US20140302026A1 - Means and methods for treating angiogenesis-related diseases - Google Patents

Means and methods for treating angiogenesis-related diseases Download PDF

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US20140302026A1
US20140302026A1 US14/240,273 US201214240273A US2014302026A1 US 20140302026 A1 US20140302026 A1 US 20140302026A1 US 201214240273 A US201214240273 A US 201214240273A US 2014302026 A1 US2014302026 A1 US 2014302026A1
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endostatin
fusion protein
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peptide
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Tong-Young Lee
Amir Abdollahi
Kashi Javaherian
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Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum DKFZ
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Definitions

  • the present invention is concerned with a protein oligomer comprising at least two NC-1 monomers of human collagen 18 or fragments of an NC-1 monomer of human collagen 18 for use in the treatment or prevention of an angiogenesis-related disease.
  • the invention further pertains to a fusion protein comprising a NC-1 monomer of human collagen 18 and a Fc domain of an immunoglobulin.
  • the invention also relates to a fusion protein comprising: a) an endostatin peptide or endostatin-derived peptide and b) the RGD motif and/or PHSRN motif of Fibronectin.
  • the invention further relates to a kit comprising the protein oligomer or fusion proteins of the invention.
  • Endostatin a 183-amino acid proteolytic cleavage fragment corresponding to the C-terminus of collagen 18 (or collagen XVIII), has been the subject of investigation by a number of laboratories because of its anti-tumor activity and its potential application as an anti-angiogenic cancer therapeutic (O'Reilly et al., 1997 , Cell 88, 277; Folkman et al., 2006 , Exp Cell Res 312, 594; Bergers et al., 1999 , Science 284, 808).
  • the anti-tumor activity of endostatin is well established. Although the number of separate mechanisms for endostatin action has been proposed, a general consensus on its mechanism is yet absent.
  • Endostar a novel recombinant human endostatin expressed and purified in Escherichia coli with an additional nine-amino acid sequence and forming another his-tag structure, called Endostar, was approved by the SDFA in 2005 for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer. Endostar suppressed the VEGF-stimulated proliferation, migration, and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro and blocked microvessel sprouting from rat aortic rings in vitro. Moreover, it could inhibit the formation of new capillaries from pre-existing vessels in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay and affect the growth of vessels in tumor.
  • VECs human umbilical vein endothelial cells
  • endostatin is a very safe drug in a variety of dose schedules, the results did not demonstrate substantial endostatin anti-tumor activity.
  • the dose and schedules may have been sub-optimal, and/or bulky disease in late stage patients may not be optimally responsive to recombinant human endostatin. Therefore, in current clinical trials in China, endostatin is mainly used in combination with chemotherapeutics in order to improve anti-tumor activity of endostatin.
  • chemotherapeutics for example, in one study, 45 patients with solid tumors were enrolled. All received Endostar at a dose of 7.5 mg/m 2 /day as an intravenous infusion for more than 7 days, in combination with chemotherapy, from 2006 to 2008. No treatment related death occurred in this study.
  • Anti-angiogenic gene therapy has been proposed as an alternative way to continuously provide high concentrations of the anti-angiogenic factors.
  • Gene transfection of anti-angiogenic agents using a viral vector can inhibit the growth of tumors in several mouse models.
  • Viral vectors may cause inflammation and immunological response on repeated injection, and toxicity/safety considerations may preclude the use in humans in the near future.
  • use of gene-transduced hematopoietic stem cells has been ineffective in an animal model, despite sustained production of endostatin.
  • dosing of biological products using gene vectors is very difficult to standardize due to variation in vector titer, transduction efficiency and expression levels.
  • the present invention relates to a protein oligomer comprising at least two NC-1 monomers of human collagen 18 or fragments of an NC-1 monomer of human collagen 18 for the treatment or prevention of an angiogenesis-related disease.
  • the term “collagen 18” and “collagen XVIII” as used herein are used interchangeably and refer to the same protein.
  • the cloning of the mouse and human collagen 18 proteins has been described by Oh et al. ( PNAS 1994, 91, 4229 ; Genomics 1994, 19, 494).
  • the Type XVIII collagen belongs to a unique and novel subclass of the collagen superfamily for which the name “MULTIPLEXIN family” has been proposed.
  • the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of mouse collagen 18 are shown in accession number NM — 001109991.1 whereas the corresponding human sequences are shown in NM — 030582.3. Further, the amino acid sequences of mouse and human collagen 18 are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 2, respectively.
  • collagen 18 consists of a central, interrupted triple-helical domain flanked at the N-terminus (NC-11 domain) and C-terminus (NC-1 domain) by larger non-triple helical, globular structures (Oh et al., loc. cit.; Abe et al. 1993 , Biochem Biophys Res Commun 196, 576).
  • the C-terminal NC-1 domain (or briefly NC-1) of collagen 18 includes an N-terminal association region (of about 50 amino acid residues), a central protease-sensitive hinge region (of about 70 amino acid residues) and a C-terminal stable endostatin domain (of about 180 amino acid residues) (Sasaki et al., 1998 , EMBO J. 17, 4249).
  • the endostatin domain comprises a zinc binding site which mediates binding to zinc and is located at the N terminus of endostatin (Ding et al., 1998 , PNAS 95, 10443; U.S. Pat. No. 7,524,811).
  • the proteolytic cleavage-sensitive hinge region comprises amino acid residues from about 61 to about 129 of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • the compact endostatin domain comprises amino acid residues from about 130 to about 308 of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; see, e.g., Sasaki, loc. cit.; Kuo 2001 , JCB 152, 1233; Tjin et al. 2005 , Cancer Res 65, 3656.
  • the association region and the endostatin domain in the NC-1 domain are connected by the hinge region (see Sasaki et al., loc. cit.).
  • the hinge region has been found to be cleaved, for instance, by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), such as MMP-3, -7, -9, -13 and -20 (Heliasvaara et al., Exp Cell Res 2005, 307, 192).
  • MMPs matrix metalloproteinases
  • the above-indicated domain structure of NC-1 is based on structural data.
  • the term “about” as used for the positioning of the domains within NC-1 reflects the fact that the exact boundaries between the mentioned domains may differ from the indicated positions by one, two, three or even more amino acid residues.
  • association domain and the hinge region can be determined, for example, by generating an association domain comprising amino acid residues from about 10 to about 60 of SEQ ID NO: 4 as a starting point and producing shorter fragments thereof, e.g. with a length of 49, 48, 47, 46, 45 and so on, amino acid residues. Said shorter fragments can then be analyzed for their oligomerization properties, i.e. whether they are still able to form oligomers, such as trimers, as the complete association domain does.
  • the endostatin domain may serve as a starting point to address the oligomerization properties of the domains of NC-1.
  • the invention provides for a further method for identifying the exact boundaries of the monomer, dimer and/or trimer transitions in the NC-1 domain as defined herein.
  • the above-mentioned domain model fits the gene structure remarkably well, with exons 38 and 39 encoding the association domain, exon 40 the hinge region, and three more exons the endostatin domain (Sasaki et al., loc. cit.).
  • protein or “polypeptide” or “peptide” as used herein encompasses isolated or essentially purified (poly)peptides being essentially free of other host cell polypeptides.
  • peptide as used herein comprises at least two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40 or even more amino acid residues where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another.
  • peptide as used herein encompasses peptidomimetics.
  • peptidomimetics are compounds whose essential elements (pharmacophore) mimic a natural peptide or protein in 3D space and which retain the ability to interact with the biological target and produce the same biological effect; see, e.g., the review by Vagner et al. 2008, Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 12, Pages 292-296.
  • Peptidomimetics are designed to circumvent some of the problems associated with a natural peptide: e.g. stability against proteolysis (duration of activity) and poor bioavailability. Certain other properties, such as receptor selectivity or potency, often can be substantially improved.
  • the protein or peptide is in one aspect an oligomer.
  • the protein or peptide is a fusion protein, as further defined below.
  • An “oligomer” as used herein means a molecule that comprises a few monomer units, in contrast to a polymer that, at least in principle, comprises an unlimited number of monomers.
  • the oligomer is a protein oligomer, i.e. the oligomer comprises two, three, four, five or even more protein monomers, i.e. the oligomer can be, e.g., a dimer, trimer, tetramer, pentamer and so on.
  • a dimer is per definition a macromolecular complex formed by two, usually non-covalently bound, molecules like proteins or peptides.
  • Such a complex can also be formed by protein domains which are parts of protein sequences and structures that can evolve, function, and exist independently of the rest of the protein chains.
  • a homo-dimer is formed by two identical molecules, the underlying process is called homo-dimerization.
  • a hetero-dimer is built by two different macromolecules which are formed by hetero-dimerization. As known in the art, most dimers in biochemistry are not connected by covalent bonds, with the exception of disulfide bridges. Some proteins contain specialized domains to ensure dimerization (or oligomerization), so called dimerization (or oligomerization) domains, as further defined herein below and well known in the art.
  • a trimer is a macromolecular complex formed by three, usually non-covalently bound proteins or protein domains.
  • a homo-trimer is formed by three identical molecules, whereas a hetero-trimer is built by three different molecules.
  • collagen 18 is a homo-trimeric protein.
  • a tetramer consists of four molecules, a pentamer of five molecules, and so on.
  • complex formation is often mediated by oligomerization domains, as set forth above.
  • dimerization can be mediated by an Fc domain of an immunoglobulin or by disulfide bridges as described elsewhere herein, whereas for the trimerization of NC-1 of collagen 18, the association region within the NC-1 domain can be used.
  • the protein or peptide oligomer of the present invention comprises at least two NC-1 monomers of collagen 18, as defined herein.
  • the protein oligomer can comprise also three, four, five, six or even more of said NC-1 monomers of collagen 18, preferably, of human collagen 18.
  • the protein oligomers or fusion proteins as referred to herein can oligomerize via one or more disulfide bonds.
  • the NC-1 monomers as defined herein are linked covalently, for instance, by chemical cross linking or other methods known in the art.
  • protein or “peptide” as used herein includes also protein preparations comprising the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer or fusion protein of the present invention and other proteins in addition. Moreover, the term includes, in an aspect, chemically modified protein or peptide oligomers or fusion proteins. Such modifications may be artificial modifications or naturally occurring modifications.
  • the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer or fusion protein of the present invention shall have the biological properties referred to herein, preferably anti-angiogenic activities.
  • anti-angiogenic activities include, for example, any biological activity inhibiting the growth or migration of endothelial cells and/or pericytes, formation of tubes or endothelium, growth of new capillary blood vessels in the body, slowing or inhibiting of the growth of benign or malignant tumors by cutting off their blood supply, reduce side-effects/toxicity of other anti-tumor or anti-angiogenic agents, e.g., VEGF-Inhibitors, by interference with their mechanism of action, i.e.
  • the anti-angiogenic activity can be tested by in vitro assays or in vivo by animal models known in the art (Abdollahi et al., Cancer Res. 2003, 63, 8890 ; Mol. Cell. 2004, 13, 649 ; PNAS 2007, 104, 12890 ; Drug Resist. Update 2005, 8, 59; Bergers et al., Science 1999, 284, 808; Javaherian et al., J.
  • the anti-angiogenic activity can be tested in vitro by inhibition of the proliferation and/or migration of endothelial cells stimulated by a growth factor, e.g., by VEGF.
  • a growth factor e.g., by VEGF.
  • anti-angiogenic activity can be analyzed, for example, by a chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, whereas an anti-tumor activity can be tested in animal tumor models including, e.g., A549, LLC or 11460 non-small cell lung carcinoma, HT29 colon carcinoma, BxPC3 Pancreatic Carcinoma, Karpas 299 lymphoma, MOLM-13 AML (acute myeloid leukemia), 786-O, A2058 cell line (melanoma) or RENCA renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and many others (Abdollahi et al., Drug Resist. Update 2005, loc. cit.).
  • CAM chicken chorioallantoic membrane
  • the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer or fusion protein of the invention in an aspect, can be manufactured by chemical synthesis or recombinant molecular biology techniques well known to the person skilled in the art; see, e.g., Sambrook et al. 2001, Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual/Sambrook, Joseph; Russell, David W.—3rd ed.—New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 2001.
