US20140151005A1 - Method for extraction heat from an effluent, especially waste water, circulating in a conduit, heat exchanger and material for implementing said method - Google Patents

Method for extraction heat from an effluent, especially waste water, circulating in a conduit, heat exchanger and material for implementing said method Download PDF

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Publication number
US20140151005A1
US20140151005A1 US14/130,930 US201214130930A US2014151005A1 US 20140151005 A1 US20140151005 A1 US 20140151005A1 US 201214130930 A US201214130930 A US 201214130930A US 2014151005 A1 US2014151005 A1 US 2014151005A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
tubes
heat
needles
exchanger
effluent
Prior art date
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Abandoned
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US14/130,930
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English (en)
Inventor
Frederic Duong
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Suez Eau France SAS
Original Assignee
Lyonnaise des Eaux France SA
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Filing date
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Assigned to LYONNAISE DES EAUX FRANCE reassignment LYONNAISE DES EAUX FRANCE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DUONG, FREDERIC
Publication of US20140151005A1 publication Critical patent/US20140151005A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/06—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with the heat-exchange conduits forming part of, or being attached to, the tank containing the body of fluid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B14/00—Use of inorganic materials as fillers, e.g. pigments, for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of inorganic materials specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
    • C04B14/02—Granular materials, e.g. microballoons
    • C04B14/32—Carbides; Nitrides; Borides ; Silicides
    • C04B14/322—Carbides
    • C04B14/324—Silicon carbide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B30/00—Compositions for artificial stone, not containing binders
    • C04B30/02—Compositions for artificial stone, not containing binders containing fibrous materials
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
    • E03F—SEWERS; CESSPOOLS
    • E03F3/00—Sewer pipe-line systems
    • E03F3/04—Pipes or fittings specially adapted to sewers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
    • F28D21/0001—Recuperative heat exchangers
    • F28D21/0012—Recuperative heat exchangers the heat being recuperated from waste water or from condensates
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/0008—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for one medium being in heat conductive contact with the conduits for the other medium
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/10—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged one within the other, e.g. concentrically
    • F28D7/103—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged one within the other, e.g. concentrically consisting of more than two coaxial conduits or modules of more than two coaxial conduits
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
    • F28F1/40—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only inside the tubular element
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
    • F28F21/04—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of ceramic; of concrete; of natural stone
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
    • C04B2111/56—Compositions suited for fabrication of pipes, e.g. by centrifugal casting, or for coating concrete pipes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2201/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values
    • C04B2201/30—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values for heat transfer properties such as thermal insulation values, e.g. R-values
    • C04B2201/32—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values for heat transfer properties such as thermal insulation values, e.g. R-values for the thermal conductivity, e.g. K-factors
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
    • E03C—DOMESTIC PLUMBING INSTALLATIONS FOR FRESH WATER OR WASTE WATER; SINKS
    • E03C1/00—Domestic plumbing installations for fresh water or waste water; Sinks
    • E03C2001/005—Installations allowing recovery of heat from waste water for warming up fresh water
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F2275/00—Fastening; Joining
    • F28F2275/02—Fastening; Joining by using bonding materials; by embedding elements in particular materials

