US20150152631A1 - Interlocking blocks and tiles for buildings - Google Patents

Interlocking blocks and tiles for buildings Download PDF

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Publication number
US20150152631A1
US20150152631A1 US14/414,455 US201314414455A US2015152631A1 US 20150152631 A1 US20150152631 A1 US 20150152631A1 US 201314414455 A US201314414455 A US 201314414455A US 2015152631 A1 US2015152631 A1 US 2015152631A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
component
interlockable
mould
components
panels
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Abandoned
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US14/414,455
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English (en)
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Charles Caulder Bree
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Individual
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Individual
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/02—Structures consisting primarily of load-supporting, block-shaped, or slab-shaped elements
    • E04B1/12—Structures consisting primarily of load-supporting, block-shaped, or slab-shaped elements the elements consisting of other material
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/38—Connections for building structures in general
    • E04B1/61—Connections for building structures in general of slab-shaped building elements with each other
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B7/00—Roofs; Roof construction with regard to insulation
    • E04B7/20—Roofs consisting of self-supporting slabs, e.g. able to be loaded
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C1/00—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C1/00—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings
    • E04C1/40—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings built-up from parts of different materials, e.g. composed of layers of different materials or stones with filling material or with insulating inserts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/32—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures
    • E04B1/3211—Structures with a vertical rotation axis or the like, e.g. semi-spherical structures
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/32—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures
    • E04B2001/327—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures comprised of a number of panels or blocs connected together forming a self-supporting structure
    • E04B2001/3276—Panel connection details
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/32—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures
    • E04B2001/3294—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures with a faceted surface

