Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
  • A01N25/32—Ingredients for reducing the noxious effect of the active substances to organisms other than pests, e.g. toxicity reducing compositions, self-destructing compositions
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N41/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a sulfur atom bound to a hetero atom
  • A01N41/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a sulfur atom bound to a hetero atom containing a sulfur-to-oxygen double bond
  • A01N41/10—Sulfones; Sulfoxides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/34—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • A01N43/54—1,3-Diazines; Hydrogenated 1,3-diazines
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • A01N43/58—1,2-Diazines; Hydrogenated 1,2-diazines
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/64—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • A01N43/647—Triazoles; Hydrogenated triazoles
  • A01N43/653—1,2,4-Triazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-triazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
  • A01N47/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having one or more single bonds to nitrogen atoms
  • A01N47/28—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N<
  • A01N47/30—Derivatives containing the group >N—CO—N aryl or >N—CS—N—aryl
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
  • A01N47/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having one or more single bonds to nitrogen atoms
  • A01N47/28—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N<
  • A01N47/34—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N< containing the groups, e.g. biuret; Thio analogues thereof; Urea-aldehyde condensation products
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
  • A01N47/40—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having a double or triple bond to nitrogen, e.g. cyanates, cyanamides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/34—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • A01N43/40—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom six-membered rings

Definitions

• herbicidal compositions for use in rice comprising a herbicidally effective amount of (a) a compound of the formula (I)
• compositions may also contain an agriculturally acceptable adjuvant or carrier.
• a safened herbicidal composition comprising a herbicidally effective amount of (a) a compound of the formula (I)
• a safener or a compatible herbicide capable of safening such as a chemical from the quinolinyloxyacetate family of chemicals, daimuron, dimepiperate, fenclorim, furilazole, halosulfuron, isoxadifen-ethyl, mefenpyr-diethyl, naphthalic anhydride (NA), or agriculturally acceptable salts, esters, or mixtures thereof.
• a safener or a compatible herbicide capable of safening such as a chemical from the quinolinyloxyacetate family of chemicals, daimuron, dimepiperate, fenclorim, furilazole, halosulfuron, isoxadifen-ethyl, mefenpyr-diethyl, naphthalic anhydride (NA), or agriculturally acceptable salts, esters, or mixtures thereof.
• the compound of formula (I) can be identified by the name 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoropyridine-2-carboxylic acid and has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,314,849 (B2), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
• Exemplary uses of the compound of the formula (I) include controlling undesirable vegetation, including grass, broadleaf and sedge weeds, in multiple non-crop and cropping situations.
• safeners from the quinolinyloxyacetate family of chemicals are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,902,340.
• Safeners from the quinolinyloxyacetate family of chemicals include derivatives of cloquintocet, such as cloquintocet acid, cloquintocet mexyl, cloquintocet triisopropylamine, and cloquintocet dimethylamine.
• Cloquintocet is the common name for [(5-chloro-8-quinolinyl)oxy]acetic acid. Cloquintocet's safening activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006.
• AD67 is the common name for 4-(dichloroacetyl)-1-oxa-4-azaspiro-[4,5]decane. Its safening activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Thirteenth Edition, 2003. AD67 (MON 4660) is known to be used as a safener in maize.
• beflubutamid is the common name for 2-[14-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxyl-N-(phenylmethyl)butanamide. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Beflubutamid is a compound under development, used either alone or in mixtures with isoproturon, for pre- and early post-emergence control of broadleaf weeds, such as Veronica persica, Lamium amplexicaule and Viola arvensis , in wheat and barley.
• bispyribac is the common name for 2,6-bis[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)oxy]-benzoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Bispyribac-sodium controls grasses, sedges and broadleaf weeds in direct-seeded rice.
• carfentrazone is the common name for alpha-2-dichloro-5-[4-(difluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-1,-2,4-triazol-1-yl]-4-fluorobenzenepropanoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Carfentrazone-ethyl controls a wide range of broadleaf weeds in cereals and rice.
• cyhalofop is the common name for (2R)-2-[4-(4-cyano-2-fluorophenoxy)phenoxy]-propanoic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Cyhalofop-butyl is the preferred ester and controls grass weeds in rice.
• daimuron is the common name for N-(4-methylphenyl)-N′-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-urea. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Daimuron controls cyperaceous and annual grass weeds in paddy rice.
• dichlormid is the common name for N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide. Its safening activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Dichlormid is known to be used as a safener for maize and sorghum.
• dimepiperate is the common name for S-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)1-piperidine-carbothioate. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Dimepiperate controls barnyardgrass ( Echinochloa crus - galli ) in paddy rice.
• fenclorim is the common name for 4,6-dichloro-2-phenylpyrimidine. Its safening activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Fenclorim is known to be used as a safener in direct-seeded rice.
• fluxofenim is the common name for 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanone O-(1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl)oxime. Its safening activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Fluxofenim is known to be used as a safener in sorghum.
