large temperature fluctuations, especially when the temperature exceeds its acceptable storage temperature.
  • epinephrine in solution is particularly vulnerable to changes in environmental conditions. For example, in order to maintain potency of an epinephrine solution, a typical epinephrine auto-injector manufacturer recommends that the device be stored at controlled room temperature (20° C.-25° C.
  • the epinephrine can remain stable for up to 20 months from the date of manufacture. Any deviation of the epinephrine and/or auto-injector outside of this recommended temperature range may cause the epinephrine to lose potency resulting in an epinephrine that is less effective and potentially insufficient for reversing the effects of anaphylactic shock. In addition to thermal instability, epinephrine may also degrade when exposed to light, oxygen, and certain materials.
  • a pH optimizing solution refers to a solution that has the capacity to change the pH of a mixture.
  • a pH optimizing solution facilitates dissolution of the dry medicament.
  • optimizing solution is an acid as generally described herein.
  • the optimizing solution is a base as generally described herein.
  • the pH optimizing solution is a buffer.
  • a pH adjusting solution is a solution that can alter the pH value of a solution.
  • the pH adjusting solution adjusts the pH of the solution physiologically acceptable pH suitable for administration.
  • the pH adjusting solution is an acid as generally described herein.
  • the pH adjusting solution is a base as generally described herein.
  • the pH adjusting solution is a buffer as generally described herein.
  • the pH adjusting solution is a salt.
  • an acid is a chemical substance that dissociates in aqueous solution to give H + .
  • the acid is an organic acid.
  • the acid is an inorganic acid.
  • the acids include, but are not limited to, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, 2,2-dichloroacetic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, 2-oxoglutaric acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, acetic acid, adipic acid, ascorbic acid, aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, camphoric acid, camphor-10-sulfonic acid, capric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, carbonic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, formic acid,
  • the acid is hydrochloric acid;, sulfuric acid;, phosphoric acid;, maleic acid; 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid; 2,2-dichloroacetic acid; 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid; 2 -oxoglutaric acid; 4-acetamidobenzoic acid; 4-aminosalicylic acid; acetic acid; adipic acid; ascorbic acid (L); aspartic acid (L); benzenesulfonic acid; benzoic acid; camphoric acid (+); camphor-10-sulfonic acid (+); capric acid (decanoic acid); caproic acid (hexanoic acid); caprylic acid (octanoic acid); carbonic acid; cinnamic acid; citric acid; cyclamic acid; dodecylsulfuric acid; ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid; ethanesulfonic acid; formic acid; fumaric acid; galacta
  • the acid is sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, perchloric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, malonic acid, tartaric acid, or combinations thereof.
  • the acid is hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, malonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, or formic acid.
  • a base is a chemical substance that dissociates in aqueous solution to give OH ⁇ .
  • the base is an organic base.
  • the base is an inorganic base.
  • the base is an alkaline base.
  • the bases include, but are not limited to, sodium citrate, sodium acetate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, iron hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, copper hydroxide, manganese hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, ethanolamine, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, 2-diethylaminoethanol, dicyclohexylamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline, betaine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, methylglucamine, theobromine, purines, piperazine, piperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine, or combinations thereof.
  • the base is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.
  • buffer refers to either a buffering agent or a buffering solution comprising one or more buffering agents.
  • a buffering agent is a weak acid or base used to maintain the pH of a solution near a chosen value after the addition of another acid or base. The function of a buffering agent is to prevent a rapid change in pH when acids or bases are added to the solution.
  • Exemplary buffering agents include but are not limited to citrate buffer solutions, acetate buffer solutions, phosphate buffer solutions, ammonium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium citrate, calcium glubionate, calcium gluceptate, calcium gluconate, D-gluconic acid, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium lactate, propanoic acid, calcium levulinate, pentanoic acid, dibasic calcium phosphate, phosphoric acid, tribasic calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide phosphate, potassium acetate, potassium chloride, potassium gluconate, potassium mixtures, dibasic potassium phosphate, monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium phosphate mixtures, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasic sodium phosphate, sodium phosphate mixtures, tromethamine, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, alginic acid, pyrogen-free water, isotonic s
  • the buffer is a sodium salt, a calcium salt, a potassium salt, or an ammonium salt.
  • the buffer is a citrate, acetate, phosphate, sulfate, nitrate, tartrate, succinate, malate, or maleate.
  • the buffer is sodium citrate, sodium acetate, potassium hydroxide, potassium citrate, potassium acetate, sodium succinate, or potassium succinate.
  • the first liquid can be a solvent or a solution.
  • the first liquid is a single solvent.
  • the first liquid is a solution comprising a pH optimizing agent and a single solvent.
  • the first liquid comprises water.
  • the first liquid comprises water and a pH optimizing agent.
  • the pH optimizing agent is an acid as generally defined herein.
  • the pH optimizing agent is HCl.
  • the first liquid is an aqueous solution comprising HCl.
  • the pH optimizing agent is a base as generally defined herein. In some embodiments, the pH optimizing agent is an alkaline base.
  • the pH of the first liquid is from about 0.1 to about 6.9. In some embodiments, the pH of the first liquid is from about 0.5 to about 5.0. In some embodiments, the pH of the first liquid is from about 1.0 to about 5.0. In some embodiments, the pH of the first liquid is from about 2.0 to about 5.0. In one embodiment, the pH of the first liquid is from about 0.1 to about 6.0. In one embodiment, the pH of the first liquid is from about 0.1 to about 5.0. In one embodiment, the pH of the first liquid is from about 0.1 to about 4.0. In one embodiment, the pH of the first liquid is from about 0.1 to about 3.0. In one embodiment, the pH of the first liquid is from about 0.1 to about 2.0. In one embodiment, the pH of the first liquid is from about 0.1 to about 1.0. In one embodiment, the pH of the first liquid is from about 0.01 to about 2.2 and the dry medicament is epinephrine.
