Classifications

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  • A61K31/711—Natural deoxyribonucleic acids, i.e. containing only 2'-deoxyriboses attached to adenine, guanine, cytosine or thymine and having 3'-5' phosphodiester links
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  • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
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  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
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  • A61K9/1271—Non-conventional liposomes, e.g. PEGylated liposomes, liposomes coated with polymers
  • A61K9/1272—Non-conventional liposomes, e.g. PEGylated liposomes, liposomes coated with polymers with substantial amounts of non-phosphatidyl, i.e. non-acylglycerophosphate, surfactants as bilayer-forming substances, e.g. cationic lipids
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  • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K2039/55555—Liposomes; Vesicles, e.g. nanoparticles; Spheres, e.g. nanospheres; Polymers
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K9/1271—Non-conventional liposomes, e.g. PEGylated liposomes, liposomes coated with polymers

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method of immune activation in a member of the bovine species.
• the present invention includes methods for eliciting systemic, non-specific and antigen-specific immune responses, which are useful for animal administration and protection against infectious disease.
• Bovine respiratory disease or bovine respiratory diseases complex, as it is often referred to, occurs in both dairy and beef cattle and is one of the leading causes of economic loss to the cattle industry throughout the world. These losses are due to morbidity, mortality, reduced weight gains, treatment and prevention costs, loss of milk production, and negative impacts on carcass characteristics.
• BRD BRD ⁇ RD ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇
• bovine viruses are known to have immunosuppressive effects in the lung, such as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV, IBR, or BHV 1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), and parainfluenza type 3 virus (PI3).
• IBRV infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus
• BVDV bovine viral diarrhea virus
• BRSV bovine respiratory syncytial virus
• PI3 parainfluenza type 3 virus
• Mannheimia haemolytica is by far the most prevalent bacterial pathogen among cases of BRD.
• BRD Current prevention and treatment of BRD consists of antibiotic administration to populations of cattle upon arrival at feedlots (i.e. metaphylaxis), antibiotic therapy for sick cattle, and vaccination against BRD viruses and bacteria including M. haemolytica.
• the present invention provides a method of eliciting a non-antigen-specific immune response in the bovine species that is easy to administer, works alone or in combination with vaccines, induces a protective response against one or more infectious agents.
• FIG. 1.1 graphically depicts average rectal temperature data according to dose of immunomodulator administered as described in Example 1.
• FIG. 1.2 graphically depicts average daily weight gain data according to dose of immunomodulator administered as described in Example 1.
• FIG. 1.3 graphically depicts the model-adjusted lung lesion scores with respect to dose of immunomodulator administered as described in Example 1.
• FIG. 2.1 graphically depicts average rectal temperature data according to dose of immunomodulator administered as described in Example 2.
• FIG. 2.2 graphically depicts average daily weight gain data according to dose of immunomodulator administered as described in Example 2.
• FIG. 2.3 graphically depicts the model-adjusted lung lesion scores with respect to dose of immunomodulator administered as described in Example 2.
• FIG. 3.1 graphically depicts the model-adjusted lung lesion scores with respect to dose of immunomodulator administered as described in Example 3
• FIG. 3.2 graphically depicts the model-adjusted lung lesion scores with respect to day of immunomodulator administration as described in Example 3.
• FIG. 4.1 graphically depicts % of protected animals by treatment group as described in Example 4.
• FIG. 4.2 graphically depicts percent of animals protected by treatment group ( ⁇ 1% lung lesions and no lung lesions) as described in Example 4.
• FIG. 5.1 graphically depicts measurements of the CD 25 EI expression index (y-axis) in cells infected with BHV-1 across all five cell types for each of the 6 treatment groups (x-axis) as described in Example 5.
• FIG. 5.2 graphically depicts measurements of the CD 25 EI expression index (y-axis) in cells infected with BRSV across all five cell types for each of the 6 treatment groups (x-axis) as described in Example 5.
• FIG. 5.3 graphically depicts measurements of the CD 25 EI expression index (y-axis) in cells infected with BVDV type 1 across all five cell types for each of the 6 treatment groups (x-axis) as described in Example 5.
• FIG. 5.4 graphically depicts measurements of the CD 25 EI expression index (y-axis) in cells infected with BVDV type 2 across all five cell types for each of the 6 treatment groups (x-axis) as described in Example 5.
• FIG. 5.5 graphically depicts measurements of the IFN ⁇ expression index (y-axis) in cells infected with BHV-1 across all five cell types for each of the 6 treatment groups (x-axis) as described in Example 5.
