US20150045247A1 - USE OF miR-199a-5p, TARGETS AND/OR INHIBITORS THEREOF FOR THE DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF FIBROPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS - Google Patents

USE OF miR-199a-5p, TARGETS AND/OR INHIBITORS THEREOF FOR THE DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF FIBROPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS Download PDF

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US20150045247A1
US20150045247A1 US14/376,569 US201314376569A US2015045247A1 US 20150045247 A1 US20150045247 A1 US 20150045247A1 US 201314376569 A US201314376569 A US 201314376569A US 2015045247 A1 US2015045247 A1 US 2015045247A1
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expression
mirna
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cav1
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Nicolas Pottier
Bernard Mari
Brice Marcet
Pascal Barbry
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille CHU
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of fibroproliferative disorders, particularly idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and the role of microRNA (miRNA) in the tissue fibrosis process.
  • IPF idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  • miRNA microRNA
  • the present invention relates more specifically to the use of microRNA (miRNA), particularly miR-199a-5p, targets and/or inhibitors thereof for the diagnosis, the prognosis and treatment of fibroproliferative disorders, namely idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
  • miRNA microRNA
  • Tissue fibrosis defined as the excessive persistent formation of non-functional connective scar tissue in response to a chronic tissue lesion, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality associated with loss of function of the damaged organ in various disorders such as those affecting the pulmonary interstitium [Wynn, J. Clin. Invest., 117: 524-529, 2007] [1].
  • Fibroproliferative disorders are a major public health problem. Indeed, in the United States alone, 45% of deaths are attributed to fibroproliferative disorders and the prevalence thereof is constantly increasing [Wynn, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 4: 583-594, 2004] [2].
  • IPF idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  • IPF is the most frequent and lethal form with an average survival rate of 3 to 5 years post-diagnosis [Wilson and Wynn, Mucosal. Immunol., 2: 103-121, 2009] [3].
  • IPF is a chronic and frequently fatal lung disease characterised by fibroblast proliferation and excessive extracellular matrix protein deposition. IPF is a rare disorder with a prevalence of 13 to 20 cases per 100,000 inhabitants and whose causes remain poorly understood, and for which no effective treatment is currently available.
  • repeated alveolar epithelium damage is considered to be responsible for lesions on the pulmonary epithelium promoting alveolar plasma exudate formation and clotting process activation, secretion of growth factor such as TGF ⁇ by pneumocytes enabling pulmonary fibroblast recruitment, proliferation and activation and abnormal and excessive extracellular matrix deposition [Wilson and Wynn, 2009, cited above] [3].
  • the fibroblasts have a myofibroblast phenotype and are organised into fibroblastic foci.
  • MicroRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNA with approximately 22 bases and having a key role in a wide range of cell phenomena such as development, differentiation, survival, response to stress, apoptosis, proliferation, homeostasis or differentiation [Ambros, Nature, 431: 350-355, 2004] [4]. Recent studies have identified specific miRNA expression profiles associated with the initiation and progression of various disorders including cancer and inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Moreover, miRNA function gain and loss studies have revealed pathogenic miRNA functions accentuating the major role thereof in vivo.
  • microRNA or “miRNA”, in the context of the present invention, means an RNA oligonucleotide consisting of between 18 to 25 nucleotides in length.
  • miRNAs are typically regulatory endogenous RNA molecules.
  • the mechanism of action thereof involves the formation of a complex between a plurality of miRNA bases and the 3′-non-coding part of the target mRNA [Brennecke et al., PLoS. Biol., 3: e85, 2005] [5]. This interaction gives rise to destabilisation of the target mRNA and/or protein synthesis inhibition [Brennecke et al., 2005, cited above] [5]. Recognition between miRNA and the target thereof is essentially controlled by a sequence of approximately 7 bases, situated in the 5′ part of the miRNA (recognition sequence or seed) [Brennecke et al., 2005, cited above] [5].
  • target gene or “target mRNA” refer to regulatory mRNA targets of microRNAs, in which said “target gene” or “target mRNA” is regulated post-transcriptionally by the microRNA based on near-perfect or perfect complementarity between the miRNA and its target site resulting in target mRNA cleavage; or limited complementarity, often conferred to complementarity between the so-called seed sequence (nucleotides 2-7 of the miRNA) and the target site resulting in translational inhibition of the target mRNA.
  • MiRNA regulation is thus considered as a major form of gene expression regulation, the impact of which has been largely underestimated until now [Xie et al., nature, 434: 338-345, 2005; Berezikov et al., Cell, 120: 21-24, 2005] [6, 7].
  • MiRNAs are transcribed in the nucleus in the form of long precursors (pri-miRNA) and undergo a first maturation step in the nucleus to produce pre-miRNA having a smaller hairpin structure.
  • This miRNA precursor is thus exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it undergoes a final maturation step with Dicer enzyme generating two single-stranded miRNAs (one 5p strand and one 3p strand): the “mature” strand is taken on by a multi-protein complex (RNA Induced Silencing Complex or RISC) interacting with the 3′-non-coding part of the target mRNA, whereas the “star” complementary strand undergoes degradation (annotation: miR-xx*).
  • RISC RNA Induced Silencing Complex
  • miRNAs display good stability in biological fluids such as serum [Mitchell et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105: 10513-10518, 2008] [8] or urine [Weber et al., Clin. Chem., 56: 1733-1741, 2010] [9]. For this reason, studying the expression thereof in these biological media offers new non-invasive prospects for the development of new diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. Moreover, miRNA tissue expression profiles could also offer new prognostic or diagnostic tools as already demonstrated in cancer treatment [Lu et al., Nature, 435: 834-838, 2005] [10].
  • miR-199a-5p one of the two mature miRNA species derived from the miR-199a precursor, has been associated with malignancy not only in hepatocellular carcinoma [Jiang et al., Clin. Cancer Res., 14(2): 419-427, 2008] [11] but also in bronchial tumours [Mascaux et al., Eur. Respir. J., 33(2): 352-359 (Epub 2008), 2009; Incségur et al., Cell death Differ., 18(3): 465-478, 2011] [12, 13].
  • miRNA expression modulation could also enable the development of new treatments [Krutzfeldt et al., Nature, 438: 685-689, 2005] [14].
  • miR-122 inhibitor in the development of new hepatitis C treatments has made it possible to obtain a significant reduction in the viral load of this virus [Lanford et al., Science, 327: 198-201, 2010] [15].
  • miRNAs for which the expression is associated with pulmonary fibrosis could offer particularly promising tools for the development of new diagnostic and prognostic markers of IPF and new therapeutic strategies for this disorder which continues to be incurable and have a poor prognosis [Pandit et al., Transl. Res., 157: 191-199, 2011] [19].
  • the inventors demonstrated, for the first time and completely unexpectedly, the role of miRNAs, particularly miR-199a-5p, and the targets thereof in pulmonary, hepatic and renal fibrosis.
  • the inventors more specifically used an experimental pulmonary fibrosis model to identify, in the lung, i) miRNAs differentially expressed only in C57BL/6 mice sensitive to bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and ii) correlated miRNAs during the progression of the fibrotic process.
