US20150007492A1 - Solid fuel in the form of a powder, including a lignocellulosic component - Google Patents

Solid fuel in the form of a powder, including a lignocellulosic component Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US20150007492A1
US20150007492A1 US14/372,915 US201314372915A US2015007492A1 US 20150007492 A1 US20150007492 A1 US 20150007492A1 US 201314372915 A US201314372915 A US 201314372915A US 2015007492 A1 US2015007492 A1 US 2015007492A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
powder
fuel
weight
particles
stage
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US14/372,915
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Bruno Piriou
Gilles Vaitilingom
Xavier Rouau
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique INRA
Centre de Cooperation Internationalel en Recherche Agronomique pour le Development CIRAD
Original Assignee
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique INRA
Centre de Cooperation Internationalel en Recherche Agronomique pour le Development CIRAD
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique INRA, Centre de Cooperation Internationalel en Recherche Agronomique pour le Development CIRAD filed Critical Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique INRA
Publication of US20150007492A1 publication Critical patent/US20150007492A1/en
Assigned to CENTRE DE COOPERATION INTERNATIONALE EN RECHERCHE AGRONOMIQUE POUR LE DEVELOPPEMENT (CIRAD) reassignment CENTRE DE COOPERATION INTERNATIONALE EN RECHERCHE AGRONOMIQUE POUR LE DEVELOPPEMENT (CIRAD) ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: VAITILINGOM, Gilles
Assigned to INSTITUT NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE AGRONOMIQUE reassignment INSTITUT NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE AGRONOMIQUE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: PIRIOU, Bruno, ROUAU, XAVIER
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
    • C10L5/40—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin
    • C10L5/44—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin on vegetable substances
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2250/00—Structural features of fuel components or fuel compositions, either in solid, liquid or gaseous state
    • C10L2250/06—Particle, bubble or droplet size
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
    • C10L2270/04—Specifically adapted fuels for turbines, planes, power generation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
    • C10L2290/08—Drying or removing water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
    • C10L2290/28—Cutting, disintegrating, shredding or grinding
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a solid fuel, in the form of a powder, comprising at least one lignocellulose constituent in the form of a powder.
  • the present invention also relates to the process for the preparation of said lignocellulose constituent in the form of a powder and to its use for the manufacture of a solid fuel intended for an internal combustion engine or for a burner.
  • the invention has in addition as subject matter a process for the production of energy employing the solid fuel according to the invention.
  • lignocellulose biomass Due to the composition and properties of plant powders, the possibility of directly using biomass, in particular lignocellulose biomass, in engines or burners, in the fine powder form, offers an advantageous alternative to mineral coal. This is because, in contrast to the mineral coal used in the past, the content of abrasive mineral compounds in lignocellulose materials is relatively low, and their volatility is much greater. Thus, the use of lignocellulose materials can reduce the constraints occasioned in an engine by the use of coal in the powder form.
  • WO 01/98438 describes a solid fuel comprising predominantly at least one constituent, which mainly comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of starch, lactose, cellulose and at least 15% by weight of carbohydrates with respect to the total weight of the constituent(s) being in the form of a powder, the mean diameter and the median diameter of the particles of which are greater than or equal to 150 ⁇ m, preferably between 150 and 500 ⁇ m.
  • the powders given as examples are dried chocolate powder, dried milk powder and the remilling fraction of a wheat flour.
  • the powders described in this patent application exhibit the disadvantage of competing with the food industry. Furthermore, as they are not able to operate under self-ignition conditions, the powders described in this patent application cannot constitute a solution suitable for many engine applications.
  • WO 2008/063549 describes fuels in the form of a biomass powder having a relatively heterogeneous particle size distribution, namely less than 5% by weight of the particles have a size of greater than or equal to 74 ⁇ m and at least 25% by weight have a size of less than 44 ⁇ m.
  • the particle size distribution of the powders in this document varies according to the origin of the biomass. For example, in the case of wood particles, less than 5% by weight of the particles have a size of greater than or equal to 177 ⁇ m and at least 30% by weight have a size of less than 74 ⁇ m.
  • less than 5% by weight of the particles have a size of greater than or equal to 297 ⁇ m, less than 15% by weight of the particles have a size of greater than or equal to 177 ⁇ m and at least 20% by weight have a size of less than 74 ⁇ m.
  • a powder resulting from herbaceous biomass less than 5% by weight of the particles have a size of greater than or equal to 74 ⁇ m, at least 65% by weight of the particles have a size of less than 44 ⁇ m and at least 25% by weight of the particles have a size of less than 37 ⁇ m.
  • the heterogeneity in the particle size distribution of the powders in this document may prove to be prejudicial to satisfactory conversion of these powders into energy and to a quality of combustion suitable for the operation of an engine.
  • WO 2009/158709 describes methods for the preparation of lignocellulose biomass powders intended for use in combustion.