  • the pH of the first liquid is from about 7.0 to about 13.5. In some embodiments, the pH of the first liquid is from about 8.0 to about 13.5. In some embodiments, the pH of the first liquid is from about 9.0 to about 13.5. In some embodiments, the pH of the first liquid is from about 9.5 to about 13.5. In some embodiments, the pH of the first liquid is from about 9.5 to about 13.5 and the dry medicament is glucagon.
  • compositions of a medical solution and methods for preparing a medical solution from a therapeutic agent in a solid form over a short period of time e.g., a few minutes to a few seconds.
  • aspects of the disclosure relate to generating energy (e.g., in the form of a change in temperature) from mixing two or more ingredients of a medical preparation and using that energy to help to prepare a solution of a medicament that is suitable for administration to a subject.
  • Methods provided herein are advantageous in situations where a drug in solid form does not dissolve readily upon contact with a liquid.
  • typical preparative methods involve additional time and energy (e.g., vigorous shaking over many minutes) to dissolve and/or reconstitute a drug prior to administration. This shaking may be detrimental in cases where immediate drug delivery is required in an emergency setting.
  • it may be difficult to produce a solution suitable for administration within a prefilled syringe or an auto-injector e.g., where this type of reconstitution of a solid drug may produce a foam or other form unsuitable for injection, or in cases where the drug degrades during reconstitution.
  • the present disclosure overcomes disadvantages of shaking by utilizing energy (e.g., heat) generated from mixing two or more ingredients (e.g., one liquid component with another liquid component or solid component) of a medical solution.
  • energy e.g., heat
  • the energy can be reabsorbed to promote the dissolution of a dry medicament.
  • the medical solutions prepared from the methods described herein can be administered in any route or by any device, for example, a prefilled syringe or an autoinjector device (e.g., an EpiPen).
  • the invention provides a method of preparing a medical solution from a dry medicament, comprising mixing a first liquid with a second liquid to generate a mixture. The mixing of the two liquids generates heat to promote solubility of the dry medicament in the mixture.
  • the invention provides a method of preparing a medical solution from a dry medicament, comprising mixing a first liquid, a second liquid, and at least another liquid to generate a mixture. The mixing of at least two liquids generates heat to promote solubility of the dry medicament in the mixture.
  • the heat is released from an exothermic chemical reaction from mixing the first liquid and the second liquid.
  • an exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases energy in the form of light or heat.
  • the heat is released in the range of about 0 kcal to 5000 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent.
  • the heat is released in the range of about 0 kcal to 3000 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent.
  • the heat is released in the range of about 0 kcal to 1000 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent.
  • the heat is released in the range of about 0 kcal to 500 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent.
  • the heat is released in the range of about 0 kcal to 300 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the heat is released in the range of about 0 kcal to 100 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the heat is released in the range of about 0 kcal to 50 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the heat is released in the range of about 0 kcal to 30 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the heat is released in the range of about 0 kcal to 20 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the heat is released in the range of about 0 kcal to 10 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent.
  • the released heat is at least about 1 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the released heat is at least about 5 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the released heat is at least about 10 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the released heat is at least about 20 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the released heat is at least about 30 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the released heat is at least about 40 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the released heat is at least about 50 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent.
  • the released heat is at least about 1 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent and at most about 100 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the released heat is at least about 5 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent and at most about 100 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the released heat is at least about 10 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent and at most about 100 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the released heat is at least about 20 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent and at most about 100 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent.
  • the released heat is at least about 30 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent and at most about 100 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the released heat is at least about 40 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent and at most about 100 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the released heat is at least about 50 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent and at most about 100 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. It should be appreciated that the amount of energy released per mol of the therapeutic agent can be determined by providing an appropriate ratio of heat generating reagents (e.g., first and second solutions or a liquid and a solid component) to the therapeutic agent.
  • heat generating reagents e.g., first and second solutions or a liquid and a solid component
  • the heat or energy is released from mixing of the heat generating reagents (e.g., first and second solutions or a liquid and a solid component) as described herein.
  • the heat is reabsorbed in dissolution of the dry medicament in the mixture.
  • the dry medicament is subsequently added to the mixture formed by the first liquid and the second liquid. In some embodiments, the dry medicament is added to the first liquid before the first liquid is mixed with the second liquid.
  • the dry medicament can be of any solid form.
  • the dry medicament is a powder.
  • the powdered form of the dry medicament is prepared from lyophilizing a liquid medication.
  • the powdered form of the dry medicament is prepared from spray-drying, vacuum drying, or chemically precipitating out of a medical solution.
  • this dry medicament is amorphous.
  • this dry medicament is crystalline.
  • the dry medicament can form a porous matrix.
  • the dry medicament can form a loose assemblage of powder.
  • the dry medicament can form a loose assemblage of porous matrix.
  • the dry medicament can form a loose assemblage of powder with particles (e.g., in the size of about 1 nm to about 1000 ⁇ m). In some embodiments, the dry medicament can form a loose assemblage of powder with the particle size ranging from about 1 nm to about 500 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the dry medicament can form a loose assemblage of powder with the particle size ranging from about 1 nm to about 100 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the dry medicament can form a loose assemblage of powder with the particle size ranging from about 1 nm to about 50 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the dry medicament can form a loose assemblage of powder with the particle size ranging from about 1 nm to about 10 ⁇ m.