  • the inventors used various experimental approaches combining miRNA biochips, in situ hybridisation, and quantitative RT-PCR.
  • miR-199a-5p In the first time, they demonstrated, for the first time, the unique role of miR-199a-5p in the pulmonary fibrosis process. In this way, they identified significant miR-199a-5p up-regulation in the lungs of mice with bleomycin-induced fibrosis. Indeed, miR-199a-5p would appear to be the most discriminatory miRNA between sensitive C57BL/6 mouse strains and resistant Balb/c mouse strains in respect of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, thus enabling a distinction between pathological and normal cases.
  • miR-199a-5p up-regulation was also identified in the lungs of patients suffering from IPF. More specifically, the miR-199a-5p levels increased selectively in the myofibroblasts of damaged lungs.
  • miR-199a-5p were studied further in pulmonary fibroblasts. In this way, they demonstrated pulmonary fibroblast activation to a profibrotic phenotype after miR-199a-5p overexpression. Finally, the inventors demonstrated that miR-199a-5p overexpression partially mimicked the transcriptional signature and cellular effects of TGF ⁇ , one of the main factors involved in fibrotic mechanisms, which is also capable of increasing miR-199a-5p expression.
  • miR-199a-5p can be extrapolated to other fibrotic disorders in mammals since this miRNA is common to the various forms of pulmonary, hepatic and renal fibrosis; and could thus become a universal marker thereof. Indeed, they demonstrated abnormal miR-199a-5p expression in mouse renal and hepatic fibrosis models, demonstrating that miR-199a-5p deregulation represents a general mechanism contributing to the fibrosis process.
  • the inventors combined in silico approaches (target prediction bioinformatics software) and experimental approaches (transcriptome chips, ectopic miRNA expression and reporter vectors containing the 3′-UTR part of a gene of interest fused with luciferase) in order to determine and characterise the target genes specifically regulated by miR-199a-5p.
  • variation in expression of the gene coding for caveolin-1 (CAV1), a critical mediator in pulmonary fibrosis, according to the level of miR-199a-5p expression was observed. In this way, they identified CAV1 as a genuine target of miR-199a-5p.
  • CAV1 caveolin-1
  • the 22 miRNAs of the specific expression profile for the pulmonary response to bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis are represented by the following accession numbers:
  • MIMAT0003475 mir-34a MIMAT0000542 mir-21 MIMAT0000530 mir-449a MIMAT0001542 mir-449b MIMAT0005447 mir-20a MIMAT0000529 mir-18a MIMAT0000528 mir-223 MIMAT0000665 mir-449c MIMAT0003460 mir-147b MIMAT0004857 mir-152 MIMAT0000154 mir-181ac MIMAT0000210 mir-451 MIMAT0001632 mir-351 MIMAT0000609 mir-133ac MIMAT0000145 mir-214 MIMAT0000661 mir-199a-5p MIMAT0000229 mir-132 MIMAT0000144 mir-222 MIMAT0000670 mir-342-3p MIMAT0000590 mir-345-5p MIMAT0000595 mir-221 MIMAT0000669
  • fibroproliferative disorder refers to disorders characterised by a parenchymal organ lesion and fibrosis.
  • it refers to pulmonary, hepatic and renal fibrosis, particularly idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).
  • IPF idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  • subject refers to a vertebrate, particularly a mammal, more particularly a human.
  • biological sample refers to a bronchial, liver or kidney biopsy.
  • it refers to epithelial tissue, particularly from the respiratory, hepatic or renal epithelium.
  • reference biological sample refers to a biological sample as defined above obtained from a healthy subject, i.e. not presenting fibrosis, or a subject in whom the miR-199a-5p expression is known and associated with a particular clinical stage.
  • it refers to the level of miR-199a-5p expression obtained after analysing human biopsy samples (see table 1 hereinafter) or mouse lung samples (see table 2 hereinafter) with “miRNA” biochips (Agilent technology) in healthy subjects (control) or subjects suffering from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).
  • the level of miRNA expression in a cell or tissue is determined by measuring the miRNAs present in said cell or said tissue.
  • the level of miRNA expression may be measured using any technique known to those skilled in the art. For example, after RNA extraction, high-speed miRNA sequencing, NASBA (Nucleic Acid Strand Based Amplification) sequencing, primer extension sequencing, “miRNA” DNA chips, quantitative RT-PCR methods applied to miRNA or in situ hybridisation.
  • the in vitro diagnostic method according to the invention may comprise the additional step for (v) identifying at least one target gene for which the level of expression is regulated by the level of miR-199a-5p expression identified in step (iii).
  • the level of expression of a target gene in a cell or a tissue is determined by measuring the transcript expressed in said cell or said tissue.
  • the level of target gene expression may be measured using any technique known to those skilled in the art. For example, it may be carried out after quantitative RT-PCR RNA extraction, or on tissue sections by means of immunocytochemistry or immunocytology.
  • said at least one miRNA identified in step (iv) is miR-199a-5p.
  • said at least one target gene identified in step (v) codes for caveolin-1 (Gene ID: 857/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/857).
  • the present invention also relates to the use of a miR-199a-5p inhibitor for preventing and/or treating a fibroproliferative disorder, preferably idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
  • the present invention also relates to the use of a miR-199a-5p inhibitor for stimulating wound repair.
  • RNA inhibitor refers to DNA analogues or “oligomer”, consisting of a contiguous sequence of from 7 to at least 22 nucleotides in length.
  • nucleotide refers to a glycoside comprising a sugar moiety, a base moiety and a covalently linked group (linkage group), such as a phosphate or phosphorothioate internucleotide linkage group. It covers both naturally occurring nucleotides and non-naturally occurring nucleotides comprising modified sugar and/or base moieties, which are also referred to as “nucleotide analogues” herein.
  • Non-naturally occurring nucleotides include nucleotides which have sugar moieties, such as bicyclic nucleotides or 2′ modified nucleotides or 2′ modified nucleotides such as 2′ substituted nucleotides.
  • Nucleotide analogues are variants of natural oligonucleotides by virtue of modifications in the sugar and/or base moieties. Preferably, without being limited by this explanation, the analogues will have a functional effect on the way in which the oligomer works to bind to its target; for example by producing increased binding affinity to the target and/or increased resistance to nucleases and/or increased ease of transport into the cell.
  • nucleoside analogues are described by Freier and Altman (Nucl. Acid Res., 25: 4429-4443, 1997) [35] and Uhlmann (Curr. Opinion in Drug Development, 3: 293-213, 2000) [36].
  • Incorporation of affinity-enhancing analogues in the oligomer, including Locked Nucleic Acid (LNATM) can allow the size of the specifically binding oligomer to be reduced and may also reduce the upper limit to the size of the oligomer before non-specific or aberrant binding takes place.
  • LNATM Locked Nucleic Acid
  • LNATM refers to a bicyclic nucleoside analogue, known as “Locked Nucleic Acid” (Rajwanshi et al., Angew Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 39(9): 1656-1659, 2000) [37]. It may refer to an LNATM monomer, or, when used in the context of an “LNATM oligonucleotide” to an oligonucleotide containing one or more such bicylic analogues.