  • the powders According to the level of energy and of explosiveness desired for the fuel, the powders have more or less heterogeneous particle size distributions.
  • 5% by weight of the particles have a size of greater than or equal to 177 ⁇ m and 15% by weight of the particles have a size of less than 74 ⁇ m.
  • 5% of the particles have a size of greater than or equal to 74 ⁇ m and at least 25% by weight have a size of less than 44 ⁇ m.
  • a solid fuel in the form of a powder, characterized in that it comprises at least one lignocellulose constituent in the form of a powder (P):
  • the rate of combustion of the fuel according to the invention is high, comparable to that of diesel oil, for example, occasioning a production of energy and/or a release of heat which is also high and comparable to that of diesel oil.
  • the solid fuels according to the invention thus make possible operation at high rotational speed of the engines.
  • the characteristics of the powders (P), in particular of size (mean diameter and the median diameter) and of composition, in particular the moisture content, make possible complete conversion and/or of the solid fuel, in the powder form.
  • the improved rheological characteristics of the powder (P) make possible easier delivery of the pulverulent solid fuel according to the invention in the combustion chamber and also better homogeneity of the explosive cloud formed in the combustion chamber.
  • the characteristics of the powders (P), in particular of size (mean diameter and the median diameter) and of composition, in particular the moisture content, make possible high compaction of the pulverulent solid fuel according to the invention, making it possible to reduce the space necessary for the storage of the latter.
  • lignocelluloses as engine fuel exhibits the advantage that the CO 2 produced does not constitute an environmental surplus, in contrast to that which is discharged by the use of fossil fuels.
  • the process for the manufacture of the powder (P) according to the invention makes it possible to remain in a “dry-route” die, thus exhibiting the advantage of not generating effluents.
  • lignocellulose constituent is understood to mean a biomass of plant origin, composed of lignin, of hemicellulose and of cellulose in variable proportions.
  • plant origin comprises all the compounds produced by living plant organisms.
  • the lignocellulose constituent of the invention which can be used in the context of the invention can originate from herbaceous plants, algae, microalgae, cereal straw, wood, wood grown for energy purposes, wood resulting from waste (carpentry, construction, and the like), other waste of agricultural origin (olive kernels, rice husks, and the like), paper industry waste, or wood and board packaging waste.
  • the lignocellulose constituent of the invention results from cereal straw, in particular from wheat straw, barley straw, oats straw, rye straw, rice straw or any other straw.
  • cereal straw in particular from wheat straw, barley straw, oats straw, rye straw, rice straw or any other straw.
  • the fuel according to the invention comprises at least one lignocellulose constituent which comprises:
  • the cellulose can be in its various forms: microcrystalline and/or amorphous.
  • the mean and median (d 50 ) diameters of the lignocellulose constituents of the invention were measured by the laser particle size measurement method with a Mastersizer 2000 device from Malvern.
  • the mean diameter is the diameter calculated by the software of the device and is representative of the diameter which the particles, the size of which is measured, have on average.
  • the median diameter (d 50 ) corresponds to the size of the particles at which 50% by weight of the particles constituting the powder (P) and the size of which is measured have a lower size and 50% by weight of the particles constituting the powder (P) and the size of which is measured have a greater size.
  • the particle size distribution of the powder (P) constituting the fuel of the invention is also an important criterion.
  • the particle size distribution of the size of the particles of the powder (P) is narrow, that is to say that the fuel according to the invention comprises the fewest possible different particle size populations.
  • more than 70% by weight, preferably 80% by weight and more preferably 90% by weight of the powder (P) consists of particles having a mean diameter and a median diameter (d 50 ) of less than or equal to 35 ⁇ m, preferably of between 10 and 30 ⁇ m, more preferably between 10 and 20 ⁇ m.
  • the moisture content is another important characteristic of the powder (P).
  • moisture content is understood to mean the amount of water, expressed as percentage by weight of water, present in the particles of the powder (P). It is determined by the standard AFNOR XP CEN/TS 14774-3.
  • the moisture content of the particles of the powder (P) is at most 15% by weight, preferably at most 10% by weight, more preferably less than or equal to 5% by weight and more preferably still less than or equal to 2% by weight of water, with respect to the total weight of the powder (P).
  • the solid fuel of the invention is its low content of mineral matter, thus generating a low ash content.
  • the solid fuel according to the invention is characterized in that the lignocellulose constituent in the form of a powder (P) produces, after combustion, at most 10% by weight of ash, preferably between 0% and 10% by weight of ash, more preferably between 0% and 5% by weight and more preferably still between 0% and 1% by weight, limits included, with respect to the total weight of the powder (P).
  • ash is understood to mean the inorganic basic waste obtained by complete combustion of the solid fuel according to the invention.
  • the composition of the ash varies according to numerous parameters which depend essentially on the plant species incinerated, the parts of the plants (bark, trunk or young branches, for example), the nature of the soil and also the period of the year during which these plants were harvested.