  • such a method of manufacturing the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer or fusion protein of the present invention comprises (a) culturing a host cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer or fusion protein of the invention and (b) obtaining from the host cell of step (a) the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer or fusion protein, and, optionally, storing the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer or fusion protein.
  • said method is carried out under serum-free conditions, since it has been found by the present inventors that protein oligomers comprising two or more NC-1 monomers as defined herein are susceptible to degradation in serum or cell culture medium comprising serum.
  • the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer or fusion protein can be obtained by conventional purification techniques from, e.g., a host cell lysate including, but not limited to, affinity chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, size exclusion chromatography and/or preparative gel electrophoresis.
  • the “NC-1 monomer”, “NC-1 monomer of collagen 18” or “NC-1 monomer of human collagen 18” as used herein in the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer or fusion protein of the invention comprises at least one part, i.e. at least one domain, region or fragment, of the non-collagenous NC-1 domain of human collagen 18, as defined herein. It is preferred that the NC-1 monomer is human.
  • the NC-1 monomer as used herein comprises, in one aspect of the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer or fusion protein of the invention, at least one endostatin-derived peptide or endostatin peptide, comprising the zinc binding site/domain of the endostatin domain.
  • the human endostatin zinc binding site is formed by histidines 1, 3 and 11 and aspartic acid 76 (Ding et al., loc. cit.). It has been reported that zinc binding of endostatin is essential for its anti-angiogenic activity (Boehm et al., loc. cit.). Further, Tjin et al. (loc.
  • endostatin peptide as used herein means that the amino acid sequence of this peptide can be found in the endostatin domain of NC-1.
  • endostatin-derived peptide means that such a peptide can differ from the corresponding endostatin peptide in the endostatin domain of NC-1, in one, two, three, four or even more amino acid residues, while at least maintaining (or even exceeding) the biological activity (as described elsewhere herein) of the corresponding endostatin peptide in the endostatin domain of NC-1.
  • endostatin peptides comprising said zinc binding site/domain of the endostatin domain and exhibiting anti-angiogenic and/or anti-tumor activity have been described, e.g., in Tjin et al., loc. cit., or in U.S. Pat. No. 7,524,811.
  • the endostatin-derived peptide or endostatin peptide is about 10 to about 40 amino acid residues in length, preferably 23 to 35, more preferably 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 or 30 amino acid residues.
  • SEQ ID NO: 9 shows the corresponding murine sequence of the active motif of NC-1-endostatin domain (ED) (i.e., the amino-terminal zinc binding domain mediating antiangiogenic and/or antitumor activity) with a length of 26 amino acid residues
  • SEQ ID NO: 10 shows the corresponding human sequence with a length of 25 amino acid residues.
  • the Histidines in these sequences are particularly important since it has been found by the present inventors in a previous study, that substitution of said Histidines by Alanine residues abolished antitumor and antiangiogenic activity; see Example 2.10.
  • said NC-1 monomer comprises more than one endostatin-derived peptide or endostatin peptide, for example, two, three, four or even more peptides.
  • the NC-1 monomer of the invention comprises or consists of the endostatin domain, as defined elsewhere herein.
  • the mentioned endostatin-derived peptide, endostatin peptide or endostatin domain carry a single mutation of glutamine to cysteine at position 7 of the endostatin domain.
  • Such mutants are able to form disulfide bridges and are, thus, able to form dimers; see, e.g., Kuo 2001, JCB 152, 1233; Tjin et al. 2005, Cancer Res 65, 3656.
  • the NC-1 monomer of the invention comprises, in addition to the zinc binding site/domain of the endostatin domain, the endostatin-derived peptide, the endostatin peptide or the endostatin domain, a hinge region.
  • a hinge region Such a construct will probably form a monomer, possibly a dimer. The formation of a dimer cannot be excluded since it appears that the hinge region may also contribute to the dimer association of such constructs.
  • such an NC-1 monomer comprises, in addition, to the mentioned domain constituents an association domain, i.e. the non-triple helical trimerization domain of human collagen 18, or another oligomerization domain as referred to herein.
  • the NC-1 monomer comprises an endostatin domain and an association domain of the above-defined NC-1 domain and, in a still further aspect, an association domain, a hinge region and an endostatin domain, each of said NC-1 domain.
  • the NC-1 monomer comprises the complete NC-1 domain of human collagen 18 or is, i.e. consists of, the NC-1 domain of human collagen 18 (of about 38 kDa).
  • the NC-1 domain of human collagen 18 and the structure of said NC-1 domain has been defined, e.g., by Sasaki et al. (loc. cit.).
  • the NC-1 domain of collagen 18 consists of a non-triple-helical sequence of 315 (mouse) or 312 (human) amino acid residues. As set forth above, the NC-1 domain has been found to associate non-covalently to form a trimer via the above-mentioned association domain.
  • NC-1 is mediated by at least two domains of this protein: one consisting of approximately 50 amino acids at the N-terminal of the protein defining a triple-helix structure, i.e. the association domain.
  • the second domain which participates in oligomerization is located at the N-terminus of endostatin and is able to bind to zinc.
  • the human endostatin zinc site is formed by histidines 1, 3 and 11 and aspartic acid 76. Said domain has been shown to form a dimer at high concentration of endostatin (Ding et al., loc. cit.).
  • the protease sensitive hinge region plays a role in oligomerization of NC-1, as already indicated above.
  • the NC-1 monomer can further comprise a hinge region of the NC-1 domain.
  • the NC-1 monomer of the invention is preferably longer than 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, or 310 amino acid residues.
  • the NC-1 monomer comprises the association domain, the hinge region and the zinc binding site/domain of endostatin domain or the complete endostatin domain, it is preferred that the NC-1 monomer is longer than 312 amino acid residues and comprises even more preferred at least 315, 320, 330, 340, 350, 400, 500 or even more amino acid residues.
  • oligomerization domain refers generally to a protein domain which mediates the sub-unit assembly of the two or more NC-1 monomers, as defined herein. As indicated above, the oligomerization domain mediates dimerization, trimerization, and/or tetramerization and so on, of the NC-1 monomers. Such oligomerization leads, e.g., to functional advantages of multivalency and high binding strength, increased structure stabilization and combined functions of different domains, resulting in enhanced biological activity, such as improved or increased anti-angiogenic and/or anti-tumor activity.
  • the oligomerization domain comprises the association domain of the NC-1 domain mentioned above, i.e.
  • the non-triple helical trimerization domain of collagen 18 which is responsible for non-covalent oligomerization of the NC-1 monomers or the collagen 18 helices.
  • the oligomerization domain can comprise other scaffold constructs/domains providing oligomerization and longer half life, well known in the art; see, e.g. Ali and Imperiali 2005 , Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry 13, 5013.
  • Such an oligomerization domain replaces structurally and functionally the association domain as found in the natural human NC-1 domain referred to above, or is used, in addition, to said association domain.
  • the oligomerization is mediated by an Fc domain of an immunoglobulin, i.e. the oligomerization domain of the NC-1 monomer as defined herein comprises or is a Fc domain of an immunoglobulin.
  • the Fc domain may be used in said NC-1 monomer, in addition, to the association domain of the NC-1 domain mentioned above (as shown, for instance in the following examples) or may replace the association domain.
  • the Fc domain confers a dimeric structure on the NC-1 monomer as defined herein since Fc is a dimer itself.
  • the oligomerization can be mediated by the introduction of a structural modification, e.g., a mutation into the NC-1 monomer which results in the formation of disulfide bonds, as set forth in more detail below. It is further envisaged that the protein oligomers or peptide oligomers or fusion proteins of the invention can be formed covalently.
  • the invention further relates to a method for identifying the exact boundaries of the monomer, dimer and/or trimer transitions in the NC-1 domain as defined herein, the method comprising: a) generating a series of recombinant peptides from or derived from the NC-1 domain, starting with a peptide consisting of the endostatin domain, followed by increasing the size of said peptide consisting of the endostatin domain in steps of about 10 to 20 amino acid residues, and b) testing the recombinant peptides of step a) for their oligomerization properties, i.e.
  • the method can comprise a further step d) of constructing an oligomer or fusion protein of the invention using the recombinant peptides identified in step b) which are able to form dimers or trimers.
  • peptide or protein synthesis known in the art can be used.
  • derived from has been defined elsewhere herein and applies mutatis mutandis to peptides derived from the NC-1 domain.
  • Western blot analysis, immunoprecipitation, SDS-PAGE, chromatographic methods or other methods well known in the art can be utilized.
  • the recombinant peptides generated by the above-indicated method can be used to produce oligomers or fusion proteins, such as Fc fusion proteins, of the invention which can then further be tested for their anti-angiogenic and/or anti-tumor activity.
  • the invention further pertains to the recombinant peptides from or derived from the NC-1 domain identified by such a method which show the biological activity as defined elsewhere herein, preferably anti-angiogenic and/or anti-tumor activity.
  • An oligomer or fusion protein of the invention comprising such peptides is particularly useful as a pharmaceutical composition, as set forth elsewhere herein.
  • the invention also relates to recombinant peptides from or derived from the NC-1 domain which are generated by increasing the size of the endostatin domain in steps of about 10 to 20 amino acid residues. Each of these peptides is a candidate for exploring their anti-angiogenic and/or anti-tumor activity by using in vitro and/or in vivo assays described elsewhere herein.
  • NC-1 monomer of human collagen 18 as defined herein can comprise additional protein domains or subunits, for instance, the above-mentioned Fc domains of immunoglobulins, or protein tags, for example, His tags or the like, which can be used, e.g., for purification and/or detection.
  • protein tags are peptide sequences genetically grafted onto a recombinant protein. These tags can in one aspect be removable by chemical agents or by enzymatic means, such as proteolysis or intein splicing. Such tags are attached to the NC-1 monomer as referred to herein.
  • Affinity tags are appended to proteins so that they can be purified from their crude biological source such as a cell lysate using an affinity technique well known in the art. These include, for example, chitin binding protein (CBP), maltose binding protein (MBP), Fc domains of immunoglobulins or glutathione-S-transferase (GST).
  • CBP chitin binding protein
  • MBP maltose binding protein
  • GST glutathione-S-transferase
  • the poly(His) tag is a widely-used protein tag; it binds to metal matrices. Solubilization tags are used, especially for recombinant proteins expressed in chaperone-deficient species such as E. coli , to assist in the proper folding in proteins and keep them from precipitating.
  • affinity tags include, e.g., thioredoxin (TRX) and poly-(NANP).
  • TRX thioredoxin
  • poly-(NANP) Some affinity tags have a dual role as a solubilization agent, such as MBP, and GST.
  • Chromatography tags are used to alter chromatographic properties of the NC-1 monomer to afford different resolution across a particular separation technique. Often, these consist of poly-anionic amino acids, such as the FLAG-tag.
  • Epitope tags are short peptide sequences which are chosen because high-affinity antibodies can be reliably produced in many different species. These are usually derived from viral genes, which explain their high immunoreactivity. Epitope tags include, for instance, V5-tag, c-myc-tag, and HA-tag.
  • NC-1 monomer of human collagen 18 as defined herein can also comprise radioisotopes, e.g.
  • the protein oligomer or fusion protein of the invention is pegylated.
  • Pegylation is the process of covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer chains to another molecule, normally a drug or therapeutic protein. Pegylation is routinely achieved by incubation of a reactive derivative of PEG with the target macromolecule.
  • the covalent attachment of PEG to a drug or therapeutic protein can “mask” the agent from the host's immune system (reduced immunogenicity and antigenicity), increase the hydrodynamic size (size in solution) of the agent which prolongs its circulatory time by reducing renal clearance.
  • Pegylation can also provide water solubility to hydrophobic drugs and proteins. Pegylation of compounds is well known in the art; see, e.g., Damoong and Fee 2010 , European Pharmaceutical Review 15, 18.