  • the dry medicament can form a loose assemblage of powder with the particle size ranging from about 1 nm to about 1 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the dry medicament can form a loose assemblage of powder with the particle size ranging from about 1 nm to about 500 nm. In some embodiments, the dry medicament can form a cake consisting of a porous matrix with particles (e.g., in the size of about 1 nm to about 1000 ⁇ m). In some embodiments, the dry medicament can form a cake consisting of a porous matrix with the particle size ranging from about 1 nm to about 500 ⁇ m.
  • the dry medicament can form a cake consisting of a porous matrix with the particle size ranging from about 1 nm to about 100 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the dry medicament can form a cake consisting of a porous matrix with the particle size ranging from about 1 nm to about 50 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the dry medicament can form a cake consisting of a porous matrix with the particle size ranging from about 1 nm to about 10 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the dry medicament can form a cake consisting of a porous matrix with the particle size ranging from about 1 nm to about 1 ⁇ m.
  • the dry medicament can form a cake consisting of a porous matrix with the particle size ranging from about 1 nm to about 500 nm. In some embodiments, the dry medicament can form a cake consisting of a porous matrix with the particle size ranging from about 1 nm to about 100 nm.
  • the dry medicament comprises one therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the dry medicament comprises two or more therapeutic agents. In some embodiments, the dry medicament comprises one therapeutic agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In some embodiments, the dry medicament comprises two or more therapeutic agents and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • a therapeutic agent refers to a substance used for the treatment, prevention, cure or mitigation of disease or illness, by affecting the structure or function of the body.
  • the therapeutic agents include pro-drugs, which become biologically active or more active after they have been placed in a predetermined physiological environment.
  • Examples of therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, small-molecule drugs, peptides, proteins, antibodies, sugars, polysaccharides, nucleotides, oligonucleotides, aptamers, siRNA, nucleic acids, and combinations thereof.
  • the therapeutic agent is an anti-inflammatory agent, an antimicrobial agent, an antifungal agent, an anti-parasitic agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an anti-cancer agent, an agent for treatment of a cardiovascular disease, an agent for treatment of an allergy reaction, or a pain-relieving agent.
  • the therapeutic agent is an agent for treatment of an allergy reaction.
  • the agent is for treatment of anaphylaxis.
  • the agent is epinephrine.
  • Exemplified therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anti-spasmodics or analgesics such as indomethacin, diclofenac, diclofenac sodium, codeine, ibuprofen, phenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone, mepirizole, aspirin, ethenzamide, acetaminophen, aminopyrine, phenacetin, butylscopolamine bromide, morphine, etomidoline, pentazocine, fenoprofen calcium, naproxen, selecxip, valdecxip, and tolamadol, anti-rheumatism drugs such as etodolac, anti-tuberculoses drugs such as isoniazide and ethambutol hydrochloride, cardiovascular drugs such as isosorbide dinitrate, nitroglycerin, nifedipine, barnidipine hydroch
  • the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of Agrylin (anagrelide HCl), Akten (lidocaine hydrochloride), Apokyn (apomorphine hydrochloride), Arestin (minocycline hydrochloride), Avandamet (rosiglitazone maleate and metformin HCl), Avelox I.V.
  • compositions agents include any and all diluents, dispersions, suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solid binders, lubricants, and the like, as suited to the particular dosage form desired.
  • General considerations in formulation and/or manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions agents can be found, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sixteenth Edition, E. W. Martin (Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1980), and Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Edition (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005).
  • the first liquid can be a solvent or a solution.
  • the first liquid is a single solvent.
  • the first liquid is a solution comprising a solute and a single solvent.
  • the first liquid is a solution comprising two or more solvents.
  • the first liquid comprises a solvent and a cosolvent.
  • the first liquid comprises water.
  • the first liquid is water.
  • the first liquid is an aqueous solution.
  • the first liquid comprises a non-aqueous solvent, for example, a polar solvent (e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, ethanol, isopropanol, or n-propanol), or a non-polar solvent (e.g., alkane hydrocarbons such as hexane).
  • a polar solvent e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, ethanol, isopropanol, or n-propanol
  • a non-polar solvent e.g., alkane hydrocarbons such as hexane
  • the first liquid comprises water and a cosolvent. Examples of cosolvent that can be used with water are PEG 300, propylene glyco or ethanol.
  • the first liquid can further comprise a non-therapeutic agent.
  • the first liquid is an aqueous solution comprising a non-therapeutic agent.
  • the non-therapeutic agent acts to modify the solubility of at least one therapeutic agent.
  • the non-therapeutic agent is an acid.
  • the non-therapeutic agent is a pharmaceutically acceptable acid.
  • the non-therapeutic agent is a pharmaceutically acceptable organic acid.
  • the non-therapeutic agent is a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic acid.
  • acids for the non-therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, 2,2-dichloroacetic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, 2-oxoglutaric acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, acetic acid, adipic acid, ascorbic acid, aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, camphoric acid, camphor-10-sulfonic acid, capric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, carbonic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid, gentisic acid, glucoheptonic acid, gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, glutamic acid, glutaric acid, glutaric
  • the acid is sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, perchloric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, malonic acid, tartaric acid, or combinations thereof.
