US20140038866A1 - Lubricating Composition and Method of Lubricating Driveline Device - Google Patents

Lubricating Composition and Method of Lubricating Driveline Device Download PDF

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Publication number
US20140038866A1
US20140038866A1 US13/984,046 US201213984046A US2014038866A1 US 20140038866 A1 US20140038866 A1 US 20140038866A1 US 201213984046 A US201213984046 A US 201213984046A US 2014038866 A1 US2014038866 A1 US 2014038866A1
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group
acid
mixtures
carbon atoms
hydrocarbyl group
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US13/984,046
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William R. S. Barton
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Lubrizol Corp
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Lubrizol Corp
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Assigned to THE LUBRIZOL CORPORATION reassignment THE LUBRIZOL CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BARTON, WILLIAM R. S.
Publication of US20140038866A1 publication Critical patent/US20140038866A1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M167/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of a macromolecular compound, a non-macromolecular compound and a compound of unknown or incompletely defined constitution, each of these compounds being essential
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M141/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential
    • C10M141/10—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential at least one of them being an organic phosphorus-containing compound
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M163/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of a compound of unknown or incompletely defined constitution and a non-macromolecular compound, each of these compounds being essential
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
    • C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
    • C10M169/048—Mixtures of base-materials and additives the additives being a mixture of compounds of unknown or incompletely defined constitution, non-macromolecular and macromolecular compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/10—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof
    • C10M2207/12—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
    • C10M2207/121—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having hydrocarbon chains of seven or less carbon atoms
    • C10M2207/124—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having hydrocarbon chains of seven or less carbon atoms containing hydroxy groups; Ethers thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/26—Overbased carboxylic acid salts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/26—Overbased carboxylic acid salts
    • C10M2207/262—Overbased carboxylic acid salts derived from hydroxy substituted aromatic acids, e.g. salicylates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions
    • C10M2215/086—Imides [having hydrocarbon substituents containing less than thirty carbon atoms]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2217/06—Macromolecular compounds obtained by functionalisation op polymers with a nitrogen containing compound
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2219/04—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, i.e. sulfones, sulfoxides
    • C10M2219/044—Sulfonic acids, Derivatives thereof, e.g. neutral salts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2219/04—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, i.e. sulfones, sulfoxides
    • C10M2219/046—Overbased sulfonic acid salts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
    • C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
    • C10M2223/043—Ammonium or amine salts thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
    • C10M2223/049—Phosphite
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
    • C10N2010/02—Groups 1 or 11
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
    • C10N2010/04—Groups 2 or 12
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
    • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
    • C10N2020/04—Molecular weight; Molecular weight distribution
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/04—Detergent property or dispersant property
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/10—Inhibition of oxidation, e.g. anti-oxidants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/40—Low content or no content compositions
    • C10N2030/44—Boron free or low content boron compositions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/52—Base number [TBN]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/54—Fuel economy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/02—Bearings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/04—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/04—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives
    • C10N2040/044—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives for manual transmissions

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a lubricating composition containing: an oil of lubricating viscosity, a non-borated dispersant, a detergent, and an antiwear package comprising (a) a derivative of a hydroxycarboxylic acid, (b) an amine salt of a phosphoric acid ester, and (c) a phosphite having at least one hydrocarbyl group with 4 or more carbon atoms.
  • the invention further provides for a method of lubricating a driveline device application by employing a lubricating composition containing the antiwear package.
  • Sludge and/or deposit formation is produced by a number of different mechanisms such as degradation of oil and decomposition products of lubricant additives.
  • lubricant additives containing an amine salt of a phosphorus compound such as many antiwear agents and friction modifiers is believed to contribute to the formation of sludge and/or deposit formation.
  • the presence of sludge and other deposits interferes with seal performance leading to leakage and ultimately equipment failure for gears or bearings.
  • many amine salts of phosphorus compounds also perform antiwear or extreme pressure functions.
  • One of the important parameters influencing durability or wear resistance of devices employing a lubricating composition is the effectiveness of phosphorus antiwear or extreme pressure additives at providing devices with appropriate protection under various conditions of load and speed.
  • many of the phosphorus antiwear or extreme pressure additives contain sulphur. Due to increasing environmental concerns, the presence of sulphur in antiwear or extreme pressure additives is becoming less desirable.
  • many of the sulphur-containing antiwear or extreme pressure additives evolve volatile sulphur species, resulting in lubricating compositions containing antiwear or extreme pressure additives having an odour, which may also be detrimental to the environment or evolve emissions that may be higher than increasingly tighter health and safety legislation specifies.
  • a lubricating composition having the correct balance of phosphorus antiwear or extreme pressure additives provides driveline power transmitting devices with prolonged life and efficiency with controlled deposit formation and oxidation stability.
  • many of the antiwear or extreme pressure additives employed have at least one of (i) limited extreme pressure and antiwear performance over a wide range of operating conditions, (ii) limited oxidative stability, (iii) tendency to form deposits, or (iv) tendency to cause corrosion (for example copper corrosion).
  • many phosphorus antiwear or extreme pressure additives typically contain sulphur, which results in an odorous lubricating composition containing the phosphorus antiwear or extreme pressure additives.
  • driveline devices often require certain frictional properties from a lubricant to provide the ability of the device to operate, e.g., a manual transmission to perform gear changes.
  • the transmission must match the speeds of the input and output shafts. Matching of speeds may be accomplished by a synchronizer by which the synchronizing parts (plate to plate or ring to cone) are reduced to relative zero velocity. If these parts do not obtain zero relative velocity, then a phenomenon known as synchronizer clashing (sometimes referred to as crashing) occurs. Clashing of the synchronizer results when the dynamic coefficient of friction building between the engaging synchronizer parts (plate to plate or ring to cone) falls below a critical minimum value.
  • a number of publications generally disclose lubricants containing hydroxy carboxylic acid derivatives or carboxylic acid derivatives, typically for use an antiwear agent.
  • the publications include International publications WO 2006/044411, WO 2005/087904, WO 2008/070307, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,326,972; 4,952,328; 5,338,470; and 4,237,022.
  • WO2010/141003 discloses a driveline device lubricated with a composition containing a derivative of a hydroxycarboxylic acid and a phosphorus compound that may be either (i) a hydroxy-substituted di-ester of (thio)phosphoric acid, or (ii) a phosphorylated hydroxy-substituted di- or tri-ester of (thio)phosphoric acid.
  • a lubricating composition and method as disclosed herein is capable of providing acceptable levels of at least one of (i) wear, (ii) scuffing, (iii) fatigue, (iv) ridging, (v) extreme pressure performance, (vi) fuel economy/efficiency (typically improving fuel economy/efficiency), (vii) oxidation control (typically reducing or preventing oxidation), (viii) friction performance and (ix) deposit control. Improved wear or fatigue performance in a driveline device, including transmission or differential gears and/or bearings, is desirable.
  • the invention provides a lubricating composition
  • a lubricating composition comprising: an oil of lubricating viscosity, a non-borated dispersant, a detergent, and an antiwear package comprising (a) a derivative of a hydroxycarboxylic acid, (b) an amine salt of a phosphoric acid ester, and (c) a phosphite having at least one hydrocarbyl group with 4 or more carbon atoms.