  • the ash predominantly comprises, for example, calcium oxide, potash, soda, magnesium oxide, silica, alumina, iron oxide and manganese oxide.
  • silica and alumina are the most abrasive compounds.
  • the solid fuel according to the invention is characterized in that the lignocellulose constituent in the form of a powder (P) comprises, after combustion, at most 3% by weight of alumina, more preferably between 0% and 3% by weight and more preferably still between 0% and 1% by weight, with respect to the initial total weight of the powder (P).
  • the lignocellulose constituent in the form of a powder (P) comprises, after combustion, at most 3% by weight of silica, preferably between 0% and 3% by weight and more preferably between 0% and 1% by weight, with respect to the initial total weight of the powder (P).
  • the ash results from the combustion of the lignocellulose constituent of the invention, resulting in the oxidation of the mineral elements present in the lignocellulose compounds. Their content is determined by the standard AFNOR XP CEN/TS 14775.
  • the low content of ash in particular silica and alumina, reduces the wear on the feeding equipment (pump, injector) and on the moving parts in contact with the fuel or with its combustion residues; it also makes possible better control of the risks related to the high explosiveness of these powders. This results in satisfactory combustion of the fuel, suitable for the operation of an internal combustion engine and/or of a burner.
  • One of the advantageous characteristics of the solid fuel of the invention is the high content of volatile matter emitted by the fuel at the beginning of combustion.
  • volatile matter is understood to mean the condensable or noncondensable gaseous compounds which are emitted by the lignocellulose constituent of the powder (P) during its combustion, in particular at the beginning of its combustion.
  • the beginning of the combustion is generally indicated by the first measurable release of heat.
  • the volatile matter is generally hydrocarbons, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and the like.
  • the content of volatile matter given off can vary.
  • the release of the volatiles can begin at different temperatures. The lower this temperature, the sooner the combustion begins.
  • the fuel according to the invention is characterized in that the lignocellulose constituent in the form of a powder (P) emits, in the form of volatiles, at least 50% by weight, preferably between 50% and 70% by weight, more preferably between 70% and 80% by weight and more preferably still between 80% and 100% by weight of volatiles, with respect to the total weight of the powder (P).
  • the lignocellulose constituent in the form of a powder (P) emits, in the form of volatiles, at least 50% by weight, preferably between 50% and 70% by weight, more preferably between 70% and 80% by weight and more preferably still between 80% and 100% by weight of volatiles, with respect to the total weight of the powder (P).
  • the content of volatile matter given off is generally determined by the volatile matter index. This index denotes the fraction of organic matter volatilized according to the standard AFNOR XP CEN/TS 15148.
  • the high content of volatile matter makes it possible to improve the quality and the progression of the combustion.
  • Another subject matter of the invention is a process for the preparation of a lignocellulose constituent in the form of a powder (P):
  • the number of grinding stages will depend, for example, on the nature of the lignocellulose constituent to be ground, on the particle size of the powder (P) which it is desired to obtain, on the type of mill used and thus on the efficiency of the grinding.
  • the process for the preparation of a lignocellulose constituent in the form of a powder (P) comprises the following stages:
  • the crude cereal straw can be ground by any type of mill which makes it possible to go down to a particle size of greater than 0 and which can range up to 3000 ⁇ m, preferably between 200 and 3000 ⁇ m and more preferably between 200 and 2000 ⁇ m, such as, for example, a knife mill or a hammer mill.
  • the knife mill can be of the Retsch® brand.
  • stage (i) The powder (A) resulting from stage (i) can be subjected directly to a second grinding stage (stage (ii)).
  • the particles for which the mean diameter and the median diameter (d 50 ) are less than 200 ⁇ m are removed from the powder (A).
  • These particles can be removed by any separation means, for example by sieving and/or by a sorting process, such as, for example, an electrostatic sorting process (which makes it possible to sort the particles according to their chemical nature) or an air separation sorting process (which makes it possible to separate the particles by means of a stream of air).
  • a sorting process such as, for example, an electrostatic sorting process (which makes it possible to sort the particles according to their chemical nature) or an air separation sorting process (which makes it possible to separate the particles by means of a stream of air).
  • the fraction for which the mean diameter and the median diameter (d 50 ) are less than 200 ⁇ m corresponds to the external part of the stalk which is generally more easily reduced as richer in minerals. Its removal makes it possible to reduce, for example, the ash content.
  • the powder (A) resulting directly from stage (i) or after the separation stage is subjected to a second grinding stage (ii).
  • This stage can be carried out using a blade mill, for example such as that of the Hosokawa brand, Alpine 100 UPZ model, rotating at 18 000 revolutions/minute and with a flow rate for introduction of the straw resulting from stage (i) of 1 kg/h.
  • This stage makes it possible to obtain a powder (B) for which the mean diameter and the median diameter (d 50 ) of the particles are less than or equal to 150 ⁇ m, preferably less than or equal to 135 ⁇ m.
  • the particles for which the mean diameter and the median diameter (d 50 ) are less than 20 ⁇ m can optionally be removed from the powder (B). These particles can be removed by any separation means, for example by sieving and/or by a sorting process as described above.