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for extracting heat from an effluent flowing along a pipe, notably a sewer, according to which method there is installed, at least in the bottom of the pipe, a heat exchanger which is immersed in the effluent, this hear exchanger being formed by coating tubes with a sufficiently thermally conductive concrete poured around tubes through which a heat-transfer fluid is intended to circulate, the exchange of heat with the effluent of the pipe taking place through the cast coating.
  • Sewers or pipes for removing waste water carry dirty water which is warm or temperate as a result, of its residential or tertiary origins, or as a result of it originating from communal or industrial activity. Its temperature is generally comprised between 15 and 20° C.
  • the sensible heat of this water represents a source of energy that can be recuperated for the purposes of heating buildings, producing domestic hot water, or any other thermal use, in combination with a heat pump.
  • the method for extracting heat from an effluent flowing along a pipe notably a sewer, of the kind defined hereinabove, is characterized in that the coating concrete is made up of at least 50% by weight of silicon carbide, of an acicular filler or needles of a thermally conductive and mechanically strong material, of a binder, the rest being alumina, metallic powder or carbon.
  • the acicular filler of needles preferably represents more than 2% by weight.
  • the needles may be made of metal, particularly of carbon steel or aluminum, or may be made of carbon.
  • the diameter of the needles is preferably less than five-tenth of a millimeter, and the length of the needles is preferably less than 10 mm.
  • a layer of thermally insulating material is placed between the tubes and the wail of the pipe, a layer of conductive concrete is placed in contact with the tubes, between the tubes and the effluent; and, at the surface, a layer of abrasion-resistant material is placed in contact with the effluent.
  • An intermediate mesh made of metal or synthetic fibers may be spread over the tubes, prior to the pouring of the coating material, over the entire extent of a portion of the exchanger so as to enhance mechanical strength and/or improve heat transfer.
  • the tubes may be ringed.
  • the tubes are made of plastic. These tubes are preferably flexible.
  • the invention also relates to an exchanger for extracting heat from an effluent flowing along a pipe, notably a sewer, installed at least in the bottom of the pipe so that it is immersed in the effluent, the exchanger being made up of tubes embedded in a thermally conductive concrete poured around tubes through which a heat-transfer fluid is intended to circulate, the exchange of heat with the effluent of the pipe taking place through the cast coating, characterised in that the coating concrete is made up of at least 50% by weight of silicon carbide, of an acicular filler of needles of a thermally conductive and mechanically strong material, of a binder, the rest being alumina, metallic powder or carbon.
  • the tubes embedded in the concrete are ringed tubes.
  • the tubes embedded in the concrete may be made of plastic. These tubes may be flexible.
  • the acicular filler of needles in the concrete represents at least 2% by mass, and the needles are preferably metallic needles, particularly made of carbon steel or of aluminum, or of carbon.
  • the binder consists of cement.
  • the exchanger is preferably produced, according to the method defined hereinabove.
  • the invention also relates to a material for implementing the method defined hereinabove, this material being characterized in that it consists of a mixture made up of at least 50% by weight of silicon carbide, of an acicular filler of needles of a thermally conductive and mechanically strong material, of a binder, the rest being alumina, metallic powder or carbon.
  • the acicular filler of needles represents at least 2% by weight.
  • the needles may be metallic, particularly made of carbon steel or of aluminum, or may be made of carbon.
  • the thermal conductivity of the coating material according to the invention is significantly improved by the silicon carbide which has high thermal conductivity.
  • Silicon carbide, combined with alumina and with a binder leads to a type of concrete that is easy to work.
  • the coating concrete according to the invention consists of a combination that makes it possible to obtain a composite that exhibits cohesion and mechanical integrity.
  • the thermal conductivity of the alumina which is higher than that of a conventional, concrete, makes it possible to obtain a composite of a conductivity that is higher than that of a mixture using conventional concrete.
  • the acicular filler of needles added to the combination of silicon carbide and alumina makes it possible to improve the mechanical integrity of the alumina/silicon-carbide mixture, and also to improve its thermal conductivity by creating thermal bridges that encourage the transmission of thermal flux.
  • the mechanical properties of the mixture obtained allow it to be used in environments subjected to high stresses such as, for example, the passage of an operator wearing hobnail boots or a tool dropped from man height.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross section through a sewer equipped in its lower part with an exchanger according to the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross section through a sewer, with a damaged lower part, prior to the installation of an exchanger according to the invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a partial section on a larger scale of an alternative form of embodiment.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic partial longitudinal section through a coated ringed tube of an exchanger according to the invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows a pipe 1 forming a sewer for waste water 2 above the flow of which there is head space.
  • a heat exchanger E Installed in the lower part of the pipe 1 is a heat exchanger E which is immersed in the effluent consisting of the waste water 2 .
  • the exchanger E is cast and made up of layers of flexible supple tubes 3 , preferably ringed or possibly smooth, which run parallel to one another and to the longitudinal direction of the pipe.
  • the conductive concrete 4 is poured in situ over the tubes 3 and when it solidifies will perform a dual function of affording mechanical protection and allowing exchange of heat.
  • the tubes 3 may be semi-rigid 3 , made of metal.
  • the tubes 3 do not need to have intrinsic mechanical integrity; they need to allow the heat-transfer fluid 5 to circulate without the risk of leakage with optimized exchange of heat.
  • ringed tubes made of plastic allow both an increase (by around 20%) in the surface area for heat exchange and, above all, an increase in the internal superficial heat exchange coefficient because of the turbulent flow conditions brought about by the profile of the ringed tubes and indicated, schematically in FIG. 4 .
  • the concrete 4 with which the tubes are coated is made up of at least 50% by weight of silicon carbide, of an acicular filler of needles of a thermally conductive and mechanically strong material, of a binder, the rest being made up of alumina.