  • the phosphorus compound may be an amine salt of a phosphoric acid hydrocarbon ester or mixtures thereof.
  • the derivatives of hydroxycarboxylic acid include imides, di-esters, di-amides, ester-amides derivatives of either tartaric acid or citric acid.
  • the derivatives of hydroxycarboxylic acid are imides, di-esters, di-amides, ester-amides derivatives of tartaric acid.
  • the invention provides a method of lubricating a mechanical device with a lubricating composition disclosed herein.
  • the mechanical device may be a driveline device.
  • the driveline device may be a manual transmission that may or may not contain a synchronizer system, or an axle.
  • the driveline device contains a synchronizer, or axle.
  • the driveline device contains a synchronizer.
  • the synchronizer system may have an operating surface comprising brass, carbon, molybdenum, phenolic resin, or a sintered metal (typically bronze), or mixtures thereof.
  • the lubricating compositions disclosed herein contain 0 ppm to 500 ppm, or 5 ppm to 300 ppm, or 20 ppm to 250 ppm of molybdenum.
  • the lubricating compositions disclosed herein may have a sulphur content of greater than 0.3 wt %, or 0.4 wt % to 5 wt %, or 0.5 wt % to 3 wt %, 0.8 wt % to 2.5 wt %, or 1 wt % to 2 wt % of the lubricating composition.
  • the invention provides for the use of a lubricating composition as disclosed herein for providing acceptable levels of at least one of (i) wear, (ii) scuffing, (iii) fatigue, (iv) ridging, (v) extreme pressure performance, (vi) fuel economy/efficiency (typically improving fuel economy/efficiency), (vii) oxidation control (typically reducing or preventing oxidation), (viii) friction performance and (ix) deposit control.
  • the present invention provides a lubricating composition and a method for lubricating a driveline device as disclosed above.
  • the detergent may be an overbased detergent, a non-overbased detergent, or mixtures thereof.
  • Patents describing the preparation of overbased detergents include U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,501,731; 2,616,905; 2,616,911; 2,616,925; 2,777,874; 3,256,186; 3,384,585; 3,365,396; 3,320,162; 3,318,809; 3,488,284; and 3,629,109.
  • TBN values quoted and associated range of TBN is on “an as is basis,” i.e., containing conventional amounts of diluent oil which is used to handle viscosity.
  • Conventional amounts of diluent oil typically range from 30 wt % to 60 wt % (often 40 wt % to 55 wt %) of the detergent component.
  • the detergent may be a non-overbased detergent (may also be referred to as a neutral detergent).
  • the TBN of a non-overbased detergent may be 20 to less than 200, or 30 to 100, or 35 to 50 mg KOH/g.
  • the TBN of a non-overbased detergent may also be 20 to 175, or 30 to 100 mg KOH/g.
  • the TBN may be lower (for example 0 to 50 mg KOH/g, or 10 to 20 mg KOH/g).
  • the detergent may be an overbased detergent, which may have a TBN of greater than 200 mg KOH/g (typically 250 to 600, or 300 to 500 mg KOH/g).
  • the detergent may be formed by the reaction of a basic metal compound and an acidic detergent substrate.
  • the acidic detergent substrate may include an alkyl phenol, an aldehyde-coupled alkyl phenol, a sulphurised alkyl phenol, an alkyl aromatic sulphonic acid (such as, alkyl naphthalene sulphonic acid, alkyl toluene sulphonic acid or alkyl benzene sulphonic acid), an aliphatic carboxylic acid, a calixarene, a salixarene, an alkyl salicylic acid, or mixtures thereof.
  • the metal basic compound is used to supply basicity to the detergent.
  • the basic metal compound is a compound of a hydroxide or oxide of the metal.
  • the metal is typically in the form of an ion.
  • the metal may be monovalent, divalent, or trivalent.
  • the metal ion M may be an alkali metal
  • the metal ion M may be an alkaline earth metal
  • when trivalent the metal ion M may be aluminium.
  • the alkali metal may include lithium, sodium, or potassium, or mixtures thereof, typically sodium.
  • the alkaline earth metal may include magnesium, calcium, barium or mixtures thereof, typically calcium or magnesium.
  • metal basic compounds with hydroxide functionality examples include lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, barium hydroxide and aluminium hydroxide.
  • Suitable examples of metal basic compounds with oxide functionality include lithium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide and barium oxide.
  • the oxides and/or hydroxides can be used alone or in combination.
  • the oxides or hydroxides may be hydrated or dehydrated, although hydrated is typical.
  • the metal basic compound may be calcium hydroxide, which may be used alone or mixtures thereof with other metal basic compounds. Calcium hydroxide is often referred to as lime.
  • the metal basic compound may be calcium oxide which can be used alone or mixtures thereof with other metal basic compounds.
  • the detergent when the alkyl phenol, the aldehyde-coupled alkyl phenol, and the sulphurised alkyl phenol are used to prepare a detergent, the detergent may be referred to as a phenate.
  • the phenate may be an alkyl phenate, an aldehyde-coupled alkyl phenate, a sulphurised alkyl phenate, or mixtures thereof.
  • the TBN of a phenate may vary from less 200, or 30 to 175 typically 150 to 175) mg KOH/g for a neutral phenate to 200 or more to 500, or 210 to 400 (typically 230 to 270) mg KOH/g for an overbased phenate.
  • the alkyl group of a phenate (i.e., an alkyl phenate) may contain 4 to 80, or 6 to 45, or 8 to 20, or 9 to 15 carbon atoms.
  • the detergent may be a sulphonate, or mixtures thereof.
  • the sulphonate may be prepared from a mono- or di-hydrocarbyl-substituted benzene (or naphthalene, indenyl, indanyl, or bicyclopentadienyl) sulphonic acid, wherein the hydrocarbyl group may contain 6 to 40, or 8 to 35 or 9 to 30 carbon atoms.
  • the hydrocarbyl group may be derived from polypropylene or a linear or branched alkyl group containing at least 10 carbon atoms.
  • a suitable alkyl group include branched and/or linear decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, octadecenyl, nonodecyl, eicosyl, un-eicosyl, do-eicosyl, tri-eicosyl, tetra-eicosyl, penta-eicosyl, hexa-eicosyl or mixtures thereof.
  • the hydrocarbyl-substituted sulphonic acid may include polypropene benzenesulphonic acid and/or C 16 -C 24 alkyl benzenesulphonic acid, or mixtures thereof.
  • the sulphonate detergent may be a predominantly linear alkylbenzene sulphonate detergent having a metal ratio of at least 8 as is described in paragraphs [0026] to [0037] of US Patent Application 2005065045 (and granted as U.S. Pat. No. 7,407,919).
  • the linear alkyl group may be attached to the benzene ring anywhere along the linear chain of the alkyl group, but often in the 2, 3 or 4 position of the linear chain, and in some instances predominantly in the 2 position.
  • a sulphonate detergent When neutral or slightly basic, a sulphonate detergent may have TBN of less than 100, or less than 75, typically 20 to 50 mg KOH/g, or 0 to 20 mg KOH/g.
  • a sulphonate detergent may have a TBN greater than 200, or 300 to 550, or 350 to 450 mg KOH/g.