• furilazole is the common name for 3-(dichloroacetyl)-5-(2-furanyl)-2,2-dimethyl-oxazolidine. Its safening activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Furilazole is known to be used as a safener in maize.
• halosulfuron is the common name for 3-chloro-5-[[[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)-amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfony-1]-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Halosulfuron-methyl controls annual broadleaf weeds and nutsedge in rice.
• isoxadifen-ethyl is the common name for ethyl 4,5-dihydro-5,5-diphenyl-3-isoxazole-carboxylate. Its safening activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Isoxadifen-ethyl is known to be used as a safener in maize.
• mefenpyr-diethyl is the common name for 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. Its safening activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Mefenpyr-diethyl is known to be used as a safener in wheat, rye, triticale and barley.
• NA naphthalic anhydride
• norflurazon is the common name for 4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-[3-(trifluoro-methyl)phenyl]-3(2H)-pyridazinon-e. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Norflurazon is known to be used for the pre-emergence control of grasses and sedges, as well as some broadleaf weeds.
• oxabetrinil is the common name for (.alpha.Z)-.alpha.-[(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)methoxyimino]-benzeneacetonitrile. Its safening activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Oxabetrinil is known to be used as a safener in sorghum.
• pyriclor is the common name for 2,3,5-trichloro-4-pyridinol. Its activity is described in Buchholtz, K.P. Control of Quackgrass with Pyriclor. Weed Science. [Online]. 1968. pp. 439-441. Pyriclor is a herbicide for the control of quackgrass and Echinochloa crusgalli in direct-seeded rice.
• sulcotrione is the common name for 2-[2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoyl]-1,3-cyclohexanedione. Its herbicidal activity is described in The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, 2006. Sulcotrione controls grass and broadleaf weeds.
• herbicide means an active ingredient that kills, controls, or otherwise adversely modifies the growth of plants.
• a herbicidally effective or vegetation controlling amount is an amount of active ingredient which causes an adversely modifying effect and includes deviations from natural development, killing, regulation, desiccation, retardation, and the like.
• controlling undesirable vegetation means preventing, reducing, killing, or otherwise adversely modifying the development of plants and vegetation.
• Methods of application include, but are not limited to applications to the vegetation or locus thereof, as well as pre-emergence, post-emergence, foliar (broadcast, directed, banded, spot, mechanical, over-the-top, or rescue), and in-water applications (emerged and submerged vegetation, broadcast, spot, mechanical, water-injected, granular broadcast, granular spot, shaker bottle, or stream spray) via hand, backpack, machine, tractor, or aerial (airplane and helicopter) application methods.
• plants and vegetation include, but are not limited to, germinant seeds, emerging seedlings, plants emerging from vegetative propagules, and established vegetation.
• a safener is a compound that selectively protects crop plants from herbicide damage without significantly reducing activity in target weed species.
• agriculturally acceptable salts and esters refer to salts and esters that exhibit herbicidal activity, or that are or can be converted in plants, water, or soil to the referenced herbicide.
• exemplary agriculturally acceptable esters are those that are or can be hydrolyzed, oxidized, metabolized, or otherwise converted, e.g., in plants, water, or soil, to the corresponding carboxylic acid which, depending on the pH, may be in the dissociated or undissociated form.
• Exemplary salts include those derived from alkali or alkaline earth metals and those derived from ammonia and amines.
• Exemplary cations include sodium, potassium, magnesium, and aminium cations of the formula:
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 each, independently represents hydrogen or C 1 -C 12 alkyl, C 3 -C 12 alkenyl or C 3 -C 12 alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted by one or more hydroxy, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, C 1 -C 4 alkylthio or phenyl groups, provided that R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are sterically compatible. Additionally, any two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 together may represent an aliphatic difunctional moiety containing one to twelve carbon atoms and up to two oxygen or sulfur atoms.
• Salts can be prepared by treatment with a metal hydroxide, such as sodium hydroxide, with an amine, such as ammonia, trimethylamine, diethanolamine, 2-methylthiopropylamine, bisallylamine, 2-butoxyethylamine, morpholine, cyclododecylamine, or benzylamine or with a tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide or choline hydroxide.
• a metal hydroxide such as sodium hydroxide
• an amine such as ammonia, trimethylamine, diethanolamine, 2-methylthiopropylamine, bisallylamine, 2-butoxyethylamine, morpholine, cyclododecylamine, or benzylamine
• a tetraalkylammonium hydroxide such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide or choline hydroxide.
• esters include those derived from C 1 -C 12 alkyl, C 3 -C 12 alkenyl, C 3 -C 12 alkynyl or C 7 -C 10 aryl-substituted alkyl alcohols, such as methyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, 1-butanol, 2-ethylhexanol, butoxyethanol, methoxypropanol, allyl alcohol, propargyl alcohol, cyclohexanol or unsubstituted or substituted benzyl alcohols.