  • the powder (B) can optionally be subjected to sorting with the aim of obtaining a fraction which is more or less rich in lignin and/or in cellulose.
  • the powder (B) resulting from the stage (ii) can subsequently be dried at a temperature of between 30 and 120° C., preferably between 50 and 100° C.
  • the drying time can be from 2 to 72 hours, preferably from 4 to 48 hours.
  • the powder (B) exhibits a moisture content of less than 10% by weight, preferably of less than 5% by weight and more preferably still of less than or equal to 2% by weight of water, with respect to the total weight of the powder.
  • the powder (B) is subsequently subjected to a third grinding stage (stage (iii)) in order to obtain a powder (P) for which the mean diameter and the median diameter (d 50 ) of the particles are less than or equal to 35 ⁇ m, preferably of between 10 and 30 ⁇ m and more preferably between 10 and 20 ⁇ m.
  • This stage can be carried out by a slow grinding technique, for example by means of a ball mill, as represented in FIG. 1 , or by a rapid grinding technique, for example by means of an air jet mill, as represented in FIG. 2 .
  • the ball mill comprises a shell 1 comprising ceramic balls 2 and the product to be ground 3 .
  • the shell 1 is rotated in the direction of the arrow.
  • the impacts occasioned 7 by the balls 2 bring about the reduction in particle size of the product 3 .
  • the addition of the dotted line represents the trajectory of the balls.
  • the air jet mill projects the particles to be ground 3 against one another at very high speed.
  • the collisions between the particles are represented by the arrow 9 .
  • Compressed air is injected into the grinding chamber 5 via the nozzles 6 .
  • the particles to be ground 3 are introduced by means of the feed pipe 4 .
  • the particles 3 are fluidized in the grinding chamber 5 .
  • the accelerated particles subsequently mix at the point of convergence, where many air jets also mix with one another.
  • the collisions between the particles generate ultrafine particles.
  • the duration of this grinding operation can be adjusted to the final particle size desired.
  • the duration of the grinding stage (iii) can be between 1 and 240 hours, preferably between 12 and 216 hours and more preferably still between 48 and 216 hours.
  • the grinding temperature at this stage is advantageously less than or equal to 25° C., preferably between ⁇ 10 and 15° C. These temperature ranges promote the grinding of the powder (B) as, at these temperatures, lignocellulose fibers are rigid and thus weaker.
  • the grinding of the powder (B) can also be promoted by carrying out the grinding in the presence of compounds which weaken said powder. Still with the aim of promoting the grinding on the powder (B), said powder can be subjected to an acidic or basic treatment prior to the grinding or during the grinding.
  • the third grinding stage (iii) can preferably be carried out under an inert atmosphere, for example under argon, nitrogen and/or CO 2 .
  • a drying stage is carried out before stage (iii), after stage (iii) or before and after stage (iii).
  • the drying is carried out at a temperature of between 30 and 120° C., preferably between 50 and 100° C.
  • the drying can be carried out for 2 to 72 hours, preferably for 4 to 48 hours.
  • the process of the invention satisfies at least one of the following conditions:
  • a selective sorting of the particles resulting from stage (iii) can be carried out by a sorting process as described above, in order to obtain different populations of powders for the purpose of improving their qualities as engine fuel. For example, a population of sorted particles having a greater lignin content and thus a higher calorific value can be selected.
  • the process according to the invention is simple and economic.
  • the powder (P) obtained according to the process of the invention can be used directly, without other transformation or treatment, as fuel.
  • the further subject matter of the invention is the use of a lignocellulose constituent in the form of a powder (P), the mean diameter and the median diameter (d50) of the particles are less than or equal to 35 ⁇ m, preferably between 10 and 30 ⁇ m and more preferably between 10 and 20 ⁇ m, obtained according to the process of the invention, in the manufacture of a solid fuel intended for an internal combustion engine.
  • the fuel according to the invention can be used alone or as a mixture with other fuels. It can be used, for example, for the operation of internal combustion engines, whether this is a controlled ignition or diesel engine, or for the operation of turbines, boilers or industrial furnaces involving burners.
  • the fuel of the invention is to be used alone, optionally in suspension, for example in air, in order to produce a combustible mixture.
  • the proportion of the fuel of the invention in one liter of air can then be, for example, 200 mg of fuel in one liter of air.
  • This value is the minimum ignition concentration and can vary according to the composition of the fuel under consideration. It corresponds to the stoichiometric value resulting in complete combustion.
  • the discharges produced during the combustion of the fuel according to the invention do not comprise lead.
  • the fuel according to the invention can be used without major modification to current internal combustion engines.
  • the fuel of the invention also has many advantages. It is economically more advantageous than refined petroleum products and liquefied gases, it is available in abundance and it is an indefinitely renewable energy source. It is biodegradable, neutral with regard to the greenhouse effect and easily storable.
  • the combustion of the fuel of the invention only restores the CO 2 absorbed during the growth of the cereals from which the lignocellulose constituent of said fuel originates, in contrast to the products of fossil origin, which displace on a huge scale reserves of carbon from the substratum to the atmosphere.