  • a salicylate detergent may be derived from an alkyl-substituted salicylic acid.
  • the TBN of a neutral salicylate may be 50 to 200, or 75 to 175 mg KOH/g.
  • An overbased salicylate may have a TBN of greater than 150 to 400, or 175 to 350 mg KOH/g.
  • the alkyl group of a salicylate may contain 4 to 80, or 6 to 45, or 8 to 20, or 9 to 18 carbon atoms. In different embodiments the alkyl group of a salicylate may contain 12 or 16 carbon atoms.
  • a saligenin detergent is described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,285,516 in column 3, line 47 to column 5, line 63.
  • a salixarate detergent is described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,285,516 in column 5, line 64 to column 7, line 53.
  • a salixarate is derived from coupling a hydrocarbyl-substituted phenol with (an optionally hydrocarbyl-substituted) salicylic acid in the presence of formaldehyde.
  • Salixarate derivatives and methods of their preparation are also described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,200,936 and PCT Publication WO 01/56968.
  • salixarate derivatives have a predominantly linear, rather than macrocyclic, structure, although both structures are intended to be encompassed by the term “salixarate.”
  • An overbased salixarate may have a TBN of 170 to 300 mg KOH/g.
  • a neutral salixarate may have a TBN of 50 to less than 170 mg KOH/g.
  • the detergent may be a carboxylate derived from an aliphatic carboxylic acid.
  • the aliphatic acid may contain 6 to 30, or 7 to 16 carbon atoms.
  • suitable carboxylic acid include caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, myristoleic acid, decanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, 12-hydroxystearic acid, oleic acid, ricinoleic acid, linoleic acid, arachidic acid, gadoleic acid, eicosadienoic acid, behenic acid, erucic acid, tall oil fatty acids, rapeseed oil fatty acid, linseed oil fatty acid, or mixtures thereof.
  • the aliphatic acids are oleic acid or tall oil fatty acid.
  • the carboxylate may have a metal ratio of 0.2 to 10, or from 0.5 to 7, or from 0.7 to 5. When overbased, the metal ratio is greater than one.
  • the acidic or neutralised detergent substrate comprises mixtures of at least two of said substrates.
  • the overbased detergent formed may be described as a complex/hybrid.
  • the overbased metal-containing detergent may also include “hybrid” detergents formed with mixed surfactant systems including phenate and/or sulphonate components, e.g. phenate/salicylates, sulphonate/phenates, sulphonate/salicylates, sulphonates/phenates/salicylates, as described; for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,429,178; 6,429,179; 6,153,565; and 6,281,179. Where, for example, a hybrid sulphonate/phenate detergent is employed, the hybrid detergent would be considered equivalent to amounts of distinct phenate and sulphonate detergents introducing like amounts of phenate and sulphonate soaps, respectively.
  • the detergent may be a salixarate, a salicylate, a saligenin, a sulphonate, a phenate, or mixtures thereof.
  • the detergent may be a salixarate, a salicylate, or mixtures thereof.
  • the detergent may be a saligenin, a phenate, or mixtures thereof.
  • the detergent may be a sulphonate, a phenate, or mixtures thereof.
  • the detergent may contain an alkaline earth or alkali metal (typically sodium, barium, calcium, or magnesium), such as calcium or magnesium.
  • alkaline earth or alkali metal typically sodium, barium, calcium, or magnesium
  • the detergent may be zinc, barium sodium, calcium or magnesium salt of a phenate, sulphur-containing phenate, sulphonate, salixarate or salicylate.
  • the detergent may be borated or non-borated.
  • the detergent may be present at 0.1 wt % to 1 wt %, or 0.2 wt % to 0.9 wt % or 0.1 wt % to 0.4 wt %, or 0.4 wt % to 1.0 wt %, of the lubricating composition.
  • the non-borated dispersant of the invention may be a succinimide dispersant, a Mannich dispersant, a succinamide dispersant, a polyolefin succinic acid ester, amide, or ester-amide, or mixtures thereof.
  • the non-borated dispersant may be a succinimide dispersant.
  • the non-borated dispersant may be an N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimide, a Mannich base, or mixtures thereof.
  • N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimide include polyisobutylene succinimide, wherein the polyisobutylene from which the polyisobutylene succinic anhydride is derived has a number average molecular weight in the range of 350 to 5000, or 500 to 3000, or 750 to 2200, or 750 to 1150.
  • the non-borated dispersant may be a non-borated succinimide, and the non-borated dispersant may be in a mixture with a borated dispersant (typically a borated polyisobutylene succinimide).
  • a borated dispersant typically a borated polyisobutylene succinimide
  • the non-borated dispersant may be formed by reaction of a substituted acylating agent with a polyamine (typically having two or more reactive sites).
  • the substituted acylating agent may be a polyisobutylene succinic anhydride and the polyamine.
  • the polyamine may be an alkylenepolyamine.
  • the alkylene-polyamine may include an ethylenepolyamine, a propylenepolyamine, a butylenepolyamine, or mixtures thereof.
  • propylenepolyamine include propylenediamine, dipropylenetriamine and mixtures thereof.
  • the polyamine is selected from the group consisting of ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, pentaethylenehexamine, polyamine still bottoms and mixtures thereof.
  • the non-borated dispersant may be a polyisobutylene succinimide derived from an aliphatic polyamine selected from the group consisting of ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, pentaethylenehexamine, polyamine still bottoms, and mixtures thereof.
  • the non-borated dispersant may be a polyisobutylene succinimide derived from an aliphatic polyamine selected from the group consisting of tetraethylenepentamine, pentaethylenehexamine, polyamine still bottoms, and mixtures thereof.
  • the polyamine may also be an ⁇ , ⁇ -diaminoalkane.
  • ⁇ , ⁇ -diaminoalkane examples include diaminopropane, diaminobutane or mixtures thereof.
  • Specific diaminoalkanes are selected from the group consisting of N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propane diamine, 3,3′-diamine-N-methyldipropylamine, tris(2-aminoethyl)amine, N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propane diamine, N,N′-1,2-ethanediylbis-(1,3-propane diamine) and mixtures thereof.
  • the polyamine may include di-(trimethylene)-triamine, piperazine, diaminocyclohexanes, or mixtures thereof.
  • the non-borated dispersant may be prepared/obtained/obtainable from reaction of succinic anhydride by an “ene” or “thermal” reaction, by what is referred to as a “direct alkylation process.”
  • the “ene” reaction mechanism and general reaction conditions are summarised in “Maleic Anhydride”, pages, 147-149, Edited by B. C. Trivedi and B. C. Culbertson and Published by Plenum Press in 1982.
  • the non-borated dispersant prepared by a process that includes an “ene” reaction may be a polyisobutylene succinimide having a carbocyclic ring present on less than 50 mole %, or 0 to less than 30 mole %, or 0 to less than 20 mole %, or 0 mole % of the non-borated dispersant molecules.
  • the “ene” reaction may have a reaction temperature of 180° C. to less than 300° C., or 200° C. to 250° C., or 200° C. to 220° C.
  • the non-borated dispersant may also be obtained/obtainable from a chlorine-assisted process, often involving Diels-Alder chemistry, leading to formation of carbocyclic linkages.