  • Fc region or “Fc domain” as used herein means the fragment crystallizable region which is the tail region of an antibody or immunoblobulin that interacts with cell surface receptors, i.e. Fc receptors, and some proteins of the complement system. This property allows antibodies to activate the immune system.
  • Fc domain is composed of two identical protein fragments, derived from the second and third constant domains of the antibody's two heavy chains; IgM and IgE Fc domains contain three heavy chain constant domains (CH domains 2-4) in each polypeptide chain.
  • the Fc domains of IgGs bear a highly conserved N-glycosylation site.
  • N-glycans attached to this site are predominantly core-fucosylated diantennary structures of the complex type.
  • small amounts of these N-glycans also bear bisecting GlcNAc and ⁇ -2,6 linked sialic acid residues. Fusion of the Fc domain of immunoglobulins to proteins has been found to enhance the production and secretion of the fusion proteins in mammalian cells (Lo et al., 1998 , Protein Eng 11, 495, Capon et al., 1989 , Nature 337, 525).
  • angiogenesis inhibitors linked to an immunoglobulin Fc domain have shown to increase the half life of said inhibitors (Capon et al. 1989 , Nature 337, 525; Gordon et al., 2001 , J Clin Oncol 19, 843; Holash et al., 2002 , Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99, 11393).
  • the Fc domain can not only be used for purification, solubilization and/or detection purposes but alters advantageously the biological properties of the protein oligomer or fusion protein of the invention, as set forth herein below and in the following examples.
  • the one or more Fc domains can be cleaved off by treatment with proteases, such as enterokinase or thrombin, if desired.
  • proteases such as enterokinase or thrombin
  • the Fc domain as referred to herein is from human IgG (Bergers and Javaherian Science 1999; Lee et al Clin Canc Res 2008).
  • any IgG isoform can be used to generate the oligomer or fusion protein of the invention.
  • Even subfragments or single chains of the Fc domain of IgG can be used in order to prolong the half life or oligomerization of the oligomer or fusion protein of the invention.
  • amino acid sequences of a mouse and human Fc domain which can be used for the generation of an oligomer or a fusion protein of the invention, e.g. an Fc-NC-1 or NC-1-Fc fusion protein, are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 6, respectively.
  • angiogenesis-related disease denotes any disorder associated with abnormal blood vessel growth, either excessive or insufficient.
  • angiogenesis-related disease is preferably selected from the group consisting of angiogenesis-dependent cancer including solid tumors, blood born tumors such as leukemias, melanomas, tumor metastases, benign tumors such as hemangiomas, acoustic neuromas, neurofibromas, trachomas, pyogenic granulomas; rheumatoid arthritis; psoriasis; ocular angiogenic diseases such as diabetic reintopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, macular degeneration, corneal graft rejectiop, neovascular glaucoma, retrolental fibroplasias, rubeosis; Osler-Webber syndrome; myocardial angiogenesis; plaque neovascularization; telangiectasia; hemophiliac joints; angiofibroma; wound
  • treatment denotes the improvement or even elimination of one or more symptoms associated with the angiogenesis-related disease as referred to herein, by the administration of a protein oligomer or peptide oligomer or fusion protein of the invention.
  • An improvement may also be seen as a slowing or stopping of the progression of the angiogenesis-related disease as set forth herein.
  • prevention means the avoidance of the occurrence or re-occurrence of an angiogenesis-related disease as specified herein, by the administration of a protein oligomer or peptide oligomer or fusion protein of the invention.
  • NC-1 (with NC-1 comprising the association domain, the hinge region and the endostatin domain) derived from human collagen 18 binds fibronectin, whereas endostatin monomer lacks binding to fibronectin.
  • Fibronectin is recognized as a major extracellular matrix protein, binding angiogenic and anti-angiogenic reagents.
  • Endostatin is a monomer under physiological conditions.
  • the major precursor to endostatin is NC-1, a trimeric molecule consisting of three interlinked chains, each with approximately 330 amino acids. This shows that NC-1 trimer has distinct properties in comparison to endostatin.
  • an Fc-endostatin which forms dimers as well as an artificial endostatin dimer bearing a single mutation in amino acid position 7 (glutamine to cysteine) of endostatin retains binding to fibronectin indicating the importance of oligomerization for binding to fibronectin.
  • the inventors failed to identify the conventional size endostatin (of about 20 kDa).
  • the appearance of endostatin size molecules in human blood circulation might be due to the degradation of NC-1 timer by proteases following collection of human sera.
  • NC-1 trimer appeared to be the major physiological product of collagen 18 degradation, present in tissues and circulation showing distinct biological properties not shared by (monomeric) endostatin.
  • the inventors further demonstrated high affinity binding of fibronectin to VEGF, NC-1 trimer as well as co-immunoprecipitated these three candidate interaction partners from peripheral blood platelets protein lysates. Furthermore, in-vivo co-localization of NC-1 trimer, Fibronectin, VEGF and alpha 5 beta 1 ( ⁇ 5 ⁇ 1) integrin could be demonstrated, suggesting a model in which an ensemble of VEGF, NC-1 trimer, integrin ⁇ 5 ⁇ 1 with fibronectin prelude the initiation of the anti-angiogenic process. Most importantly, antitumor studies of NC-1 trimer versus endostatin showed that NC-1 trimer is a more potent anti-angiogenic protein than endostatin. The above data are specified in more detail in the following examples.
  • the NC-1 monomer of human collagen 18 comprises an (i) oligomerization domain, (ii) a hinge region and/or (iii) an endostatin domain or a fragment of said endostatin domain and, optionally a recombinant protease cleavage site within the hinge region.
  • said fragment of the endostatin domain is a peptide comprising the zinc binding site/domain of endostatin.
  • the hinge region is interposed between the oligomerization domain and the endostatin domain.
  • the hinge region is located between the oligomerization domain and the zinc binding site/domain of endostatin or endostatin domain in the NC-1 monomer as referred to herein.
  • the domain arrangement within the NC-1 monomer of human collagen 18 is preferably oligomerization domain-hinge region-endostatin domain, or endostatin domain-hinge region-oligomerization domain.
  • the hinge region within the NC-1 monomer of human collagen 18 may comprise one or more recombinant protease cleavage sites, in addition to the endogenous protease cleavage sites of the hinge region.
  • a recombinant protease cleavage site can be, for instance, an enterokinase or thrombin cleavage (Bergers and Javaherian; Lee et al.; loc. cit.). Cleavage by the respective protease allows for, e.g., the release of the endostatin domain(s) of the protein oligomer or fusion protein of the invention.
  • the oligomerization domain comprises a non-triple helical trimerization domain of human collagen 18 (, i.e. the association domain), an Fc domain and/or an artificial oligomerization domain.
  • the oligomerization domain comprises in one aspect a non-triple helical trimerization domain of human collagen 18 which is responsible for trimerization of the three chains of the NC-1 domain. In another aspect, it comprises an Fc domain.
  • the Fc domain confers a dimeric structure on the NC-1 monomer as defined herein since the Fc domain is a dimer itself.
  • the oligomerization domain of the protein oligomer or fusion protein of the invention comprises a non-triple helical trimerization domain of human collagen 18 and a Fc domain. Further, it can comprise an artificial oligomerization domain and a Fc domain.
  • the Fc domain is from IgG or other immunoglobulin isoforms as well as other scaffold constructs providing oligomerization and longer half life described in the art; see, e.g., Lo et al., Protein Engineering 1998, 11, 495.
  • a murine Fc domain is shown, for example, in SEQ ID NO: 5. More preferably, the Fc domain is from a human IgG, even more preferred from human IgG1. Particularly preferred, the human Fc domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 6.
  • the oligomerization domain of the NC-1 monomer can be a Fc domain of an immunoglobulin, preferably a Fc domain from IgG1, as set forth above.
  • the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer or fusion protein of the invention can also contain two, three or even more Fc domains.
  • the Fc domain(s) may be cleaved off the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer or fusion protein of the invention, if desired.
  • an artificial protease cleavage site such as an enterokinase or a thrombin cleavage site can be interposed between the NC-1 monomer and the Fc domain(s) in the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer of the invention, for example, via a corresponding (poly)peptide linker.
  • the oligomer Upon cleavage by the respective protease, the oligomer is released from the Fc domain(s).
  • the Fc domain(s) can be used for purification and/or detection.
  • the Fc domain alters the biological properties of the protein oligomer or fusion protein of the invention, such as half-life extension in circulation and improvement of biological activity, preferably improvement of anti-angiogenic activity.
  • an Fc-endostatin fusion protein is able to bind fibronectin as a dimer, whereas endostatin monomer does not. Moreover, Fc-endostatin shows a longer half-life than endostatin.
  • the artificial oligomerization domain comprises a single mutation at position 7 of the endostatin domain in which glutamine is replaced by cysteine.
  • the monomer as defined herein comprises in some aspects a single mutation of glutamine to cysteine at position 7 of the endostatin domain.
  • the above mutation at position 7 can also be introduced in the N-terminal peptide of endostatin which has been shown to represent the antitumor domain of endostatin (Tjin et al. 2005 , Cancer Res 65, 3656).
  • the oligomerization of the peptide can be achieved by either artificial dimerization as described above or simply by recombinant fusion to the Fc moiety without a mutation in position 7.
  • An example for a fusion protein of the invention comprising said mutation at position 7 mediating dimerization is shown in SEQ ID NO: 15; see Example 2.10.
  • the recombinant protease cleavage site within the hinge region is an enterokinase or thrombin cleavage site.
  • the cleavage of the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer with the enterokinase or thrombin results in the release of the endostatin domains from the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer of the invention.
  • the NC-1 monomer as defined herein contains only protease cleavage sites naturally occurring within the hinge region, i.e. it does not comprise a recombinant protease cleavage site.
  • the hinge region can be cleaved, e.g. by MMPs, as set forth elsewhere herein, in order to release, e.g., the endostatin domain(s).
  • these naturally occurring protease cleavage sites in the hinge region of the NC-1 monomer can be mutated so that NC-1 monomer is no longer cleaved by said proteases. In this way, the anti-angiogenic activity of the protein oligomer of the invention may still be improved.
  • the angiogenesis-related disease to be treated is selected from the group consisting of angiogenesis-dependent cancer including solid tumors, melanomas, tumor metastases, blood born tumors such as leukemias, benign tumors such as hemangiomas, acoustic neuromas, neurofibromas, trachomas, pyogenic granulomas; rheumatoid arthritis; psoriasis; ocular angiogenic diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, macular degeneration, conical graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma, retrolental fibroplasias, rubeosis; Osler-Webber syndrome; myocardial angiogenesis; plaque neovascularization; telangiectasia; hemophiliac joints; angiofibroma; wound granulation; diseases of excessive or abnormal stimulation of endotheli
  • the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer or fusion protein of the invention is preferably formulated as a pharmaceutical composition which can be administered by standard routes.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may be administered by the topical, transdermal, intraperitoneal, intracranial, intracerebroventricular, intracerebral, intravaginal, intrauterine, oral, rectal or parenteral (e.g. intravenous, intraspinal, subcutaneous or intramuscular) route.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer or fusion protein of the invention as pharmaceutical active compound may be used for non-human or preferably human therapy of various angiogenesis-related diseases or disorders as, specified elsewhere herein in a therapeutically effective dose.
  • the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer or fusion protein of the invention can be present in liquid or lyophilized form.
  • the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer or fusion protein can be present together with glycerol, protein stabilizers (e.g., human serum albumin (HSA)) or non-protein stabilizers.
  • HSA human serum albumin
  • the compound i.e. the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer or fusion protein of the invention
  • the compound is the active ingredient of the pharmaceutical composition, and is in one aspect, administered in conventional dosage forms prepared by combining the drug with standard pharmaceutical carriers according to conventional procedures. These procedures may involve mixing, granulating, and compression, or dissolving the ingredients as appropriate to the desired preparation. It will be appreciated that the form and character of the pharmaceutical acceptable carrier or diluent is dictated by the amount of active ingredient with which it is to be combined, the route of administration, and other well-known variables.