• FIG. 5.6 graphically depicts measurements of the IFN ⁇ expression index (y-axis) in cells infected with BRSV across all five cell types for each of the 6 treatment groups (x-axis) as described in Example 5.
• FIG. 5.7 graphically depicts measurements of the IFN ⁇ expression index (y-axis) in cells infected with BVDV type 1 across all five cell types for each of the 6 treatment groups (x-axis) as described in Example 5.
• FIG. 5.8 graphically depicts measurements of the IFN ⁇ expression index (y-axis) in cells infected with BVDV type 2 across all five cell types for each of the 6 treatment groups (x-axis) as described in Example 5.
• FIG. 5.9 graphically depicts measurements of the IL-4 expression index (y-axis) in cells infected with BHV-1 across all five cell types for each of the 6 treatment groups (x-axis) as described in Example 5.
• FIG. 5.10 graphically depicts measurements of the IL-4 expression index (y-axis) in cells infected with BRSV across all five cell types for each of the 6 treatment groups (x-axis) as described in Example 5.
• FIG. 5.11 graphically depicts measurements of the IL-4 expression index (y-axis) in cells infected with BVDV type 1 across all five cell types for each of the 6 treatment groups (x-axis) as described in Example 5.
• FIG. 5.12 graphically depicts measurements of the IL-4 expression index (y-axis) in cells infected with BVDV type 2 across all five cell types for each of the 6 treatment groups (x-axis) as described in Example 5.
• FIG. 5.13 graphically depicts Model adjusted serum antibody titer estimates (y-axis) in cells infected with BVDV type 1 across all five cell types for each of the 6 treatment groups (x-axis) as described in Example 5.
• FIG. 5.14 graphically depicts Model adjusted serum antibody titer estimates (y-axis) in cells infected with BVDV type 2 across all five cell types for each of the 6 treatment groups (x-axis) as described in Example 5.
• FIG. 5.15 graphically depicts Model adjusted serum antibody titer estimates (y-axis) in cells infected with BHV-1 across all five cell types for each of the 6 treatment groups (x-axis) as described in Example 5.
• FIG. 5.16 graphically depicts model-adjusted average daily gain outcomes as described in Example 5.
• FIG. 6.1 graphically depicts the BHV1 SNT titers for the treatment groups as described in Example 6.
• the method of eliciting an immune response in a member of the bovine species of the present invention includes administering to the member of the bovine species an effective amount of an immunomodulator composition to elicit an immune response.
• the immunomodulator composition includes a liposome delivery vehicle and at least one nucleic acid molecule.
• the immunomodulator elicits a non-antigen-specific immune response that is effective alone or enhances the operation of at least one biological agent such as a vaccine, when administered prior to such a vaccine, co-administered with such a vaccine, administered post vaccination, or mixed with the vaccine.
• the methods provide new treatment strategies for protecting the bovine species from infectious diseases and treating populations having infectious disease.
• the method of the present invention provides a more rapid, a longer and better protection against a disease when the immunomodulator is used in combination with a vaccine.
• the immunomodulator composition includes a liposome delivery vehicle and at least one nucleic acid molecule, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,693,086, and incorporated herein by reference.
• a suitable liposome delivery vehicle comprises a lipid composition that is capable of delivering nucleic acid molecules to the tissues of the treated subject.
• a liposome delivery vehicle is preferably capable of remaining stable in a subject for a sufficient amount of time to deliver a nucleic acid molecule and/oro biological agent.
• the liposome delivery vehicle is stable in the recipient subject for at least about 5 minutes.
• the liposome delivery vehicle is stable in the recipient subject for at least about 1 hour.
• the liposome delivery vehicle is stable in the recipient subject for at least about 24 hours.
• a liposome delivery vehicle of the present invention comprises a lipid composition that is capable of fusing with the plasma membrane of a cell to deliver a nucleic acid molecule into a cell.
• a nucleic acid: liposome complex of the present invention is at least about 1 picogram (pg) of protein expressed per milligram (mg) of total tissue protein per microgram ( ⁇ g) of nucleic acid delivered.
• the transfection efficiency of a nucleic acid: liposome complex is at least about 10 pg of protein expressed per mg of total tissue protein per ⁇ g of nucleic acid delivered; and in yet another embodiment, at least about 50 pg of protein expressed per mg of total tissue protein per ⁇ g of nucleic acid delivered.
• the transfection efficiency of the complex may be as low as 1 femtogram (fg) of protein expressed per mg of total tissue protein per ⁇ g of nucleic acid delivered, with the above amounts being more preferred.
• a preferred liposome delivery vehicle of the present invention is between about 100 and 500 nanometers (nm), in another embodiment, between about 150 and 450 nm and in yet another embodiment, between about 200 and 400 nm in diameter.
• Suitable liposomes include any liposome, such as those commonly used in, for example, gene delivery methods known to those of skill in the art.
• Preferred liposome delivery vehicles comprise multilamellar vesicle (MLV) lipids and extruded lipids. Methods for preparation of MLV's are well known in the art.
• More preferred liposome delivery vehicles comprise liposomes having a polycationic lipid composition (i.e., cationic liposomes) and/or liposomes having a cholesterol backbone conjugated to polyethylene glycol.
• Exemplary cationic liposome compositions include, but are not limited to.
• a most preferred liposome composition for use as a delivery vehicle includes DOTIM and cholesterol.
• a suitable nucleic acid molecule includes any nucleic acid sequence such as coding or non-coding sequence, and DNA or RNA. Coding nucleic acid sequences encode at least a portion of a protein or peptide, while non-coding sequence does not encode any portion of a protein or peptide.
• “non-coding” nucleic acids can include regulatory regions of a transcription unit, such as a promoter region.
• empty vector can be used interchangeably with the term “non-coding”, and particularly refers to a nucleic acid sequence in the absence of a protein coding portion, such as a plasmid vector without a gene insert.
• nucleic acid sequence which encodes an immunogen and/or a cytokine.
• a suitable concentration of a nucleic acid molecule to add to a liposome includes a concentration effective for delivering a sufficient amount of nucleic acid molecule into a subject such that a systemic immune response is elicited.
• nucleic acid molecule is combined with about 8 nmol liposomes
• from about 0.5 ⁇ g to about 5 ⁇ g of nucleic acid molecule is combined with about 8 nmol liposomes
• about 1.0 ⁇ g of nucleic acid molecule is combined with about 8 nmol liposomes.
• the ratio of nucleic acids to lipids (pg nucleic acid: nmol lipids) in a composition is at least about 1:1 nucleic acid: lipid by weight (i.e., 1 ⁇ g nucleic acid: 1 nmol lipid), and in another embodiment, at least about 1:5, and in yet another embodiment, at least about 1:10, and in a further embodiment at least about 1:20.
• Ratios expressed herein are based on the amount of cationic lipid in the composition, and not on the total amount of lipid in the composition.
• the ratio of nucleic acids to lipids in a composition of the invention is from about 1:1 to about 1:80 nucleic acid: lipid by weight; and in another embodiment, from about 1:2 to about 1:40 nucleic acid: lipid by weight; and a further embodiment, from about 1:3 to about 1:30 nucleic acid: lipid by weight; and in yet another embodiment, from about 1:6 to about 1:15 nucleic acid: lipid by weight.
• the immunomodulator includes a liposome delivery vehicle, a nucleic acid molecule, and at least one biological agent.
• Suitable biological agents are agents that are effective in preventing or treating bovine disease.
• Such biological agents include immune enhancer proteins, immunogens, vaccines, antimicrobials or any combination thereof.
• Suitable immune enhancer proteins are those proteins known to enhance immunity.
• a cytokine which includes a family of proteins, is a known immunity enhancing protein family.
• Suitable immunogens are proteins which elicit a humoral and/or cellular immune response such that administration of the immunogen to a subject mounts an immunogen-specific immune response against the same or similar proteins that are encountered within the tissues of the subject.
• An immunogen may include a pathogenic antigen expressed by a bacterium, a virus, a parasite or a fungus.
• Preferred antigens include antigens which cause an infectious disease in a subject.
• an immunogen may be any portion of a protein, naturally occurring or synthetically derived, which elicits a humoral and/or cellular immune response.
• the size of an antigen or immunogen may be as small as about 5-12 amino acids and as large as a full length protein, including sizes in between.
• the antigen may be a multimer protein or fusion protein.
• the antigen may be purified peptide antigens derived from native or recombinant cells.
• the nucleic acid sequences of immune enhancer proteins and immunogens are operatively linked to a transcription control sequence, such that the immunogen is expressed in a tissue of a subject, thereby eliciting an immunogen-specific immune response in the subject, in addition to the non-specific immune response.
• the biological agent is a vaccine.
• the vaccine may include a live, infectious, viral, bacterial, or parasite vaccine or a killed, inactivated, viral, bacterial, or parasite vaccine.
• one or more vaccines, live or killed viral vaccines may be used in combination with the immunomodulator composition of the present invention.
• Suitable vaccines include those known in the art for the cattle species.