  • the process is known to a person skilled in the art.
  • the chlorine-assisted process may produce a non-borated dispersant that is a polyisobutylene succinimide having a carbocyclic ring present on 50 mole % or more, or 60 to 100 mole % of the non-borated dispersant molecules.
  • Both the thermal and chlorine-assisted processes are described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,615,521, columns 4-5 and preparative examples A and B.
  • the non-borated dispersant may have a carbonyl to nitrogen ratio (CO:N ratio) of 5:1 to 1:10, 2:1 to 1:10, or 1:1 to 1:10, or 1:1 to 1:5, or 1:1 to 1:2.
  • CO:N ratio carbonyl to nitrogen ratio
  • the non-borated dispersant may have a CO:N ratio of 1:1 to 1:10, or 1:1 to 1:5, or 1:1 to 1:2.
  • the non-borated dispersant may be a reaction product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted phenol, an aldehyde, and an amine or ammonia.
  • the hydrocarbyl substituent of the hydrocarbyl-substituted phenol may have 10 to 400 carbon atoms, in another instance 30 to 180 carbon atoms, and in a further instance 10 or 40 to 110 carbon atoms.
  • This hydrocarbyl substituent may be derived from an olefin or a polyolefin.
  • Useful olefins include alpha-olefins, such as 1-decene, which are commercially available.
  • the non-borated dispersant may be present at (on an oil free basis) 0.01 wt % to 2 wt %, or 0.025 wt % to 1.5 wt %, or 0.025 wt % to 0.4 wt %, or 0.4 wt % to 1.2 wt % of the lubricating composition.
  • the invention provides a lubricating composition containing a compound derived from a hydroxy-carboxylic acid.
  • the compound derived from a hydroxy-carboxylic acid may be represented by the formula:
  • the compound derived from the hydroxy-carboxylic acid may be derived from tartaric acid or citric acid.
  • the compound derived from the hydroxy-carboxylic acid may be derived from tartaric acid.
  • the compound derived from the hydroxy-carboxylic acid may be an amide, ester or imide derivative of a hydroxy-carboxylic acid, or mixtures thereof.
  • the compound derived from the hydroxy-carboxylic acid may be an amide, ester or imide derivative of a hydroxy-carboxylic acid.
  • the compound derived from the hydroxy-carboxylic acid may an ester or imide of tartaric acid, or the compound derived from the hydroxy-carboxylic acid may an ester or imide of citric acid.
  • the compound derived from the hydroxy-carboxylic acid may be at least one of a hydroxy-carboxylic acid di-ester, a hydroxy-carboxylic acid di-amide, a hydroxy-carboxylic acid di-imide, a hydroxy-carboxylic acid mono-imide, a hydroxy-carboxylic acid ester-amide, a hydroxy-carboxylic acid ester-imide, and a hydroxy-carboxylic acid imide-amide.
  • the amide, ester or imide derivative of a hydroxy-carboxylic acid may derived from at least one of the group consisting of a hydroxy-carboxylic acid di-ester, a hydroxy-carboxylic acid di-amide, a hydroxy-carboxylic acid mono-imide, and a hydroxy-carboxylic acid ester-amide.
  • Each R, R 1 and R 2 group of the compound derived from the hydroxy-carboxylic acid may be a linear or branched alkyl group each having 1 to 150, or 8 to 30, or 8 to 20 carbon atoms.
  • the ester derivatives of the hydroxy-carboxylic acid may be formed by the reaction of an alcohol with hydroxy-carboxylic acid.
  • the alcohol includes both monohydric alcohols and polyhydric alcohols.
  • the carbon atoms of the alcohol may be linear chains, branched chains, or mixtures thereof.
  • a suitable branched alcohol examples include 2-ethylhexanol, iso-tridecanol, iso-octyl alcohol, Guerbet alcohols, or mixtures thereof.
  • Examples of a monohydric alcohol include methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol, nonanol, decanol, undecanol, dodecanol, tridecanol, tetradecanol, pentadecanol, hexadecanol, heptadecanol, octadecanol, nonadecanol, eicosanol, or mixtures thereof.
  • the monohydric alcohol contains 8 to 20 carbon atoms.
  • the imide derivatives of a hydroxy-carboxylic acid may be tartrimides, typically containing 8 to 20 carbon atoms.
  • Amines used to prepare imides may include alkyl amines (such as n-hexylamine (caproylamine), n-octylamine (caprylylamine), n-decylamine (caprylamine), n-dodecylamine (laurylamine), n-tetradecylamine (myristylamine), n-penta-decylamine, n-hexadecylamine (palmitylamine), margarylamine, n-octadecyl-amine (stearylamine)), unsaturated amines (such as dodecenylamine, myristoleylamine, palmitoleylamine, oleylamine, and linoleylamine), or etheramines (such as those identified as SURFAMTM P14AB (branched
  • US Patent Applications 2010-0197536 (corresponding to US 60/939949, filed May 24, 2007) and US 2010-0093573 (corresponding to 60/939952, filed May 24, 2007) disclose in more detail useful hydroxycarboxylic acid compounds for the present invention.
  • the compound derived from the hydroxy-carboxylic acid may be present at 0.05 wt % to 1.5 wt %, or 0.05 wt % to 1 wt %, or 0.05 wt % to 0.8 wt % of the lubricating composition.
  • the phosphorus compound may be selected from the group consisting of an amine salt of a phosphoric acid ester (typically an amine salt of a phosphoric acid hydrocarbon ester), a phosphite having at least one hydrocarbyl group with 4 or more carbon atoms, a second phosphite having at least one hydrocarbyl group with 4 or more carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof.
  • the phosphorus compounds may be an amine salt of a phosphoric acid ester (typically a phosphate of a hydrocarbon ester), and a phosphite, wherein the phosphite has at least one hydrocarbyl group with 4 or more carbon atoms.
  • a phosphoric acid ester typically a phosphate of a hydrocarbon ester
  • a phosphite wherein the phosphite has at least one hydrocarbyl group with 4 or more carbon atoms.
  • the phosphorus compounds may be an amine salt of a phosphoric acid ester (typically a phosphate of a hydrocarbon ester), and a phosphite, wherein the phosphite has at least one hydrocarbyl group with 4 or more carbon atoms.
  • a phosphoric acid ester typically a phosphate of a hydrocarbon ester
  • a phosphite wherein the phosphite has at least one hydrocarbyl group with 4 or more carbon atoms.
  • the phosphorus compounds are sulphur-free i.e., the phosphorus compound is not a thiophosphite, nor a thiophosphate.
  • the amount of phosphorus provided to the lubricating composition by the phosphorus compounds may, in certain embodiments, be 0.02 to 0.2 wt %, or 0.04 to 0.18 wt %, or 0.04 to 0.1 wt % or 0.08 to 0.18 wt % of the lubricating composition.
  • the lubricating composition contains a phosphorus compound that may be an amine salt of a phosphoric acid ester (typically an amine salt of a hydrocarbon ester of phosphoric acid).
  • a phosphorus compound that may be an amine salt of a phosphoric acid ester (typically an amine salt of a hydrocarbon ester of phosphoric acid).