  • the present invention also relates to a process for the production of energy, characterized in that it comprises the stages of:
  • the energy produced by this process is advantageously thermal energy which may lend itself to any form of conversion.
  • the proportion of the solid fuel with respect to the oxidizing gas in the suspension can, for example, be 1 part of solid fuel per 7 parts of gas, by weight.
  • controlled stream is understood to mean the flow rate of the solid fuel in the powder form.
  • FIG. 1 represents a schematic diagram of the ball mill. This type of grinding consists in rotating a shell 1 containing ceramic balls 2 and the product to be ground 3 . The impacts occasioned by the balls bring about the reduction in particle size of the product.
  • FIG. 2 represents a schematic diagram of the air jet mill. This type of grinding consists in projecting the particles to be ground against one another at very high speed.
  • FIG. 3 represents the progression of the various stages of the alternative form of the process according to the invention as described in example 1.
  • FIG. 4 represents the comparative pressures of the straw according to the invention, of the diesel oil and of those obtained in the absence of fuel, measured in the cylinder of the engine during the operating cycle, at 790 revolutions/minute, 13 Nm (in joules/CD).
  • the pressure, expressed in bar, is represented on the ordinate and the displacement of the piston, expressed in crankshaft degrees (CD), is represented on the abscissa.
  • FIG. 5 represents the degree of release of heat (on the ordinate and expressed in joules/CD), calculated on the basis of the pressure cycles obtained in the absence of fuel, with injection of diesel oil and with feeding, via the intake, of powder only; the displacement of the piston, expressed in crankshaft degrees (CD), is represented on the abscissa.
  • FIG. 6 represents the diagrams of pressure (on the ordinate and expressed in bar) as a function of the volume (on the abscissa and expressed in m 3 ) obtained for the diesel oil and the straw according to the invention at 790 revolutions/minute, 13 Nm.
  • Wheat straw was selected as an advantageous dry biomass source due to its high availability and its residual nature. As the rate of combustion is under the direction of the fineness of the material, it is a matter of grinding, down to the micron scale, a batch of straw originating from the Tarn region (81430 Le Fraysse).
  • the operations of grinding the wheat straw took place in several stages as represented in FIG. 3 , starting from the original bale.
  • the straw was first of all ground with the knife mill (Retsch SM 100). This operation made it possible to reduce the size of the particles and to obtain particles for which the mean diameter and the median diameter (d 50 ) are greater than 0 and range up to 2000 microns.
  • the ash content was reduced by sieving, the fraction of less than 200 microns, which corresponds to the external part of the stalk, which is more easily reduced as richer in minerals, being removed.
  • the straw was fed to a Hosokawa Alpine 100 UPZ blade mill at ambient temperature (approximately 20° C.). This operation made it possible to reduce the size of the particles down to approximately one hundred microns (the mean diameter and the median diameter (d 50 )).
  • This type of grinding represented diagrammatically in FIG. 1 , consists in rotating a shell 1 containing ceramic balls 2 and the product to be ground 3 .
  • the impacts occasioned by the balls 2 bring about the reduction in particle size of the product.
  • the ball mill used is the Marne 0 No. 55 model distributed by Faure.
  • the operations took place in a cold chamber, maintained at 5° C.
  • the shell containing 1 ⁇ 3 of powder B, 1 ⁇ 3 of alumina balls and 1 ⁇ 3 of air by volume, were subjected to a rotation of 1 revolution/second in installments of 24 h, on conclusion of which a sample was withdrawn.
  • the air was replaced with argon; the other effect being to control the oxidation of the product.
  • the grinding operation takes place as follows: one kilogram of straw powder (B) is inserted into an 8 liter ceramic shell in the presence of 4 kilograms of alumina balls with a diameter of 17 mm and of 4 kilograms of balls with a diameter of 25 mm. After 48 hours, the balls are changed for 4 kilograms of beads with a diameter of 9 mm and 4 kilograms of beads with a diameter of 7 mm. This has the effect of optimizing the grinding by reducing the space between the balls and by thus enhancing the impacts occasioning the grinding.
  • a powder for which the particles have a mean diameter and a median diameter (d 50 ) of 20 microns was obtained in 48 to 72 hours and of 10 microns in 216 hours (i.e., 9 days).
  • This type of grinding represented diagrammatically in FIG. 2 , consists in projecting the particles to be ground against one another at very high speed. This technology offers the advantage of not influencing the chemical characteristics of the material.
  • the air jet mill used is the 100 AFG model from Hosokawa Alpine.
  • Particles having a mean diameter and a median diameter (d 50 ) of 20 microns were obtained with a feed rate of 700 g/hour approximately (i.e., 20 revolutions/minute for the hopper) and a rotational speed of the selector of 6000 revolutions/minute.
  • Particles having a mean diameter and a median diameter (d 50 ) of 10 microns were obtained at 200 g/hour approximately (i.e., 6 revolutions/minute for the hopper) and the selector adjusted to 12 000 revolutions/min
  • the fuel powders according to the invention do not compete with the food industry in terms of use of agricultural land.
  • the fuel powders according to the invention cause lower wear to the systems used for their conversion into energy, in contrast to the coal powders used in the past.
  • the fuel powders according to the invention make possible better control of the risks related to their handling by virtue of their specific rheological properties.