  • the carrier(s) must be acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and being not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical carrier employed may include a solid, a gel, or a liquid.
  • Exemplary of solid carriers are lactose, terra alba, sucrose, talc, gelatine, agar, pectin, acacia, magnesium stearate, stearic acid and the like.
  • Exemplary of liquid carriers are phosphate buffered saline solution, syrup, oil, water, emulsions, various types of wetting agents, and the like.
  • the carrier or diluent may include time delay material well known to the art, such as glyceryl mono-stearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax.
  • time delay material well known to the art, such as glyceryl mono-stearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax.
  • suitable carriers comprise those mentioned above and others well known in the art, see, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa.
  • the diluent(s) is/are selected so as not to affect the biological activity, preferably, anti-angiogenic activity of the combination.
  • examples of such diluents are distilled water, physiological saline, Ringer's solutions, dextrose solution, and Hank's solution.
  • the pharmaceutical composition or formulation may also include other carriers, adjuvants, or non-toxic, non-therapeutic, non-immunogenic stabilizers and the like.
  • a therapeutically effective dose refers to an amount of the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer or fusion protein of the invention to be used in a pharmaceutical composition which prevents, ameliorates or treats the symptoms accompanying an angiogenesis-related disease or condition referred to in this specification.
  • Therapeutic efficacy and toxicity of the compound can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population) and LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population).
  • the dose ratio between therapeutic and toxic effects is the therapeutic index, and it can be expressed as the ratio, LD50/ED50.
  • dosage regimen will be determined by the attending physician and other clinical factors. As is well known in the medical arts, dosages for any one patient depends upon many factors, including the patient's size, body surface area, age, the particular compound to be administered, sex, time and route of administration, general health, and other drugs being administered concurrently. Progress can be monitored by periodic assessment.
  • the medicament referred to herein is administered at least once in order to treat or ameliorate or prevent a disease or condition recited in this specification.
  • the said medicament may be administered more than one time.
  • compositions are prepared in a manner well known in the pharmaceutical art and comprise at least one active compound referred to herein above in admixture or otherwise associated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
  • the active compound(s) will usually be mixed with a carrier or the diluent.
  • the resulting formulations are to be adapted to the mode of administration. Dosage recommendations shall be indicated in the prescribers or users instructions in order to anticipate dose adjustments depending on the considered recipient.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may in a further aspect of the invention comprise drugs in addition to the protein oligomer of the invention which are added to the medicament during its formulation.
  • the oligomer is a dimer or a trimer.
  • encompassed by the protein oligomer of the invention are also tetramers or pentamers or oligomers with even more NC-1 monomers as defined herein.
  • the invention also relates to a method for producing the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer or fusion protein of the invention, comprising (a) culturing a host cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer or fusion protein of the is invention, preferably under serum-free conditions, (b) obtaining from the host cell of step (a) the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer or fusion protein, and, optionally, (c) storing the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer or fusion protein, preferably under serum-free conditions.
  • oligomeric NC-1 such as the NC-1 trimer is susceptible to degradation if kept in serum or cell culture media for longer periods of time, even at 4° C. Therefore, it is advantageous to produce and keep the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer of the invention under serum-free conditions.
  • the invention pertains to a method for the identification of an anti-angiogenic agent, comprising (a) contacting the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer of the invention with fibronectin and/or VEGF under conditions which allow binding of the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer of the invention to fibronectin and/or VEGF to form a complex, (b) contacting the complex of step a) with a panel of agents, (c) identifying and isolating those agents which are capable of binding to the complex of step (a), and (d) testing of the anti-angiogenic activity of the agent identified in step c) in an in vitro assay.
  • step a) and/or b) and/or c) may be assisted by robotic devices and automated reader systems for mixing compounds and measuring the complex formation. Suitable systems are known in the art and depend on the type of response to be determined.
  • the method may comprise additional steps pertaining to the generation of the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer of the present invention.
  • the term “contacting” as used herein refers to bringing at least two different compounds in physical proximity as to allow physical and/or chemical interaction of said compounds.
  • the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer according to the present invention is first contacted with fibronectin and/or VEGF to form a complex. Thereafter, said complex is contacted with a panel of agent, e.g. a protein, peptide, chemical or aptamer library suspected to comprise a biologically active polypeptide.
  • a panel of agent e.g. a protein, peptide, chemical or aptamer library suspected to comprise a biologically active polypeptide.
  • the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer of the invention shall be contacted with the mentioned compounds for a time and under conditions sufficient to allow complex formation.
  • Contacting as used herein occurs in a host cell containing the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer of the present invention.
  • the said time and conditions will be dependent on the amount of protein oligomer or peptide oligomer.
  • the person skilled in the art is well aware of which conditions need to be applied dependent on the host cell and kind of protein oligomer or peptide oligomer.
  • contacting occurs in a cell free system comprising the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer of the invention.
  • the cell free system shall allow for the complex formation of the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer and the compounds mentioned above.
  • In vitro assays for testing anti-angiogenic activity have been set forth elsewhere herein.
  • the invention relates to a kit comprising the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer of the invention.
  • kit refers to a collection of means comprising the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer of the present invention which are provided in separate or common vials in a ready to use manner for carrying out the treatment of an angiogenesis-related disease as defined herein.
  • the kit comprises additional means for carrying out the treatment of an angiogenesis-related disease, in an aspect, further anti-angiogenic agents which can be used in combination with the protein oligomer or peptide oligomer of the invention, such as antibodies against or small molecular kinase inhibitors to, in particular, IGF1R, c-Met, Pi3K, VEGFR, Braf, ALK-EML4, PDGFR, antagonizing antibodies against key cytokines such as CCL2, GM-CSF/CSF, Bv8, SDF1, and standard anticancer treatments such as radiotherapy and chemotherapies.
  • the kit comprises instructions for carrying out the treatment of an angiogenesis-related disease.
  • kits can be used for carrying out the treatment of a specific angiogenesis-related disease listed herein above, e.g. angiogenesis-related cancer.
  • the present invention further pertains to a fusion protein comprising a NC-1 monomer of human collagen 18 and a Fc domain of an immunoglobulin.
  • NC-1 monomer of human collagen 18
  • Fc domain or Fc region of an immunoglobulin
  • fusion protein denotes a polypeptide comprising at least one NC-1 monomer as defined herein linked to at least one Fc domain derived from an immunoglobulin.
  • the fusion protein is human.
  • the Fc domain can be fused either to the N-terminus or the C-terminus of the NC-1 monomer, preferably to the N-terminus.
  • the fusion protein comprises an oligomerization domain, a hinge region and/or an endostatin domain and, optionally a recombinant protease cleavage site within the hinge region.
  • the generation and expression of such an Fc-NC-1 fusion protein is shown in the following examples.
  • the fusion protein of the invention comprises an association domain as defined herein and an Fc domain, it can be beneficial to use a Fc domain lacking the single disulfide bridge. The removal of the disulfide bridge may be beneficial for the following reason: Fc is a dimer, whereas NC-1 is a trimer which means that a dimer needs to attach to a trimer.
  • NC-1-Fc fusion protein which is missing the single disulfide present on Fc to prevent dimer formation of the Fc in order to avoid, for example, poor expression of the protein.
  • This can be achieved, for example, by mutating the cysteines at the N terminus in the Fc domain (for example, the cysteine amino acid residues 11 and 14 of the human Fc domain shown in SEQ ID NO: 6) to alanine. It is expected that this approach will provide for a trimer Fc-trimer NC-1 construct, as a result of NC-1 trimerization mediated by the non-triple helical trimerization domain.
  • the fusion protein can, for example, comprise an oligomerization domain and an endostatin domain. It can further comprise a hinge region, optionally with a recombinant protease cleavage site. Alternatively, it can comprise a hinge region and an endostatin domain.
  • the oligomerization domain comprises a non-triple helical trimerization domain of human collagen 18 and/or an artificial oligomerization domain and/or other above-mentioned mechanisms for oligomerization of the monomer.
  • the Fc domain (as shown, for example, in SEQ ID NO: 5 or 6) is from IgG.
  • the NC-1 monomer as defined herein is fused to the one or more Fc domains via a (poly)peptide linker.
  • a NC-1 monomer can be fused to the Fc portion of human IgG through a poly Glycine (poly Gly) linker.
  • the artificial oligomerization domain comprises a single mutation at position 7 of the endostatin domain in which glutamine is replaced by cysteine.
  • the hinge region is interposed between the Fc domain and the endostatin domain in the NC-1 monomer as referred to herein.
  • Said hinge region can comprise a recombinant protease cleavage site such as an enterokinase or thrombin cleavage site.
  • the hinge region within the NC-1 monomer of collagen 18 may comprise one or more recombinant protease cleavage sites, in addition to the endogenous protease cleavage sites, e.g. for MMPs, of the hinge region.
  • the domain arrangement of the fusion protein is Fc domain—oligomerization domain—hinge region—endostatin domain or oligomerization domain—hinge region—endostatin domain—Fc domain or Fc domain—endostatin domain—hinge region—oligomerization domain or endostatin domain—hinge region—oligomerization domain—Fc domain. It is preferred that the domain arrangement of the fusion protein mediates oligomerization of the endostatin monomer over disulfide bound between the two Fc-fragments.
  • the fusion protein lacks the association domain of the NC-1 domain, i.e. it comprises the Fc domain as an oligomerization domain.
  • an Fc-NC-1 fusion protein comprising a NC-1 monomer and a Fc domain of an immunoblobulin has recently been constructed and will be tested for anti-angiogenic activity and/or antitumor activity and longer half-life. It is expected that such a fusion protein will exhibit a still longer half-life and/or still improved anti-angiogenie activity than the protein oligomer of the invention.
  • said fusion protein is a protein oligomer, preferably a dimer, trimer or tetramer.
  • protein oligomer has been defined elsewhere herein.
  • the definitions and embodiments of the protein oligomer of the invention apply mutatis mutandis to the fusion protein of the invention, comprising said NC-1 monomer as defined herein and an Fc domain of an immunoglobulin.
  • said fusion protein can comprise more than one NC-1 monomer as defined herein, e.g. two, three, four or even more monomers.
  • the fusion protein of the invention is being used as an oligomer.
  • said fusion protein can comprise more than one Fc domain, e.g., two, three, four or even more Fc domains.
  • the hinge region in the fusion protein of the invention comprises a structural modification, e.g. one or more mutation(s), in a MMP protease cleavage site conferring decreased cleavage by said MMP protease.
  • the invention pertains also to a fusion protein comprising:
  • endostatin peptide or “endostatin-derived peptide” such as the N-terminal zinc-binding domain of endostatin or a synthetic peptide corresponding to the N-terminal zinc-binding domain of endostatin have been described elsewhere herein and are shown in detail in the following Examples; see, for instance, the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs. 9 and 10. It is encompassed by the present invention, that variants of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs. 9 and 10, e.g., shorter amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs. 9 and 10 can be used as well.
  • a peptide corresponding to positions 1 to 13 of SEQ ID NO: 9 or positions 1 to 12 of SEQ ID NO: 10 can be used as endostatin peptide in the above-indicated fusion protein of the invention.
  • such a peptide can differ from the corresponding endostatin peptide or endostatin-derived peptide in one, two, three, four or even more amino acid residues, while at least maintaining (or even exceeding) the biological activity (as described elsewhere herein) of the corresponding endostatin peptide in the endostatin domain of NC-1.
  • endostatin peptides exhibiting anti-angiogenic and/or anti-tumor activity which can be used in the fusion proteins or oligomers of the present application have been further described, e.g., in Tjin et al., loc. cit., or in U.S. Pat. No. 7,524,811.
  • Fibronectin a tripeptide, Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD), located on the loop connecting the force-bearing G- and F-strands of FN-III10.
  • PHSRN Pro-His-Ser-Arg-Asn
  • PHSRN Pro-His-Ser-Arg-Asn
  • the corresponding amino acid sequences of murine and human Fibronectin (FN) are shown, e.g., in accession numbers NP — 034363.1 and NP — 997647.1, respectively.