  • the binder generally consists of cement.
  • the silicon carbide content may be as high as 90% by weight.
  • the acicular filler of needles preferably represents at least 2% by weight.
  • the needles of the acicular filler are preferably made of metal, or of carbon.
  • Metal needles are advantageously made of carbon steel or of aluminum.
  • the diameter of the needles is generally less than five-tenths of a millimeter for a length generally of less than 10 mm.
  • the thermal conductivity of the concrete according to the invention is considerably improved over that of a conventional concrete and, at the same time, the mechanical strength of the concrete, notably at the surface, is greatly improved by the presence of the needles.
  • the conductive concrete 4 according to the invention has excellent compression strength and resistance to erosion, good conductivity and an increased superficial heat exchange coefficient on the fluid side and on the waste water side.
  • the waste water heat exchanger is used in the lower part of the pipes and is covered by the flow, with head space, of waste water, according to the diagram of FIG. 1 .
  • the heat exchange system is made up of two distinct parts:
  • the energy contained in the waste water 2 is thus transferred to the heat-transfer fluid 5 circulating along the tubes 3 , via the conductive material 4 and the tubes 3 .
  • ringed tubes 3 makes it possible not only to increase the area for exchange of heat between the conductive material 4 and the tubes 3 , but also to create turbulence T ( FIG. 4 ) in the heat-transfer fluid 5 circulating along the tubes 3 , thus improving conditions of heat exchange on the internal wall, of the tubes 3 .
  • the heat exchanger 8 is divided into portions, in the direction in which the waste water flows, the size of which portions will be tailored such that the heat-transfer fluid 5 heats up by around 4° C., notably 4° C. to 8° C.
  • manifolds (not depicted) supply the tubes 3 with cold heat-transfer fluid.
  • the warmed heat-transfer fluid is directed, via other manifolds (not depicted) to a heat pump.
  • the heat-transfer fluid circulates in a closed circuit.
  • the hydraulic balancing of the whole is advantageously performed using a Ticheimann loop.
  • the conductive concrete according to the invention can be used by spraying it onto the interior wall of the pipe 1 , this considerably reducing the layering time and complexity of the operation, by comparison with a solution using a stainless steel exchanger.
  • the solution of the invention can be adapted to suit any geometry of pipe and can foe implemented by crews that have the skills needed for using a conventional concrete.
  • the new material according to the invention offers the advantage of allowing a pipe 1 a ( FIG. 2 ) the lower part 6 of which has become damaged to be made good. Rather than replacing a worn pipe installing a heat exchanger E according to the invention in the lower part of the pipe la allows this pipe to be made good using the conductive concrete which will line the bottom of the pipe.
  • the high mechanical strength of the mixture protects the heat exchange system from any damage and makes it compatible with all the methods used for cleaning cut sewers.
  • the tubes 3 are first of ail fixed, by any suitable means, against the internal surface of the wail of the pipe 1 .
  • the coating concrete 4 was then poured, preferably sprayed, around the tubes 3 to harden in situ.
  • a protective film 6 notably a sheet of plastic, may be provided between the interior surface of the pipe 1 and the exchanger E incorporated into this pipe.
  • An intermediate mesh 7 notably made of metal or of synthetic fibers, is advantageously spread over the tubes 3 , over the entire length of each portion of exchanger E in the direction in which waste water flows, so as to cover the entire layer of tubes 3 .
  • the mesh 7 enhances the mechanical strength.
  • This mesh 7 when made of a thermally conductive material, notably of metal, contributes to improving heat transfer.
  • the tubes 3 may be coated in several layers of materials with different properties, namely:
  • the increase in the mechanical strength of the conductive concrete means that the thickness of the layer of concrete between the tubes 3 and the waste water can be reduced, something that also encourages exchange of heat and combines with the improvement in thermal conductivity.
  • the exchanger is quick to implement, it requires no significant handling means.
  • the heat exchange surface area needed with a conductive concrete according to the invention is approximately equivalent.
  • the difficulty of implementation and the sewer downtime required for creating the exchanger are greatly reduced.
  • the solution using the conductive concrete according to the invention requires an exchange surface area that is of the order of four times smaller.
  • the material of the invention (conductive mixture of silicon carbide, alumina and needles) can be used for any application that requires both heat transfer and good mechanical integrity.
  • the design of the cast exchanger of the invention meets the following main technical and economic criteria:
  • tubes 3 may fail to ringed flexible tubes used in thermal applications for the ambient heating of greenhouses in the market-garden industry. Flexible underfloor heating tubes may also be used.
  • the excellent performance of the cast exchanger is dictated by the conductivity of the coating material and by the surface area for exchange between the heat-transfer tubes 3 and the material which is greater than that of a planar surface area because the heat flux passes by conduction through the entire surface area of the tubes, including their underside.
  • the mechanical strength of the material with which the tubes are coated means that its thickness can be limited, and it is possible to make repairs to the surface in areas which have suffered erosion after numerous years of use.
  • the surface of the cast exchanger in contact with the waste water preferably has a curved profile in cross section so that the velocity of the flow remains maximal when the water flowrate is low.
  • the reliability of the cast exchanger is of the same order of magnitude as the millions of m 2 of underfloor heating installed in the residential, tertiary and industrial sectors.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Geometry (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Water, Waste Water Or Sewage (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
  • Paints Or Removers (AREA)
  • Rigid Pipes And Flexible Pipes (AREA)
US14/130,930 2011-07-06 2012-07-03 Method for extraction heat from an effluent, especially waste water, circulating in a conduit, heat exchanger and material for implementing said method Abandoned US20140151005A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1156085 2011-07-06
FR1156085A FR2977659B1 (fr) 2011-07-06 2011-07-06 Procede pour extraire de la chaleur d'un effluent circulant dans une conduite, en particulier d'eaux usees, echangeur de chaleur et materiau pour mettre en oeuvre ce procede
PCT/IB2012/053373 WO2013005161A1 (fr) 2011-07-06 2012-07-03 Procédé pour extraire de la chaleur d'un effluent circulant dans une conduite, en particulier d'eaux usées, échangeur de chaleur et matériau pour mettre en oeuvre ce procédé