Definitions

  • the invention relates to buildings; to buildings made from a limited range of modular parts, and in particular to buildings made from interlockable modular parts formed from a plastics material by a rotational moulding process.
  • the inventor has previously described buildings, such as dwellings, made from a plastics material by a rotational moulding process in a large oven holding a heated mould that is rotated in one axis only, while feeding a flow of a selected type of plastics granule (to set solid or to set as a foam) into the interior of the mould.
  • a selected type of plastics granule to set solid or to set as a foam
  • Such an oven can produce a round building several metres in diameter and several metres off the ground, as a single item.
  • the inventor has previously described unitary parts for buildings made of fused plastics by rotational moulding techniques but the shapes of the parts were generally dictated by the shape of the rotating oven and retained curved or circular forms, rather than by following the usual building conventions that seek rectangular or cubic modules, like bricks, for assembling rectangular buildings of unlimited size.
  • a bell-shaped product capable of conversion into a dwelling is made in this manner inside a metal mould, open at one end and slowly rotating about a horizontal axis in an oven”. That is a 2 metre diameter oven.
  • WO2010/036130 the present Applicant described a single-axis rotational moulding apparatus which conveniently forms planar or curved three-dimensional shapes of plastics, suitable as modules for buildings.
  • An erectable, demountable building made of such modules may be shipped in the disassembled state and then erected by untrained personnel on a site.
  • the modules may be made of wood or plastics.
  • Preferred modules are made by rotational moulding and include insulation-filled cavities serving as thermal insulation.
  • a further oven is used to fabricate large cylinders. After removal the hot cylinders are flattened into sheets of plastics material for use as flooring.
  • An object of the present application is to provide a quickly, simply and easily constructed building at a site, or at least to provide the public with a useful choice.
  • the invention provides interlockable components comprising a mutually interlockable set for use in building construction wherein each component of the set has an exterior comprised of a fused thermoplastics material and an interior; each component conforming to standardised dimensions at least with respect to a complementary interlocking portion, the set of components including:
  • any interlockable component for use as part of a set as previously described in this section uses tongue and groove complementary joints having standardised, compatible dimensions along mating edges of the component, said joints comprising the interlocking portions; said joints being capable of being joined together by adhesive or physical fastening means.
  • a further range of components compatible with the interlockable component as previously described in this section are selected from a range including: interlockable corner pillars; interlockable rectangular full-height wall panels; interlockable elongated roof tile panels; window frames; door frames; panels having an integrated window within an aperture; panels having a gap into which a window frame may be inserted; and panels which when interlocked form a gap into which a window may be inserted.
  • any interlockable component as previously described in this section is comprised of fused together thermoplastics granules having at least a first composition; the component having been melted together within a heated mould.
  • an external layer of the component is entirely comprised of a fused mass formed by heating and melting a first selected composition including a first type of non-foaming type of thermoplastics granule within a heated mould during rotation of the mould; the external layer surrounding a void.
  • a portion of the external layer of the component is comprised of a fused mass formed by heating and melting a second selected composition including a non-foaming type of thermoplastics granule within a heated mould while not fully rotating the mould; the external layer surrounding a void.
  • the void within the component is optionally filled with a fused, foamed mass formed by subsequent introduction of a foaming type of thermoplastics granule into the heated mould so that, after moulding, the foamed mass is contained within a non-foamed external mass, together comprising the interlockable component.
  • the invention provides a method for manufacturing interlockable building components; the method including the steps of:
  • the invention provides a interlockable range of components; each component having an exterior comprised of a fused thermoplastics material and an interior; each component conforming to standardised dimensions with respect to a complementary interlocking component, but in contrast to the first broad aspect the components are selected from a range of non-rectangular blocks including a set of components having a triangular outline and a set of components having a hexagonal outline; said blocks being interlockable by tongue and groove joining means provided along each of the edges.
  • the components are held together at the joints with one or more of the following fastening means:
  • FIG. 1 shows an oblique perspective view of part of a building illustrating the major components.
  • FIG. 2 shows a different aspect of that part of a building.
  • FIG. 3 (as FIGS. 3 a , 3 b and 3 c ) illustrates an example half-height block.
  • FIG. 3 d shows a block in cross-section.
  • FIG. 4 shows detail of a screwed joint.
  • FIG. 5 shows detail of a roof tile; lateral view.
  • FIG. 6 shows detail of a roof tile; underneath view.
  • FIG. 7 shows detail of a roof tile, from the downward side.
  • FIG. 8 shows detail of a corner pillar from the groove joint side.
  • FIG. 9 shows a triangular wall block having two tongue sides and one groove side.
  • FIG. 10 shows part of a polyhedral enclosure suitable for use as a dwelling and made of tiles such as shown in FIG. 9 .
  • FIG. 11 shows an isometric view of full panel height components.
  • FIGS. 12 a and 12 b show in elevation and plan a small building constructed from full panel height components of the types shown in FIG. 11 .
  • FIG. 12 c illustrates the building of FIGS. 12 a and 12 b in exploded view.
  • Each member of the set of interlockable components for use in the construction of a building is, according to the invention, comprised of fused thermoplastics material.
  • all parts are manufactured by forming in a single-axis rotational moulding type process within moulds. Movements other than simple single-axis rotation may be used.
  • the interlockable components provide a set of rectangular or cubic interlockable wall blocks rather like bricks or concrete blocks, including a set of half-sized blocks, a set of corner pillars, and a set of roof panel tiles that are intended for use in the construction of a building.
  • Each component conforms to a set of mutually standardised dimensions at least with respect to an interlocking or joining portion of each component. It is also convenient for those standardised dimensions to conform with local building practices. It is preferred that all parts in the range can be joined together at compatible interlocked joints. They share a common coupling means or joint mechanism, having consistent dimensions.
  • the parts in the range include half-size and full-size wall blocks, corner pillars and door or window frames, and roof tiles.