  • the fuel powders according to the invention make possible optimized storage by virtue of their particle size properties (low dispersion and size of about a micron), allowing them to be compacted.
  • the fuel powders according to the invention do not require improved storage conditions.
  • the production of the fuel powders according to the invention does not require high processing costs for the purpose of their conversion into energy.
  • the production of the fuel powders according to the invention does not require the use of complex grinding technologies.
  • the production of the fuel powders according to the invention is consequently possible at reduced cost and in a simple way, which extends the field of their use to developing countries and to isolated regions, whatever they are, in contrast to fossil fuels, whatever they are, including coal powders.
  • the production by simple dry-route grinding of the fuel powders according to the invention does not generate liquid or gaseous effluents which impact the environment.
  • the conversion into energy of the fuel powders according to the invention does not add CO 2 to the environmental balance, in contrast to fossil fuels, whatever they are, including coal powders.
  • the conversion into energy of the fuel powders of the invention does not generate or generates little in the way of sulfur-comprising compounds, in contrast to fossil fuels, whatever they are, and in particular coal powders.
  • the conversion into energy of the fuel powders according to the invention in an internal combustion engine applies to high-speed applications and in particular transportation, in contrast to coal powders.
  • the conversion into energy of the fuel powders according to the invention in an internal combustion engine can apply to high-power applications, in contrast to coal powders, in particular in suspension.
  • the engine on the test rig is a 4 stroke single cylinder direct injection Hatz 1D80 diesel model, with a cylinder of 667 cm 3 and with a compression ratio of 18. This engine is equipped with an eddy current electromagnetic break.
  • a cylinder pressure sensor (Kistler 6125b model) which returns a 0-10V signal over a range extending from 0 to 250 bar.
  • An injection pressure sensor (Kistler 4067B2000) is fitted to the feed pipe of the injector.
  • the injection pressure does not constitute a dominating parameter; it is given with the sole aim of indicating the presence or the absence of diesel oil.
  • An angle encoder (Kistler 2614A) is fitted to the shaft of the engine. It returns one blip per revolution, which is positioned to correspond to top dead center (TDC), and one blip per half-degree of crank angle, which is used to clock the acquisition.
  • the LabView 2010 software is used for the data acquisition.
  • the pressures and temperatures and also the speed and the torque are recorded therein and displayed as a function of the acquisition point.
  • FIG. 5 represents the release of heat calculated on the basis of the pressure cycles obtained in the absence of fuel, with injection of diesel oil and with feeding via the intake of straw powder alone.
  • the release of heat gives the amount of heat emitted by the combustion of the straw according to the invention and of the diesel oil in joules/CD and as a function of the time. In order to be able to locate the various phases of this release in the rotational cycle of the engine, this time is given in crankshaft degrees (CD).
  • CD crankshaft degrees
  • the offset in time of the release of heat occasioned by the straw according to the invention with respect to that of the diesel oil can be explained as follows: the time necessary for the combustion of a solid particle is longer than that of a droplet of liquid, were it of the same size. This is because, in addition to the evaporation phase which gives rise to the volatile compounds, initiators of the combustion, a solid requires a drying time (on this scale, the time for transfer of heat from the surface to the interior of the particle can be neglected).
  • the drying stage is in fact a critical parameter which considerably slows down the initiation of the combustion.
  • the product from the devolatilization of the straw particle is charcoal, which burns more slowly (the diffusion of the oxygen into its pores controls the combustion). This explains the extension of the release of heat over time.
  • the injection of diesel oil was maintained at a known operating point: 1250 revolutions/minute and 10% of the maximum acceptable load (torque of 3.6 Nm with regard to the 36 Nm maximum). For this precise operating point, the diesel oil consumption was approximately 250 g/h.
  • the powder was fed by virtue of the hopper (cf. ⁇ 2.2.) via the intake pipe. In this way, the variations in speed or in torque brought about can only be attributed to the powder alone.
  • the rate of combustion of the straw powder does not limit the speed of the engine, at least up to 3200 revolutions/minute.
  • the engine goes up to 34 Nm, i.e., more than 90% of the maximum torque accepted for diesel oil.
  • the conditions of the test were as follows: the engine is started with diesel oil and stabilized at 1000 revolutions/minute at zero load, the powder is fed via the intake pipe at a flow rate of 4 kg/h and feeding with diesel oil is halted.
  • the fuel powders according to the invention do not compete with the food industry.
  • the fuel powders according to the invention are suitable for use in any type of internal combustion engine for their conversion into energy, in contrast to the chocolate powders used in the application WO 01/98438.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
US14/372,915 2012-01-18 2013-01-15 Solid fuel in the form of a powder, including a lignocellulosic component Abandoned US20150007492A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1250511A FR2985735B1 (fr) 2012-01-18 2012-01-18 Carburant solide sous forme d'une poudre comprenant un constituant lignocellulosique
FR1250511 2012-01-18
PCT/IB2013/050364 WO2013108177A1 (fr) 2012-01-18 2013-01-15 Carburant solide sous forme d'une poudre comprenant un constituant lignocellulosique

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20150007492A1 true US20150007492A1 (en) 2015-01-08

Family

ID=47747728

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US14/372,915 Abandoned US20150007492A1 (en) 2012-01-18 2013-01-15 Solid fuel in the form of a powder, including a lignocellulosic component

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US20150007492A1 (de)
EP (1) EP2804932A1 (de)
AR (1) AR090413A1 (de)
BR (1) BR112014017727A8 (de)
CA (1) CA2861243A1 (de)
FR (1) FR2985735B1 (de)
IN (1) IN2014DN05941A (de)
WO (1) WO2013108177A1 (de)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3050943A1 (de) * 2015-01-27 2016-08-03 Institut National De La Recherche Agronomique Verfahren zur thermochemischen Vorbehandlung einer Biomasse aus Holzzellulose im Trockenprozess
US20160369305A1 (en) * 2013-12-24 2016-12-22 Institut National De La Recherche Agronomique Process for dry fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass
CN112646594A (zh) * 2020-11-10 2021-04-13 涉县清漳水泥制造有限公司 一种可阶梯利用生物质发电的热电联产系统
CN114798666A (zh) * 2022-03-28 2022-07-29 临泉县双军农业机械有限公司 一种大型秸秆粉碎揉丝一体机

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105176622A (zh) * 2015-09-08 2015-12-23 吉林省一鑫生物质新能源发展有限公司 一种秸秆燃料固体成型方法

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6468645B1 (en) * 1998-01-07 2002-10-22 Robert N. Clausi Molding finely powdered lignocellulosic fibers into high density materials
JP2008013738A (ja) * 2006-07-06 2008-01-24 Biomass Products:Kk リグノセルロース系バイオマス微細粉燃料と、その製造方法
US20090217575A1 (en) * 2008-02-29 2009-09-03 Greatpoint Energy, Inc. Biomass Char Compositions for Catalytic Gasification
US20090217574A1 (en) * 2005-10-26 2009-09-03 James Coleman Process, system and apparatus for passivating carbonaceous materials
US20110094147A1 (en) * 2009-05-22 2011-04-28 Kior, Inc. Process for the Conversion of Solid Particulated Biomass Materials
WO2011154601A1 (en) * 2010-06-07 2011-12-15 Aalto University Foundation A novel method to produce microcellulose
US20120282465A1 (en) * 2011-05-04 2012-11-08 Renmatix Lignin production from lignocellulosic biomass

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3018039A1 (de) * 1980-05-10 1981-11-26 Karl Otto Paul Chilliwack British Columbia Fischer Verfahren zur aufbereitung von koniferen, insbesondere holzarmer koniferen zur gewinnung von energietraegern und rostoffen
FR2810335B1 (fr) 2000-06-20 2006-09-22 Guillaume Pourtout Carburant solide et melange combustible le contenant
JP2010510469A (ja) 2006-11-17 2010-04-02 サマーヒル バイオマス システムズ インコーポレイテッド 粉末燃料、粉末燃料のディスパージョン、および粉末燃料関連の燃焼装置
BRPI0913892A2 (pt) 2008-06-28 2016-11-01 Edward Bacorn métodos e sistemas de produção de combustível em pó em sistemas da fazenda à queima