  • the oligomer of the invention is capable of specifically inhibiting (silencing) the activity of miR-199a-5p (“anti-miR-199-5p”) or preventing the binding of miR-199a-5p to specific miR-199a-5p binding sites in target RNAs (“miR-199a-5p Target Site Blocker”).
  • a “anti-miR-199a-5p” refers to antisense oligonucleotides with sequence complementary to miR-199a-5p (e.g., anti-miR-199a-5p LNATM miRNA inhibitor; Product No.: 426918-00, Product name: hsa-miR-199a-5p, Description: miRCURY LNATM microRNA Power Inhibitor, EXIQON).
  • These oligomers may comprise or consist of a contiguous nucleotide sequence of a total of 7 to at least 22 contiguous nucleotides in length, up to 70% nucleotide analogues (LNATM).
  • the shortest oligomer (7 nucleotides) will likely correspond to an antisense oligonucleotide with perfect sequence complementarity matching to the first 7 nucleotides located at the 5′ end of mature miR-199a-5p, and comprising the 7 nucleotide sequence at position 2-8 from 5′ end called the “seed” sequence (i.e., “ccagugu” for miR-199a-5p, see Seq ID N° 13) involved in miRNA target specificity (Lewis et al., Cell. 2005 Jan. 14; 120(1):15-20) [38].
  • a “miR-199a-5p Target Site Blocker” refers to antisense oligonucleotides with sequence complementary to a miR-199a-5p binding site located on a specific mRNA. These oligomers may be designed according to the teaching of US 20090137504. These oligomers may comprise or consist of a contiguous nucleotide sequence of a total of 8 to 23 contiguous nucleotides in length. These sequences may span from 20 nucleotides in the 5′ or the 3′ direction from the sequence corresponding to the reverse complement of miR-199a-5p “seed” sequence.
  • CAV1 Target Site Blockers comprise or consist of a contiguous sequence of a total of 8 to 23 contiguous nucleotides in length which corresponds to the reverse complement of a specific nucleotide sequence present in the CAV1 mRNA (NM — 001753.4, NM — 001172895.1, NM — 001172896.1, NM — 001172897.1 or naturally occurring variants thereof and RNA nucleic acids derived therefrom, preferably mRNA) and defined as miR-199a-5p site ( FIG. 5A : SEQ ID N° 10).
  • the nucleotide sequence of the oligomers of invention will bind with high affinity to the miR-199a-5p site on CAV1 mRNA, preventing the binding of miR-199a-5p on the 3′UTR of CAV1 mRNA) at this particular target site.
  • the present invention also relates to the use of a miR-199a-5p inhibitor for obtaining a medicinal product.
  • a miR-199a-5p inhibitor for obtaining a medicinal product.
  • it consists of the use of a miR-199a-5p inhibitor by the aerosol route for inhibiting fibrogenesis in the pathological respiratory epithelium in subjects suffering from pulmonary fibrosis and thus restoring the integrity of the pathological tissue so as to restore full functionality.
  • said medicinal product is intended to prevent and/or treat a fibroproliferative disorder, preferably idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
  • (B) MiR-199a-5p in the lungs of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice in response to bleomycin at the specified times. n 3 mice in each group. The data are expressed as the mean ⁇ standard error of the mean. **p ⁇ 0.01.
  • FIG. 2 represents miR-199a-5p and pri-miR-199a expression in C57BL/6 mice 14 days after exposure to bleomycin
  • FIG. 3 represents the identification of miR-199a-5p candidate targets using a transcriptomic approach.
  • RNA samples were collected 48 hours after transfection and the expression profiles were determined with genomic chips (A) Hierarchical tree comparing the standardised log 2 of the ratios between the signal under the various conditions and the pre-miR-neg signal (B) Overexpression of specific predicted targets in the set of down-regulated transcripts following transfection with miR-199a-5p and miR-21.
  • the representation of the predicted miRNA targets in the set of down-regulated genes was compared with the set of all the expressed genes using the miRonTop tool: http://www.microaarray.fr:8080/miRonTop/index.
  • the graphs show the extent of the enrichment, represented in ⁇ log 10 form (adjusted p-value), based on the enrichment level using three different prediction tools for all known miRNAs: miR-199a-5p and miR-21 are represented as ⁇ and ⁇ , respectively.
  • C Venn diagram comparing the number of miR-199a-5p targets among the set of significantly down-regulated genes following pre-miR-199a-5p transfection based on three separate prediction tools (targetScan, Pictar and miRanda). Selection thresholds are equal to 7.0 for log 2 (signal), ⁇ 1.5 for log 2 (ratio), and 0.01 for the adjusted p-value.
  • FIG. 4 represents the list of themes corresponding to the “canonical pathway” annotations identified by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software in response to miR-199a-5p and miR-21 overexpression in hFL1 human lung fibroblasts.
  • RNA samples were collected 48 hours after transfection and the expression profiles were determined with whole genome biochips.
  • FIG. 5 represents CAV1 as the direct target of miR-199a-5p.
  • A Co-transfection of pre-miR-199a-5p or pre-miR-Neg and human CAV1 3′UTR-derived psiCHECKTM-2 construct (wild type or mutated in the putative miR-199a-5p seed region) in HEK293 cells demonstrates a significant decrease in standardised luciferase activity 48 hours after transfection for the wild type construct only. *p ⁇ 0.05. The position of the miR-199a-5p target site in CAV1 3′UTR and the sequence alignment of miR-199a-5p and CAV1 3′UTR using various species are shown.
  • the representation is limited to the region around the complementary miR-199a-5p site.
  • the miR-199a-5p binding site retained in CAV1 3′UTR is shown in bold.
  • (B) Relative CAV1 expression determined by real-time PCR in hFL1 lung fibroblasts after transfection with pre-miR-199a-5p, pre-miR-21 or si-CAV1.
  • the data represent three independent tests. The data are expressed as the mean ⁇ standard error of the mean.*p ⁇ 0.01
  • C Standardised fluorescence expression values of CAV1 in hFL1 lung fibroblasts after transfection with pre-miR-199a-5p, pre-miR-21 or siCAV1 based on biochip tests. The data represent two independent tests.
  • FIG. 6 represents the decrease in CAV1 expression after MRC-5 lung fibroblast transfection with pre-miR-199a-5p.
  • A MRC-5 lung fibroblasts transfected with 10 nM of pre-miR-199a-5p for 24 hours display a significant decrease in CAV1 expression as determined by means of real-time PCR. The data are expressed as the mean ⁇ standard error of the mean.**p ⁇ 0.01.
  • B Western blot analysis demonstrating the decrease in CAV1 expression after MRC-5 lung fibroblast transfection with pre-miR-199a-5p. The data represent two independent tests.
  • FIG. 7 represents CAV1 and miR-199a-5p expression regulation with TGF ⁇ .
  • MRC-5 lung fibroblasts were treated with 10 ng/ml of TGF ⁇ for 24 hours and 48 hours.