  • the pH of the first liquid is less than about 0.1. In some embodiments, the pH of the first liquid is from about 0.1 to about 6.9. In some embodiments, the pH of the first liquid is from about 0.5 to about 5.0. In some embodiments, the pH of the first liquid is from about 1.0 to about 5.0. In some embodiments, the pH of the first liquid is from about 2.0 to about 5.0. In some embodiments, the pH of the first liquid is from about 2.0 to about 4.0.
  • the second liquid can be a solvent or a solution.
  • the second liquid is a single solvent.
  • the second liquid is a solution comprising a solute and a single solvent.
  • the second liquid is a solution comprising two or more solvents.
  • the second liquid comprises a solvent and a cosolvent.
  • the second liquid comprises water.
  • the second liquid is water.
  • the second liquid is an aqueous solution.
  • the second liquid comprises a non-aqueous solvent, for example, a polar solvent (e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, ethanol, isopropanol, or n-propanol), or a non-polar solvent (e.g., alkane hydrocarbons such as hexane).
  • a polar solvent e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, ethanol, isopropanol, or n-propanol
  • a non-polar solvent e.g., alkane hydrocarbons such as hexane
  • the second liquid comprises water and a cosolvent. Examples of cosolvent that can be used with water are PEG 300, propylene glycol or ethanol.
  • the second liquid further comprises a non-therapeutic agent.
  • the second liquid is an aqueous solution comprising a non-therapeutic agent.
  • the non-therapeutic agent in the second liquid acts to modify the pH of the first liquid upon mixing.
  • the non-therapeutic agent in the second liquid is a base.
  • the non-therapeutic agent in the second liquid is a pharmaceutically acceptable base.
  • the non-therapeutic agent is a pharmaceutically acceptable organic base.
  • the non-therapeutic agent is a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic base.
  • the base is an alkaline base.
  • the base examples include, but are not limited to, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, iron hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, copper hydroxide, manganese hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, ethanolamine, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, 2-diethylaminoethanol, dicyclohexylamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline, betaine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, methylglucamine, theobromine, purines, piperazine, piperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine, or combinations thereof.
  • the base is LiOH, KOH, or NaOH.
  • the pH of the second liquid is from about 7.0 to about 14.0. In some embodiments, the pH of the second liquid is from about 7.0 to about 12.0. In some embodiments, the pH of the second liquid is from about 7.0 to about 10.0. In some embodiments, the pH of the second liquid is from about 8.0 to about 10.0.
  • the first liquid is an aqueous solution comprising hydrochloric acid and the second liquid is an aqueous solution comprising NaOH.
  • the first liquid is an aqueous solution comprising hydrochloric acid and a dry medicament, and the second liquid is an aqueous solution comprising NaOH.
  • the dry medicament Upon medication administration, the dry medicament is often dissolved and/or rehydrated into its liquid form before delivering to a human or non-human patient.
  • the dry medicament is subsequently added to the mixture formed by the first liquid and the second liquid.
  • the dry medicament is added to the first liquid prior to mixing with the second liquid.
  • the dry medicament is added to the second liquid prior to mixing with the first liquid.
  • the first liquid is a solution comprising a dry medicament.
  • the first liquid is an aqueous solution comprising the dry medicament.
  • the first liquid is an aqueous solution comprising a dry medicament and an acid (e.g., sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, perchloric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid, tartaric acid, or combinations thereof).
  • the first liquid is a solution comprising a dry medicament, a solvent and a cosolvent.
  • the first liquid is a solution comprising a dry medicament, a non-therapeutic agent, a solvent and a cosolvent.
  • the present invention overcomes the disadvantages of shaking by utilizing the heat generated from mixing some ingredients of the medical solution.
  • heat is released from mixing the first liquid and the second liquid.
  • heat is released from the exothermic reaction between the first liquid and the second liquid.
  • the exothermic reaction may be capable of causing a change in the temperature of the solution(s).
  • the exothermic reaction raises the temperature of the solution(s) by about 1° C., by about about 1° C. to about 2° C., by about 2° C., by about 2° C. to about 3° C., by about 3° C., by about 3° C. to about 4° C., by about 4° C., by about 4° C. to about 5° C., by about 5° C., by about 5° C. to about 10° C., about 10° C., by about 10° C., or above 10° C. relative to the temperature of the solution(s) prior to mixing.
  • heat is released from a first liquid comprising an acid with a second liquid comprising a base. In some embodiments, heat is released from mixing a first liquid comprising a strong acid with a second liquid comprising a strong base. In some embodiments, heat is released from mixing a first liquid comprising a strong acid with a second liquid comprising a weak base. In some embodiments, heat is released from mixing a first liquid comprising a weak acid with a second liquid comprising a strong base. In some embodiments, this would be accomplished by mixing a first liquid comprising a weak acid with a second liquid comprising a weak base. In some embodiments, this would be accomplished by mixing a first liquid comprising an acid with a second liquid comprising a buffer. In some embodiments, this would be accomplished by mixing a first liquid comprising a buffer with a second liquid comprising a base.
  • the provided method mixes a first liquid comprising an aqueous HCl solution with a second liquid comprising an aqueous NaOH solution to promote solubility of epinephrine freebase.
  • Epinephrine freebase is not particularly soluble in water. The solubility of epinephrine increases in an acidic environment.
  • epinephrine freebase is dissolved in an aqueous solution comprising HCl. Epinephrine freebase can be protonated and fully dissolved upon adjustment of the pH value of the solution.
  • addition of a second liquid comprising NaOH to the first liquid comprising epinephrine and HCl can further increase the solubility of epinephrine.