  • the amine salt of the phosphate may be represented by the formula:
  • the hydrocarbyl groups of R 3 and/or R 4 may be linear, branched, or cyclic.
  • Examples of a hydrocarbyl group for R 3 and/or R 4 include straight-chain or branched alkyl groups, including methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl and octadecyl.
  • straight-chain or branched alkyl groups including methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadec
  • Examples of a cyclic hydrocarbyl group for R 3 and/or R 4 include cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, methylcyclopentyl, dimethylcyclopentyl, methyl cyclopentyl, dimethylcyclopentyl, methylethylcyclopentyl, diethylcyclopentyl, methylcyclohexyl, dimethylcyclohexyl, methylethylcyclohexyl, diethylcyclohexyl, methylcycloheptyl, dimethylcycloheptyl, methylethylcycloheptyl, and diethylcycloheptyl.
  • the amine salt of a phosphoric acid ester is a mixture of monoalkyl and dialkyl phosphoric acid esters.
  • the monoalkyl and dialkyl groups may be linear or branched.
  • the amine salt of a phosphoric acid ester may be derived from an amine such as a primary amine, a secondary amine, a tertiary amine, or mixtures thereof.
  • the amine may be aliphatic, or cyclic, aromatic or non-aromatic, typically aliphatic.
  • the amine includes an aliphatic amine such as a tertiary-aliphatic primary amine.
  • Suitable primary amines include ethylamine, propylamine, butylamine, 2-ethylhexylamine, bis-(2-ethylhexyl)amine, octylamine, and dodecyl-amine, as well as such fatty amines as n-octylamine, n-decylamine, n-dodecylamine, n-tetradecylamine, n-hexadecylamine, n-octadecylamine and oleyamine.
  • fatty amines include commercially available fatty amines such as “Armeen®” amines (products available from Akzo Chemicals, Chicago, Ill.), such as Armeen C, Armeen O, Armeen OL, Armeen T, Armeen HT, Armeen S and Armeen SD, wherein the letter designation relates to the fatty group, such as coco, oleyl, tallow, or stearyl groups.
  • suitable secondary amines include dimethylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine, dibutylamine, diamylamine, dihexylamine, diheptylamine, methylethylamine, ethylbutylamine, N-methyl-1-amino-cyclo-hexane, Armeen® 2C and ethylamylamine.
  • the secondary amines may be cyclic amines such as piperidine, piperazine and morpholine.
  • tertiary amines examples include tri-n-butylamine, tri-n-octylamine, tri-decylamine, tri-laurylamine, tri-hexadecylamine, and dimethyl-oleylamine (Armeen® DMOD).
  • the amines are in the form of a mixture.
  • suitable mixtures of amines include (i) a tertiary alkyl primary amine with 11 to 14 carbon atoms, (ii) a tertiary alkyl primary amine with 14 to 18 carbon atoms, or (iii) a tertiary alkyl primary amine with 18 to 22 carbon atoms.
  • tertiary alkyl primary amines include tert-butylamine, tert-hexylamine, tert-octylamine (such as 1,1-dimethylhexylamine), tert-decylamine (such as 1,1-dimethyloctylamine), tertdodecylamine, tert-tetradecylamine, tert-hexadecylamine, tert-octadecylamine, tert-tetracosanylamine, and tert-octacosanylamine.
  • Primene® 81R and Primene® JMT are mixtures of C11 to C14 tertiary alkyl primary amines and C18 to C22 tertiary alkyl primary amines respectively.
  • the amine salt of a phosphoric acid ester may be prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,946.
  • Column 10, lines 15 to 63 describes phosphoric acid esters formed by reaction of phosphorus compounds, followed by reaction with an amine to form an amine salt of a phosphoric acid ester.
  • Column 10, line 64, to column 12, line 23, describes preparative examples of reactions between phosphorus pentoxide with an alcohol (having 4 to 13 carbon atoms), followed by a reaction with an amine (typically Primene®81-R) to form an amine salt of a phosphoric acid ester.
  • the amine salt of a phosphoric acid ester may be present at 0.1 wt % to 2.5 wt %, or 0.1 wt % to 1.5 wt %, or 1 wt % to 2 wt %, or 0.1 wt % to 1 wt % of the lubricating composition.
  • the lubricating composition contains a phosphite, wherein the phosphite has at least one hydrocarbyl group with 4 or more carbon atoms.
  • the phosphite hydrocarbyl group may have 8 or more, or 12 or more carbon atoms. Typical ranges for the number of carbon atoms on the hydrocarbyl group include 4 to 30, or 10 to 24, or 12 to 22, or 14 to 20, or 16 to 18.
  • the phosphite may be a mono-hydrocarbyl substituted phosphite, a di-hydrocarbyl substituted phosphite, or a tri-hydrocarbyl substituted phosphite.
  • the phosphite may be represented by the formulae:
  • R 9 , R 10 and R 11 may be a hydrocarbyl group containing at least 4 carbon atoms and the other may be hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group.
  • two or more of R 9 , R 10 and R 11 are hydrocarbyl groups.
  • the hydrocarbyl groups may be alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, acyclic or mixtures thereof.
  • the compound may be a tri-hydrocarbyl substituted phosphite i.e., R 9 , R 10 and R 11 are all hydrocarbyl groups.
  • Alkyl groups may be linear or branched, typically linear, and saturated or unsaturated, typically saturated.
  • alkyl groups for R 9 , R 10 and R 11 include butyl, hexyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, octadecenyl, nonodecyl, eicosyl or mixtures thereof.
  • Alkyl groups may be linear or branched, typically linear, and saturated or unsaturated, typically saturated.
  • alkyl groups for R 9 , R 10 and R 11 include butyl, hexyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, octadecenyl, nonodecyl, eicosyl or mixtures thereof.
  • the alkyl groups R 9 and R 10 have 4 carbon atoms (typically n-butyl).
  • the amine salt of a phosphoric acid hydrocarbon ester and/or, a phosphite having at least one hydrocarbyl group with 4 or more carbon atoms may in one embodiment be in a mixture with one or more of phosphorus acid, phosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, a trialkyl phosphate or trialkyl thiophosphate.
  • the amine salt of a phosphoric acid hydrocarbon ester and/or, a phosphite having at least one hydrocarbyl group with 4 or more carbon atoms may in one embodiment be in a mixture with phosphoric acid.
  • the phosphite compound may be present at 0.05 wt % to 2.0 wt %, or 0.05 wt % to 1.5 wt %, or 0.1 wt % to 1.0 wt % of the lubricating composition.
  • the lubricating composition comprises an oil of lubricating viscosity.
  • oils include natural and synthetic oils, oil derived from hydrocracking, hydrogenation, and hydrofinishing, unrefined, refined, re-refined oils or mixtures thereof.
  • a more detailed description of unrefined, refined and re-refined oils is provided in International Publication WO2008/147704, paragraphs [0054] to [0056] (a similar disclosure is provided in US Patent Application 2010/197536, see [0072] to [0073]).
  • Synthetic oils may also be produced by Fischer-Tropsch reactions and typically may be hydroisomerised Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons or waxes. In one embodiment oils may be prepared by a Fischer-Tropsch gas-to-liquid synthetic procedure as well as other gas-to-liquid oils.