  • the domain structure of human FN can be derived, e.g., from the publication by Wijelath et al. 2006, Circ. Res. 99, 853-860.
  • the RGD motif of Fibronectin comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO. 11, 12 or 17.
  • the endostatin peptide or endostatin-derived peptide is located at the amino-terminal end of the fusion protein and the RGD motif and/or PHSRN motif of Fibronectin is located at the carboxy-terminal end of the fusion protein of the invention.
  • this fusion protein of the invention comprises an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 7 or 13.
  • the fusion protein further comprises an Fc domain or an artificial oligomerization domain as defined herein.
  • the fusion protein with an artificial oligomerization domain comprises an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 15.
  • oligomeric NC-1 may elicit its effects via fibroncectin (FN) binding via interference with at least two pivotal angiogenesis pathways, i.e., VEGF and integrin alpha 5 beta 1 (ITGA5B1) signaling.
  • FN fibroncectin
  • IGA5B1 integrin alpha 5 beta 1
  • a minimal peptide sequence has been engineered that mimics the key effects of the endostatin (ED)-fibronectin complex.
  • the inventors first selected the most active motif in the entire ED-domain consisting of a 27 amino acid-NH 2 -terminal region (Tjin Tham Sjin et al. 2005, Cancer Res. 65, 3656-63).
  • Preliminary data by the present inventors indicate that this region itself may be capable of binding to VEGF and that the two histidines (Zinc binding domain) in this peptide sequence may be critical for VEGF binding.
  • FIG. 10 shows a schematic overview of critical motifs within the ED-domain and FN.
  • the inventors fused these two critical motifs, i.e.
  • SEQ ID NO: 7 shows a variant of the human Superstatin amino acid sequence which is able to dimerize, due to the substitution of Glutamine at position 7 in SEQ ID NO: 13 by Cysteine. This fusion protein of the invention will allow analyzing the impact of dimerization on antitumor activity.
  • the human Superstatin peptide (SEQ ID NO: 13) is conjugated to the complexing agent 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (also known as DOTA) providing the ability to conjugate the peptide with, e.g., radionuclides such as Gallium ( 68 Ga) for non-invasive imaging (Positron emission tomography, PET).
  • DOTA 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid
  • the invention further pertains to a fusion protein comprising a) an endostatin peptide or an endostatin-derived peptide and b) the RGD motif and/or PHSRN motif of Fibronectin for use as a diagnostic composition.
  • a fusion protein comprising a) an endostatin peptide or an endostatin-derived peptide and b) the RGD motif and/or PHSRN motif of Fibronectin for use as a diagnostic composition.
  • the human Superstatin peptide (SEQ ID NO: 13) is conjugated to the complexing agent 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (also known as DOTA).
  • the fusion protein can be used to identify and/or characterize the region of fibronectin which binds to endostatin.
  • Such methods are known in the art, see, e.g., BiaCore.
  • the invention further relates to a polynucleotide encoding the fusion proteins of the invention.
  • polynucleotide refers to single- or double-stranded DNA molecules as well as to RNA molecules. Encompassed by the said term is genomic DNA, cDNA, hnRNA, mRNA as well as all naturally occurring or artificially modified derivatives of such molecular species.
  • the polynucleotide may be in an aspect a linear or circular molecule.
  • a polynucleotide of the present invention may comprise additional sequences required for proper transcription and/or translation such as 5′- or 3′-UTR sequences.
  • nucleic acid sequences encoding the fusion protein of the present invention can be derived from the amino acid sequence envisaged for the fusion protein of the invention by a skilled artisan without further ado.
  • optimized codons may be used in the nucleic acid sequences encoding the fusion protein in the polynucleotide of the present invention. Thereby, optimal expression in, e.g., a host cell of the present invention can be achieved.
  • the present invention also encompasses variants of such specific amino acid sequences of the fusion protein of the invention or nucleic acid sequences encoding them as long as these variant sequences also allow for the formation of a fusion protein of the invention.
  • Said variants have preferably anti-angiogenic activity as defined elsewhere herein.
  • a sequence variant as used herein differs from the specific amino acid sequence or a specific nucleic acid sequence as specified before by one or more amino acid or nucleotide substitutions, additions and/or deletions.
  • the said variant sequence is at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% identical to the specific sequence of the fusion protein of the invention over the entire length or over at least a stretch of half of the length of the specific sequence.
  • identical refers to sequence identity characterized by determining the number of identical amino acids between sequences wherein the sequences are aligned so that the highest order match is obtained. It can be calculated using published techniques or methods codified in computer programs such as, for example, BLASTP or FASTA (Altschul 1990 , J Mol Biol 215, 403).
  • the percent identity values are, in one aspect, calculated over the entire amino acid sequence or over a sequence stretch of at least 50% of the query sequence.
  • a series of programs based on a variety of algorithms is available to the skilled worker for comparing different sequences. In this context, the algorithms of Needleman and Wunsch or Smith and Waterman give particularly reliable results.
  • the program PileUp Higgins 1989 , CABIOS 5, 151
  • the programs Gap and BestFit Gap and BestFit (Needleman 1970 , J Mol Biol 48; 443; Smith 1981 , Adv Appl Math 2, 482), which are part of the GCG software packet (Genetics Computer Group 1991, 575 Science Drive, Madison, Wis., USA 53711), may be used.
  • sequence identity values recited above in percent (%) are to be determined, in another aspect of the invention, using the program GAP over the entire sequence region with the following settings: Gap Weight: 50, Length Weight: 3, Average Match: 10.000 and Average Mismatch: 0.000, which, unless otherwise specified, shall always be used as standard settings for sequence alignments.
  • the invention further relates to a vector comprising the polynucleotide of the invention.
  • the vector is an expression vector.
  • vector encompasses preferably phage, plasmid, viral or retroviral vectors as well as artificial chromosomes, such as bacterial or yeast artificial chromosomes.
  • the tem also relates to targeting constructs which allow for random or site-directed integration of the targeting construct into genomic DNA.
  • target constructs in an aspect, comprise DNA of sufficient length for either homologous or heterologous recombination as described in detail below.
  • the vector encompassing the polynucleotides of the present invention in an aspect, further comprises selectable markers for propagation and/or selection in a host cell.
  • the vector may be incorporated into a host cell by various techniques well known in the art.
  • a plasmid vector can be introduced in a precipitate such as a calcium phosphate precipitate or rubidium chloride precipitate, or in a complex with a charged lipid or in carbon-based clusters, such as fullerens.
  • a plasmid vector may be introduced by heat shock or electroporation techniques.
  • the vector may be packaged in vitro using an appropriate packaging cell line prior to application to host cells.
  • Retroviral vectors may be replication competent or replication defective. In the latter case, viral propagation generally will occur only in complementing host/cells.
  • the polynucleotide is operatively linked to expression control sequences allowing expression in prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cells or isolated fractions thereof in the said vector.
  • the vector is an expression vector.
  • Expression of the polynucleotide comprises transcription of the polynucleotide into a translatable mRNA.
  • Regulatory elements ensuring expression in host cells are well known in the art. In an aspect, they comprise regulatory sequences ensuring initiation of transcription and/or poly-A signals ensuring termination of transcription and stabilization of the transcript. Additional regulatory elements may include transcriptional as well as translational enhancers.
  • Possible regulatory elements permitting expression in prokaryotic host cells comprise, e.g., the lac-, trp- or tac-promoter in E. coli , and examples for regulatory elements permitting expression in eukaryotic host cells are the AOX1- or the GAL1-promoter in yeast or the CMV-, SV40-, RSV-promoter (Rous sarcoma virus), CMV-enhancer, SV40-enhancer or a globin intron in mammalian and other animal cells.
  • inducible expression control sequences may be used in an expression vector encompassed by the present invention. Such inducible vectors may comprise tet or lac operator sequences or sequences inducible by heat shock or other environmental factors.
  • Suitable expression control sequences are well known in the art. Beside elements which are responsible for the initiation of transcription such regulatory elements may also comprise transcription termination signals, such as the SV40-poly-A site or the tk-poly-A site, downstream of the polynucleotide.
  • suitable expression vectors are known in the art such as Okayama-Berg cDNA expression vector pcDV1 (Pharmacia), pBluescript (Stratagene), pCDM8, pRc/CMV, pcDNA1, pcDNA3 (Invitrogen) or pSPORT1 (Invitrogen).
  • said vector is an expression vector and a gene transfer or targeting vector.
  • Expression vectors derived from viruses such as retroviruses, vaccinia virus, adeno-associated virus, herpes viruses, or bovine papilloma virus, may be used for delivery of the polynucleotide or vector of the invention into a targeted cell population.
  • viruses such as retroviruses, vaccinia virus, adeno-associated virus, herpes viruses, or bovine papilloma virus.
  • Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art can be used to construct recombinant viral vectors; see, for example, the techniques described in Sambrook, Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (2001) N.Y. and Ausubel, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Green Publishing Associates and Wiley Interscience, N.Y. (1994).
  • the invention further relates to a host cell comprising the polynucleotide or the vector of the invention.
  • host cell encompasses prokaryotic and eukaryotic host cells.
  • the host cell is a bacterial cell.
  • the said bacterial host cell is an E. coli host cell.
  • Such a bacterial host cell may be used, e.g., for reproduction of the polynucleotide or the vector of the present invention.
  • a eukaryotic host cell in an aspect, is a cell which comprises the fusion protein and either the polynucleotide or the vector of the present invention wherein said polynucleotide or vector are expressed in the host cell in order to generate the fusion protein.
  • the polynucleotide may be introduced into a host cell either transiently or stably.
  • the eukaryotic host cell may be a cell of a eukaryotic host cell line which stably expresses the polynucleotide of the invention.
  • the host cell is a eukaryotic host cell which has been transiently transfected with the polynucleotide or vector of the invention and which expresses the polynucleotide of the invention.
  • the said cell is a cell which has been genetically engineered to produce the fusion protein of the invention. How such cells can be genetically engineered by molecular biology techniques is well known to the skilled person.
  • the invention further relates to a method for producing the fusion proteins of the invention, comprising:
  • the invention further relates to a medicament, preferably a pharmaceutical composition, comprising the polynucleotide encoding the fusion proteins, the vector, the host cell, or the fusion proteins of the invention.
  • the term “medicament” as used herein refers, in one aspect, to a pharmaceutical composition containing the polynucleotide encoding the fusion protein, the vector, the host cell, or the fusion protein of the invention as pharmaceutical active compound, wherein the pharmaceutical composition may be used for non-human or preferably human therapy of various angiogenesis-related diseases or disorders as specified elsewhere herein in a therapeutically effective dose. Possible routes of administration have been set forth elsewhere herein.
  • the polynucleotide encoding the fusion protein, the vector, the host cell, or the fusion protein of the invention can be present in liquid or lyophilized form.
  • said compound can be present together with glycerol, protein stabilizers (e.g., human serum albumin (HSA)) or non-protein stabilizers.
  • said compound may be pegylated.
  • the compound i.e. the polynucleotide encoding the fusion protein, the vector, the host cell, or the fusion protein of the invention
  • is the active ingredient of the composition and is in one aspect, administered in conventional dosage forms prepared by combining the drug with standard pharmaceutical carriers according to conventional procedures. These procedures may involve mixing, granulating, and compression, or dissolving the ingredients as appropriate to the desired preparation. It will be appreciated that the form and character of the pharmaceutical acceptable carrier or diluent is dictated by the amount of active ingredient with which it is to be combined, the route of administration, and other well-known variables.
  • the carrier(s) must be acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and being not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical carrier employed may include a solid, a gel, or a liquid.
  • Exemplary of solid carriers are lactose, terra alba, sucrose, talc, gelatine, agar, pectin, acacia, magnesium stearate, stearic acid and the like.
  • Exemplary of liquid carriers are phosphate buffered saline solution, syrup, oil, water, emulsions, various types of wetting agents, and the like.
  • the carrier or diluent may include time delay material well known to the art, such as glyceryl mono-stearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax.
  • time delay material well known to the art, such as glyceryl mono-stearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax.