  • the levels of expression of miR-199a-5p (A) and CAV1 (B) were determined by Taqman PCR. The data are expressed as the mean ⁇ standard error of the mean.*p ⁇ 0.01.
  • C The CAV1 protein levels were determined by immunoblot analysis.
  • MRC5 cells were transfected with LNA-miR-199a-5p, a CAV1 LNA-Target Site Blocker (CAV1 protector) or LNA-control then incubated with or without 10 ng/ml TGF ⁇ for 24 h and CAV1 protein levels were determined by immunoblot analysis. The data represent three independent tests.
  • FIG. 8 represents altered CAV1 expression in a mouse bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model.
  • D Immunohistochemical analysis of CAV1 expression in sections of lung tissue from C57BL/6 mice 14 days after intratracheal bleomycin instillation. One representative section out of three is shown.
  • FIG. 9 represents pulmonary CAV1 expression in “lung fibrosis-resistant” BALB/c mice 14 days after injecting bleomycin.
  • Real-time PCR was conducted to evaluate CAV1 expression in the lungs of BALB/c mice 14 days after exposure to bleomycin.
  • FIG. 10 represents the list of the 133 genes modulated by miR-199a-5p in lung fibroblasts which are also deregulated in the lungs of C57BL/6 mice 14 days after bleomycin treatment [Average intensity: log 2 average intensity; Log Ratio: log 2 (Bleo/PBS); PValue: adjusted p-value for a large number of events according to the Benjamini Hochberg corrected test]. Both CAV1 and CAV2 are significantly down-regulated in the 2 models.
  • FIG. 11 represents the deregulation of miR-199a-5p and the CAV1 target thereof in IPF.
  • C Immunohistochemical analysis of CAV1 expression in sections of lung tissue from patients suffering from IPF. One representative section is shown
  • D In situ hybridisation demonstrating miR-199a-5p expression (i) or a control probe (ii) in sections of lung tissue from patients suffering from IPF.
  • FIG. 12 represents the functional impact of miR-199a-5p on lung fibroblasts.
  • the increase in miR-199a-5p expression in the lung fibroblasts results in an increase in the ability of the fibroblasts to migrate, proliferate, invade matrigel and differentiate into myofibroblasts.
  • a and B In vitro healing test conducted to evaluate the migration rate of lung fibroblasts transfected with 10 nM of miR-199a-5p or control 0, 6.5 and 9.5 hours after scratch injury. A significant increase (p ⁇ 0.01) in the migration rate was observed in lung fibroblasts transfected with miR-199a-5p compared to the control. The data represent two independent tests.
  • C Invasion assay on matrigel showing that overexpression of miR-199a-5p increases MRC5 lung fibroblast invasiveness.
  • Data are representative of two independent experiments
  • D Effects of miR-199a-5p on lung fibroblast proliferation determined by bivariate flow cytometry analysis EdU/DNA stained cells.
  • the x-axis represents the linear intensity obtained using propidium iodide (total DNA content), and the y-axis represents the logarithmic intensity obtained using Alexa Fluor647.
  • the cells were separated into G0/G1 phase and G2/M phase based on the DNA content thereof, and into labelled undivided and labelled divided subgroups based on the DNA content of the EdU-labelled cells.
  • One representative test out of three is shown.
  • FIG. 13 represents the comparison of transcriptome changes induced by miR-199a-5p and siRNA targeted against CAV1.
  • RNA samples were collected 48 hours after transfection and the expression profiles were determined with a set of genomic biochips.
  • A Decision tree comparing the standardised log 2 of the ratios between the pre-miR-199a-5p signals vs pre-miR-Neg or the siCAV1 signals vs si-Neg
  • B Venn diagram comparing the set of down-regulated transcripts followed induction with miR-199a-5p and siCAV1. The selection thresholds are equal to 7.0 for log 2 (signal), 0.7 for log 2 (ratio), and 0.05 for the adjusted p-value.
  • FIG. 14 represents miR-199a-5p as a TGF ⁇ pathway effector.
  • A Decision tree of the significant canonical pathways associated with miR-199a-5p, miR-21 or siCAV1 overexpression contexts identified using Ingenuity Pathway AnalysisTM software.
  • B GSEA graphs for an experimental TGF ⁇ signature showing a significative enrichment for genes up-regulated and down-regulated by miR-199a-5p. The data were processed using GSEA software, with transcripts ordered based on the miR-199a-5p vs miR-Neg contexts measured using the standard deviation thereof.
  • Up- and down-regulated genes were handled separately with respect to an experimental TGF ⁇ signature obtained in the same cell models (hFL1 fibroblasts treated with 10 ng/ml of TGF ⁇ 1 for 48 hours): two sets of 134 and 113 genes corresponding to sets of genes up-regulated and down-regulated by TGF ⁇ were selected as described in Example (p ⁇ 0.05). In each case, the graphs show enrichment, the peak score corresponding to the SE and the position of the set of TGF ⁇ genes in the list of classified genes (each transcript is shown with a vertical line).
  • C MRC5 cells transfected with LNA-miR-199a-5p, CAV1 Target Site Blocker (CAV1 protector) of LNA-control, then incubated with or without 10 ng/ml TGF ⁇ for 24 h, and cells stained with an antibody against ⁇ -SMA (green), phalloidin (red) and DAPI (blue). Experiments were performed twice.
  • D Cells co-transfected with SMAD-luciferase reporter plasmid, luciferase activities analyzed 48 h after transfection. All firefly luciferase activities were normalized with renilla luciferase activity. *p ⁇ 0.05. Two independent experiments.
  • FIG. 15 represents the comparison of the change of gene expression between genes regulated by miR-199a-5p in lung fibroblasts and lungs of C57BL/6 mice 14 days after injecting bleomycin.
  • the data are expressed as the mean ⁇ standard error of the mean. **p ⁇ 0.01.
  • FIG. 16 represents the profibrotic genes significantly modulated in lung fibroblasts by miR-199a-5p regardless of CAV1 regulation.
  • Lung fibroblasts were transfected with miR-199a-5p, siCAV1 or negative controls.
  • the biochip analysis shows the expression of known fibrotic genes: CAV1 (A), TGFBRI (B), MMP3 (C), PLAU (D) and CCL2 (E) 48 hours after transfection. The data are expressed as the mean ⁇ standard error of the mean.
  • FIG. 17 represents miR-199a-5p deregulation in three experimental mouse hepatic, pulmonary and renal fibrosis models.
  • the number of miRNAs for which expression was detected differentially in each mouse model at p ⁇ 0.01 are shown.
  • the hepatic fibrosis data are taken from [24].
  • FIG. 18 represents enhanced expression of miR-199a-5p in clinical samples from patients with liver fibrosis.
  • In situ hybridization assay was performed to determine the localization of miR-199a-5p in normal and fibrotic human livers. Results represent one out of three independent experiments.
  • FIG. 19 represents the alteration of miR-199a-5p expression in a mouse CCl 4 -induced hepatic fibrosis model.