• Benzyl alcohols may be substituted with from 1-3 substituents independently selected from halogen, C 1 -C 4 alkyl or C 1 -C 4 alkoxy.
• Esters can be prepared by coupling of the acids with the alcohol using any number of suitable activating agents such as those used for peptide couplings such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or carbonyl diimidazole (CDI); by reacting the acids with alkylating agents such as alkylhalides or alkylsulfonates in the presence of a base such as triethylamine or lithium carbonate; by reacting the corresponding acid chloride of an acid with an appropriate alcohol; by reacting the corresponding acid with an appropriate alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst or by transesterification.
• suitable activating agents such as those used for peptide couplings such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or carbonyl diimidazole (CDI)
• alkylating agents such as alkylhalides or alkylsulfonates in the presence of a base such as triethylamine or lithium carbonate
• alkylating agents such as alky
• herbicidal compositions for use in rice comprising a herbicidally effective amount of (a) a compound of the formula (I)
• a safener or a compatible herbicide capable of safening including, but not limited to, beflubutamid, bispyribac, carfentrazone, a chemical from the quinolinyloxyacetate family of chemicals, cyhalofop-butyl, daimuron, dichlormid, dimepiperate, fenclorim, fluxofenim, furilazole, halosulfuron, isoxadifen-ethyl, mefenpyr-diethyl, napthalic anhydride (NA), norflurazon, oxabetrinil, pyriclor, sulcotrione, AD67, or agriculturally acceptable salts, esters, or mixtures thereof.
• a safener or a compatible herbicide capable of safening including, but not limited to, beflubutamid, bispyribac, carfentrazone, a chemical from the quinolinyloxyacetate family of chemicals, cyhalofop-butyl, daimuron
• a safened herbicidal composition including a herbicidally effective amount of (a) the compound of formula (I) or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof and (b) a safener or a compatible herbicide capable of safening including, but not limited to, beflubutamid, bispyribac, carfentrazone, a chemical from the quinolinyloxyacetate family of chemicals, cyhalofop-butyl, daimuron, dichlormid, dimepiperate, fenclorim, fluxofenim, furilazole, halosulfuron, isoxadifen-ethyl, mefenpyr-diethyl, norflurazon, oxabetrinil, pyriclor, sulcotrione, AD67, or agriculturally acceptable salts, esters, or mixtures thereof.
• a safened herbicidal composition including a herbicidally effective amount of (a) the compound of formula (I) or an agriculturally acceptable
• Rice plants to be protected from the adverse effect of undesirable plant growth may be damaged to a certain degree when an effective dose or overdose of herbicide is used.
• Safening means preventing the adverse effect of a herbicide on the rice plant, i.e., protecting the rice plant without, at the same time, noticeably influencing the herbicidal action on the undesirable plant growth, i.e., weeds, to be combated.
• the compound of the formula (I) or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester of thereof, and (b) a safener or a compatible herbicide capable of safening described herein can be applied either separately or together as part of a system.
• the compound of the formula (I) or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester of thereof, and (b) a safener or a compatible herbicide capable of safening described herein can be formulated in one composition, tank mixed, applied simultaneously, or applied sequentially.
• Herbicidal activity is exhibited by the compounds of formula (I) when they are applied directly to a plant or to the area adjacent the plant at any stage of growth. The effect observed depends upon the plant species to be controlled, the stage of growth of the plant, the application parameters of dilution and spray drop size, the particle size of solid components, the environmental conditions at the time of use, the specific compound employed, the specific adjuvants and carriers employed, the soil type, and the like, as well as the amount of chemical applied. These and other factors can be adjusted to promote non-selective or selective herbicidal action.
• the compositions of formula (I) described herein can be applied as a post-emergence application, or pre-emergence application, to relatively immature undesirable vegetation to achieve the maximum control of weeds.
• compositions and methods provided herein can be used to control weeds in rice crops, including, but not limited to, transplanted rice, water-seeded rice, and direct-seeded rice, and also in glyphosate-tolerant, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase inhibitor-tolerant, glufosinate-tolerant, glutamine synthetase inhibitor-tolerant, dicamba-tolerant, imidazolinone-tolerant, sulfonylurea-tolerant, pyrimidinylthiobenzoate-tolerant, triazolopyrimidine-tolerant, sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone-tolerant, phenoxy auxin-tolerant, pyridyloxy auxin-tolerant, auxin-tolerant, auxin transport inhibitor-tolerant, aryloxyphenoxypropionates-tolerant, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor-tolerant, acetolactate synthase (ALS) or
• compositions and methods provided herein can be used to control undesirable vegetation consisting, for example, of grass, broadleaf and sedge weeds.
• undesirable vegetation consisting, for example, of grass, broadleaf and sedge weeds.