  • suitable carriers comprise those mentioned above and others well known in the art, see, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa.
  • the diluent(s) is/are selected so as not to affect the biological activity, preferably, anti-angiogenic activity of the combination.
  • examples of such diluents are distilled water, physiological saline, Ringer's solutions, dextrose solution, and Hank's solution.
  • the pharmaceutical composition or formulation may also include other carriers, adjuvants, or non-toxic, non-therapeutic, non-immunogenic stabilizers and the like.
  • a therapeutically effective dose refers to an amount of the compound to be used in medicament of the present invention which prevents, ameliorates or treats the symptoms accompanying an angiogenesis-related disease or condition referred to in this specification.
  • Therapeutic efficacy and toxicity of the compound can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population) and LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population).
  • the dose ratio between therapeutic and toxic effects is the therapeutic index, and it can be expressed as the ratio, LD50/ED50.
  • dosage regimen will be determined by the attending physician and other clinical factors. As is well known in the medical arts, dosages for any one patient depends upon many factors, including the patient's size, body surface area, age, the particular compound to be administered, sex, time and route of administration, general health, and other drugs being administered concurrently. Progress can be monitored by periodic assessment.
  • the medicament referred to herein is administered at least once in order to treat or ameliorate or prevent a disease or condition recited in this specification.
  • the said medicament may be administered more than one time.
  • Specific medicaments are prepared in a manner well known in the pharmaceutical art and comprise at least one active compound referred to herein above in admixture or otherwise associated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
  • the active compound(s) will usually be mixed with a carrier or the diluent.
  • the resulting formulations are to be adapted to the mode of administration, Dosage recommendations shall be indicated in the prescribers or users instructions in order to anticipate dose adjustments depending on the considered recipient.
  • the medicament according to the present invention may in a further aspect of the invention comprise drugs in addition to the polynucleotide encoding the fusion protein, the vector, the host cell, or the fusion protein of the invention which are added to the medicament during its formulation.
  • the medicament or pharmaceutical composition comprising the polynucleotide encoding the fusion protein of the invention, the vector, the host cell, or the fusion protein of the invention is for the treatment or prevention of an angiogenesis-related disease selected from the group consisting of angiogenesis-dependent cancer including solid tumors, melanomas, tumor metastases, blood born tumors such as leukemias, benign tumors such as hemangiomas, acoustic neuromas, neurofibromas, trachomas, pyogenic granulomas; rheumatoid arthritis; psoriasis; ocular angiogenic diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, macular degeneration, conical graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma, retrolental fibroplasias, rubeosis; Osler-Webber syndrome; myocardial angiogenesis; plaque neovascularization;
  • the invention further relates to a diagnostic composition comprising the polynucleotide, the vector, the host cell, or the fusion protein of the invention.
  • the invention further relates to the use comprising the polynucleotide, the vector, the host cell, or the fusion protein of the invention for determining an anti-angiogenic activity in a sample in vitro or in vivo.
  • the invention further relates to a kit comprising the polynucleotide, the vector, the host cell, or the fusion protein of the invention and an instruction sheet for the treatment of an angiogenesis-related disease.
  • kit refers to a collection of means comprising the fusion protein of the invention, the polynucleotide encoding the fusion protein, the vector and/or the host cell of the present invention which are provided in separate or common vials in a ready to use manner for carrying out the treatment of an angiogenesis-related disease.
  • the kit comprises additional means for carrying out the treatment of an angiogenesis-related disease, in an aspect, further anti-angiogenic agents which can be used in combination with the protein oligomer or the fusion protein of the invention, such as those mentioned herein.
  • the kit comprises instructions for carrying out the treatment of an angiogenesis-related disease.
  • These instructions can be provided as a manual or can be in the form of a computer-implementable algorithm on a data storage medium which upon implementation is capable of governing one or more steps of the treatment of an angiogenesis-related disease.
  • the instructions comprise information with respect to the dosage of the fusion protein of the invention, time and mode of administration and the like.
  • the kit is to be used for carrying out the treatment of an angiogenesis-related disease specified above.
  • the invention further pertains to a(n) (in vitro) method for the identification of an anti-angiogenic agent, comprising
  • the panel of agents used in step b) can be, for example, a library of proteins or antibodies, a phage display library, small organic compounds or the like.
  • the method can further comprise a step (e), in which the regions of fibronectin responsible for binding to the oligomer or fusion protein of the invention can be identified. This information can then be used for the molecular design of anti-angiogenic and/or anti-tumor therapeutics.
  • the invention also relates to a method for producing a mutated NC-1-Fc or Fc-NC-1 fusion protein of the invention, comprising:
  • Fc-endostatin forms oligomers and, thus, mimics the oligomeric NC-1 effect described herein, for example, in that it binds to fibronectin, whereas endostatin monomer does not.
  • LLC murine lung cancer
  • BxPC3 human pancreatic adenocarcinoma
  • the invention pertains to a method for predicting the response of a cancer patient to an applied cancer therapy, comprising the steps of a) measuring the level of fibronectin in a sample of the patient by using the NC-1 oligomer or fusion protein of the invention, and b) predicting the response of said patient to said cancer therapy, wherein low levels of fibronectin compared to a reference level (of a healthy subject) is indicative for a non-responding of the patient to the applied cancer therapy.
  • the invention encompasses a kit comprising the NC-1 oligomer or fusion protein of the invention for predicting the tumor response to treatment with oligomeric NC-1 or fusion protein of the invention.
  • said compounds of the invention can be used for detecting the level of fibronectin or fragments thereof in a sample of a cancer patient.
  • NC-1 oligomers or fusion proteins of the invention can be predictive for cancer therapy response.
  • the ability of NC-1 oligomers or fusion proteins of the invention for binding to fibronectin can be used, for instance, for the determination of fibronectin levels in samples of cancer patients.
  • Low levels of fibronectin detected by the NC-1 oligomers or fusion proteins of the invention are indicative for bad prognosis and can, therefore, be used as a molecular therapy predictor in order to identify treatment responders vs. non-responders among the cancer patients.
  • low fibronectin concentrations in the tumor, tumor environment, serum, plasma or urine of cancer patients undergoing an anti-tumor therapy is prognostic for a poor- or non-responding of the patient to the applied therapy.
  • the invention further relates to concurrent or sequential therapy with anti-IGF1R and/or -CCL2 targeting agents, such as—but not limited to—antibodies, to circumvent acquired drug resistance to oligomeric NC-1.
  • anti-IGF1R and/or -CCL2 targeting agents such as—but not limited to—antibodies, to circumvent acquired drug resistance to oligomeric NC-1.
  • NC-1 corresponds to the human NC-1 domain and the term “mNC-1” to the murine NC-1 domain.
  • the NC-1 domain is the naturally occurring trimeric NC-1 of collagen 18 comprising an association domain, a hinge region and an endostatin domain (including the zinc binding site), if not indicated otherwise.
  • Platelets from 15 ml of freshly collected plasma was lysed employing 25 mM Tris, 0.15 M NaCl, 1% NP-40, pH 7.5 and a cocktail of protease inhibitors (total volume was made 3 mls).
  • the lysate was centrifuged and filtered. Proteins Fc, Fc-VEGF and Fc-endostatin (10 ⁇ g of each) were individually added to 1 ml of lysate. Protein A was employed. Incubation time was 18 h at 4° C. After three washes, the eluted samples were applied to PAGE and were stained with coomassie stain.
  • the control lanes refer to the samples devoid of lysate.
  • the candidate proteins were sliced out of the gel and sent out for Mass Spectra analysis.
  • Fibronectin samples were prepared by serial dilution into 0.01 M Hepes, pH 7.4, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.05% Surfactant containing 1 mg/ml BSA in the range 0.78 nM-100 nM and flowed over control and derivatized surfaces for three minutes at a flow-rate of 60 ⁇ l/min. Dissociation phases were monitored for 5 minutes. Zero concentration blank buffer cycles were included as negative control samples. Sensor surfaces were regenerated using a 1 minute injection of 1 M ethanolamine, pH 8.5 following each interaction analysis cycle. Non-specific binding effects to sensor surface CM4 were not observed. Calculated ka, kd and KD are shown. Different curves correspond to different concentrations of fibronectin.
  • FIG. 2 Endostatin binding activity and co-localization with fibronectin in blood vessels.
  • Immunohistochemistry was used to verify the distribution of Fc-endostatin in ASPC-1 xenograft mice after treatments.
  • A The exogenous endostatin was detected by Alexa 488-labeled antibody (green) and vessel marker, CD31 was used and detected by Alexa 594-labeled antibody (red) in tumor, heart and kidney.
  • B ⁇ -SMA, pericyte marker (red) was used to confirm the endostatin binding to tumor vessels.
  • C Exogenous endostatin (green) distribution is similar to fibronectin (red) in tumor. Human Fc (hFc) control shows no binding.
  • HUVECs were incubated with Fc-endostatin and detected with Alexa 488 IgG or human NC-1 (hNC-1) trimer and detected by anti-His tag monoclonal antibody.
  • the fibronectin staining is showed in red color (Bar, 20 ⁇ m).
  • HUVECs were plated into 24-well inserts of transwell plate in duplication.
  • the lower chamber was filled with serum free medium containing 100 ng/ml rhesus VEGF (rhVEGF) plus different concentrations of hNC-1.
  • rhVEGF rhesus VEGF
  • the cells were fixed and stained. Endothelial cells show less migration under 100 and 200 ng/ml of hNC-1 treated (a).
  • the effect of hNC-1 in inhibition of endothelial cell migration shows a U-shape curve (b). Endostatin monomer, dimer and NC-1 were used for comparison (c).
  • FIG. 4 Immunoprecipitation of human Sera and Platelets followed by Western analysis.
  • M1 and M2 refer to recombinant endostatin (187 amino acids) and NC-1, respectively. 1) pre-immune and human serum. 2) endostatin antibody and human serum.
  • B M contains hNC1 and endostatin markers. Lanes 1 and 2 are the same as in (A). Lanes 3 (pre-immune serum) and 4 (anti-endostatin antibody) correspond to the serum of an individual not represented in (A).
  • C Affinity purification of human serum obtained from a different PRP sample than the one employed in (A) followed by Western analysis without IP step.
  • D Immunoprecipitation of human platelets. hNC-1 and endostatin markers are in lane M.
  • IPs were carried out in the presence of Protein A. After subjecting the samples to PAGE and transfer, the membranes were treated with anti-endostatin monoclonal antibody PDM.
  • FIG. 5 Treatment of mouse bearing human melanoma cancer cells (A2058) with hNC-1.
  • tumor-bearing nude mice in each group were subcutaneously (s.c.) treated with hNC-1 (100 ⁇ g/mouse once a day), clinical-grade endostatin (100 and 500 ⁇ g/mouse once a day) or PBS. Treatment was stopped prior to the development of necrosis. Sites of injection were away from tumors. Tumor sizes and the ratio of treated/control (T/C) is shown.
  • the hNC-1 treated group shows 67% inhibition of tumor growth in the end of experiment, whereas the group treated with endostatin shows only 48% inhibition.
  • FIG. 6 Schematic model of interactions among fibronectin, integrin ⁇ 5 ⁇ 1, VEGF-A and hNC-1.
  • FIG. 7 SDS gel of a murine Fc-NC-1 fusion protein as a function of the amount of plasmid used in transfection of 293 kidney cells under reduced and non-reduced conditions.
  • the product is a single chain consisting of Fc and NC-1. Under non-reduced conditions, the product is a dimer because Fc is disulfide bonded.
  • the single band in the middle of the gel is due to endostatin marker which has a molecular weight of 20 Kd.
  • FIG. 8 Generation of resistant Lewis Lung Cancer tumors in-vivo after prolonged exposure to mouse Fc-angiostatin and Fc-endostatin.
  • FIG. 9 Genome-wide expression profiling of oligomeric-NC-1 fragments (mFc-Endostatin) resistant Lewis Lung Cancer (LLC) tumors.