  • the parts may be approximately square or may be elongated such as those shown in FIGS. 11 and 12 —a, b and c. Note that the preferred elongated roof tiles are only partially “cubic” because each tile includes a dished cross-section. The tiles are intended for side-by-side assembly with the channel of each dish directed downwards.
  • Each member is made by rotational moulding techniques within moulds and hence is comprised of a compatible thermoplastics material.
  • An example fusible plastics material is a polyethylene plastics material; for example ICORENE 3840 made by ICO Polymers, Inc of 6355 Farm Bureau Rd, Allentown, Pa. 18106, USA. This is a Linear Medium Density Polyethylene plastic material.
  • Various resins with different characteristics may be used, such as alloys based on the same ethylene with varied co-monomer (hexene, butene or octene) raw materials, as is known to those skilled in the art. Such materials are obtainable in both solid-setting and foam-setting versions.
  • Preferred moulding temperatures are between 180 and 280 degrees Celsius.
  • the preferred single-axis rotational moulding process has been described in at least PCT/NZ2008/000096 (WO/2008/133535), in which the present applicant has developed the capabilities of the generic rotational moulding process towards making large, flattened or angled sheets of materials including more than one layer of plastics.
  • a typical component that has been made in this way has a hollow or attenuated centre surrounded by a tough, formed skin which had been in contact with the walls of the mould and is suitable for internal or external exposure.
  • the hollow or attenuated centre may be occupied by thermal insulation which may be comprised of a space or be filled with a less dense, foamy yet rigid fused thermoplastics material made from a foam-generating type of granules.
  • the space may contain a stored liquid.
  • each tile is provided with internal insulation means selected from a range including a more foamy plastics material, animal or vegetable fibre, or rock or glass wool.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 show oblique perspective views of part of a building 100 , made from components created in a rotational moulding machine.
  • the roof 102 is incomplete, for the purpose of illustration.
  • the walls 101 (and 101 A in FIG. 2 only) are comprised of an array of interlockable rectangular blocks for example 110 , 110 a and 110 b as detailed below, which are fitted tightly together during assembly by tongue 113 and groove 114 joints (details of which are given below) in order to make a sufficiently large plane surface wall.
  • FIG. 1 shows an opening 103 for a door and another opening 104 for a window.
  • the door has a lintel comprised of a half-height block 111 . That block has tongues on each side (not shown). All borders of the door are groove joints, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 .
  • a corner pillar 105 is a length of material fitted with sufficient tongue joints along one side and groove joints along another side to accommodate the joints of several blocks; such as a three-high stack.
  • the corner pillar separates wall 101 from another, end wall 101 A in a perpendicular plane.
  • Half-width blocks 115 are used alternately to commence every second course of wall blocks since the usual method of construction, like a brick wall, uses overlapping courses of unit blocks in order to provide strength.
  • This assembly as described does not include internal vertical concrete and iron bar strengthening although holes could be bored through the hollow or attenuated centres and parallel to the outer walls, for insertion of steel or other tensile rods if required by a building code.
  • the wall is seated upon a channel member 106 .
  • a roof 102 is comprised of an array of elongated roof units, as detailed below.
  • FIG. 2 shows the same assembly from a different viewpoint, and identifies wall 101 A.
  • FIG. 3 (as FIGS. 3 a , 3 b and 3 c ) provides dimensional details and detailed orthogonal views of an example half-width (800 ⁇ 400 mm) block.
  • the dimensions (given here in millimetres) corresponding to a series of standard blocks presenting an exposed surface of 800 ⁇ 800 mm are by way of example only, and do not in any way limit the range of sizes to be provided for by the invention.
  • dimensions may be arranged to correspond with the popular 1.2 metre multiples commonly used by builders, although the 800 mm size conforms to a typical door width.
  • the popularity of any one size may in part be dictated by the cost (which may be affected by a rejection rate) of manufacturing individual units.
  • the depth or height of the joints is partially affected by a desired final assembly strength. Preferably the depth of a groove is slightly greater than the height of a tongue.
  • One preferred style of block is moulded so as to be substantially hollow.
  • FIG. 3 includes example measurements in millimetres for parts 3 a and 3 b .
  • FIG. 3( a ) is an edge elevation view of an interlockable block version along one edge, wherein 301 is a groove or recess across the face extending towards a viewer out through the plane of the drawing.
  • each recess When in use each recess would receive a tongue 306 of an adjacent block.
  • 300 is a groove along an edge for receiving a tongue 305 from another block.
  • Blocks may be glued together although they may also be screwed together for the benefit of easier installation and easier disassembly (see later).
  • 302 is one face, perhaps an outer face, of the block and 304 is the other, perhaps inner face. (In general both faces will be interchangeable, although it may be preferred that the face intended for exposure to weathering will have an included dye or pigment, or other additives for extending the life of the block when exposed to weathering.
  • the inventor's moulding process provides a step for applying a different thermoplastics mixture to each side.
  • 303 indicates an indexing groove, which receives an inwardly protruding tongue of another block. This is mainly useful during assembly as a temporary locating means.
  • FIG. 3( b ) shows a tongue 306 across the face of the opposite edge elevation of a block and extending towards a viewer out through the plane of the drawing.
  • FIG. 3 c is a face view of a typical block, showing dimensions, and provision of tongues along two adjoining edges.
  • 302 is one face of the block.
  • 305 and 306 are two tongues.
  • FIG. 3 d shows a preferred domed surface 307 on the outer (exposed) surface of a cross-sectioned wall block.
  • This dome formed by a dished shape in one face of the mould, provides for controlled thermal expansion of the dome when heated, such as by sunlight. If the outer surface is left flat then expansion and contraction are not controlled and the entire block may bend. Materials thickness may be exaggerated in this section.
  • Other parts 245 are as previously identified.
  • the internal void may be filled or partially filled with a foamed, fused thermoplastics mass.
  • FIGS. 5 , 6 and 7 show a single one of the array of roof tiles 112 that form the partially completed roof 102 of the building in FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 5 is a longitudinal section, showing the hollow interior 506 of the roof tile which is adapted for side-to-side joining of an array of such tiles and fastening as described elsewhere in this section.
  • Each of these tiles is intended to span over half a roof from the ridge along the middle and so the length of the selected tile determines the size of the room below. However these tiles can be joined end to end; preferably in a waterproof manner and supported on intermediate purlins parallel to the ridge.