  • addition of a second liquid comprising NaOH to the first liquid comprising epinephrine and HCl can further increase the solubility of epinephrine by increasing the temperature and thus increase the solubility of the epinephrine at a higher pH than would normally be achievable by adding HCl alone.
  • Relative amounts of the therapeutic agent and/or the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient will vary, depending upon the identity, size, and/or condition of the subject treated and further depending upon the route by which the medical solution is to be administered.
  • the medical solution may comprise between 0.1% and 100% (w/w) one or more therapeutic agents.
  • the medical solution provided herein may comprises a buffering agent.
  • the buffering agent is in the first liquid.
  • the buffering agent is in the second liquid.
  • the buffering agent is added after the first liquid is mixed with the second liquid.
  • Exemplary buffering agents include citrate buffer solutions, acetate buffer solutions, phosphate buffer solutions, ammonium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium citrate, calcium glubionate, calcium gluceptate, calcium gluconate, D-gluconic acid, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium lactate, propanoic acid, calcium levulinate, pentanoic acid, dibasic calcium phosphate, phosphoric acid, tribasic calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide phosphate, potassium acetate, potassium chloride, potassium gluconate, potassium mixtures, dibasic potassium phosphate, monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium phosphate mixtures, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasic sodium phosphate, sodium phosphate mixtures, tromethamine, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, alginic acid, pyrogen-free water, isotonic saline, Ringer
  • the provided medical solution can be delivered by intradermal, intramuscular, intranasal, intravenous, oral, rectal, subcutaneous, topical, or vaginal administration.
  • the provided medical solution is administered intradermally or intramuscularly.
  • Suitable devices for use in delivering intradermal or intramuscular medical solution described herein include conventional syringes or short needle devices such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,886,499; 5,190,521; 5,328,483; 5,527,288; 4,270,537; 5,015,235; 5,141,496; and 5,417,662.
  • the amount of a therapeutic agent in the medical solution is an effective amount sufficient to elicit the desired biological response, i.e., treat the condition.
  • the amount of a therapeutic agent in the medical solution is a therapeutically effective amount sufficient to provide a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of a condition or to delay or minimize one or more symptoms associated with the condition.
  • the term “therapeutically effective amount” can encompass an amount that improves overall therapy, reduces or avoids symptoms or causes of the condition, or enhances the therapeutic efficacy of another therapeutic agent.
  • the effective amount is prophylactically effective amount sufficient to prevent a condition, or one or more symptoms associated with the condition or prevent its recurrence.
  • the effective amount of a therapeutic agent will vary from subject to subject, depending, for example, on species, age, and general condition of a subject, severity of the side effects or disorder, identity of the particular compound(s), mode of administration, and the like.
  • the desired dosage can be delivered three times a day, two times a day, once a day, every other day, every third day, every week, every two weeks, every three weeks, or every four weeks.
  • the desired dosage can be delivered using multiple administrations (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, or more administrations).
  • an effective amount of a compound for administration one or more times a day to a 70 kg adult human may comprise about 0.0001 mg to about 3000 mg, about 0.0001 mg to about 2000 mg, about 0.0001 mg to about 1000 g, about 0.001 mg to about 1000 mg, about 0.01 mg to about 1000 mg, about 0.1 mg to about 1000 mg, about 1 mg to about 1000 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, about 10 mg to about 1000 mg, or about 100 mg to about 1000 mg, of a compound per unit dosage form.
  • the compounds of the invention may be at dosage levels sufficient to deliver from about 0.001 from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 40 mg/kg, preferably from about 0.5 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, and more preferably from about 1 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg, of subject body weight per day, one or more times a day, to obtain the desired therapeutic effect.
  • dose ranges as described herein provide guidance for the administration of provided pharmaceutical compositions to an adult.
  • the amount to be administered to, for example, a child or an adolescent can be determined by a medical practitioner or person skilled in the art and can be lower or the same as that administered to an adult.
  • kits comprising a dry medicament, a first liquid, and a second liquid, wherein mixing the first liquid and the second liquid produces heat to promote solubility of the dry medicament in the mixture.
  • provided kit may optionally further include a second container comprising a pharmaceutical excipient for dilution or suspension of the therapeutic agent.
  • the first liquid, the second liquid, and the dry medicament are combined to form one unit dosage form.
  • the invention provides a method of preparing a medical solution from a dry medicament, comprising mixing a solid component with a liquid to generate a solution.
  • the mixing of the solid component with a liquid generates heat to promote solubility of a dry medicament in the solution.
  • the heat is released from an exothermic chemical reaction from mixing the solid component with the liquid. In some embodiments, the heat is released in the range of about 0 kcal to 5000 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the heat is released in the range of about 0 kcal to 3000 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the heat is released in the range of about 0 kcal to 1000 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the heat is released in the range of about 0 kcal to 500 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the heat is released in the range of about 0 kcal to 300 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent.
  • the heat is released in the range of about 0 kcal to 100 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the heat is released in the range of about 0 kcal to 50 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the heat is released in the range of about 0 kcal to 30 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the heat is released in the range of about 0 kcal to 20 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the heat is released in the range of about 0 kcal to 10 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the released heat is at least about 1 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent.
  • the released heat is at least about 5 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the released heat is at least about 10 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the released heat is at least about 20 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the released heat is at least about 30 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the released heat is at least about 40 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the released heat is at least about 50 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the released heat is at least about 1 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent and at most about 100 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent.