  • fibronectin FN1 is markedly down regulated in murine (m)Fc-Endostatin (FcEndo) resistant tumors (heatmap, green box).
  • the regulation of candidate genes was confirmed by q-RT-PCR and Fold-expression ratios relative to p4 control tumors are presented (diagrams). This finding supports the inventor's data demonstrating that anti-angiogenic effects of oligomeric NC-1-fragments are exerted via binding to FN1. Therefore, down regulation of FN1 in tumors render them resistant to oligomeric NC-L Moreover, the inventors identified several key pathways such as IGF1R and CCL2 to be up regulated in Fc-endostatin resistant tumors (red box).
  • FN1 level as well as IGF1R/CCL2 regulation might be instrumental in predicting tumor response to cancer therapies consisting of oligomeric-NC-1 fragments.
  • FIG. 10 A schematic overview of critical motifs within the endostatin (ED)-domain and fibronectin (FN).
  • the integrin binding domain within FN consists of two motifs, the RGD and PHSRN motif.
  • heparin binding sites such as HepII are available that mediate binding to other heparin binding factors such as VEGF.
  • the amino-terminal Zinc binding motif of NC1-ED contains two critical histidines (H) that once mutated with Alanine (A) abrogate its activity; adapted from Tjin Tham Sjin et al. Cancer Res 2005, 65, 3656-63 and Wijelath et al. 2006, Circ. Res. 99, 853-860.
  • FIG. 11 Superstatin potently inhibits tumor growth.
  • Wild type LLC tumors (10.000 cells) were implanted s.c. in C57B16 mice. Tumors were sham treated (PBS, control), with the reference FN-mimetic-peptide (“FN-Motif”) containing only the “LYAVTGRGDSPASSK” sequence (SEQ ID NO: 8) or with murine Superstatin (SEQ ID NO: 7) at the dose of 50 ⁇ g peptide in 100 ⁇ l PBS every 12 h s.c. (n: 5 in each group). Treatment was started 4 days after tumor implantation (“prevention trial”) and continued for 24 days. Of note, during the treatment period only a single tumor grew in the Superstatin group.
  • FIG. 12 Knockdown of Fibronectin (FN) rendered tumor resistant to oligomeric NC1 substrates, as exemplified for ED-Dimer (Fc-Endostatin).
  • the Superstatin peptide exerts potent tumor growth inhibition in FN ⁇ / ⁇ LLC tumors growing s.c. in C57B16 mice.
  • FIG. 13 Sequential treatment with IGF1R-Inhibitor is effective in treatment of murine Fc-Endostatin (muFcEndo)-resistant LLC tumors.
  • FIG. 14 Differential expression of proteins in passage 5 (P5) Fc-Endostatin-(Endo)-resistant LLC tumor cells. Protein analysis by Western blot further confirmed enhanced IGF1R expression and phosphorylation (p-IGF1R), down-regulation of Fibronectin and up-regulation of CCL2 as the function of therapy with murine Fc-Endostatin (Endo) in passage 5 LLC tumors. Sequential treatment with IGF1R inhibitor partially reversed this phenotype.
  • Human tumor cell lines A2058 (melanoma) and human pancreatic cancer cell line ASPC-1 were cultured in DMEM with L-glutamine and supplemented with 10% FCS and antibiotics.
  • HUVEC Longza, Switzerland
  • EBM endothelial growth media was maintained in EBM endothelial growth media and EGM Bullet Kit (Lonza, Switzerland) with antibiotics.
  • Protein A was used for purification of the recombinant proteins (at least 90% purity). Approximately, 50 mg/liter of Fc-endostatin has been obtained by employing fermentors of 10-18 liter capacity. Human collagen 18 NC-1 preparation was described previously (Wen et al., loc. cit.). The protein was expressed and secreted into the media and purified on Ni-Agarose (Invitrogen).
  • This analysis provides for a unique method for measuring equilibrium constants between two binding partners. It is able to evaluate the kinetics of an interaction by recording the rates of complex formation (ka) and dissociation (kd) followed by employing a software which determines the values of these two parameters. Equilibrium constant (KD) is obtained by calculating the ration of kd/ka.
  • Human VEGF (R&D), endostatin, endostatin dimer and human NC-1 (hNC-1) were diluted to 50 ⁇ g/ml in 10 mM Sodium Acetate, pH 5.5 and immobilized onto series S sensor chip(s) CM4 via a standard N-ethyl-N′-(dimethyl-aminopropyl)carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS) amine coupling procedures. Control surfaces were prepared similarly without protein derivatization and utilized as a reference surface for compound binding experiments.
  • Binding measurements were performed using a BiacoreTM T100 (GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden) instrument which employs surface plasmon resonance to detect and monitor molecular interactions.
  • mice All animal procedures were carried out in compliance with Children's Hospital Boston guidelines. Protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Eight-week-old male (24-27 g) nude/nude mice (Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass.) were used. Mice were acclimated, caged in groups of five in a barrier care facility, and fed animal chow and water ad libitum. Animals were euthanized by CO 2 inhalation. Human melanoma cell line A2058 was used for animal studies. A suspension of 2 ⁇ 10 6 tumor cells in 0.1 ml of PBS was injected subcutaneously (s.c.) into the dorsa of mice at the proximal midline.
  • mice were weighed and tumors were monitored twice a week in two diameters with digital calipers. Tumor volumes were determined using a 2 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.52 (where a is the shortest and b is the longest diameter). Tumors were allowed to grow to ⁇ 100 mm 3 and mice were randomized. Treatment was by bolus s.c. injections. After experiments were completed, tumors and organs were excised and fixed in either 4% paraformaldehyde or were snap frozen. Four to six mice were treated with each group.
  • HUVECs were plated and grown on cover slips.
  • Cells were incubated with 10 ⁇ g/ml hFc-endostatin, hFc, hNC-1 or control IgG for 120 min at 37° C. and then fixed.
  • the slips were incubated in the blocking buffer (2% BSA PBS) for 30 min.
  • the slides were incubated with Alexa 488 antihuman IgG for imaging.
  • hNC-1 or IgG groups the slides were incubated with mouse anti-His-tag monoclonal antibody, then probed by Alexa 488 anti-mouse IgG.
  • Anti-fibronectin antibody (R&D) was used for secondary staining for all slides and probed by Alexa 594 anti-goat IgG and imaged by confocal-microscopy. DAPI counterstaining of nuclei is shown in blue.
  • Tumors sections were rinsed by cold PBS and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 min with before staining.
  • Human Fc-endostatin was detected by Alexa 488 anti-human IgG.
  • Antibodies to collagen 18 (R&D), fibronectin (R&D), integrin ⁇ 5 (R&D) CD31 (BD Pharmingen, San Jose, Calif.) and von Willebrand Factor (Dako, Carpinteria, Calif.), ⁇ -SMA (Dako, Carpinteria, Calif.) were used for staining.
  • the primary antibodies were detected by Alexa 488 or 594-labeled secondary antibodies (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.).
  • the sections were imaged by confocal-microscopy (model DM IRE2; Leica).
  • HUVECs were washed by serum free EBM medium twice, re-suspended at 5 ⁇ 10 4 cells/well in 0.6 ml of medium, were plated into 24-well inserts (Coring, 8 ⁇ m pore size) in duplicates.
  • the lower chamber was filled with 0.6 ml of serum free EBM medium containing 100 ng/ml rhesus (rh)VEGF (R&D).
  • rh rhesus
  • R&D rhesus
  • the cells were fixed by methanol and stained with eosin and hemotoxlin. Cells on the upper side of the transwell membrane were removed by cotton swab. Cells migrating to the lower side of membrane were counted.
  • HUVECs were trypsinized and resuspended in PBS (2% BSA) for 30 min followed by 1 h incubation with 1 and 10 ⁇ g/ml hFcES or hFc.
  • Cells were centrifuged and washed by cold PBS, and then incubated with FITC-labeled secondary antibodies (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) against human Fc fragment and analyzed by BD Biosciences FACS Calibur flow cytometer.
  • Data are expressed as means plus or minus SD. Statistical significance was assessed using the Student t test.
  • Fc-endostatin Because of reports demonstrating the existence of endostatin in platelets, it has been proceeded with a platelets lysate to identify proteins binding to endostatin (Italiano et al. 2008 , Blood 111, 1227).
  • One of the advantages of Fc-endostatin is that it enables to use this construct for immunoprecipitation (IP) without introducing an additional antibody to form a complex.
  • IP immunoprecipitation
  • Three protein constructs human Fc (control), dimeric human (h)Fc-Endostatin and hFc-VEGF were employed. The data are shown in FIG. 1(A) . Comparing IP results for the three above mentioned reagents, the major difference among the lanes of coomassie stained polyacrylamidegel was in the vicinity of 200 kDa.
  • Immunofluorescence (IF) analysis was used to verify the systemic distribution of hFc-endostatin in an ASPC-1 xenograft animal model.
  • the distribution of exogenous oligomeric endostatin was detected, using antibody to Fc, and shown in FIG. 2A .
  • the imaging results showed that injected oligomeric endostatin was found not only in tumor but also in heart and kidney endothelial cells.
  • the pericyte marker, ⁇ -SMA was used to confirm the interaction of endostatin with blood vessels ( FIG. 2B ).
  • hFc-endostatin treated tumor sections of xenograft models were prepared.
  • the exogenous dimeric hFc-endostatin (hFcES) shows co-localization with endogenous fibronection ( FIG. 2C ).
  • Co-localization of endogenous collagen 18 and endogenous fibronectin has also been detected ( FIG. 2D ).
  • Integrin ⁇ 5 ⁇ 1 is a receptor of fibronectin (Hynes 1992 , Cell 69, 11).
  • the imaging data showed that hFcES was also co-localized with integrin ⁇ 5 ⁇ 1 ( FIG. 2E ).
  • Immunoflourescence technique was employed to detect endothelial cell surface binding of oligomeric endostatin and NC-1.
  • Fc-endostatin and NC-1 showed a poor binding to HUVECS when the cells were cultured only for 24 hours (data not shown).
  • Prolonging incubation time to 72 hours resulted in significant binding, possibly, as a consequence of fibronectin upregulation ( FIG. 3A upper panel).
  • 3D image showed the distributions of endostatin and fibronectin on endothelial cells.
  • Endothelial cell migration is an important step in new blood vessel formation and tumor angiogenesis.
  • rhVEGF has been used to induce HUVECs migration in a transwell assay. The migration of cells has been monitored and quantified. Cells migrating across the membrane were stained with blue-purple stain (FIG. 3 B(a)) and counted. The hNC-1 inhibited VEGF-induced endothelial cell migration as a function of concentration and the dose effect followed a U-shaped curve (FIG. 3 B(b)) (Lee et al., loc. cit.). NC-1 was the most potent anti-migratory agent among different endostatin molecules tested (FIG. 3 B(c)).
  • Endostatin was initially isolated from condition media of a mouse tumor cell line (EOMA). Purification of the proteins involved a number of steps. Identification of its N-terminus sequence resulted in an endostatin molecule starting at the N-terminus sequence “HTH”. Both recombinant mouse and human endostatins were constructed on the basis of this N-terminus sequence (O'Reilly et al. 1997 , Cell 88, 277).
  • NC-1 is the precursor of endostatin.
  • the data of the inventors on human sera were based on the experiments performed days after collection and purification and the inventors could not avoid digestion of NC-1 to smaller fragments.
  • the inventors conclude from these data that in contrast to mouse EOMA, 187 amino acid endostatin is absent in human serum and platelet.
  • Some of these larger than endostatin degradation products of NC-1 may correspond to dimers which are possible candidates to be present in human circulation or results of NC-1 post collection degradation. Consequently, the present data strongly suggest that NC-1 is the most physiologically relevant molecule in human circulation.
  • nude mice bearing human melanoma cell line A2058 were employed. The data are shown in FIG. 5 . Two doses of clinical grade endostatin differing by 5-fold in concentration of protein (low and high doses) were used. A corresponding low dose of NC-1 showed anti-tumor activity similar to high dose of endostatin. The results demonstrate a better anti-tumor efficacy by NC-1 compared with endostatin. It cannot be ruled out the possibility that injected NC-1 becomes degraded upon entering the circulation.
  • a murine Fc-NC-1 fusion construct comprising the non-triple helical trimerization domain (association domain), the hinge region and the endostatin domain (comprising the zinc binding site) of the NC-1 domain of mouse collagen 18 shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 has been generated and expressed in 293 kidney cells.
  • the Fc domain shown in SEQ ID NO: 5 is located at the N-terminus and the murine NC-1 domain (shown in SEQ ID NO: 3) at the C-terminus of said fusion protein.
  • a linker carrying an enterokinase cleavage site has been interposed between Fc and NC-1, in order to allow for cleaving the fusion construct.
  • FIG. 7 shows the picture of an SDS gel of said murine Fc-NC-1 fusion construct as a function of the amount of plasmid used in transfection of 293 kidney cells under reduced and non-reduced conditions.
  • the product Under reduced conditions, the product is a single chain consisting of Fc and NC-1. Under non-reduced conditions, the product is a dimer because Fc is disulfide bonded. Dimeric Fc can accommodate only two chains of NC-1 by covalent linkage.
  • Murine Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) tumors were implanted s.c. into C57/B16 mice. Tumors were treated with a murine oligomeric-NC1 fragment, mFc-endostatin, at doses indicated. LLC tumors were exposed in-vivo for a prolonged period to mFc-endostatin by sequential transplantation of tumors (up to four passages, p4) once they evade therapy and reach a size of approximately 1000-2000 mm 3 . Control tumors were also sequentially transplanted into new mice without mFc-endostatin treatment. Tumor volume was measured by caliper measurement ( FIG. 8 ).
  • Microarray data were analyzed using SUMO software package. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was performed using Taqman technology to confirm the expression of candidate genes identified by microarray analysis.
  • fibronectin levels can be used as a prognostic marker for cancer therapy response. Further, the inventors identified a number of compensatory pathways being activated rendering tumors resistant to Fc-endostatin therapy, in particular sequential treatment with IGF1R inhibitors seems promising, according to preliminary animal data, and CCL2 seems to constitute another promising candidate target.
  • ED endostatin domain
  • oligomeric NC-1 may elicit their effects via FN binding via interference with at least two pivotal angiogenesis pathways, i.e., VEGF and integrin alpha 5 beta 1 (ITGA5B1) signaling.
  • VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
  • IGA5B1 integrin alpha 5 beta 1
  • FN is significantly down-regulated in tumors that become resistant to oligomeric NC-1 (Fc-Endostatin) after prolonged exposure, i.e. four serial in-vivo passages. Therefore, they postulated that loss of FN might constitute a key mechanism of inherent and acquired resistance to oligomeric NC-1 substrates.
  • the first approach was to engineer a minimal peptide sequence that would mimic the key effects of the ED-FN complex.
  • the inventors selected the most active motif in the entire ED-domain consisting of a 27 amino acid-NH 2 -terminal region that was originally identified by Dr. Javaherian, one of the present inventors (Tjin Tham Sjin et al. 2005, Cancer Res. 65, 3656-63).
  • Preliminary data by the present inventors indicate that this region itself may be capable of binding to VEGF and that the two histidines (Zinc binding domain) in this peptide sequence may be critical for VEGF binding.
  • FIG. 10 shows a schematic overview of critical motifs within the ED-domain and FN.
  • protypic LLC murine C57BL6 lung cancer model
  • the inventors were able to show the efficacy of the murine Superstatin peptide to potently inhibit tumor growth.
  • wild type LLC tumors (10.000 cells) were implanted s.c. in C57Bl6 mice.
  • Tumors were sham treated (PBS), with the reference FN-mimetic-peptide containing only the “LYAVTGRGDSPASSK” sequence (SEQ ID NO: 8; FN motif) or with murine Superstatin (SEQ ID NO: 7) at the dose of 50 ⁇ g peptide in 100 ⁇ l PBS every 12 h s.c. (n: 5 in each group).
  • Treatment was started 4 days after tumor implantation (“prevention trial”) and continued for 24 days. Of note, during the treatment period only a single tumor grew in the Superstatin group.
  • the inventors proposed that compensatory up-regulation of pro-tumorigenic and pro-angiogenic pathways identified might constitute a promising target to circumvent acquired tumor resistance to ED derived agents or oligomeric NC-1. Inhibition of two particular pathways, i.e. IGF1R signaling and CCL2 was proposed to be most promising due to availability of pharmacological agents already entering advanced clinical trial stages.
  • IGF1R signaling and CCL2 was proposed to be most promising due to availability of pharmacological agents already entering advanced clinical trial stages.
  • the inventors show that sequential but not concurrent administration of an IGF1R inhibitor impaired the growth of tumors that are resistant to murine Fc-Endostatin (NC-1-ED-Dimer); see FIG. 13 .
  • Protein analysis by Western blot further confirmed enhanced IGF1R expression and phosphorylation, down-regulation of Fibronectin and up-regulation of CCL2 as the function of therapy with murine Fc-Endostatin (Endo) in passage 5 LLC tumors; see FIG. 14 .
  • Sequential treatment with IGF1R inhibitor partially reversed this phenotype.
  • NC-1-ED resides in the N-terminus of the protein and can be mimicked by a 25 amino acid peptide.
  • SEQ ID NO: 9 shows the corresponding murine sequence
  • SEQ ID NO: 10 shows the corresponding human sequence.
  • substitution of histidines by alanines resulted in a peptide which was inactive in inhibiting tumor growth, angiogenesis and vessel permeability (Tjin Tham Sjin et al., Cancer Res. 2005, 65, 3656-63).
  • SEQ ID NO: 11 murine
  • SEQ ID NO: 12 human
  • the “PHSRN” motif in the integrin binding domain of Fibronectin has been found to be critical for binding of Fibronectin to ITGA5B1 (integrin alpha 5 beta 1).
  • oligomeric endostatin (NC-1) binds Fibronectin, they have generated a series of peptides which combine motifs of the mentioned endostatin N-terminal peptide with an RGD containing domain of Fibronectin:
  • SEQ ID NO: 7 shows the corresponding murine Superstatin sequence
  • SEQ ID NO: 13 shows the corresponding human Superstatin sequence, i.e. the hybrid peptide sequences of the present invention.
  • the inventors have employed an earlier reported method of endostatin dimerization (Kuo et al., 2001, JCB 152, 1233-46). By replacing glutamine at position 7 in the human Superstatin sequence (SEQ ID NO: 13) by cysteine, the hybrid peptide should form a dimer and can be tested for activity in tumor-bearing mice (SEQ ID NO: 15).
  • RGD in the human Superstatin sequence (SEQ ID NO: 13) has been changed to “RAD”, in a new hybrid peptide (SEQ ID NO: 16) to evaluate its antitumor activity, in comparison with the wild-type peptide.
  • mouse versions are similar sequences (denoted by “m”) and can be derived based on the sequence information provided herein.
  • Additional larger control peptides are currently designed containing 25 amino acids of integrin binding regions of fibronectin (SEQ ID NO: 17) to be evaluated in antitumor studies.
  • the human Superstatin peptide (SEQ ID NO: 13) is conjugated to the complexing agent 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (also known as DOTA) providing the ability to conjugate the peptide with, e.g., radionuclides such as Gallium ( 68 Ga) for non-invasive imaging (Positron emission tomography, PET).
  • DOTA 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid
  • the inventors check currently if DOTA conjugation is affecting the efficacy of the human Superstatin peptide in-vivo in a BxPC3 human pancreatic cancer model. In case this experiment confirms the activity of the Superstatin-DOTA constructs, in-vivo PET-Imaging evaluating the potential of Superstatin-DOTA as diagnostic agent is envisioned.
  • mP1 HTHQDFQPVLHLVAL (SEQ ID NO: 9) NTPLSGGMRGI hP1 HSHRDFQPVLHLVAL (SEQ ID NO: 10) NSPLSGGMRG mPint LYAVTGRGDSPASSK (SEQ ID NO: 11) hPint VYAVTGRGDSPASSK (SEQ ID NO: 12) mSUPERSTATIN HTHQDFQPVLHLV LY (SEQ ID NO: 7) AVTGRGDSPASSK hSUPERSTATIN HSHRDFQPVLHL VY (SEQ ID NO: 13) AVTGRGDSPASSK hPint.
  • Endo ASARDFQPVLHLVYA (SEQ ID NO: 14) (two H at VTGRGDSPASSK N-terminus to A) hPint.
  • Endo HSHRDFCPVLHLVYA (SEQ ID NO: 15) (Q7 to C) VTGRGDSPASSK hPin.
  • Endo HSHRDFQPVLHLVYA (SEQ ID NO: 16) (G to A) VTGRADSPASSK mPint-L IKPGADYTITLYAVT (SEQ ID NO: 17)
  • fibronectin as a binding protein for oligomeric endostatin (Fc-endostatin and artificial endostatin dimer) and not endostatin monomer.
  • NC-1 and endostatin dimer have been shown previously to bind a number of ECM proteins, a property not shared by endostatin monomer (Sasaki et al., loc. cit.; Javaherian et al. 2002 , J Biol Chem 277, 45211).
  • fibronectin has distinct properties which make it unique among ECM proteins.
  • Angiostatic peptides use plasma fibronectin to home to angiogenic vasculature (Yi et al. 2003 , PNAS 100, 11435).
  • Fibronectin contains the sequence of amino acids RGD which allows the protein to bind to a number of integrins. Integrin ⁇ 5 ⁇ 1 is a receptor on the cell surface which binds fibronectin. This integrin is an important mediator of angiogenesis (Hynes, loc. cit.).
  • Endostatin binding to two integrins ⁇ v ⁇ 3 and ⁇ 5 ⁇ 1 was first reported in 2001 (Rehn et al. 2001 , PNAS 98, 1024). Presumably, such a binding inhibits interactions of fibronectin with these integrins. Later, another group of investigators presented data indicating that endostatin only binds ⁇ 5 ⁇ 1 (Wickstrom et al. 2002 , Cancer Res 62, 5580). Endostatin lacks the sequence RGD. Consequently, such a binding must be mediated by other amino acids on endostatin. The present inventors have attempted to demonstrate direct binding of endostatin to ⁇ 5 ⁇ 1 employing Elisa, immunoprecipitation and cell adhesion assays without success.
  • VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
  • NC-1 bind fibronectin. Presence of VEGF and NC-1 modulate the biological activity via interactions with integrin ⁇ 5 ⁇ 1.
  • the interplay of a pro-angiogenic protein (VEGF) and an anti-angiogenic protein (NC-1) may be crucial for regulating angiogenesis at the surface of the cell.
  • Fc-endostatin (a dimer) has clearly demonstrated that it is far superior to ordinary endostatin (monomer) (Lee et al., loc. cit.). A much smaller dose of Fc-endostatin is required to achieve the same tumor reduction in comparison with endostatin alone (50-100 fold). In the past, the inventors have attributed this difference to longer half-life associated with any Fc conjugated molecules. The present data of the inventors suggest that the dimeric state of endostatin in Fc-endostatin may also contribute to exhibiting better efficacy.
  • NC-1 following injection of NC-1 into mice, it may undergo a rapid degradation and this may account for lack of a dramatic increase in its anti-tumor effects, in comparison with endostatin.
  • a fusion construct of NC-1 linked to a Fc domain of an immunoglobulin may turn out to be an improved reagent for anti-cancer treatment among different type of endostatin. Experiments of this type are currently in progress; see Example 2.7.
  • FN is critical for anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor action of collagen 18 fragments.
  • Superstatin a hybrid peptide containing the critical FN motif and ED-motif was able to potently inhibit/prevent tumor growth and to reverse the resistant phenotype conferred by tumor specific down-regulation of Fibronectin.
  • rational design of combination therapies and development of innovative scheduling schemes aiming to target compensatory pathways activated in Fc-Endostatin resistant tumors could pose a promising strategy to circumvent- or reverse, inherent or acquired tumor resistance.

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