• a safener or a compatible herbicide capable of safening including, but not limited to, beflubutamid, bispyribac, carfentrazone, a chemical from the quinolinyloxyacetate family of chemicals, cyhalofop, daimuron, dichlormid, dimepiperate, fenclorim, fluxofenim, furilazole, halosulfuron, isoxadifen-ethyl, mefenpyr-diethyl, naphthalic anhydride (NA), norflurazon, oxabetrinil, pyriclor, sulcotrione, AD67, or agriculturally acceptable salts, esters, or mixtures thereof is used to control undesirable vegetation including grass, broadleaf and
• compositions and methods provided herein can be used to control undesirable vegetation including, but not limited to, undesirable vegetation of the weed genera Echinochloa, Leptochloa, Brachiaria, Cyperus, Fimbristylis, Scirpus, Aeschynomene, Alternanthera, Alisma, Amaranthus, Ammannia, Eclipta, Heteranthera, Monochoria, Sagittaria, Sesbania , and Sphenoclea .
• undesirable vegetation including, but not limited to, undesirable vegetation of the weed genera Echinochloa, Leptochloa, Brachiaria, Cyperus, Fimbristylis, Scirpus, Aeschynomene, Alternanthera, Alisma, Amaranthus, Ammannia, Eclipta, Heteranthera, Monochoria, Sagittaria, Sesbania , and Sphenoclea .
• grass weeds controlled by the compositions and methods provided herein include, but are not limited to, Brachiaria platyphylla (Broadleaf signalgrass, BRAPP), Echinochloa crus - galli (Barnyardgrass, ECHCG), Echinochloa colonum (Junglerice, ECHCO), Echinochloa oryzoides (Early watergrass, ECHOR), Leptochloa chinensis (Chinese sprangletop, LEFCH), Leptochloa fascicularis (Bearded sprangletop, LEFFA), Ischaemum rugosum Salisb . ( Poaceae saramollagrass , ISCRU), and Leptochloa panicoides (Amazon sprangletop, LEFPA).
• Brachiaria platyphylla Broadleaf signalgrass, BRAPP
• Echinochloa crus - galli Barnyardgrass, ECHCG
• sedge weeds controlled by the compositions and methods provided herein include, but are not limited to, Cyperus difformis (Smallflower flatsedge, CYPDI), Cyperus esculentus (Yellow nutsedge, CYPES), Cyperus iria (Rice flatsedge, CYPIR), Cyperus rotundus (Purple nutsedge, CYPRO), Fimbristylis miliacea (Globe fringerush, FIMMI), Scirpus juncoides (Smallflower flatsedge, SCPJU), and Scirpus mucronatus (Ricefield bulrush, SCPMU).
• Examples of broadleaf weeds controlled by the compositions and methods provided herein include, but are not limited to, Aeschynomene species (Jointvetch, AESSS), Alternanthera philoxeroides (Alligatorweed, ALRPH), Alisma plantago - aquatica (Common waterplantain, ALSPA), Amaranthus species (Pigweeds, AMASS), Ammannia coccinea (Purple ammannia, AMMCO), Eclipta alba (American false daisy, ECLAL), Heteranthera limosa (Ducksalad, HETLI), Monochoria vaginalis (Monochoria, MOOVA), Sagittaria species (Arrowhead, SAGMO), Sesbania exaltata (Hemp sesbania, SEBEX), and Sphenoclea zeylanica (Gooseweed, SPDZE).
• Aeschynomene species Jaintvetch, AESS
• weeds controlled by the compositions and methods provided herein include, but are not limited to Echinochloa oryzicola (Vasinger) Vasinger (ECHPH, watergrass, late); Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell (LIDDU, falsepimpernel, low); Heteranthera reniformis R. & P. (HETRE, mudplantain, roundleaf); Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan (MUDNU, doveweed); Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. (ALRPH, alligatorweed); Monochoria korsakowii Regel & Maack (MOOKO; monochoria ) and Schoenoplectus maritimus L. Lye (SCPMA, sea clubrush).
• an agriculturally acceptable ester or salt of compound (I) is employed.
• An agriculturally acceptable ester such as an aralkyl or alkyl ester, can be employed.
• the ester can be a C 1-4 alkyl ester, a n-butyl ester, a benzyl ester, or a substituted benzyl ester.
• the carboxylic acid form of compound (I) or the carboxylate salt of the compound of formula (I) can be used.
• the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof is used in combination with a safener or a compatible herbicide capable of safening.
• the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to the safener or a compatible herbicide capable of safening is within the range of from 2:1 to 1:32.
• the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to the safener or a compatible herbicide capable of safening also can be within the range from 2:1 to 1:28, 2:1 to 1:24, 2:1 to 1:20, 2:1 to 1:18, 2:1 to 1:16, 2:1 to 1:14, 2:1 to 1:12, 2:1 to 1:10, 2:1 to 1:9, 2:1 to 1:8, 2:1 to 1:7, 2:1 to 1:6, 2:1 to 1:5, 2:1 to 1:4.5, 2:1 to 1:4, 2:1 to 1:3.5, 2:1 to 1:3, 2:1 to 1:2.5, 2:1 to 1:2, 2:1 to 1:1.5, 2:1 to 1:1, 1:1 to 1:32, 1:1 to 1:28, 1:1 to 1:24, 1:1 to 1:20, 1:1 to 1:18, 1:1 to 1:16, 1:1 to 1:14, 1:1 to 1:12, 1:1 to 1:10, 1:1 to 1:9, 1:1 to 1:8, 1:1 to 1:7, 1:1 to 1:6, 1:1 to 1:5, 1:1 to 1:4, 1:1 to 1:3.5, 1:1 to 1:3, 1:1 to 1:2.5, 1:1 to 1:2, or 1:1 to 1:1.5.
• the weight ratio of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof to the safener or a compatible herbicide capable of safening can be 2:1, 1.9:1, 1.8:1, 1.7:1, 1.6:1, 1.5:1, 1.4:1, 1.3:1, 1.2:1, 1.1:1, 1:1, 1:1.1, 1:1.2, 1:1.3, 1:1.4, 1:1.5, 1:1.6, 1:1.7, 1:1.8, 1:1.9, 1:2, 1:2.1, 1:2.2, 1:2.3, 1:2.4, 1:2.5, 1:2.6, 1:2.7, 1:2.8, 1:2.9, 1:3, 1:3.1, 1:3.2, 1:3.3, 1:3.4, 1:3.5, 1:3.6, 1:3.7, 1:3.8, 1:3.9, 1:4, 1:4.1, 1:4.2, 1:4.3, 1:4.4, 1:4.5, 1:4.6, 1:4.7, 1:4.8, 1:4.9, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:18, 1:20,
• the application rate will depend upon the particular type of weed to be controlled, the degree of control required, and the timing and method of application.
• the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof can be applied at an application rate of from 1 grams acid equivalent per hectare (g ae/ha) to 300 g ae/ha based on the total amount of the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof in the composition.
• the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof can be applied at an application rate of from 1 g ae/ha to 250 g ae/ha, 2 g ae/ha to 250 g ae/ha, 5 g ae/ha to 250 g ae/ha, 1 g ae/ha to 200 g ae/ha, 2 g ae/ha to 200 g ae/ha, 5 g ae/ha to 200 g ae/ha, 12.5 g ae/ha to 250 g ae/ha, 12.5 g ae/ha to 200 g ae/ha, 1 g ae/ha to 150 g ae/ha, 1 g ae/ha to 100 g ae/ha, 1 g ae/ha to 75 g ae/ha, 1 g ae/ha to 50 g ae/ha, 2 g ae
• the safener or a compatible herbicide capable of safening can be applied at an application rate of from 1 g ai/ha to 1200 g ai/ha. Additionally, in the compositions described herein the safener or a compatible herbicide capable of safening can be applied at an application rate of from 1 g ai/ha to 600 g ai/ha, 1 g ai/ha to 500 g ai/ha, 1 g ai/ha to 400 g ai/ha, 1 g ai/ha to 300 g ai/ha, 1 g ai/ha to 200 g ai/ha, 1 g ai/ha to 100 g ai/ha, 4 g ai/ha to 1200 g ai/ha, 4 g ai/ha to 600 g ai/ha, 50 g ai/ha to 600 g ai/ha, 50 g ai/ha to 500 g ai/ha
• the safener or a compatible herbicide capable of safening can be applied at a rate from 1 g ai/ha to 1200 g ai/ha and the compound of formula (I) of salt or ester thereof is applied at a rate from 1 g ae/ha to 300 g ae/ha.
• the components of the mixtures described herein can be applied either separately or as part of a multipart herbicidal system.
• the safened herbicide mixtures described herein can be applied in conjunction with one or more other herbicides to control a wider variety of undesirable vegetation.
• the composition can be formulated with the other herbicide or herbicides, tank mixed with the other herbicide or herbicides or applied sequentially with the other herbicide or herbicides.
• herbicides that can be employed in conjunction with the compositions and methods described herein include, but are not limited to: 4-CPA; 4-CPB; 4-CPP; 2,4-D; 2,4-D choline salt, 2,4-D esters and amines, 2,4-DB; 3,4-DA; 3,4-DB; 2,4-DEB; 2,4-DEP; 3,4-DP; 2,3,6-TBA; 2,4,5-T; 2,4,5-TB; acetochlor, acifluorfen, aclonifen, acrolein, alachlor, allidochlor, alloxydim, allyl alcohol, alorac, ametridione, ametryn, amibuzin, amicarbazone, amidosulfuron, aminocyclopyrachlor, aminopyralid, amiprofos-methyl, amitrole, ammonium sulfamate, anilofos, anisuron, asulam, atraton, atrazine, azafeni
• compositions and methods for their use described herein can, further, be used in conjunction with glyphosate, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase inhibitors, glufosinate, glutamine synthetase inhibitors, dicamba, phenoxy auxins, pyridyloxy auxins, synthetic auxins, auxin transport inhibitors, aryloxyphenoxypropionates, cyclohexanediones, phenylpyrazolines, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, imidazolinones, sulfonylureas, pyrimidinylthiobenzoates, triazolopyrimidines, sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinones, acetolactate synthase (ALS) or acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) inhibitors, 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruv
• EPP 5-
• the compound of formula (I) or salt or ester thereof and complementary herbicide or salt or ester thereof can be used in combination with herbicides that are selective for the crop being treated and which complement the spectrum of weeds controlled by these compounds at the application rate employed.
• the compositions described herein and other complementary herbicides can be applied at the same time, either as a combination formulation or as a tank mix.
• compositions and methods may be used in controlling undesirable vegetation in rice genetically modified to express specialized traits.
• specialized traits include agronomic stress tolerance (including but not limited to drought, cold, heat, salt, water, nutrient, fertility, pH), pest tolerance (including but not limited to insects, fungi and pathogens) and crop improvement traits (including but not limited to yield; protein, carbohydrate, or oil content; protein, carbohydrate, or oil composition; plant stature and plant architecture).
• compositions described herein can also include with one or more additional herbicide safeners, such as AD-67 (MON 4660), benoxacor, benthiocarb, brassinolide, cyometrinil, dicyclonon, disulfoton, fenclorim, flurazole, fluxofenim, harpin proteins, jiecaowan, jiecaoxi, mephenate, oxabetrinil, R29148 and N-phenyl-sulfonylbenzoic acid amides, to enhance their selectivity.
• additional herbicide safeners such as AD-67 (MON 4660), benoxacor, benthiocarb, brassinolide, cyometrinil, dicyclonon, disulfoton, fenclorim, flurazole, fluxofenim, harpin proteins, jiecaowan, jiecaoxi, mephenate, oxabetrinil, R29148 and N-phenyl
• compositions and methods described herein can be used in combination with one or more seed treatments known to be employed in the safening of rice and compounds of formula (I), including naphthalic anhydride and CAS registry number 129531-12-0 (N-(2-Methoxybenzoyl)-4-[(methylaminocarbonyl)amino]benzenesulfonamide) as depicted by:
• the safener is cloquintocet or an ester or salt thereof. In certain embodiments, cloquintocet is utilized to antagonize harmful effects of the compositions on rice. In some embodiments, the safener is cloquintocet (mexyl).
• the safener is isoxadifen-ethyl or an ester or salt thereof. In certain embodiments, isoxadifen-ethyl is utilized to antagonize harmful effects of the compositions on rice.
• the safener is furilazole. In some embodiments, the safener is furilazole or an ester or salt thereof. In certain embodiments, furilazole is utilized to antagonize harmful effects of the compositions on rice.
• the safener is mefenpyr-diethyl. In some embodiments, the safener is mefenpyr-diethyl or an ester or salt thereof. In certain embodiments, mefenpyr-diethyl is utilized to antagonize harmful effects of the compositions on rice.
• compositions described herein can be employed in combination with one or more plant growth regulators, such as 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid, IAA, IBA, naphthaleneacetamide, ⁇ -naphthaleneacetic acids, benzyladenine, 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol, kinetin, zeatin, endothal, pentachlorophenol, thidiazuron, tribufos, aviglycine, ethephon, maleic hydrazide, gibberellins, gibberellic acid, abscisic acid, ancymidol, fosamine, glyphosine, isopyrimol, jasmonic acid, maleic hydrazide, mepiquat, 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid, morphactins, dichlorflurenol, flurprimidol, mefluidide, paclobutrazol, tetcyclacis, uniconazole, brass
• compositions provided herein can further include one or more agriculturally acceptable adjuvant or carrier.
• Suitable adjuvants or carriers should not be phytotoxic to valuable crops, particularly at the concentrations employed in applying the compositions for selective weed control in the presence of crops, and should not react chemically with herbicidal components or other composition ingredients.
• Such mixtures can be designed for application directly to weeds or their locus or can be concentrates or formulations that are normally diluted with additional carriers and adjuvants before application.
• the adjuvants or carriers can be solids, such as, for example, dusts, granules, water-dispersible granules, or wettable powders, or liquids, such as, for example, emulsifiable concentrates, solutions, emulsions or suspensions. Additionally, the adjuvants or carriers can also be provided as a pre-mix or tank mixed.
• Suitable agricultural adjuvants and carriers include, but are not limited to, crop oil concentrate; nonylphenol ethoxylate; benzylcocoalkyldimethyl quaternary ammonium salt; blend of petroleum hydrocarbon, alkyl esters, organic acid, and anionic surfactant; C 9 -C 11 alkylpolyglycoside; phosphated alcohol ethoxylate; natural primary alcohol (C 12 -C 16 ) ethoxylate; di-sec-butylphenol EO-PO block copolymer; polysiloxane-methyl cap; nonylphenol ethoxylate+urea ammonium nitrate; emulsified methylated seed oil; tridecyl alcohol (synthetic) ethoxylate (8EO); tallow amine ethoxylate (15 EO); PEG(400) dioleate-99.
• crop oil concentrate nonylphenol ethoxylate
• liquid carriers that can be used in the compositions and methods described herein include water and organic solvents.
• useful organic solvents include, but are not limited to, petroleum fractions or hydrocarbons such as mineral oil, aromatic solvents, paraffinic oils, and the like; vegetable oils such as soybean oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, castor oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, palm oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, tung oil and the like; esters of the above vegetable oils; esters of monoalcohols or dihydric, trihydric, or other lower polyalcohols (4-6 hydroxy containing), such as 2-ethyl hexyl stearate, n-butyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, propylene glycol dioleate, di-octyl succinate, di-butyl adipate, di-octyl phthalate and the like; esters
• organic solvents include, but are not limited to toluene, xylene, petroleum naphtha, crop oil, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, ethyl acetate, amyl acetate, butyl acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, amyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerine, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, N,N-dimethyl alkylamides, dimethyl sulfoxide, liquid fertilizers and the like. Water is useful as a carrier for the dilution of concentrates.
• Suitable solid carriers include but are not limited to talc, pyrophyllite clay, silica, attapulgus clay, kaolin clay, kieselguhr, chalk, diatomaceous earth, lime, calcium carbonate, bentonite clay, Fuller's earth, cottonseed hulls, wheat flour, soybean flour, pumice, wood flour, walnut shell flour, lignin, cellulose, and the like.
• compositions described herein may further include one or more surface-active agents.
• Such surface-active agents can be used in both solid and liquid compositions, and can be designed to be diluted with carrier before application.
• the surface-active agents can be anionic, cationic or nonionic in character and can be employed as emulsifying agents, wetting agents, suspending agents, or for other purposes.
• Surfactants which may also be used in the present formulations are described, inter alia, in “McCutcheon's Detergents and Emulsifiers Annual,” MC Publishing Corp., Ridgewood, N.J., 1998 and in “Encyclopedia of Surfactants,” Vol. I-III, Chemical Publishing Co., New York, 1980-81.
• Surface-active agents include, but are not limited to salts of alkyl sulfates, such as diethanolammonium lauryl sulfate; alkylarylsulfonate salts, such as calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate; alkylphenol-alkylene oxide addition products, such as nonylphenol-C 18 ethoxylate; alcohol-alkylene oxide addition products, such as tridecyl alcohol-C 16 ethoxylate; soaps, such as sodium stearate; alkylnaphthalene-sulfonate salts, such as sodium dibutylnaphthalenesulfonate; dialkyl esters of sulfosuccinate salts, such as sodium di(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate; sorbitol esters, such as sorbitol oleate; quaternary amines, such as lauryl trimethylammonium chloride; polyethylene glycol est
• compositions include, but are not limited to, compatibilizing agents, antifoam agents, sequestering agents, neutralizing agents and buffers, corrosion inhibitors, dyes, odorants, spreading agents, penetration aids, sticking agents, dispersing agents, thickening agents, freezing point depressants, antimicrobial agents, and the like.
• the compositions may also contain other compatible components, for example, other herbicides, plant growth regulants, fungicides, insecticides, and the like and can be formulated with liquid fertilizers or solid, particulate fertilizer carriers such as ammonium nitrate, urea and the like.
• the concentration of active ingredients in the compositions described herein is generally from 0.0005 to 98 percent by weight. Additionally, concentration is from 0.0006 to 90 percent by weight can be used. In compositions designed to be employed as concentrates, the active ingredients, can be present in a concentration from 0.1 to 98 weight percent, or from 0.5 to 90 weight percent. Such compositions can be diluted with an inert carrier, such as, for example, water, before application. The diluted compositions usually applied to vegetation or the soil or water adjacent thereto can contain from 0.0006 to 15.0 weight percent active ingredient or from 0.001 to 10.0 weight percent.
• compositions can be applied to vegetation or the soil or water adjacent thereto by the use of conventional ground or aerial dusters, sprayers, and granule applicators, by addition to irrigation or paddy water, and by other conventional means known to those skilled in the art.
• Seeds or nutlets of the desired test plant species were planted in a soil matrix prepared by mixing a loam or sandy loam soil (e.g., 28.6 percent silt, 18.8 percent clay, and 52.6 percent sand, with a pH of about 5.8 and an organic matter content of about 1.8 percent) and calcareous grit in an 80 to 20 ratio.
• the soil matrix was contained in plastic pots with a surface area of 84.6 square centimeters (cm 2 ).
• a fungicide treatment and/or other chemical or physical treatment was applied.
• the plants were grown for 8-22 days in a greenhouse with an approximate 14 hr photoperiod which was maintained at about 29° C. during the day and 26° C.
• Treatments consisted of the acid or esters of 4-amino-3-chloro-5-fluoro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxy-phenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (compound A) and various safener components alone and in combination.
• Forms of compound A were applied on an acid equivalent basis.
• Safener components were applied on an active ingredient or acid equivalent basis depending on the compound.
• Treatment requirements were calculated based upon the rates being tested, the concentration of active ingredient or acid equivalent in the formulation, and a 12 mL application volume at a rate of 187 L/ha.
• weighed amounts of the technical materials were placed individually in 25 mL glass vials and dissolved in a volume of 97:3 v/v acetone/DMSO to obtain 12 ⁇ stock solutions, and measured amounts of the formulated compounds were placed individually in 25 mL glass vials and diluted in a volume of 1.5% (v/v) Agri-dex crop oil concentrate or water to obtain 12 ⁇ stock solutions. If a test compound did not dissolve readily, the mixture was warmed and/or sonicated.
• Application solutions were prepared by adding an appropriate amount of each stock solution (e.g., 1 mL) and diluted to the appropriate final concentrations with the addition of an appropriate amount of an aqueous mixture of 1.5% (v/v) Agri-dex crop oil concentrate so that the final spray solutions contained 1.25% (v/v) Agri-dex crop oil concentrate.
• additional water and/or 97:3 v/v acetone/DMSO was added to individual application solutions so that the final acetone and DMSO concentrations of the application solutions being compared were 8.1% and 0.25%, respectively.
• Spray solutions were applied to the plant material with an overhead Mandel track sprayer equipped with a 8002E nozzles calibrated to deliver 187 L/ha over an application area of 0.503 m 2 at a spray height of 18 to 20 inches (46 to 50 cm) above average plant canopy height. Control plants were sprayed in the same manner with the solvent blank.
• the treated plants and control plants were placed in a greenhouse as described above and watered by sub-irrigation to prevent wash-off of the test compounds. After approximately 3 weeks, the condition of the test plants as compared with that of the untreated plants was determined visually and scored on a scale of 0 to 100 percent where 0 corresponds to no injury or growth inhibition and 100 corresponds to complete kill.
• mud puddled soil
• a shredded, non-sterilized mineral soil 50.5 percent silt, 25.5 percent clay, and 24 percent sand, with a pH of about 7.6 and an organic matter content of about 2.9 percent
• the prepared mud was dispensed in 365 mL aliquots into 16-ounce (oz.) non-perforated plastic pots with a surface area of 86.59 square centimeters (cm 2 ) leaving a headspace of 3 centimeters (cm) in each pot.
• Rice seeds were planted in Sun Gro MetroMix® 306 planting mixture, which typically has a pH of 6.0 to 6.8 and an organic matter content of about 30 percent, in plastic plug trays. Seedlings at the second or third leaf stage of growth were transplanted into 860 mL of mud contained in 32-oz. non-perforated plastic pots with a surface area of 86.59 cm 2 4 days prior to herbicide application. The paddy was created by filling the headspace of the pots with 2.5 to 3 cm of water. When required to ensure good germination and healthy plants, a fungicide treatment and/or other chemical or physical treatment was applied. The plants were grown for 4-22 days in a greenhouse with an approximate 14 h photoperiod which was maintained at about 29° C.
• Treatments consisted of the acid or esters of 4-amino-3-chloro-5-fluoro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxy-phenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (compound A) and various safeners alone and in combination.
• Forms of compound A were applied on an acid equivalent basis.
• Safener components were applied on an active ingredient or acid equivalent basis depending on the compound.
• Treatment requirements for each compound or herbicidal component were calculated based upon the rates being tested, the concentration of active ingredient or acid equivalent in the formulation, an application volume of 2 mL per component per pot, and an application area of 86.59 cm 2 per pot.
• a measured amount was placed in an individual 100 or 200 mL glass vial and was dissolved in a volume of 1.25% (v/v) Agri-Dex® crop oil concentrate to obtain application solutions. If the test compound did not dissolve readily, the mixture was warmed and/or sonicated.
• a weighed amount can be placed in an individual 100 to 200 mL glass vial and dissolved in a volume of acetone to obtain concentrated stock solutions. If the test compound does not dissolve readily, the mixture can be warmed and/or sonicated.
• the concentrated stock solutions obtained can be diluted with an equivalent volume of an aqueous mixture containing 2.5% (v/v) crop oil concentrate so that the final application solutions contain 1.25% (v/v) crop oil concentrate.
• Applications were made by injecting with a pipetter appropriate amounts of the application solutions, individually and sequentially, into the aqueous layer of the paddy. Control plants were treated in the same manner with the solvent blank. Applications were made so that all treated plant material received the same concentrations of acetone and crop oil concentrate.
• the treated plants and control plants were placed in a greenhouse as described above and water was added as needed to maintain a paddy flood. After approximately 3 weeks the condition of the test plants as compared with that of the untreated plants was determined visually and scored on a scale of 0 to 100 percent where 0 corresponds to no injury or growth inhibition and 100 corresponds to complete kill.

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