  • the released heat is at least about 5 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent and at most about 100 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the released heat is at least about 10 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent and at most about 100 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the released heat is at least about 20 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent and at most about 100 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the released heat is at least about 30 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent and at most about 100 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent.
  • the released heat is at least about 40 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent and at most about 100 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the released heat is at least about 50 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent and at most about 100 kcal per mol of the therapeutic agent. It should be appreciated that the amount of energy released per mol of the therapeutic agent can be determined by providing an appropriate ratio of heat generating reagents (e.g., first and second solutions or a liquid and a solid component) to the therapeutic agent. The heat or energy is released from mixing of the heat generating reagents (e.g., first and second solutions or a liquid and a solid component) as described herein. In some embodiments, the heat is reabsorbed in the dissolution of the dry medicament in the mixture.
  • heat generating reagents e.g., first and second solutions or a liquid and a solid component
  • the solid component comprises a dry medicament as defined herein. In some embodiments, the solid component is separate from a dry medicament as defined herein.
  • the liquid is one solvent. In some embodiments, the liquid is a solution comprising two or more solvents. In some embodiments, the liquid comprises a therapeutic agent as described herein. In some embodiments, the liquid comprises a non-therapeutic agent as described herein. In some embodiments, the liquid comprises a base as defined herein. In some embodiments, the liquid comprises an acid as described herein. In some embodiments, the liquid is an aqueous solution comprising a non-therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the liquid is an aqueous solution comprising a base. In some embodiments, the liquid is an aqueous solution comprising an acid.
  • the liquid is an aqueous solution comprising a cosolvent (as defined herein) and a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the liquid is an aqueous solution comprising a cosolvent (as defined herein) and a non-therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the liquid is an aqueous solution comprising a cosolvent (as defined herein) and a base. In some embodiments, the liquid is an aqueous solution comprising a cosolvent (as defined herein) and an acid.
  • heat is released from mixing the solid component with the liquid.
  • heat is released from the exothermic reaction of mixing the solid component and the liquid.
  • the exothermic reaction involves a neutralization reaction involving combination of an acid and a base. For example, mixing a liquid comprising hydrochloric acid with a solid component comprising sodium hydroxide.
  • the solid component is mixed with the liquid before the dry medicament is added. In some embodiments, the dry medicament is added to the solid component prior to mixing with the liquid.
  • the provided methods can be applied to configurations such as traditional syringe, auto-injector (e.g., EpiPen), pumps, or infusion systems.
  • the provided methods can also be practiced manually with vials. It is recognized that the configuration can have insulation to contain the heat generated in the mixing to promote solubility of the dry medicament.
  • the inventive methods prepare medical solutions that can be delivered in injector devices.
  • the mixing is performed in an auto-injector prior to injection.
  • the mixing is performed in a prefilled syringe prior to injection.
  • an injector device also contains a liquid reservoir that can be accessed to deliver a fluid to the dry medicament in order to solubilize and/or rehydrate and/or dissolve the drug immediately prior to injection.
  • the injector is an auto-injector that automatically mixes the dry medicament with the fluid when the injector is activated.
  • FIGS. 1-11 the exemplified auto-injector devices to practice the inventive methods are provided in FIGS. 1-11 . It should be understood that these exemplified devices are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting this invention in any manner.
  • the inventive methods can be used in a device with a single mixing compartment, for example, in the form of a channel, conduit, or chamber (see FIG. 4 ).
  • the single-mixing compartment serves to mix a first liquid, a second liquid, with a dry medicament to generate a solution.
  • the single-mixing compartment can also serves to mix a liquid with a dry medicament to generate a solution.
  • the inventive methods can also be practiced in a device with multiple mixing compartments, for example, two mixing compartments or three mixing compartments.
  • An exemplified injection system 20 ( FIG. 4 ) has a syringe 40 and a mixture 22 for holding a dry medicament.
  • the syringe 40 has a cylindrical tube 42 defining a volume 44 .
  • the cylindrical tube 42 of the syringe 40 tapers down to an outlet port 48 .
  • the syringe 40 has a plunger 50 with a depressing handle 52 , a shaft 54 , and a piston 56 for forcing the liquid component 26 out of the outlet port 48 .
  • the injector 30 is shown as a needle 60 as a part of the mixer 22 although it can be separate from the mixer 22 .
  • the injector 30 can also be a nozzle or tubing for delivery of the mixed combined medicament 28 .
  • FIG. 4 Another exemplified injection system ( FIG. 4 ) having the mixer 22 with a housing 64 that defines an interior flow chamber 66 with an inlet 68 and an outlet 70 .
  • the mixer 22 with a single channel, such as a microchannel 124 is shown.
  • the micro-channel 124 of the mixing device 22 is a serpentine channel, which defines a fluid pathway between the inlet 68 and the outlet 70 . Fluid may enter in and out of the outlet 70 as well as the inlet 68 .
  • the serpentine channel 124 has two functions: the first function enables miniaturization of the channel structure by bending the fluid flow direction so that the channel can double back, thus a longer channel more efficiently utilizes a smaller area.
  • the second function is that the natural flow becomes disrupted every time there is a bend or elbow in the channel, which results in mixing dependent on the cross section of the channel.
  • the liquid is pushed through the mixer 22 and out of the needle 60 .
  • a first liquid and a second liquid can be mixed with a dry medicament concurrently or sequentially to generate a medical solution.
  • a first liquid is mixed with a dry medicament, followed by addition of the second liquid.
  • a second liquid is mixed with a dry medicament, followed by addition of the first liquid.
  • a first liquid and a second liquid are mixed independently of the dry medicament.
  • the mixed liquids can be transferred to a chamber that contains the dry medicament, and in some embodiments the dry medicament can be added to a chamber that contains the mixed liquids, as aspects of the disclosure are not limited in this respect.
  • An exemplified injection system ( FIGS. 5A and 5B ) 1500 has a pair of wet component containers 1516 a and 1516 b that contain a first liquid 1508 a and a second liquid 1508 b which are mixed together prior to mixing with a dry medicament.
  • the syringe of the system 1500 has a plunger 1502 with a pair of shafts 1504 that each drive a plunger 1506 in a respective liquid component volume.
  • the respective liquid components 1508 a and 1508 b are pushed through their respective valve 1510 a and 1510 b, the two liquid components mix in a wet mixing volume 1512 where a liquid mixture is formed.
  • the plunger 1502 continues to push, the combined mixture flows through a fluidic channel 1530 of a mixer 1520 that contains the dry medicament.
  • the combined medicament which contains the dry medicament within the combined liquid mixture, flows through the needle 1540 .
  • a first liquid, a second liquid, and a third liquid can be mixed with a dry medicament concurrently or sequentially to generate a medical solution.
  • a first liquid is mixed with a dry medicament, followed by addition of the second liquid and the third liquid.
  • a second liquid is mixed with a dry medicament, followed by addition of the first liquid and the third liquid.
  • a first liquid and a second liquid are mixed followed by addition of the dry medicament and subsequent addition of the third liquid.
  • a first liquid, a second liquid, and a third liquid are mixed followed by addition of the dry medicament.
  • An exemplified injection system 300 ( FIG. 6 ) has a mixer 302 with a container 310 for holding a third liquid 312 .
  • the system 300 has a syringe 320 having a pair of liquid component containers 322 and 324 that contain a first liquid 332 and a second liquid 334 which are mixed together prior to mixing with a dry medicament 24 .
  • the syringe 320 of the system 300 has a plunger 350 with a pair of shafts 352 and 354 that each drive a plunger 362 and 364 in a respective liquid volume. As the respective liquids 332 and 334 are pushed through their respective valves 336 and 338 , the liquid components mix in a wet mixing volume 340 where a combined liquid mixture is formed.
  • the combined liquid mixture flows through a fluidic channel 124 of the mixer 302 that contains the dry medicament 24 .
  • the combined liquid mixture that mixes with the dry medicament 24 may have exothermic properties. This exothermic property may result in improved mixing with the dry medicament 24 .
  • An exemplified drug mixing system 700 can have multiple conduits or channels and seals.
  • the mixer 122 has an inlet 68 which opens into an inlet void 126 .
  • a plurality of channels 124 start at the inlet void 126 and end in an outlet void 128 at the outlet 70 .
  • Each of the channels 124 has a circuitous path 130 with various radiuses and chaos-inducing features.
  • Each channel 124 can have variations in the cross sectional area and characteristics of the walls of the channel 124 to cause the flow of the liquid 26 to mix thoroughly with the dry medicament.
  • heat is provided from an external heating system to a mixing device to practice the inventive methods.
  • heat is provided from an external irradiation system to a mixing device to practice the inventive methods.
  • heat is provided from an external pressure system to a mixing device to practice the inventive methods.
  • heat is provided from physical means such as rubbing to a mixing device to practice the inventive methods.
  • heat is provided to dissolve the dry medicament by directly contacting the dry medicament with the first liquid and/or second liquid. In some embodiments, heat is provided to dissolve the dry medicament by directly contacting the dry medicament with a liquid and a solid component. In some embodiments, the heat is provided by an exothermic reaction between a first liquid and a second liquid or between a liquid and a solid component. However, it should be appreciated that in some embodiments, heat may be generated (e.g., in addition to or instead of) by an exothermic reaction between the dry medicament and one or more liquid and/or solid components that are mixed with the dry medicament.
  • heat is provided to dissolve the dry medicament via a heat exchanger (e.g., from a source other than the mixture that contains the dry medicament).
  • the heat exchanger is a microfluidic-scale heat exchanger.
  • the heat exchanger transfers heat from mixing the first liquid and second liquid to the dry medicament.
  • the heat exchanger transfers heat from mixing the liquid and the solid component to the dry medicament.
  • the heat-generating components e.g. the first liquid and the second liquid, or the liquid and the solid component
  • the heat generating reaction is contained in a closed-loop system of the heat exchanger (see FIGS. 8-11 ).
  • the heat exchange is accomplished by heating the liquid storage vial prior to injection, or by heating the mixing channel via a microfluidic heat exchanger.
  • Microfluidic heat exchange may increase the rate of heat transfer.
  • the closed loop system of the heat exchanger may also evolve a gas, or heat contained gas (such as air), which can be used to force the medicament injection process.
  • a byproduct from the reaction could be a gaseous species to increase the pressure on the backside of the reactant plungers shown in FIGS. 5-8 . This gaseous byproduct would in turn provide infusion force on the medicament plunger and thus assure that injection is not made until heating has occurred and proper mixing of the medicament is possible.
  • a nurse and/or doctor would take two vials: One of a dry medicament and one containing a solvent, for example, sterile water for injection. The nurse and/or doctor would then use a syringe to draw out the sterile water and subsequently dispense the water into the vial of the dry medicament. The nurse and/or doctor would then agitate the vial that now contains the water and the dry medicament until all the medicament is in a solution. The nurse and/or doctor would then draw the mixed and/or dissolved liquid dose of the medicament into a syringe and then inject the medical solution into the patient.
  • the injection is carried out prior to giving medication orally. In some embodiments, the injection is carried out prior to giving medication through I/V. In some embodiments, the injection is carried out prior to giving medication through the skin using a topical delivery mechanism and/or any other method of introducing drugs into a human and/or non-human where the compound would need to be reconstituted before delivery.
  • the dry medicament is prepared by drying a drug solution e.g., by vacuum drying, freeze drying, lyophilizing, or any suitable drying technique.
  • the dry drug is placed inside the autoinjector as a dry powder.
  • a dry medicament may have any suitable particle size that allows for efficient and rapid reconstitution.
  • the particle size of the dry medicament can be controlled by drying a drug solution within a confined volume.
  • a drug solution is dried within the confines of a device, for example, an autoinjector.
  • the particle size of a dried drug composition may be one the order of the diameter of a microfluidic channel (e.g., from about 1 micron to about 500 microns in diameter).
  • the medical solution is administered to a human subject. In some embodiments, the medical solution is administered to a non-human subject.
  • one or more components of any injection system or device described herein can be manufactured from any suitable material, for example materials that are acceptable for delivery of a medicament to a subject (e.g., a human subject).
  • a subject e.g., a human subject
  • one or more components e.g., a chamber, vial, plunger, container, channel, tube, etc.
  • a regulatory body such as the FDA
  • one or more components of any injection system or device described herein are of a size suitable for preparing and/or injecting therapeutically acceptable volumes of medicament for delivery to a subject (e.g., a human subject).
  • a subject e.g., a human subject
  • one or more components may be of a size suitable for containing, and/or preparing (e.g., mixing), and/or delivering (e.g., to a subject, for example a human subject) between 0.01 ml and 2 ml of solution, for example between 0.5 ml and 1 ml of solution, between 0.1 ml and 0.4 ml of solution, or around 0.1 ml, 0.2 ml, 0.3 ml, 0.4 ml, or 0.5 ml of solution.
  • a dry composition described herein and/or exemplified herein retains greater than 90% potency, greater than 95% potency, between 90% and 100% potency, or between 90% and 115% potency when subjected to the following temperature exposure of less than ⁇ 30° C., or between ⁇ 30° C. and ⁇ 25° C., or less than ⁇ 25° C., or between ⁇ 25° C. and ⁇ 20° C., or less than 20° C., or between ⁇ 20° C. and ⁇ 15° C., or less than ⁇ 15° C., or between ⁇ 15° C. and ⁇ 10° C., or less than ⁇ 10° C., or between ⁇ 10° C.
  • the resulting solution retains a potency greater than 90% potency, greater than 95% potency, between 90% and 100% potency, or between 90% and 115% potency even when the dry L-Epinephrine has been previously subject to a temperature exposure of less than ⁇ 30° C., or between ⁇ 30° C. and ⁇ 25° C., or less than ⁇ 25° C., or between ⁇ 25° C. and ⁇ 20° C., or less than ⁇ 20° C., or between ⁇ 20° C. and ⁇ 15° C., or less than ⁇ 15° C., or between ⁇ 15° C.
  • a dry composition described herein or exemplified in the Examples retains a chiral purity greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 85%, greater than 90%, greater than 95%, 95% to 100%, L-Epinephrine when subject to a temperature exposure of less than ⁇ 30° C., or between ⁇ 30° C. and ⁇ 25° C., or less than ⁇ 25° C., or between ⁇ 25° C. and ⁇ 20° C., or less than ⁇ 20° C., or between ⁇ 20° C. and ⁇ 15° C., or less than ⁇ 15° C., or between ⁇ 15° C.
  • the resulting solution retains a chiral purity greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 85%, greater than 90%, greater than 95%, 95% to 100%, even when the dry L-Epinephrine has been previously subject to a temperature exposure of less than ⁇ 30° C., or between ⁇ 30° C. and ⁇ 25° C., or less than ⁇ 25° C., or between ⁇ 25° C. and ⁇ 20° C., or less than ⁇ 20° C., or between ⁇ 20° C. and ⁇ 15° C., or less than ⁇ 15° C., or between ⁇ 15° C.
  • the disclosure encompasses all variations, combinations, and permutations in which one or more limitations, elements, clauses, and descriptive terms from one or more of the listed claims is introduced into another claim.
  • any claim that is dependent on another claim can be modified to include one or more limitations found in any other claim that is dependent on the same base claim.
  • elements are presented as lists, e.g., in Markush group format, each subgroup of the elements is also disclosed, and any element(s) can be removed from the group. It should it be understood that, in general, where the disclosure, or aspects of the disclosure, is/are referred to as comprising particular elements and/or features, certain embodiments of the disclosure or aspects of the disclosure consist, or consist essentially of, such elements and/or features.

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CN106061253A (zh) 2016-10-26
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JP2021063134A (ja) 2021-04-22
CA2934538A1 (fr) 2015-06-25
AU2021200878A1 (en) 2021-03-04
EP3082419A2 (fr) 2016-10-26
CA2934538C (fr) 2023-03-14
AU2019203236A1 (en) 2019-05-30
CN113230486A (zh) 2021-08-10
WO2015095624A3 (fr) 2015-10-22
EP3082419A4 (fr) 2017-09-20
JP2019065043A (ja) 2019-04-25
JP2023057163A (ja) 2023-04-20
WO2015095624A2 (fr) 2015-06-25

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