  • Oils of lubricating viscosity may also be defined as specified in April 2008 version of “Appendix E—API Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines for Passenger Car Motor Oils and Diesel Engine Oils”, section 1.3 Sub-heading 1.3. “Base Stock Categories”. The API Guidelines are also summarised in U.S. Pat. No. 7,285,516 (see column 11, line 64 to column 12, line 10).
  • the oil of lubricating viscosity may be an API Group II, Group III, Group IV oil, or mixtures thereof.
  • the amount of the oil of lubricating viscosity present is typically the balance remaining after subtracting from 100 wt % the sum of the amount of the compound of the invention and the other performance additives.
  • the lubricating composition may be in the form of a concentrate and/or a fully formulated lubricant. If the lubricating composition of the invention (comprising the additives disclosed herein) is in the form of a concentrate which may be combined with additional oil to form, in whole or in part, a finished lubricant), the ratio of the of these additives to the oil of lubricating viscosity and/or to diluent oil include the ranges of 1:99 to 99:1 by weight, or 80:20 to 10:90 by weight.
  • the lubricating composition further comprises an organo-sulphide, or mixtures thereof.
  • the organo-sulphide comprises at least one of a polysulphide, thiadiazole compound, or mixtures thereof.
  • the organo-sulphide is present in a range selected from the group consisting of 0 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 8 wt %, and 0.25 wt % to 6 wt %; of the lubricating composition.
  • Examples of a thiadiazole include 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, or oligomers thereof, a hydrocarbyl-substituted 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, a hydrocarbylthio-substituted 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, or oligomers thereof.
  • the oligomers of hydrocarbyl-substituted 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole typically form by forming a sulphur-sulphur bond between 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole units to form oligomers of two or more of said thiadiazole units.
  • These thiadiazole compounds may also be used in the post treatment of dispersants as mentioned below in the formation of a dimercaptothiadiazole derivative of a polyisobutylene succinimide.
  • Examples of a suitable thiadiazole compound include at least one of a dimercaptothiadiazole, 2,5-dimercapto-[1,3,4]-thiadiazole, 3,5-dimercapto-[1,2,4]-thiadiazole, 3,4-dimercapto-[1,2,5]-thiadiazole, or 4-5-dimercapto-[1,2,3]-thiadiazole.
  • the number of carbon atoms on the hydrocarbyl-substituent group includes 1 to 30, 2 to 25, 4 to 20, 6 to 16, or 8 to 10.
  • the thiadiazole compound is the reaction product of a phenol with an aldehyde and a dimercaptothiadiazole.
  • the phenol includes an alkyl phenol wherein the alkyl group contains at least 6, e.g., 6 to 24, or 6 (or 7) to 12 carbon atoms.
  • the aldehyde includes an aldehyde containing 1 to 7 carbon atoms or an aldehyde synthon, such as formaldehyde.
  • Useful thiadiazole compounds include 2-alkyldithio-5-mercapto-[1,3,4]-thiadiazoles, 2,5-bis-(alkyldithio)-[1,3,4]-thiadiazoles, 2-alkylhydroxyphenylmethylthio-5-mercapto-[1,3,4]-thiadiazoles (such as 2-[5-heptyl-2-hydroxyphenylmethylthio]-5-mercapto-[1,3,4]-thiadiazole), and mixtures thereof.
  • the thiadiazole compound includes at least one of 2,5-bis(tert-octyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2,5-bis(tert-nonyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, or 2,5-bis(tert-decyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole.
  • At least 50 wt % of the polysulphide molecules are a mixture of tri- or tetra-sulphides. In other embodiments at least 55 wt %, or at least 60 wt % of the polysulphide molecules are a mixture of tri- or tetra-sulphides.
  • the polysulphide includes a sulphurised organic polysulphide from oils, fatty acids or ester, olefins or polyolefins.
  • Oils which may be sulfurized include natural or synthetic oils such as mineral oils, lard oil, carboxylate esters derived from aliphatic alcohols and fatty acids or aliphatic carboxylic acids (e.g., myristyl oleate and oleyl oleate), and synthetic unsaturated esters or glycerides.
  • natural or synthetic oils such as mineral oils, lard oil, carboxylate esters derived from aliphatic alcohols and fatty acids or aliphatic carboxylic acids (e.g., myristyl oleate and oleyl oleate), and synthetic unsaturated esters or glycerides.
  • Fatty acids include those that contain 8 to 30, or 12 to 24 carbon atoms.
  • Examples of fatty acids include oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and tall oil.
  • Sulphurised fatty acid esters prepared from mixed unsaturated fatty acid esters such as are obtained from animal fats and vegetable oils, including tall oil, linseed oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, and fish oil.
  • the polysulphide includes olefins derived from a wide range of alkenes.
  • the alkenes typically have one or more double bonds.
  • the olefins in one embodiment contain 3 to 30 carbon atoms. In other embodiments, olefins contain 3 to 16, or 3 to 9 carbon atoms.
  • the sulphurised olefin includes an olefin derived from propylene, isobutylene, pentene or mixtures thereof. Often the sulphurised olefin may be formed in the presence of hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S).
  • the polysulphide comprises a polyolefin derived from polymerising by known techniques, an olefin as described above.
  • the polysulphide includes dibutyl tetrasulphide, sulphurised methyl ester of oleic acid, sulphurised alkylphenol, sulphurised dipentene, sulphurised dicyclopentadiene, sulphurised terpene, and sulphurised Diels-Alder adducts.
  • the lubricating composition further comprises a friction modifier.
  • the friction modifier is present in a range selected from the group consisting of 0 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 4 wt %, 0.25 wt % to 3.5 wt %, 0.5 wt % to 2.5 wt %, and 1 wt % to 2.5 wt %, or 0.05 wt % to 0.5 wt % of the lubricating composition.
  • fatty alkyl or “fatty” in relation to friction modifiers means a carbon chain having 10 to 22 carbon atoms, typically a straight carbon chain.
  • the friction modifier includes fatty amines, borated glycerol esters, fatty acid amides, non-borated fatty epoxides, borated fatty epoxides, alkoxylated fatty amines, borated alkoxylated fatty amines, metal salts of fatty acids, fatty imidazolines, metal salts of alkyl salicylates (may also be referred to as a detergent), metal salts of sulphonates (may also be referred to as a detergent), condensation products of carboxylic acids or polyalkylene-polyamines, or amides of hydroxyalkyl compounds.
  • the friction modifier includes a fatty acid ester of glycerol.
  • the final product may be in the form of a metal salt, an amide, an imidazoline, or mixtures thereof.
  • the fatty acids may contain 6 to 24, or 8 to 18 carbon atoms.
  • the fatty acids may branched or straight-chain, saturated or unsaturated. Suitable acids include 2-ethylhexanoic, decanoic, oleic, stearic, isostearic, palmitic, myristic, palmitoleic, linoleic, lauric, and linolenic acids, and the acids from the natural products tallow, palm oil, olive oil, peanut oil, corn oil, and Neat's foot oil.
  • the fatty acid is oleic acid.
  • the metal When in the form of a metal salt, typically the metal includes zinc or calcium; and the products include overbased and non-overbased products. Examples are overbased calcium salts and basic oleic acid-zinc salt complexes which can be represented by the general formula Zn 4 Oleate 6 O.
  • the condensation product When in the form of an amide, the condensation product includes those prepared with ammonia, or with primary or secondary amines such as diethylamine and diethanolamine.
  • the condensation product of an acid with a diamine or polyamine such as a polyethylenepolyamine.
  • the friction modifier is the condensation product of a fatty acid with C8 to C24 atoms, and a polyalkylene polyamine, and in particular, the product of isostearic acid with tetraethylenepentamine.
  • the friction modifier includes those formed by the condensation of the hydroxyalkyl compound with an acylating agent or an amine.
  • the friction modifier disclosed in WO2007/044820 includes an amide represented by the formula R 12 R 13 N—C(O)R14, wherein R 12 and R 13 are each independently hydrocarbyl groups of at least 6 carbon atoms and R 14 is a hydroxyalkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a group formed by the condensation of said hydroxyalkyl group, through a hydroxyl group thereof, with an acylating agent.
  • the amide of a hydroxylalkyl compound is prepared by reacting glycolic acid, that is, hydroxyacetic acid, HO—CH 2 —COOH with an amine.
  • the friction modifier includes a secondary or tertiary amine being represented by the formula R 15 R 16 NR 17 , wherein R 15 and R 16 are each independently an alkyl group of at least 6 carbon atoms and R 17 is hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl group, a hydroxyl-containing alkyl group, or an amine-containing alkyl group.
  • R 15 and R 16 are each independently an alkyl group of at least 6 carbon atoms and R 17 is hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl group, a hydroxyl-containing alkyl group, or an amine-containing alkyl group.
  • the friction modifier includes a reaction product of a di-cocoalkyl amine (or di-cocoamine) with glycolic acid.
  • the friction modifier includes compounds prepared in Preparative Examples 1 and 2 of WO 2008/014319.
  • the friction modifier includes those derived from the reaction product of a carboxylic acid or a reactive equivalent thereof with an aminoalcohol, wherein the friction modifier contains at least two hydrocarbyl groups, each containing at least 6 carbon atoms.
  • An example of such a friction modifier includes the reaction product of isostearic acid or an alkyl succinic anhydride with tris-hydroxymethylaminomethane. A more detailed description of such a friction modifier is disclosed in US Patent Application 2003/22000 (or International Publication WO04/007652) in paragraphs 8 and 9 to 14.
  • the friction modifier includes an alkoxylated alcohol.
  • alkoxylated alcohols A detailed description of suitable alkoxylated alcohols is described in paragraphs 19 and 20 of US Patent Application 2005/0101497.
  • the alkoxylated amines are also described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,732 in column 7, line 15 to column 9, line 25.
  • the friction modifier includes a hydroxyl amine compound as defined in column 37, line 19, to column 39, line 38 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,534,170.
  • the hydroxyl amine includes borated as such products are described in column 39, line 39 to column 40 line 8 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,534,170.
  • the friction modifier includes an alkoxylated amine e.g., an ethoxylated amine derived from 1.8% EthomeenTM T-12 and 0.90% TomahTM PA-1 as described in Example E of U.S. Pat. No. 5,703,023, column 28, lines 30 to 46.
  • alkoxylated amine compounds include commercial alkoxylated fatty amines known by the trademark “ETHOMEEN” and available from Akzo Nobel.
  • ETHOMEENTM C/12 bis[2-hydroxyethyl]-coco-amine
  • ETHOMEENTM C/20 polyoxyethylene[10]cocoamine
  • ETHOMEENTM S/12 bis[2-hydroxyethyl]soyamine
  • ETHOMEENTM T/12 bis[2-hydroxyethyl]allow-amine
  • ETHOMEENTM T/15 polyoxyethylene-[5]tallowamine
  • ETHOMEENTM 0/12 bis[2-hydroxyethyl]oleyl-amine
  • ETHOMEENTM 18/12 bis[2-hydroxyethyl]octadecylamine
  • ETHOMEENTM 18/25 polyoxyethylene[15]octadecylamine.
  • Fatty amines and ethoxylated fatty amines are also described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,741,848.
  • the friction modifier includes a polyol ester as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,476 column 8, line 40 to column 9, line 28.
  • the friction modifier includes a low potency friction modifier as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,662 in column 2, line 28 to column 3, line 26.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,662 further discloses in column 3, line 48 to column 6, line 25 specific materials and methods of preparing the low potency friction modifier.
  • the friction modifier includes a reaction product of an isomerised alkenyl substituted succinic anhydride and a polyamine as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,663 in column 2, lines 18 to 43. Specific embodiments of the friction modifier described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,663 are further disclosed in column 3, line 23 to column 4, line 35. Preparative examples are further disclosed in column 4, line 45 to column 5, line 37 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,663.
  • the friction modifier includes an alkylphosphonate mono- or di-ester sold commercially by Rhodia under the trademark Duraphos® DMODP.
  • the friction modifier includes a borated fatty epoxide or alkylene oxide, known from Canadian Patent No. 1,188,704.
  • These oil-soluble boron-containing compositions are prepared by reacting, at a temperature of 80° C. to 250° C., boric acid or boron trioxide with at least one fatty epoxide or alkylene oxide.
  • the fatty epoxide or alkylene oxide typically contains at least 8 carbon atoms in the fatty groups of the epoxide (or the alkylene groups of the alkylene oxide).
  • the borated fatty epoxides include those characterised by the method for their preparation which involves the reaction of two materials.
  • Reagent A includes boron trioxide or any of the various forms of boric acid including metaboric acid (HBO 2 ), orthoboric acid (H 3 BO 3 ) and tetraboric acid (H 2 B 4 0 7 ), or orthoboric acid.
  • Reagent B includes at least one fatty epoxide.
  • the molar ratio of reagent A to reagent B is generally 1:0.25 to 1:4, or 1:1 to 1:3, or 1:1 to 1:2.
  • the borated fatty epoxides includes compounds prepared by blending the two reagents and heating them at temperature of 80° C. to 250° C., or 100° C.
  • reaction may be effected in the presence of a substantially inert, normally liquid organic diluent. During the reaction, water is evolved and may be removed by distillation.
  • composition of the invention optionally further includes at least one other performance additive.
  • the other performance additives include metal deactivators, dispersants (other than the non-borated dispersant of the present invention), viscosity modifiers, dispersant viscosity modifiers, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, foam inhibitors, demulsifiers, pour point depressants, seal swelling agents, phosphoric acid, and mixtures thereof.
  • the total combined amount of the other performance additive compounds is present in a range selected from the group consisting of 0 wt % to 75 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 50 wt %, and 0.5 wt % to 30 wt %, 0.5 wt % to 15 wt % or to 10 wt %, of the lubricating composition.
  • the other performance additives may be present, it is common for the other performance additives to be present in different amounts relative to each other.
  • Antioxidants include molybdenum compounds such as molybdenum dithiocarbamates, sulphurised olefins, hindered phenols, aminic compounds such as phenyl- ⁇ -naphthylamine (PANA) or alkylated diphenylamines (typically di-nonyl diphenylamine, octyl diphenylamine, or di-octyl diphenylamine).
  • molybdenum compounds such as molybdenum dithiocarbamates, sulphurised olefins, hindered phenols, aminic compounds such as phenyl- ⁇ -naphthylamine (PANA) or alkylated diphenylamines (typically di-nonyl diphenylamine, octyl diphenylamine, or di-octyl diphenylamine).
  • Viscosity modifiers include hydrogenated copolymers of styrene-butadiene, ethylene-propylene copolymers, polyisobutenes, hydrogenated styrene-isoprene polymers, hydrogenated isoprene polymers, polymethacrylate acid esters, polyacrylate acid esters, polyalkyl styrenes, alkenyl aryl conjugated diene copolymers, polyolefins, polyalkylmethacrylates and esters of maleic anhydride-styrene copolymers.
  • Dispersant viscosity modifiers include functionalised polyolefins, for example, ethylene-propylene copolymers that have been functionalized with the reaction product of maleic anhydride and an amine, a polymethacrylate functionalised with an amine, or styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers reacted with an amine; may also be used in the composition of the invention.
  • Corrosion inhibitors include 1-amino-2-propanol, amines, triazole derivatives including tolyl triazole, dimercaptothiadiazole derivatives, octylamine octanoate, condensation products of dodecenyl succinic acid or anhydride and/or a fatty acid such as oleic acid with a polyamine.
  • Foam inhibitors that may be useful in the compositions of the invention include polysiloxanes, copolymers of ethyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexylacrylate and optionally vinyl acetate; demulsifiers including fluorinated polysiloxanes, trialkyl phosphates, polyethylene glycols, polyethylene oxides, polypropylene oxides and (ethylene oxide-propylene oxide) polymers.
  • Pour point depressants that may be useful in the compositions of the invention include polyalphaolefins, esters of maleic anhydride-styrene copolymers, poly(meth)acrylates, polyacrylates or polyacrylamides.
  • Demulsifiers include trialkyl phosphates, and various polymers and copolymers of ethylene glycol, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, or mixtures thereof.
  • Metal deactivators include derivatives of benzotriazoles (typically tolyltriazole), 1,2,4-triazoles, benzimidazoles, 2-alkyldithiobenzimidazoles or 2-alkyldithiobenzothiazoles.
  • the metal deactivators may also be described as corrosion inhibitors.
  • Seal swell agents include sulfolene derivatives, Exxon Necton-37TM (FN 1380) and Exxon Mineral Seal OilTM (FN 3200).
  • the lubricating composition of the invention may or may not contain phosphoric acid.
  • the method of the invention is useful for lubricating a variety of driveline devices applications.
  • the driveline device comprises at least one of a gear, a gearbox, an axle gear, a traction drive transmission, an automatic transmission or a manual transmission.
  • the driveline device is a manual transmission or a gear, a gearbox, or an axle gear.
  • An automatic transmission includes continuously variable transmissions (CVT), infinitely variable transmissions (IVT), toroidal transmissions, continuously slipping torque converter clutches (CSTCC), stepped automatic transmissions or dual clutch transmissions (DCT).
  • CVT continuously variable transmissions
  • IVT infinitely variable transmissions
  • CSTCC continuously slipping torque converter clutches
  • DCT dual clutch transmissions
  • Automatic transmissions can contain continuously slipping torque converter clutches (CSTCC), wet start and shifting clutches and in some cases may also include metal or composite synchronizers.
  • CSTCC continuously slipping torque converter clutches
  • wet start and shifting clutches and in some cases may also include metal or composite synchronizers.
  • Dual clutch transmissions or automatic transmissions may also incorporate electric motor units to provide a hybrid drive.
  • a manual transmission lubricant may be used in a manual gearbox which may be unsynchronized or may contain a synchronizer mechanism.
  • the gearbox may be self-contained or may additionally contain any of a transfer gearbox, planetary gear system, differential, limited slip differential or torque vectoring device, which may be lubricated by a manual transmission fluid.
  • the gear oil or axle oil may be used in a planetary hub reduction axle, a mechanical steering and transfer gear box in utility vehicles, a synchromesh gear box, a power take-off gear, a limited slip axle, and a planetary hub reduction gear box.
  • each chemical or composition referred to herein should be interpreted as being a commercial grade material which may contain the isomers, by-products, derivatives, and other such materials which are normally understood to be present in the commercial grade. However, the amount of each chemical component is presented exclusive of any solvent or diluent oil, which may be customarily present in the commercial material, unless otherwise indicated.
  • a series of gear oil lubricants are prepared containing an amount of each of the following: (a) an amine salt of a phosphoric acid, (b) a phosphite, (c) a derivative of a hydroxy-carboxylic acid, (d) a polyisobutylene succinimide (non-borated), (e) a detergent, and 36.5 wt % actives of a viscosity modifier.
  • the lubricants contain amounts shown in the following table:
  • Examples 1-10 are SAE grade 75W-90 fluids containing a magnesium detergent, and the quantity shown includes 39 wt % of diluent oil.
  • Example 11-18 are SAE grade 75W-90 fluids containing a calcium detergent and the quantity shown includes 42 wt % of diluent oil.
  • a series of gear oil lubricants are prepared containing an amount of each of the following: (a) an amine salt of a phosphoric acid, (b) a phosphite, (c) a derivative of a hydroxy-carboxylic acid, (d) a polyisobutylene succinimide (non-borated), (e) a detergent, and 5 wt % actives of a viscosity modifier.
  • the lubricants contain amounts shown in the following table:
  • compositions of the invention have performance benefits over comparative examples in least one of (i) wear, (ii) scuffing, (iii) fatigue, (iv) ridging, (v) extreme pressure performance, (vi) fuel economy/efficiency (typically improving fuel economy/efficiency), (vii) oxidation control (typically reducing or preventing oxidation), (viii) friction performance and (ix) deposit control.
  • hydrocarbyl substituent or “hydrocarbyl group” is used in its ordinary sense, which is well-known to those skilled in the art. Specifically, it refers to a group having a carbon atom directly attached to the remainder of the molecule and having predominantly hydrocarbon character.
  • hydrocarbyl groups include: hydrocarbon substituents, including aliphatic, alicyclic, and aromatic substituents; substituted hydrocarbon substituents, that is, substituents containing non-hydrocarbon groups which, in the context of this invention, do not alter the predominantly hydrocarbon nature of the substituent; and hetero substituents, that is, substituents which similarly have a predominantly hydrocarbon character but contain other than carbon in a ring or chain.
  • fatty as in fatty acid (and other expressions used herein) includes a hydrocarbyl chain containing 4 to 150, or 4 to 30, or 6 to 16 carbon atoms.

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EP2675875A1 (en) 2013-12-25
CN107502414A (zh) 2017-12-22
CA2827472C (en) 2019-08-20
US10954465B2 (en) 2021-03-23
CA2827472A1 (en) 2012-08-23
JP6034807B2 (ja) 2016-11-30
EP2675875B1 (en) 2017-09-13
AU2012217751B2 (en) 2016-05-26
AU2012217751A1 (en) 2013-08-29
US20170369810A1 (en) 2017-12-28
JP2014505779A (ja) 2014-03-06
CN103459570A (zh) 2013-12-18
WO2012112635A1 (en) 2012-08-23

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