Publications (1)

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US20140151005A1 true US20140151005A1 (en) 2014-06-05

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US14/130,930 Abandoned US20140151005A1 (en) 2011-07-06 2012-07-03 Method for extraction heat from an effluent, especially waste water, circulating in a conduit, heat exchanger and material for implementing said method

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US20140151005A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2729752B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN103688124A (fr)
CA (1) CA2840257A1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2585340T3 (fr)
FR (1) FR2977659B1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2013005161A1 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20180031337A1 (en) * 2016-07-27 2018-02-01 Generative Technology Operatives, Llc Compositions, systems, and neural networks for bidirectional energy transfer, and thermally enhanced solar absorbers
JP2019132573A (ja) * 2018-02-02 2019-08-08 吉佳エンジニアリング株式会社 熱交換用配管、熱交換用配管を備えた熱交換用マット、熱交換用配管を備えた熱交換システム、及び熱交換用マットの製造方法

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BE1022227B1 (fr) * 2014-08-12 2016-03-03 Vivaqua Procede de renovation d'un egout
DE102018003689A1 (de) * 2018-04-19 2019-10-24 Uhrig Energie Gmbh Wärmetauscherelement, Wärmetauschermodul und Wärmetauschersystem

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US5135576A (en) * 1989-11-02 1992-08-04 Elkem Als Combined structures of ceramic materials and super concrete
US6080234A (en) * 1995-01-25 2000-06-27 Lafarge Materiaux De Specialites Composite concrete
EP1215460A2 (fr) * 2000-12-14 2002-06-19 Detlef Joachim Zimpel Dispositif pour l'évacuation des eaux usées
US20040128947A1 (en) * 2001-05-17 2004-07-08 Toshihiro Ito Sound-proof wall made of frp, and method of producing the same

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20180031337A1 (en) * 2016-07-27 2018-02-01 Generative Technology Operatives, Llc Compositions, systems, and neural networks for bidirectional energy transfer, and thermally enhanced solar absorbers
US10935333B2 (en) * 2016-07-27 2021-03-02 Generative Technology Operatives, Llc Compositions and systems for bidirectional energy transfer and thermally enhanced solar absorbers
JP2019132573A (ja) * 2018-02-02 2019-08-08 吉佳エンジニアリング株式会社 熱交換用配管、熱交換用配管を備えた熱交換用マット、熱交換用配管を備えた熱交換システム、及び熱交換用マットの製造方法
JP7053002B2 (ja) 2018-02-02 2022-04-12 吉佳エンジニアリング株式会社 熱交換用配管を備えた熱交換システム、及び熱交換用マットの製造方法

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FR2977659B1 (fr) 2017-11-03
WO2013005161A1 (fr) 2013-01-10
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CA2840257A1 (fr) 2013-01-10
CN103688124A (zh) 2014-03-26

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