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6468645B1 (en) * 1998-01-07 2002-10-22 Robert N. Clausi Molding finely powdered lignocellulosic fibers into high density materials
US20090217574A1 (en) * 2005-10-26 2009-09-03 James Coleman Process, system and apparatus for passivating carbonaceous materials
JP2008013738A (ja) * 2006-07-06 2008-01-24 Biomass Products:Kk リグノセルロース系バイオマス微細粉燃料と、その製造方法
US20090217575A1 (en) * 2008-02-29 2009-09-03 Greatpoint Energy, Inc. Biomass Char Compositions for Catalytic Gasification
US20110094147A1 (en) * 2009-05-22 2011-04-28 Kior, Inc. Process for the Conversion of Solid Particulated Biomass Materials
WO2011154601A1 (en) * 2010-06-07 2011-12-15 Aalto University Foundation A novel method to produce microcellulose
US20120282465A1 (en) * 2011-05-04 2012-11-08 Renmatix Lignin production from lignocellulosic biomass

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
Phyllis Database (no date)https://www.ecn.nl/phyllis2/Browse/Standard/ECN-Phyllis#straw *

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20160369305A1 (en) * 2013-12-24 2016-12-22 Institut National De La Recherche Agronomique Process for dry fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass
US9879287B2 (en) * 2013-12-24 2018-01-30 Institut National De La Recherche Agronomique Process for dry fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass
EP3050943A1 (de) * 2015-01-27 2016-08-03 Institut National De La Recherche Agronomique Verfahren zur thermochemischen Vorbehandlung einer Biomasse aus Holzzellulose im Trockenprozess
WO2016120801A1 (fr) * 2015-01-27 2016-08-04 Institut National De La Recherche Agronomique Procédé de prétraitement thermo-chimique d'une biomasse ligno-cellulosique en voie sèche
CN112646594A (zh) * 2020-11-10 2021-04-13 涉县清漳水泥制造有限公司 一种可阶梯利用生物质发电的热电联产系统
CN114798666A (zh) * 2022-03-28 2022-07-29 临泉县双军农业机械有限公司 一种大型秸秆粉碎揉丝一体机

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BR112014017727A2 (de) 2017-06-20
AR090413A1 (es) 2014-11-12
BR112014017727A8 (pt) 2017-07-11
CA2861243A1 (fr) 2013-07-25
FR2985735A1 (fr) 2013-07-19
IN2014DN05941A (de) 2015-06-26
WO2013108177A1 (fr) 2013-07-25
FR2985735B1 (fr) 2014-09-12
EP2804932A1 (de) 2014-11-26

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US20150007492A1 (en) Solid fuel in the form of a powder, including a lignocellulosic component
US9758738B2 (en) Green renewable liquid fuel
US20220306958A1 (en) Process for producing solid biomass fuel
WO2010085309A1 (en) Corn stover fuel objects with high heat output and reduced emissions designed for large-scale power generation
WO2010085306A1 (en) Switch grass fuel objects with high heat output and reduced air emissions designed for large-scale power generation
CA2907084A1 (en) Composite carbonaceous fuel compact
CN103666628A (zh) 一种复合型生物质燃料颗粒及其制备方法
US20210332305A1 (en) Process for producing solid biomass fuel
GB2586120A (en) Process for producing solid biomass fuel
CA2686853A1 (en) Apparatus and method for making fuel using forest residue
JP6161242B2 (ja) 混合燃料の製造方法
CN103732727A (zh) 与燃煤发电厂中燃煤混合燃烧的具有低二氧化碳排放量的燃料
EP3724300A1 (de) Torrefizierte biomassebriketts und zugehörige verfahren
WO2014152931A1 (en) Moisture resistant biomass fuel compact and method of manufacturing
WO2007089046A1 (ja) 石炭・バイオマス複合燃料
CN105349203A (zh) 一种以无烟煤和炭化生物质燃料为基材的型煤
OA16958A (en) Solid fuel in the form of a powder, including a lignocellulosic component.
CN105316057A (zh) 一种以无烟煤和炭化生物质燃料为基材的生物质型煤
KR100406188B1 (ko) 갈탄을 주성분으로 하는 고체연료 조성물의 제조방법
Ibeto et al. Impact of torrefaction on fuel emissions and properties of lignite and their blends with biowastes
WO2003087276A1 (en) Production of compact biomass fuel
WO2023156796A1 (en) Process for producing solid biomass fuel
CN105349207A (zh) 一种采用炭化生物质燃料粉末制成的环保生物质型煤
WO2024062247A1 (en) Solid biomass fuel anti-coking additive
Musa et al. Proximate Analysis of Briquettes Produced from Idah-Based Malaina Timbre Sawdust and Rice Husk Using Starch as Binder

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: INSTITUT NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE AGRONOMIQUE, FRA

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:PIRIOU, BRUNO;ROUAU, XAVIER;SIGNING DATES FROM 20140710 TO 20140721;REEL/FRAME:037589/0058

Owner name: CENTRE DE COOPERATION INTERNATIONALE EN RECHERCHE

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:VAITILINGOM, GILLES;REEL/FRAME:037589/0047

Effective date: 20140721

STPP Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general

Free format text: NON FINAL ACTION MAILED

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION