US20150175326A1 - Foil capsule, bottle, machine and method for making score lines in a foil capsule - Google Patents
Foil capsule, bottle, machine and method for making score lines in a foil capsule Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20150175326A1 US20150175326A1 US14/390,512 US201214390512A US2015175326A1 US 20150175326 A1 US20150175326 A1 US 20150175326A1 US 201214390512 A US201214390512 A US 201214390512A US 2015175326 A1 US2015175326 A1 US 2015175326A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- capsule
- cutting elements
- bottle
- score lines
- rotary element
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D51/00—Closures not otherwise provided for
- B65D51/18—Arrangements of closures with protective outer cap-like covers or of two or more co-operating closures
- B65D51/185—Arrangements of closures with protective outer cap-like covers or of two or more co-operating closures the outer closure being a foil membrane
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D33/00—Special measures in connection with working metal foils, e.g. gold foils
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D51/00—Making hollow objects
- B21D51/16—Making hollow objects characterised by the use of the objects
- B21D51/38—Making inlet or outlet arrangements of cans, tins, baths, bottles, or other vessels; Making can ends; Making closures
- B21D51/383—Making inlet or outlet arrangements of cans, tins, baths, bottles, or other vessels; Making can ends; Making closures scoring lines, tear strips or pulling tabs
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D51/00—Making hollow objects
- B21D51/16—Making hollow objects characterised by the use of the objects
- B21D51/38—Making inlet or outlet arrangements of cans, tins, baths, bottles, or other vessels; Making can ends; Making closures
- B21D51/44—Making closures, e.g. caps
- B21D51/443—Making closures, e.g. caps easily removable closures, e.g. by means of tear strips
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
- B65B61/00—Auxiliary devices, not otherwise provided for, for operating on sheets, blanks, webs, binding material, containers or packages
- B65B61/005—Auxiliary devices, not otherwise provided for, for operating on sheets, blanks, webs, binding material, containers or packages for removing material by cutting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
- B65B61/00—Auxiliary devices, not otherwise provided for, for operating on sheets, blanks, webs, binding material, containers or packages
- B65B61/18—Auxiliary devices, not otherwise provided for, for operating on sheets, blanks, webs, binding material, containers or packages for making package-opening or unpacking elements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
- B65B7/00—Closing containers or receptacles after filling
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
- B65B7/00—Closing containers or receptacles after filling
- B65B7/16—Closing semi-rigid or rigid containers or receptacles not deformed by, or not taking-up shape of, contents, e.g. boxes or cartons
- B65B7/168—Closing semi-rigid or rigid containers or receptacles not deformed by, or not taking-up shape of, contents, e.g. boxes or cartons by applying and securing double closures
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
- B65B7/00—Closing containers or receptacles after filling
- B65B7/16—Closing semi-rigid or rigid containers or receptacles not deformed by, or not taking-up shape of, contents, e.g. boxes or cartons
- B65B7/28—Closing semi-rigid or rigid containers or receptacles not deformed by, or not taking-up shape of, contents, e.g. boxes or cartons by applying separate preformed closures, e.g. lids, covers
- B65B7/2842—Securing closures on containers
- B65B7/285—Securing closures on containers by deformation of the closure
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D39/00—Closures arranged within necks or pouring openings or in discharge apertures, e.g. stoppers
- B65D39/0005—Closures arranged within necks or pouring openings or in discharge apertures, e.g. stoppers made in one piece
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D41/00—Caps, e.g. crown caps or crown seals, i.e. members having parts arranged for engagement with the external periphery of a neck or wall defining a pouring opening or discharge aperture; Protective cap-like covers for closure members, e.g. decorative covers of metal foil or paper
- B65D41/62—Secondary protective cap-like outer covers for closure members
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D2251/00—Details relating to container closures
- B65D2251/0003—Two or more closures
- B65D2251/0006—Upper closure
- B65D2251/0031—Membrane
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D2251/00—Details relating to container closures
- B65D2251/0003—Two or more closures
- B65D2251/0068—Lower closure
- B65D2251/0075—Lower closure of the 39-type
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T83/00—Cutting
- Y10T83/04—Processes
- Y10T83/0481—Puncturing
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T83/00—Cutting
- Y10T83/465—Cutting motion of tool has component in direction of moving work
- Y10T83/4728—Tool flies by engagement with the work
Definitions
- the invention is encompassed in the technical field of bottle capsules or foils.
- bottle capsules or foils typically made of tin or aluminum is known in the state of the art.
- different types of devices that make tearing said foils easier are known, such that the capsule part remains attached to the neck of the bottle, whereas the upper part can be separated, allowing access to the cork or stopper.
- Spanish utility model publication number ES-1021394-U (corresponding to application number U9201647) provides an arrangement ready to be torn formed by a tearing line perpendicular to the axis of the bottle, a plurality of small oblique sections spaced from one another along the line emerging from said line. The orientation of said sections determines the opening direction of the system. Nevertheless, this design has the drawback that, as a result of tearing away the line, the oblique sections generate burrs that may cut the user.
- Spanish utility model publication number ES-1075642-U proposes a solution to this drawback. More specifically, ES-1075642-U solves the drawback by means of a tearing device formed by two score lines parallel to one another and perpendicular to the axis of the bottle which, when being torn away, tend to not generate burrs that may be detrimental to the user.
- the device can also comprise a tongue to start tearing away the band determined by the score lines; this tongue is defined by a cutout in the area marked by the score lines, and the shape of which can vary according to the specific design of the device.
- Foil capsules for wine and liquor bottles were initially made of lead with outer and inner tin coating. New types of capsules had to be developed due to the prohibition on using lead and some other heavy metals in such packagings. Capsules were generally made of pure tin since this metal offers good characteristics due to being ductile and malleable.
- a first aspect of the invention relates to a foil capsule configured for being located in a neck of a bottle to cover a cork or stopper closing the bottle.
- the capsule comprises at least one score line and is made of a metal alloy comprising aluminum.
- the metal alloy comprises at least 99.5% by weight of aluminum.
- the capsule can comprise at least two score lines, said score lines being continuous, parallel to one another, and perpendicular to the axis of the bottle. It has been proven that these continuous score lines serve to reduce the tendency to form burrs when tearing the capsule, as described in ES-1075642-U, as well as to make opening the capsule easier.
- a machine such as that described below can be used to produce these score lines, also in a hard material such as an alloy with 99.5% or more by weight of aluminum.
- the capsule can further comprise a cutout defining a tongue suitable for tearing a strip defined by the score lines upon pulling on said tongue. This serves to make tearing away the capsule easier, as described in ES-1075642-U.
- Another aspect of the invention relates to a bottle comprising a bottle body and a neck, the bottle being closed by a stopper or by a natural or synthetic cork.
- the bottle comprises a foil capsule as described above covering the stopper or the cork.
- Another aspect of the invention relates to a machine for making score lines in a foil capsule, for example, of the type described above.
- the machine comprises: a rotary element configured for being inserted in the capsule such that the capsule rotates on a longitudinal axis of the capsule when the rotary element rotates, and at least two cutting elements arranged to make the corresponding cutting lines as the rotary element rotates.
- the cutting elements are arranged in a mounting configured such that it can rock in a plane about a pivoting axis, said longitudinal axis of the capsule being perpendicular to said plane. It has been proven that this configuration allows establishing a suitable, balanced and precise pressure on the capsule, through said cutting elements, such that both cutting lines have a substantially identical and controlled depth.
- the two cutting elements can be arranged horizontally separated by a distance such that upon contacting the capsule assembled on the rotary element, said cutting elements contact said capsule each on one side of a plane of symmetry traversing the longitudinal axis of the capsule and the pivoting axis of the mounting.
- the rotary or rotating element can rotate at least 360 degrees in one direction or at least 180 degrees in both directions, from the starting position.
- the mounting can be associated with (for example, pivotally assembled in) a moving head the position of which determines the pressure that the cutting elements apply on the capsule. Thereby, a precise pressure adapted to the specific characteristics of a capsule can be applied through the rocking mounting.
- the cutting elements can be rotating cutting elements. It has been proven that the use of rotating cutting elements can be advantageous.
- the two cutting elements can be located on opposite faces of the mounting. Therefore, these cutting elements can be located in two different planes parallel to the rocking plane and separated by a distance corresponding with the distance between the two score lines.
- Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for making score lines in a foil capsule using a machine as described above.
- the method comprises the steps of:
- FIGS. 1 and 2 are partial elevational views of two respective bottles according to two alternative embodiments of the invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic elevational view of a capsule according to a possible embodiment of the invention with a part enlarged in section.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic elevational view of a capsule according to another possible embodiment of the invention with a part enlarged in section.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a machine for making score lines in a foil capsule according to a possible embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 1 shows the upper part of a bartop-type bottle 10 closed by a stopper 15 , as usual.
- the bottle is closed by a foil capsule 1 having two score lines 11 and 12 , between which a cutout 13 has been made giving rise to a tongue 14 which the user can pull on to remove the tape established between the two score lines, whereby the upper part of the capsule 1 is separated from the lower part.
- FIG. 2 shows the upper part of a bordelaise- or burgundy-type bottle 20 closed by a (natural or synthetic) cork 25 , as usual.
- the bottle is closed by a foil capsule 2 having two score lines 21 and 22 , between which a cutout 23 has been made giving rise to a tongue 24 which the user can pull on to remove the tape established between the two score lines, whereby the upper part of the capsule 2 is separated from the lower part.
- FIG. 3 shows a series of levels corresponding to a capsule for a bartop-type bottle such as that of FIG. 1 ; these levels can preferably correspond with the following values (in mm):
- FIG. 4 shows a series of levels corresponding to a capsule for a bordelaise- or burgundy-type bottle such as that of FIG. 2 ; these levels can preferably correspond with the following values (in mm):
- FIG. 5 illustrates a machine for making score lines 11 , 12 in a foil capsule 1 .
- the machine comprises a rotary element 30 or mandrel on which the capsule is placed such that the capsule rotates with this rotary element 30 about its longitudinal axis.
- a mounting 33 in the form of a rocker which is arranged in a head 34 such that it can pivot about a pivoting axis 35 parallel to the longitudinal axis of the capsule and of the rotary element 30 .
- the head 34 can be moved in three directions, and is placed so that the cutting elements rest on the capsule 1 , one on each side of the capsule (i.e., one on each side of a vertical plane passing through the longitudinal axis of the capsule and the pivoting axis 35 of the mounting 33 ), and apply a predetermined pressure on the capsule.
- the score lines 11 and 12 are produced as the rotary element rotates. It may be sufficient to make a 360-degree rotation, or a first rotation of at least 180 degrees in one direction, followed by a rotation back to the original position, and from there a rotation of 180 degrees in the other direction.
- the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments which have been described but also encompasses, for example, the variants which can be made by a person having ordinary skill in the art (for example, in terms of the choice of materials, dimensions, components, configuration, etc.), within what is inferred from the claims.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Closures For Containers (AREA)
- Sealing Of Jars (AREA)
- Containers Having Bodies Formed In One Piece (AREA)
- Containers Opened By Tearing Frangible Portions (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ES201230508A ES2424896B1 (es) | 2012-04-03 | 2012-04-03 | Cápsula de sobretaponado, botella, máquina para realizar líneas de debilitamiento en una cápsula de sobretaponado, y método para realizar líneas de debilitamiento en una cápsula de sobretaponado. |