  • (C) MiR-199a-5p expression in the livers of C57BL/6 mice 21 days after bile duct ligation or the control procedure analysed by qPCR; n 4 mice per group. The data are expressed as the mean ⁇ standard error of the mean. **p ⁇ 0.05.
  • FIG. 20 represents the alteration of miR-199a-5p and CAV1 expression in a mouse unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) renal fibrosis model.
  • UUO unilateral ureteral obstruction
  • FIG. 20 represents the alteration of miR-199a-5p and CAV1 expression in a mouse unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) renal fibrosis model.
  • B Paraffin sections prepared from kidneys of C57BL/6 mice collected 28 days after UUO. The in situ hybridisation test was conducted to determine the location of miR-199a-5p in the kidney. The results represent one out of three independent tests.
  • C Immunohistochemical analysis of CAV1 expression in kidney tissue sections from C57BL/6 mice days after UUO. One representative section out of two is shown.
  • MRC-5 and hFL1 5CCL-153) normal human lung fibroblasts and the A549 human lung cancer cell line were acquired from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, Va., USA) and cultured in DMEM medium containing 10% foetal calf serum, at 37° C. with 5% CO 2 v/v.
  • Recombinant TGF ⁇ was acquired from Sigma-Aldrich.
  • the following monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies were used for the immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses: rabbit anti-CAV1 polyclonal antibody (sc-894, Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.), rabbit anti- ⁇ -actin monoclonal antibody (13E5, cell signaling), mouse anti- ⁇ -SMA monoclonal antibody (1A4, Dako).
  • mice Male C57BL/6 and BALB/c strain mice, aged from 9 to 12 weeks, were acquired from Charles River, France. To induce the fibrotic changes, the mice were instilled by the intratracheal route with bleomycin or PBS for the controls. For this purpose, the mice were anaesthetised by sevorane (Abbott) inhalation and placed in the supine position. Transtracheal insertion of a 24-G supply needle was used for instilling bleomycin (0.75 units/ml) or excipient (PBS), in an 80 ⁇ l volume. The mice were sacrificed 7 and 14 days after instillation and the lungs were removed for subsequent analysis.
  • bleomycin sevorane
  • PBS excipient
  • mice Male C57BL/6 and BALB/c strain mice, aged from 9 to 12 weeks, were acquired from Charles River, France. The mice were anaesthetised by means of intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital (50 mg/kg of body weight). After standard laparotomy, the left proximal ureter was exposed and ligated at two points with 4-0 silk. The “simulation or control” procedure consisted of a similar identification of the left ureter, but the ureter was not ligated.
  • mice Male C57BL/6 and BALB/c strain mice, aged from 6 to 8 weeks, were acquired from Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor). To induce hepatic fibrosis, the mice received 0.6 ml/kg of body weight of CCl 4 (Merck) mixed with corn oil (Sigma life science) by the intraperitoneal route as described above [Roderbrug et al., Hepatol., 53: 209-218, 2011] [24].
  • the bile duct was ligated by exposing the common hepatic duct and conducting a double-ligation thereof, and subsequently cutting between the ligations as described by Roderburg et al. [2011, cited above] [24]. To induce fibrosis regression, the mice were treated for 6 weeks with CCl 4 as described above and sacrificed 2 or 4 weeks, respectively, after the end of the treatment.
  • Frozen lung tissues from subjects with IPF and free from chronic lung disease were obtained from the “Lung Tissue Research Consortium (LTRC)”.
  • the diagnoses were based on ATS/ERS guidelines [Demedts and Costabel, Eur. Respir. J., 19: 794-796, 2002; Steele et al., Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 172: 1146-1152, 2005] [32, 33] based on the clinical history, pathology and radiology. All the tests were approved by the local Institutional Review Board at the University of Pittsburgh. The clinical data were made fully available to the investigators for examination.
  • Paraffin-treated lung sections from patients with IPF were obtained from Lille hospital. The tests were approved by the Lille hospital institutional research commission.
  • the oligonucleotide sequences corresponding 2054 mature miRNAs found in the miRNA registry are available at http://www.microarray.fr:8080/merge/index (follow the link to “microARN”: platform references on the NCBI GEO database in GPL4718). Three biological reproductions were produced for each comparison.
  • the experimental data and the biochip design were registered on the NCBI GEO database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) under series GSE34812.
  • the experimental design used a “dye-swap” approach, such that each mouse probe, imprinted 8 times on the biochip was measured 16 times independently for each sample.
  • MiRNA biochip analysis was conducted as previously described [Pandit et al., 2010, cited above] [18]. In brief, 100 ng of total RNA was labelled and hybridised on Agilent microRNA Microarray Release 16.0, 8 ⁇ 60K. After washing, the chips were scanned using an Agilent Microarray scanner. The scanned images were processed with Agilent's Feature Extraction software version 9.5.3. The miRNA biochip data were analysed using GeneSpring v11.5 and BRB-ArrayTools v.1 developed by Dr. Richard Simon and the BRB-ArrayTools development team. The data were standardised per quantile. The miRNA biochip data are available to the public via the Lung Genomics Research Consortium (LGRC) website (lung-genomics.org).
  • LGRC Lung Genomics Research Consortium
  • RNA samples were labelled with Cy3 stain using the low RNA input QuickAmp kit (Agilent) according to the manufacturer's recommendations. 825 ng of labelled cRNA probe was hybridised on mouse or human Agilent 8 ⁇ 60K high density SurePrint G3 gene expression biochips. Two (in vitro human tests) or five (in vivo-derived samples) biological reproductions were produced for each comparison.
  • the experimental data were registered on the NCBI GEO database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) under SuperSeries GSE34818 (series GSE34812 and GSE34814 for the miRNA and mRNA responses in the mouse bleomycin model, respectively; series GSE34815 for the miRNA/siRNA transfection tests in hFL1 human fibroblasts).
  • the data were converted into log 2 and standardised using a cyclic Loess algorithm in the R programming environment as previously described [Wu et al., BMC. Bioinformatics, 6: 309, 2005] [34].
  • the human biochip data have been made available to the public on the LTRC (ltrcpublic.org) and LGRC websites as part of the LTRC protocol.
  • the standardisation was carried out using the Limma program available from Bioconductor (http://www.bioconductor.org).
  • the within-chip (two-colour dye-swap tests only) and between-chip standardisation was carried out using the “PrintTip Loess” method and the quantile method, respectively.
  • the mean ratios of all the comparisons were calculated and a B test analysis was conducted. Differentially expressed genes were selected using the Benjamini-Hochberg p-value correction for multiple tests, based on a p-value less than 0.05.
  • the expression biochip data were analysed for biological theme enrichment (canonical pathways and genetic ontology molecular function) and to construct biological networks using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software (http://www.ingenuity.com/) and Mediante (http://www.microarray.fr:8080/merge/index) [Le and Barbry, Bioinformatics, 23: 1304-1306, 2007] [27], an information system containing various information on probes and data sets.
  • GSEA Gene Set Enrichment Analysis
  • Hierarchical clusters were produced with MultiExperiment Viewer (MeV) version 4.3, using the Manhattan distance and the mean link.
  • MiRonTop [Le et al., Bioinformatics, 26: 3131-3132, 2010] [29] is an online Java network tool (available at http://www.microarray.fr:8080/miRonTop/index) which integrates DNA biochip data to identify the potential involvement of miRNAs in a specific biological system.
  • MiRonTop classifies transcripts into two categories (“up-regulated” and “down-regulated”), based on expression level and differential expression thresholds. It then calculates the number of predicted targets for each miRNA, based on the selected prediction software (Targetscan, MiRBase, PicTar, exact progeny search: 2-7 or 1-8 first nucleotides of miRNA, TarBase v1), in each gene set.
  • MiRNA target enrichment in each category is then tested using the hypergeometric function.
  • the absence of a non-siRNA target effect was verified in si-CAV1 transcriptome tests using the Sylamer tool [Van et al., Nat. Methods, 5: 1023-1025, 2008] [30].
  • Pre-miR-199-5p, pre-miR-21 and control miRNA were acquired from Ambion.
  • miR-199-5p knock-down tests anti-miR-199-5p LNA and the anti-miR-159s LNA negative control (miRCURY LNA knock-down probe) were ordered from Exiqon.
  • SiRNA targeted against CAV1 and control siRNA were acquired from Applied Biosystems.
  • MRC5/hFL1 cells were cultured in DMEM medium containing 10% FCS and transfected to 30-40% confluence in 6- or 12-well plates using Lipofectamine RNAi MAXTM (Invitrogen) with pre-miRNA, siRNA or LNA inhibitors at a final concentration of 10 nM unless indicated.
  • Lipofectamine RNAi MAXTM Invitrogen
  • pre-miRNA, siRNA or LNA inhibitors at a final concentration of 10 nM unless indicated.
  • HEK293 cells were cultured in DMEM medium containing 10% FCS to confluence. The cells were then distributed into 96-well plates and cotransfected using lipofectamine 2000TM (Invitrogen) with 0.2 ⁇ g of psiCHECKTM-2 plasmid construction or pre-miR-199-5p or control miRNA at a final concentration of 10, 30 and 50 nM.
  • renilla and firefly luciferase activities were evaluated with the Dual Glo Luciferase Assay System kit (Promega) and measured using a luminometer (Luminoskan Ascent, Thermolab system).
  • hsa-CAV1 WT (sense): (SEQ ID NO: 1) TCGAGGACACTTTAATTACCAACCTGTTACCTACTTTGACTTTTTGCATT TAAAACAGACACTGGCATGGATATAGTTTTACTTTTAAACTGTGTACGC hsa-CAV1: WT (anti-sense): (SEQ ID NO: 2) GGCCGCGTACACAGTTTAAAAGTAAAACTATATCCATGCCAGTGTCTGTT TTAAATGCAAAAAGTCAAAGTAGGTAACAGGTTGGTAATTAAAGTGTCC hsa-CAV1: MUT (sense): (SEQ ID NO: 3) TCGAGGACACTTTAATTACCAACCTGTTACCTACTTTGACTTTTTGCATT TAAAACAGAGAGTCGCATGGATATAGTTTTACTTTTAAACTGTGTACGC hsa-CAV1: MUT (anti-sense): (SEQ ID NO: 4) GGCCGCGTACACAGTTTAAA
  • MRC5 cells were seeded in 96 well plate and cotransfected 24 h later at 4% confluency using RNAi MAX lipofectamine reagent with 100 ng SMAD reported vector (Cignal Smad Reporter, Qiagen) and 10 nM LNA-control, LNA-199a-5p or CAV1 protector. 24 h after transfection, cells were serum starved 3 h before adding 10 ng/ml TGF ⁇ . Cells were lyzed and Glo luciferase assay (Promega) was performed 24 h following TGF ⁇ exposure.
  • the miR-199a-5p expression was evaluated using the TaqMan MicroRNA Assay kit (Applied Biosystems) as specified in the protocol.
  • Real-time PCR was conducted using the GeneAmp Fast PCR Master Mix product (Applied Biosystems) and the ABI 7900HT real-time PCR machine.
  • the levels of mature miRNA expression were evaluated using the comparative CT method (2- deltaCT ).
  • the pri-miR-199a-1 and pri-miR-199a-2 expressions were evaluated using the TaqMan pri-microRNA Assay system (Applied Biosystems) according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
  • Real-time PCR was conducted using the TaqManTM Gene Expression Master Mix product (Applied Biosystems) and the ABI 7900HT real-time PCR machine.
  • the levels of pri-miRNA expression were evaluated using the comparative CT method (2- deltaCT )
  • the levels of human and mouse CAV1 expression were analysed using the TaqMan MicroRNA Assay system (Applied Biosystems) according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Real-time PCR was conducted using the TaqManTM Gene Expression Master Mix product (Applied Biosystems) and the ABI 7900HT real-time PCR machine. The levels of CAV1 were evaluated using the comparative CT method (2- deltaCT ).
  • the cells or tissues were lysed in a lysis buffer (M-PER protein extraction buffer for cells, T-PER protein extraction reagent for tissues) and a mixture of protease inhibitors (Pierce).
  • the lysates were assayed for protein concentrations using the Bradford assay (Biorad).
  • the proteins (10 ⁇ g per sample) underwent electrophoresis in SDS-polyacrylamide gel and transferred into liquid medium on a nitrocellulose membrane (HybondTM C Extra, Amersham Bioscience) for 1 hr 30 in a transfer buffer (50 mM Tris base, 40 mM Glycine, 1.3 mM SDS and 10% ethanol).
  • the membrane was blocked in a 5% milk 0.1% TBS-Tween solution for 1 hour at ambient temperature under stirring. It was then incubated with anti-CAV1 primary antibodies (Santa Cruz) diluted to 1:400, anti-beta actin antibodies (Cell Signaling Technology) to 1:1000 overnight at 4° C. on a rotating plate. After washing 3 times in 0.1% TBS-Tween for 30 minutes at ambient temperature, the membrane was incubated for 1 hour in the presence of mouse anti-IgG secondary antibody coupled with HRP (Horse Radish Peroxidase, Cell Signaling) diluted to 1:5000 5% milk TBS-0.1% Tween under stirring. After washing several times, in 0.1% TBS-Tween for 30 minutes, the proteins of interest were detected by chemoluminescence (ECL substrates, Amersham).
  • HRP Hase Radish Peroxidase, Cell Signaling
  • the sections were also blocked for avidin/biotin activity, blocked with serum-free blocking reagents, and incubated with anti-CAV1 or anti alpha-SMA primary antibody for 1 hour at ambient temperature and overnight at 4° C., respectively.
  • the proteins of interest were then detected with diaminobenzidine (DAB, DAKO) after incubating the secondary antibody.
  • DAB diaminobenzidine
  • the tissue location of miR-199a-5p was detected using the double DIG-labeled LNA probes system (Exiqon, Woburn, Mass.).
  • Mouse tissues included in paraffin were deparaffinised in xylene (2 ⁇ 5 minutes) and rehydrated by incubating 2 ⁇ 5 minutes in 100% ethanol, 2 ⁇ 5 minutes in 95% ethanol, and 2 ⁇ 5 minutes in 80% ethanol.
  • the slides were then washed in PBS (pH 7.5) and permeabilised by incubating for 15 minutes at 37° C. in proteinase K (Ambion).
  • the slides were washed again in PBS, and pre-hybridised in a hybridisation buffer (50% formamide, 5 ⁇ SSC, 0.1% Tween 20, 9.2 mM citric acid, 50 ⁇ g/ml heparin, and 500 ⁇ g/ml yeast RNA, pH 6) in a wet chamber.
  • the double DIG-labelled LNA probes were then added at a concentration of 80 nM and incubated for 2 hours at 50° C. in a wet chamber.
  • the slides were rinsed in 5 ⁇ SSC, 1 ⁇ SSC and 0.2 ⁇ SSC solutions at the same hybridisation temperature.
  • MRC5 cells were grown on a Round Glass Coverslips ⁇ 16 mm (Thermo scientific) placed inside a 12 Multiwell Plate. Coverslips slides were washed in phosphate-buffered saline and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min, cells were then permeated using 0.1% Triton X-102 (Agilent Technologies) for 10 min and blocked with PBS solution containing BSA (3%) for 30 min. Incubation with primary antibodies was performed in a blocking solution BSA (1%) at 37° C. for 1 h at the following dilutions: ⁇ -SMA (1:1000), CAV1 (1:50).
  • the human lung fibroblasts (MRC-5 or hFL-1) were distributed into 6-well plates (150,000 cells per well) in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% FCS. The following day, the culture medium was replaced with serum-free medium and the cells were transfected with pre-miR-199a-5p. The cell proliferation was then evaluated 48 hours after transfection by flow cytometry using the click-iTTM EdU Cell Proliferation Assay kit (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
  • the human lung fibroblasts (MRC-5 or hFL-1) were placed in 12-well plates (500,000 cells per well). At confluence, the culture medium was replaced with serum-free medium and the cells were transfected with pre-miR-199a-5p or an anti-miR-199-5p inhibitor (LNA anti-miR-199-5p, Exiqon). 24 hours after transfection, the cells were scratched with a pipette tip and treated or untreated with TGF ⁇ (20 ng/ml). The “in vitro” healing mechanism was then filmed for 24 hours after scratching by video microscopy using an Axiovert 200 M inverted microscope (Carl Zeiss) equipped with a regulation insert at 5% CO 2 and 37° C. (Pecon GmbH). Images with a light background were taken every 30 minutes through a factor 10 phase contrast lens with a CoolSNAPHQ CCD camera managed using Metamorph software (Roper Scientific). The cell motility was calculated by evaluating the repaired area percentage using ImageJ image analysis software.
  • Invasion of MRC5 fibroblast overexpressing mR-199a-5p was assessed using commercially available 24-well BioCoat Matrigel Invasion Chamber (BD Biosciences).
  • pulmonary fibrobasts were transfected either with pre-miR-199a-5p or negative control as described above.
  • 24 h after transfection cells were harvested with trypsin-EDTA, centrifuged, and resuspended in DMEM medium. Cell suspensions (1 ⁇ 10 5 cells/well) were added to the upper chamber. Bottom wells of the chamber were filled with DMEM medium containing 10% FBS as chemoattractant, whereas the upper chamber was filled with DMEM only.
  • Bleomycin is the experimental tool of choice for inducing pulmonary fibrosis on various animal models, including mice. In this way, C57BL/6 type mice are considered to be sensitive to bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis whereas BALB/c type mice are resistant.
  • the pulmonary miRNA expression profile in response to bleomycin in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis-sensitive and resistant mice was studied using a biochip-based platform (data set 1, accession number GSE34812) described elsewhere [25, 26, 13]. In particular, the expression profile study focused on the fibrotic phase of the fibrosis process, i.e.
  • the expression profile identified consists of 22 significantly differentially expressed miRNAs between the lungs of control and bleomycin-treated animals in at least one type, the majority being up-regulated in lungs instilled with bleomycin ( FIG. 1A ).
  • miR-199a-5p displayed increased expression in response to bleomycin during the progression of pulmonary fibrosis only in C57BL/6 type mice ( FIG. 1B ).
  • miR-199a-1 on chromosome 9
  • miR-199a-2 on chromosome 1
  • target prediction bioinformatics software ectopic miRNA expression and reporter vectors containing the 3′-UTR part of a gene of interest fused with luciferase were combined, as previously described [25, 13].
  • a number of target prediction algorithms have been proposed. They are generally based on i) the complementarity between miRNA and target mRNA 3′-UTR in the 5′ region of miRNA (referred to as the “seed”), and ii) the phylogenetic conservation of this sequence in the target mRNA 3′-UTR.
  • Direct putative targets were then searched in the down-regulated transcript population using the MiRonTop tool. This indicated specific over-representation of predicted targets in the down-regulated transcript population after heterologous miR-199a-5p or miR-21 expression, using a number of prediction tools including an additional direct progeny search or TargetScan ( FIG. 3B ).
  • ELP2 mRNA EPAS1 NM_001430 Homo sapiens endothelial PAS 14.79 ⁇ 2.61 domain protein 1 (EPAS1), mRNA EPB41L1 NM_012156 Homo sapiens erythrocyte 12.88 ⁇ 1.94 membrane protein band 4.1-like 1 (EPB41L1), transcript variant 1, mRNA EXTL3 NM_001440 Homo sapiens exostoses 13.66 ⁇ 1.20 (multiple)-like 3 (EXTL3), mRNA FAM188A NM_024948 Homo sapiens family with 11.55 ⁇ 1.33 sequence similarity 188, member A (FAM188A), mRNA FBXO28 NM_015176 Homo sapiens F-box protein 28 10.39 ⁇ 1.73 (FBXO28), transcript variant 1, mRNA FZD6 NM_003506 Homo sapiens frizzled homolog 6 11.62 ⁇ 2.07 ( Drosophila ) (EPAS1), mRNA EP
  • pombe pombe
  • VPS26A transcript variant 1, mRNA ZNF512 NM_032434 Homo sapiens zinc finger protein 10.47 ⁇ 1.16 512 (ZNF512), mRNA ZNF512B NM_020713 Homo sapiens zinc finger protein 12.08 ⁇ 1.02 512B (ZNF512B), mRNA ZNF584 NM_173548 Homo sapiens zinc finger protein 9.46 ⁇ 1.41 584 (ZNF584), mRNA ZNF706 NM_001042510 Homo sapiens zinc finger protein 8.15 ⁇ 1.10 706 (ZNF706), transcript variant 1, mRNA ZNF776 NM_173632 Homo sapiens zinc finger protein 9.93 ⁇ 1.22 776 (ZNF776), mRNA 1 logarithm (base 2) of the average intensity (AveExpr) 2 logarithm (base 2) of the ratio of miR-199a-5p/miR-Neg (logFC)
  • caveolin-1 would appear to represent a key target of miR-199a-5p, based on previous studies demonstrating a significant link between CAV1 down-regulation in lung fibroblasts and adverse TG ⁇ -mediated effects [Wang et al., J. Exp. Med., 203: 2895-2906, 2006; Xia et al., Am. J. Pathol., 176: 2626-2637, 2010] [23, 31].
  • Caveolin-1 is a 22 kDa membrane protein essential for the formation of small plasma membrane invaginations referred to as caveolae. Caveolae are found in most cell types, in varying quantities according to the tissue. They are particularly abundant in differentiated cells such as adipocytes, endothelial cells, type I pneumocytes, fibroblasts and smooth and striated muscle cells. Caveolae represent a subcategory of lipid rafts, morphologically identifiable due to the invaginated and circular shape thereof, and characterised by the presence of structuring proteins named caveolin-1, caveolin-2 and caveolin-3.
  • Caveolin-1 and -2 have a relatively ubiquitous distribution in most differentiated cells with the exception of skeletal muscle fibres and cardiac myocytes [Scherer et al., J. Cell Biol., 127: 1233-1243, 1994] [20].
  • the expression of caveolin-3 is restricted to the skeletal muscles, diaphragm and heart [Tang et al., J. Biol. Chem., 271; 2255-2261, 1996] [21].
  • transgenic mice in which the caveolin-1 gene has been deleted present various anomalies, particularly in the lungs [Park et al., Biochemistry, 42: 15124-15131, 2003] [22]. These mice in particular develop pulmonary fibrosis and endothelial cell proliferation.
  • a potential binding site for miR-199a-5p was identified in the 3′UTR sequence of CAV1 ( FIG. 5A ).
  • the 3′UTR of human CAV1 was cloned in psiCHEKTM-2 vector downstream from the sequence coding for luciferase, and cotransfected in HEK293 cells in the presence of miR-199a-5p or a negative control miRNA ( FIG. 5A ).
  • a CAV1 3′UTR construct mutated on the predicted miR-199a-5p site was also used.
  • miR-199a-5p overexpression also gave rise to an increase in ACTA2 expression (marking myofibroblast differentiation) ( FIG. 12E ), as well as to a significant potentialization of COL1A1 induction in response to TGF ⁇ ( FIG. 12F ).
  • the Ingenuity PathwaysTM canonical pathways of miR-199a-5p were analysed and compared to those of miR-21 and siCAV1 contexts. As shown in the decision tree in FIG. 14A , hierarchical clusters support the proximity between the pathways regulated by miR-199a-5p and siCAV1. Specific pathways for miR-199a-5p were also detected, particularly some associated with inflammation, such as “IL-1 signaling”, “Acute phase response signaling” and “P38 MAPK signaling”, which are all typical of fibrotic processes.
  • miR-199a-5p Of the genes specifically regulated by miR-199a-5p, a plurality of known profibrotic genes with distinct biological activities was detected, and for which abnormal expression was confirmed in vivo ( FIGS. 10 and 15 ). This confirms that miR-199a-5p regulates multiple different signaling pathways involved in pulmonary fibrogenesis. In particular, compared to cells transfected with siCAV1, miR-199a-5p overexpression increased CCL2, TGFBRI and MMP3 expression significantly and decreased CAV1 and PLAU expression significantly ( FIG. 16 ). It should be noted that these two down-regulated genes are taken to be direct targets of miR-199a-5p based on the Pictar algorithm.
  • MiR-199a-5p is an Effector of TGF ⁇ Signaling in Lung Fibroblasts by Regulating CAV1
  • TGF ⁇ signaling signature was defined experimentally in lung fibroblasts and compared to the signature of miR-199a-5p using the GSEA method. This analysis showed a significant overlap between these two signatures, evaluated with standardised enrichment scores greater than 1 (1.4 and 2.17 for up- and down-regulated genes, respectively, with a nominal p-value and an FDR q value ⁇ 0.05), demonstrating that miR-199a-5p is, in principle, a TGF ⁇ response mediator in lung fibroblasts ( FIG. 14B ).
  • silencing of miR-199a-5p was performed in lung fibroblasts using LNA-based inhibitors.
  • LNA-mediated silencing of miR-199a-5p strongly inhibited TGF ⁇ -induced differentiation of lung fibroblasts into myofibroblasts ( FIG. 14C ), SMAD signaling (FIG. 14 D), and stimulation of wound repair by slowing down wound closure significantly ( FIGS. 14E and 14F ).
  • MiR-199a-5p is Deregulated in Mouse Renal Fibrosis and Cirrhosis (Hepatic Fibrosis) Models
  • miRNA takes part in the fibrotic process in various organs such as the heart, kidneys, liver or lungs.
  • previous studies have shown that miR-21 has an important role in pulmonary and cardiac fibrosis.
  • miR-199a-5p is also deregulated in one forms of tissue fibrosis, i.e. renal and hepatic fibrosis using well-characterised experimental mouse models.
  • the expression profiles of miRNAs obtained in these fibrosis models were compared using the same platform based on the miRNAs. 5 miRNAs routinely deregulated to a p-value ⁇ 0.01 were identified ( FIG. 17 ). Of these miRNAs, 3 were down-regulated (miR-193, miR-30b and miR-29c) and 2 were up-regulated (miR-199a-3p and miR-199a-5p) (see table 4 hereinafter).
  • FIGS. 19A , 19 B and 19 C The increase in miR-199a-5p expression was confirmed in two independent experimental hepatic fibrosis models ( FIGS. 19A , 19 B and 19 C) and was correlated with the severity of the hepatic fibrosis, given that BALB/c mice have more pronounced hepatic fibrosis than C57BL/6 mice, after administering CCl 4 ( FIGS. 19A and 19B ). Moreover, miR-199a-5p expression decreased significantly during the regression of the experimental hepatic fibrosis induced by CCl 4 ( FIG. 19D ). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the exposure of stellate cells to TGF ⁇ was associated with an increase in miR-199a-5p expression and a decrease in the level of CAV1 expression ( FIGS. 19E and 19F ). Interestingly, enhanced expression of miR-199a-5p was also observed in clinical samples from patients with liver fibrosis ( FIG. 18 ).

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US10647984B2 (en) 2012-02-06 2020-05-12 Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique Use of miR-199a-5p, targets and/or inhibitors thereof for the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of fibroproliferative disorders
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US11371097B2 (en) 2015-01-30 2022-06-28 The Government Of The United States, As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Articles for diagnosis of liver fibrosis

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US10647984B2 (en) 2012-02-06 2020-05-12 Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique Use of miR-199a-5p, targets and/or inhibitors thereof for the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of fibroproliferative disorders
US11371097B2 (en) 2015-01-30 2022-06-28 The Government Of The United States, As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Articles for diagnosis of liver fibrosis
WO2017082943A1 (fr) * 2016-01-29 2017-05-18 The Government Of The United States, As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Articles servant à diagnostiquer une fibrose hépatique
US11097134B2 (en) * 2019-05-16 2021-08-24 Academia Sinica Caveolin-1 antibody for use in treating brain inflammation and injury and improving functional recovery

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