  • FIG. 7 shows details of a tile coupling arrangement 502 , 505 to be optionally provided on ends of tiles.
  • Each tile includes a transverse groove 503 (see FIGS. 5 and 6 ) intended to be placed over and attached to the top course of the wall blocks, near the lower end 505 of the tile 112 .
  • the angle of this transverse groove which is formed obliquely into the underside of the tile, partially determines the angle of the tiles from a vertical plane—since as shown in FIG. 1 this groove sits over the top of the wall.
  • Fastening as described elsewhere in this section is intended to be used to fix the tiles down to the wall, and at free surface 501 , to another array of tiles.
  • the surface facing the sky, 502 is dished inward, partly for strength and partly to assist in water collection.
  • the underneath surface shown in FIG. 6 is dished outward, up from the plane of the drawing.
  • the space underneath the tiles may, during construction, be packed loosely with a fibre such as animal hair or wool that is held in place with (for example) wire netting in order to increase the thermal insulation of the roof.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 at 105 An example of a corner pillar 105 is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 at 105 , and in detail in FIG. 8 .
  • This example is shown from one side—the “groove” side 114 .
  • This drawing shows the essentially hollow nature of the corner pillar which structure can be achieved with rotational moulding, thereby providing a relatively light pillar.
  • the opening 114 might be strengthened for transport with inserted blocks although, once assembled, the edges are held apart from each other by the assembled tongues of the wall tiles (see FIG. 3 a , 3 b or 3 c ) that are fixed within.
  • the protruding blocks such as 113 are the “tongue” elements intended to mate with corresponding grooves of each of three courses of wall blocks such as 110 in FIG. 1 .
  • the physical fasteners as opposed to adhesives allow for the disassembly of a fabricated building, so that it can be rearranged into another configuration or taken apart and transported to another site.
  • This invention also provides roof tile components as shown in FIGS. 5 , 6 and 7 .
  • FIG. 9 shows a face view of an example triangular block 900 having two tongue edges 901 , 902 and one groove edge 903 . About half of the triangular blocks will require one tongue edge and two groove edges.
  • FIG. 10 shows a portion of a polyhedral assembly made from triangular blocks 900 . The groove aspects of two of the blocks can be seen at 1001 , which also show the appreciable thickness of each individual triangular block.
  • Example 1 assumed that rectangular components would interlock both horizontally and vertically, like bricks or concrete blocks, to form a desired vertical wall height.
  • the preferred manufacturing process allows many of the components could instead be manufactured as full-panel-height pieces each having the same height as the finished wall. Even as full-height (for instance 2.4 metres in length) the hollow or foam-centered components are not too heavy to carry and to place in position. See FIG. 11 , which in an “exploded view” depicts two full height wall panel components ( 120 ) aligned to interlock with the corner column ( 105 ).
  • a finishing full height component ( 130 ) is provided for use where a narrower wall section is desired, for example as a frame for a door or a window.
  • each component may be laid on to a moving flat conveyor belt in order that it can set solid without distortion.
  • FIG. 12 a elevation view
  • 12 b plane view
  • 12 c exploded view of components 600 .
  • FIG. 12 c includes: floor panels 122 , cutout wall panels 121 for use in framing a window, a window lintel 123 , a door lintel 111 , and two door frame components 130 .
  • An example method for manufacture of interlockable components according to the invention includes the steps of:
  • the temperature is best set by experience. Too low a temperature will lead to extended fusion times, and too high a temperature causes decomposition of the plastic. The readings are dependent on transducer placement. Of course the temperature also depends on the selected plastics material.
  • the variation at the step (e) provides each component with improved thermal insulation and extra mechanical strength without much increase in weight.
  • Another variation at the step (d) includes (d 1 ) placing a first variation of a non-foaming granular mixture on a first face of a tile or the like, fusing it in place while agitating or only partially rotating the mould, and then (step d 2 ) rotating the mould through 180 degrees, introducing a second non-foaming granular mixture into the mould, and then commencing single-axis rotation of the mould, so that the second mixture tends to coat the remainder of the inner surface of the mould.
  • That modification causes the outer surface of the mould to have a different composition, such as one including a pigment (for example titanium dioxide for white, iron oxide for red, or carbon for black.
  • an extruded box section including the groove joint along two adjacent edges and the tongue joint along one edge is made.
  • Post-processing includes the steps of cutting out squares at for example 800 mm spacings along the box section, inserting and gluing into place a separately made tongue section so that the completed block bears a tongue joint component along two adjacent edges.
  • Doors and windows themselves have not been described, but may be made from plastics or wood or glass, and may be replaced by simple curtains in some circumstances.
  • the channel 106 that provides a footing for the wall may be made from a metal
  • Exposed surfaces may be painted, for example with white paint for thermal resistance.
  • a stone aggregate may be mixed with the thermoplastics material for moulding at least some of the components.
  • At least some of the components are comprised of a material based on concrete rather than a thermoplastics material.
  • the blocks might be made by injection moulding rather than rotational moulding.
  • the blocks might be made by extruding a box section including the groove joint along two adjacent edges and the tongue joint along one edge, and after cutting squares at for example 800 mm spacings along the box section, inserting and gluing into place a separate tongue section so that the completed block bears a tongue joint component along two adjacent edges.
  • the plane surfaces of the wall blocks previously described in this section may be replaced by curved surfaces; preferably curved in more than one plane at one time, so that increased strength per unit of weight is provided. Apart from the domed walls previously described in this section, one version of this would appear like corrugations with a pitch of perhaps 50 mm.
  • This invention provides prefabricated components for buildings, so that a building can be carried to a site as individual or aggregated components as dictated by the transport facilities available, then erected at the site.
  • the parts for the building are temporarily attached, but are not fused together permanently, so that the building can be taken down when no longer required, and used again elsewhere.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Finishing Walls (AREA)
  • Floor Finish (AREA)
  • Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)
  • Panels For Use In Building Construction (AREA)
US14/414,455 2012-07-16 2013-07-16 Interlocking blocks and tiles for buildings Abandoned US20150152631A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NZ601260 2012-07-16
NZ60126012 2012-07-16
PCT/NZ2013/000127 WO2014014366A1 (en) 2012-07-16 2013-07-16 Interlocking blocks and tiles for buildings

Publications (1)

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US20150152631A1 true US20150152631A1 (en) 2015-06-04

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US14/414,455 Abandoned US20150152631A1 (en) 2012-07-16 2013-07-16 Interlocking blocks and tiles for buildings

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US (1) US20150152631A1 (es)
EP (1) EP2872705A4 (es)
JP (1) JP2015528075A (es)
CN (1) CN104508217A (es)
AU (1) AU2013290829A1 (es)
BR (1) BR112015000977A2 (es)
CA (1) CA2878851A1 (es)
CL (1) CL2015000108A1 (es)
IN (1) IN2015DN00553A (es)
MX (1) MX2015000602A (es)
NZ (1) NZ705046A (es)
PH (1) PH12015500077A1 (es)
RU (1) RU2015101344A (es)
WO (1) WO2014014366A1 (es)
ZA (1) ZA201501050B (es)

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US9809971B2 (en) * 2016-02-25 2017-11-07 Spherical Block LLC Architectural building block
US10036161B1 (en) * 2017-11-10 2018-07-31 Spherical Block LLC Architectural building block system
US20180290072A1 (en) * 2012-09-07 2018-10-11 Emagispace, Inc. System and method for constructing a set or a stage
CN113136985A (zh) * 2021-04-24 2021-07-20 福建榕鸿建设有限公司 一种装配式建筑墙体及其装配式建筑
EP3971356A1 (en) * 2020-07-15 2022-03-23 Rêve Architecture Limited Sandwich panel and building module

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NZ725956A (en) * 2016-05-04 2018-02-23 A R M Ltd Improved panel connection system
WO2017192053A1 (en) * 2016-05-04 2017-11-09 A R M Limited Improvements in panel connection
GB2560037A (en) * 2017-02-28 2018-08-29 Michael Davies Darren Geodesic dome structure and a kit for assembling into a geodesic dome structure
KR101821179B1 (ko) 2017-09-08 2018-01-23 박승준 모듈화된 프리케스트 콘크리트 부스를 이용한 미니하우스
CN111321842A (zh) * 2020-02-26 2020-06-23 中国十七冶集团有限公司 一种门窗一体板制备及安装方法

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