SEP201230508 | 2012-04-03 | ||
PCT/ES2012/070876 WO2013150164A1 (es) | 2012-04-03 | 2012-12-18 | Capsula de sobretaponado, botella, maquina y metodo para realizar líneas de debilitamiento en una cápsula de sobretaponado |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20150175326A1 true US20150175326A1 (en) | 2015-06-25 |
Family
ID=49224343
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US14/390,512 Abandoned US20150175326A1 (en) | 2012-04-03 | 2012-12-18 | Foil capsule, bottle, machine and method for making score lines in a foil capsule |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20150175326A1 (es) |
EP (1) | EP2835323A4 (es) |
ES (1) | ES2424896B1 (es) |
WO (1) | WO2013150164A1 (es) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
USD907488S1 (en) * | 2019-05-17 | 2021-01-12 | Maverick Enterprises, Inc. | Wine bottle capsule |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2016060632A1 (en) * | 2014-10-17 | 2016-04-21 | Emi̇rcan Necat | Production method for disposable large water bottle with a case |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2806620A (en) * | 1953-10-09 | 1957-09-17 | Kork N Seal Ltd | Bottle capsules |
US4127209A (en) * | 1971-12-09 | 1978-11-28 | Gebruder Seidel Kg | Metal tear-off cap |
US5103989A (en) * | 1988-09-12 | 1992-04-14 | Cebal | Method of producing a non-cutting tear-off line and the products obtained |
US5509552A (en) * | 1993-03-17 | 1996-04-23 | Eguchi; Tatsuo | Capsule for bottle neck |
US20110309079A1 (en) * | 2009-02-18 | 2011-12-22 | Amcor Flexibles Capsules France | Corking or secondary corking cap with a tearable injury-proof strip, and method for making same |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2127189A1 (de) * | 1970-08-14 | 1972-02-17 | Hansen, Oscar Anton, Greve Strand (Dänemark) | Verfahren zum Aufsetzen einer Zierkapsel auf eine mit einer Kronenkork-Kapsel bereits verschlossene Flasche und Zierkapsel zur Verwendung beim Ausüben des Verfahrens |
GB8527598D0 (en) * | 1985-11-08 | 1985-12-11 | Metal Closures Group Plc | Capsules |
FR2670184B1 (fr) * | 1990-12-05 | 1993-01-22 | Pechiney Emballage Alimentaire | Capsule metallique de bouchage ou de surbouchage avec languette dechirable et son procede de fabrication. |
ES1021394Y (es) | 1992-05-25 | 1993-04-16 | Manufacturas De Estano Y Plomo Ramondin, S.A. | Disposicion de pre-rasgado para capsulas de embotellado. |
US5654022A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1997-08-05 | Popcorn Design Llc | Heat Shrink capsule for closing flanged bottle tops |
ES1075642Y (es) | 2011-10-21 | 2012-02-13 | Ramondin Capsulas S A | Dispositivo de desgarre para capsulas |
-
2012
- 2012-04-03 ES ES201230508A patent/ES2424896B1/es not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2012-12-18 US US14/390,512 patent/US20150175326A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-12-18 WO PCT/ES2012/070876 patent/WO2013150164A1/es active Application Filing
- 2012-12-18 EP EP12873828.3A patent/EP2835323A4/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2806620A (en) * | 1953-10-09 | 1957-09-17 | Kork N Seal Ltd | Bottle capsules |
US4127209A (en) * | 1971-12-09 | 1978-11-28 | Gebruder Seidel Kg | Metal tear-off cap |
US5103989A (en) * | 1988-09-12 | 1992-04-14 | Cebal | Method of producing a non-cutting tear-off line and the products obtained |
US5509552A (en) * | 1993-03-17 | 1996-04-23 | Eguchi; Tatsuo | Capsule for bottle neck |
US20110309079A1 (en) * | 2009-02-18 | 2011-12-22 | Amcor Flexibles Capsules France | Corking or secondary corking cap with a tearable injury-proof strip, and method for making same |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
USD907488S1 (en) * | 2019-05-17 | 2021-01-12 | Maverick Enterprises, Inc. | Wine bottle capsule |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ES2424896B1 (es) | 2015-04-13 |
WO2013150164A1 (es) | 2013-10-10 |
EP2835323A1 (en) | 2015-02-11 |
ES2424896A2 (es) | 2013-10-09 |
ES2424896R2 (es) | 2014-07-01 |
EP2835323A4 (en) | 2016-03-16 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: RAMONDIN CAPSULAS, S.A., SPAIN Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GONZALEZ ELORRIAGA, FELIX;REEL/FRAME:033985/0556 Effective date: 20141003 |
|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |