Classifications

• • C25B11/0484—
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
  • C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
  • C25B1/01—Products
  • C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
  • C25B1/01—Products
  • C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
  • C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
  • C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
  • C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
  • C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
  • C25B11/091—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds
  • C25B11/093—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds at least one noble metal or noble metal oxide and at least one non-noble metal oxide
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25C7/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells; Servicing or operating of cells
  • C25C7/02—Electrodes; Connections thereof
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis

Definitions

• the invention relates to an electrode suitable for operating as anode in electrochemical cells, for instance as oxygen-evolving anode in electrolysis cells for electrometallurgical processes.
• the invention relates to an electrode for use in industrial electrochemical processes, for instance in electrolytic applications contemplating the evolution of oxygen at the anode.
• Anodes for oxygen evolution are widely used in different electrolysis applications, several of which pertain to the field of electrometallurgy, covering a wide range in terms of applied current density, which can be very reduced (for instance a few hundred A/m 2 , such as the case of electrowinning processes) or also very high (for instance in high speed electroplating, which can operate in excess of 10 kA/m 2 , referred to the anodic surface); another field of application of oxygen-evolving anodes is cathodic protection under impressed current.
• Electrodes suitable for anodic evolution of oxygen can be obtained starting from substrates of valve metals, for instance titanium and alloys thereof, coated with catalytic compositions based on transition metals or oxides thereof, characterised by their capability of lowering the overvoltage of the oxygen anodic discharge reaction, which is much too high to allow the execution of industrial processes in the absence of catalytic systems.
• a composition suitable for catalysing the anodic oxygen evolution reaction for instance consists of a mixture of oxides of iridium and of tantalum, wherein iridium plays the role of catalytically active species and tantalum facilitates the formation of a compact coating, capable of protecting the valve metal substrate from corrosion phenomena, especially when operating with aggressive electrolytes.
• An anode formulation suitable for anodic oxygen evolution in many industrial electrochemical processes comprises a titanium substrate and a catalytic coating consisting of oxides of iridium and tantalum with a molar composition referred to the metals of 65% Ir and 35% Ta.
• a catalytic coating consisting of oxides of iridium and tantalum with a molar composition referred to the metals of 65% Ir and 35% Ta.
• an intermediate protective layer between titanium substrate and catalytic coating for instance consisting of titanium and tantalum oxides with a molar composition of 80% Ti and 20% Ta referred to the metals.
• This type of electrodes can be prepared in different ways, for example by thermal decomposition of a precursor solution at high temperature, for instance 400 to 600° C.
• Electrodes with the above specified composition can satisfy the needs of several industrial applications, both at low and at high current density, with reasonable operative lifetimes.
• the economy of some manufacturing processes, especially in the field of metallurgy (for instance copper deposition in galvanic processes for the production of printed circuits and copper foil) nevertheless requires electrodes of increasingly high duration, combined with a suitably reduced oxygen evolution potential even at high current density: the potential of oxygen evolution is in fact one of the main factors determining the process operative voltage and thus the overall energy consumption.
• the operative lifetime of anodes based on noble metals or oxides thereof on valve metal substrates is remarkably reduced in the presence of particularly aggressive contaminants, which can establish accelerated phenomena of corrosion or of anode surface pollution.
• the present invention relates to an electrode for oxygen evolution in electrochemical processes comprising a valve metal substrate, a catalytic coating comprising an internal layer of oxides of iridium and tantalum of molar composition Ir 60-70%, Ta 30-40% referred to the metals and an external coating containing 2 to 7 g/m 2 of a valve metal oxide.
• valve metal oxide it is intended herein a metal which, when oxidized, allows current to pass if used as a cathode but opposes the flow of current when used as an anode, according to the definition set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,673.
• valve metals include magnesium, thorium, cadmium, tungsten, tin, iron, silver, silicon, tantalum, titanium, aluminium, zirconium and niobium.
• the external coating consists of a single valve metal oxide. This can have the advantage of preserving the valve metal behaviour of the external layer, since the interaction of the valve metal of the external layer with another element of different valence could bring about a doping effect and hamper the opposition to the anodic current flow.
• valve metal oxides at the specified loading is capable of remarkably increasing the duration of an electrode used for anodic evolution of oxygen, meanwhile improving its tolerance to the presence of contaminating species, with little effect on the oxygen evolution potential.
• the catalytic coating consists of multiple layers and comprises also a second intermediate layer of oxides of iridium, tantalum and titanium of molar composition Ir 76-84%, Ta 15-23%, Ti 0.2-1.3% referred to the metals, interposed between the first catalytic layer and the external layer.
• This can have the advantage of further enhancing the electrode duration.
• valve metal oxides of the external layer are oxides of tantalum or of tin or of zirconium.
• the specific loading of iridium in the catalytic layer is 5 to 50 g/m 2 . In one embodiment the specific loading of oxides in the external layer of the catalytic layer according to the invention is 2.9 to 3.5 g/m 2 . This can have the advantage of ensuring that the effect on the oxygen evolution potential becomes negligible or nil.
• the electrode comprises an intermediate protection layer based on oxides of titanium or of tantalum interposed between the substrate and the catalytic coating.
• the invention relates to a method of manufacturing of an electrode with the above described characteristics, comprising the formation of an external layer having a composition as hereinbefore described, by application and subsequent thermal decomposition of a solution containing a precursor of tantalum or tin or zirconium.
• the invention relates to an industrial electrochemical process comprising the anodic evolution of oxygen from an electrolytic bath on an electrode having the above described characteristics.
• a titanium sheet grade 1 of 200 ⁇ 200 ⁇ 3 mm size was degreased and subjected first to sandblasting with iron grit until obtaining a value of superficial roughness R z of 70 to 100 ⁇ m, then to etching in 20% by weight HCl at a temperature of 90-100° C. for 20 minutes.
• a protective layer based on titanium and tantalum oxides at a 80:20 weight ratio was applied to the sheet, with an overall loading of 0.6 g/m 2 referred to the metals (equivalent to 0.87 g/m 2 referred to the oxides).
• the application of the protective layer was carried out by painting in three coats of a precursor solution—obtained by addition of an aqueous TaCl 5 solution, acidified with HCl, to an aqueous solution of TiCl 4 —and subsequent thermal decomposition at 500° C.
• the electrode was thermally treated for 2 h at 515° C., then the application of the external coating (3 g/m 2 referred to the oxides) was carried out by painting in 2 coats of an aqueous solution of TaCl 5 , acidified with HCl.
• the average deactivation time for the three samples was 1370 hours.
• a titanium sheet grade 1 of 200 ⁇ 200 ⁇ 3 mm size was degreased and subjected first to sandblasting with iron grit until obtaining a value of superficial roughness R z of 70 to 100 ⁇ m, then to etching in 20% by weight HCl at a temperature of 90-100° C. for 20 minutes.
• a protective layer based on titanium and tantalum oxides at a 80:20 weight ratio was applied to the sheet, with an overall loading of 0.6 g/m 2 referred to the metals (equivalent to 0.87 g/m 2 referred to the oxides).
• the application of the protective layer was carried out by painting in three coats of a precursor solution—obtained by addition of an aqueous TaCl 5 solution, acidified with HCl, to an aqueous solution of TiCl 4 —and subsequent thermal decomposition at 500° C.
• the electrode was thermally treated for 2 h at 515° C., then the application of the external coating (3.4 g/m 2 referred to the oxides) was carried out by painting in 2 coats of a 0.9 M acetic solution of Sn.
• the average deactivation time for the three samples was 1440 hours.
• a titanium sheet grade 1 of 200 ⁇ 200 ⁇ 3 mm size was degreased and subjected first to sandblasting with iron grit until obtaining a value of superficial roughness R z of 70 to 100 ⁇ m, then to etching in 20% by weight HCl at a temperature of 90-100° C. for 20 minutes.
• a protective layer based on titanium and tantalum oxides at a 80:20 weight ratio was applied to the sheet, with an overall loading of 0.6 g/m 2 referred to the metals (equivalent to 0.87 g/m 2 referred to the oxides).
• the application of the protective layer was carried out by painting in three coats of a precursor solution—obtained by addition of an aqueous TaCl 5 solution, acidified with HCl, to an aqueous solution of TiCl 4 —and subsequent thermal decomposition at 500° C.
• a catalytic coating consisting of two distinct layers was then applied on the protective layer: a first (internal) layer based on oxides of iridium and tantalum in a 65:35 weight ratio (equivalent to a molar ratio of about 66.3:36.7), with an overall loading of iridium of 2 g/m 2 , and a second (external) layer based on oxides of iridium, tantalum and titanium, at a 78:20:2 weight ratio (corresponding to a molar ratio of about 80.1:19.4:0.5), with an overall loading of iridium of 10 g/m 2 .
• the application of the internal catalytic layer was carried out by painting in 2 coats of a precursor solution—obtained by addition of H 2 IrCl 6 to an aqueous TaCl 5 solution, until reaching an Ir concentration of 76 g/l—and subsequent thermal decomposition at 520° C.
• the application of the external catalytic layer was carried out by painting in 4 coats of a precursor solution—obtained by addition of an aqueous TaCl 5 solution, acidified with HCl, to an aqueous solution of TiCl 4 , then of H 2 IrCl 6 until reaching an Ir concentration of 195 g/l—and subsequent thermal decomposition at 480° C.
• the electrode was thermally treated for 2 h at 515° C., then the application of the external coating (3 g/m 2 referred to the oxides) was carried out by painting in 2 coats of an aqueous solution of TaCl 5 , acidified with HCl.
• the average deactivation time for the three samples was 2420 hours.
• a titanium sheet grade 1 of 200 ⁇ 200 ⁇ 3 mm size was degreased and subjected first to sandblasting with iron grit until obtaining a value of superficial roughness R z of 70 to 100 ⁇ m, then to etching in 20% by weight HCl at a temperature of 90-100° C. for 20 minutes.
• a protective layer based on titanium and tantalum oxides at a 80:20 weight ratio was applied to the sheet, with an overall loading of 0.6 g/m 2 referred to the metals (equivalent to 0.87 g/m 2 referred to the oxides).
• the application of the protective layer was carried out by painting in three coats of a precursor solution—obtained by addition of an aqueous TaCl 5 solution, acidified with HCl, to an aqueous solution of TiCl 4 —and subsequent thermal decomposition at 500° C.
• a catalytic coating consisting of two distinct layers was then applied on the protective layer: a first (internal) layer based on oxides of iridium and tantalum in a 65:35 weight ratio (equivalent to a molar ratio of about 66.3:36.7), with an overall loading of iridium of 2 g/m 2 , and a second (external) layer based on oxides of iridium, tantalum and titanium, at a 78:20:2 weight ratio (corresponding to a molar ratio of about 80.1:19.4:0.5), with an overall loading of iridium of 10 g/m 2 .
• the application of the internal catalytic layer was carried out by painting in 2 coats of a precursor solution—obtained by addition of H 2 IrCl 6 to an aqueous TaCl 5 solution, until reaching an Ir concentration of 76 g/l—and subsequent thermal decomposition at 520° C.
• the application of the external catalytic layer was carried out by painting in 4 coats of a precursor solution—obtained by addition of an aqueous TaCl 5 solution, acidified with HCl, to an aqueous solution of TiCl 4 , then of H 2 IrCl 6 until reaching an Ir concentration of 195 g/l—and subsequent thermal decomposition at 480° C.
• the electrode was thermally treated for 2 h at 515° C., then the application of the external coating (3.4 g/m 2 referred to the oxides) was carried out by painting in 2 coats of a 0.9 M acetic solution of Sn.
• the average deactivation time for the three samples was 1800 hours.
• a titanium sheet grade 1 of 200 ⁇ 200 ⁇ 3 mm size was degreased and subjected first to sandblasting with iron grit until obtaining a value of superficial roughness R z of 70 to 100 ⁇ m, then to etching in 20% by weight HCl at a temperature of 90-100° C. for 20 minutes.
• a protective layer based on titanium and tantalum oxides at a 80:20 weight ratio was applied to the sheet, with an overall loading of 0.6 g/m 2 referred to the metals (equivalent to 0.87 g/m 2 referred to the oxides).
• the application of the protective layer was carried out by painting in three coats of a precursor solution—obtained by addition of an aqueous TaCl 5 solution, acidified with HCl, to an aqueous solution of TiCl 4 —and subsequent thermal decomposition at 500° C.
• the average deactivation time for the three samples was 660 hours.
• a titanium sheet grade 1 of 200 ⁇ 200 ⁇ 3 mm size was degreased and subjected first to sandblasting with iron grit until obtaining a value of superficial roughness R z of 70 to 100 ⁇ m, then to etching in 20% by weight HCl at a temperature of 90-100° C. for 20 minutes.
• a protective layer based on titanium and tantalum oxides at a 80:20 weight ratio was applied to the sheet, with an overall loading of 0.6 g/m 2 referred to the metals (equivalent to 0.87 g/m 2 referred to the oxides).
• the application of the protective layer was carried out by painting in three coats of a precursor solution—obtained by addition of an aqueous TaCl 5 solution, acidified with HCl, to an aqueous solution of TiCl 4 —and subsequent thermal decomposition at 500° C.
• a catalytic coating consisting of two distinct layers was then applied on the protective layer: a first (internal) layer based on oxides of iridium and tantalum in a 65:35 weight ratio (equivalent to a molar ratio of about 66.3:36.7), with an overall loading of iridium of 2 g/m 2 , and a second (external) layer based on oxides of iridium, tantalum and titanium, at a 78:20:2 weight ratio (corresponding to a molar ratio of about 80.1:19.4:0.5), with an overall loading of iridium of 10 g/m 2 .
• the application of the internal catalytic layer was carried out by painting in 2 coats of a precursor solution—obtained by addition of H 2 IrCl 6 to an aqueous TaCl 5 solution, until reaching an Ir concentration of 76 g/l—and subsequent thermal decomposition at 520° C.
• the application of the external catalytic layer was carried out by painting in 4 coats of a precursor solution—obtained by addition of an aqueous TaCl 5 solution, acidified with HCl, to an aqueous solution of TiCl 4 , then of H 2 IrCl 6 until reaching an Ir concentration of 195 g/l—and subsequent thermal decomposition at 480° C.
• the average deactivation time for the three samples was 1320 hours.

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