• Exemplary vaccines include those used in the art for protection against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) (Type 1 bovine herpes virus (BHV1)), parainfluenza virus type 3 (PI3), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV Type 1 and 2). Histophilus somni, Mycoplasma bovis, and other diseases known in the art.
• a vaccine for the protection against Mannheimia haemolytica may be used in combination with the immunomodulator composition of the present invention.
• the biological agent is an antimicrobial.
• Suitable antimicrobials include: quinolones, preferably fluoroquinolones, ⁇ -lactams, and macrolide-streptogramin-lincosamide (MLS) antibiotics.
• Suitable quinolones include benofloxacin, binfloxacin, cinoxacin, ciprofloxacin, clinafloxacin, danofloxacin, difloxacin, enoxacin, enrofloxacin, fleroxacin, gemifloxacin, ibafloxacin, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin, marbofloxacin, moxifloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, orbifloxacin, pazufloxacin, pradofloxacin, perfloxacin, temafloxacin, tosufloxacin, sarafloxacin, gemifloxacin, and sparfloxacin.
• Preferred fluoroquinolones include ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, moxifloxacin, danofloxacin, and pradofloxacin.
• Suitable naphthyridones include nalidixic acid.
• Suitable ⁇ -lactams include penicillins, such as benzathine penicillin, benzylpenicillin (penicillin G), phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V), procaine penicillin, methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, flucloxacillin, temocillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, co-amoxiclav (amoxicillin and clavulanic acid), azlocillin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin; cephalosporins, such as cefalonium, cephalexin, cefazolin, cefapririn, cefquinome, ceftiofur, cephalothin, cefaclor, cefuroxime, cefamandole, defotetan, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, ce
• Suitable MLS antibiotics include any macrolide, lincomycin, clindamycin, pirlimycin.
• a preferred lincosamide is pirlimycin.
• antimicrobials include 2-pyridones, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, aminoglycosids, trimethoprim, dimetridazoles, erythromycin, framycetin, furazolidone, various pleuromutilins such as tiamulin, valnemulin, various, streptomycin, clopidol, salinomycin, monensin, halofuginone, narasin, robenidine, etc.
• an immune response is elicited in a member of the bovine species by administering an effective amount of an immunomodulator composition to the member of the bovine species.
• the effective amount is sufficient to elicit an immune response in the member of the bovine species.
• the immunomodulator includes a liposome delivery vehicle and a nucleic acid molecule.
• the effective amount of the immunomodulator is from about 1 micrograms to about 1000 micrograms per animal. In another embodiment, the effective amount of the immunomodulator is from about 5 micrograms to about 500 micrograms per animal. In yet another embodiment, the effective amount of the immunomodulator is from about 10 micrograms to about 100 micrograms per animal. In a further embodiment, the effective amount of the immunomodulator is from about 10 micrograms to about 50 micrograms per animal.
• an immune response is elicited in a member of the bovine species by administering an effective amount of an immunomodulator, which includes a liposome delivery vehicle, an isolated nucleic acid molecule, and a biological agent.
• an immunomodulator which includes a liposome delivery vehicle, an isolated nucleic acid molecule, and a biological agent.
• the biological agent may be mixed with or co-administered with the immunomodulator or independently thereof. Independent administration may be prior to or after administration of the immunomodulator. It is also contemplated that more than one administration of the immunomodulator or biological agent may be used to extend enhanced immunity. Furthermore, more than one biological agent may be co-administered with the immunomodulator, administered prior to the immunomodulator, administered after administration of the immunomodulator, or concurrently.
• the methods of the invention elicit an immune response in a subject such that the subject is protected from a disease that is amenable to elicitation of an immune response.
• the phrase “protected from a disease” refers to reducing the symptoms of the disease; reducing the occurrence of the disease, and reducing the clinical or pathologic severity of the disease or reducing shedding of a pathogen causing a disease.
• Protecting a subject can refer to the ability of a therapeutic composition of the present invention, when administered to a subject, to prevent a disease from occurring, cure, and/or alleviate or reduce disease symptoms, clinical signs, pathology, or causes. Examples of clinical signs of BRD include lung lesions, increased temperature, depression (e.g.
• anorexia reduced responsiveness to external stimuli, droopy ears
• nasal discharge and respiratory character (e.g. respiratory rate, respiratory effort).
• respiratory character e.g. respiratory rate, respiratory effort.
• to protect a member of the bovine species from a disease includes both preventing disease occurrence (prophylactic treatment) and treating a member of the bovine species that has a disease (therapeutic treatment).
• protecting a subject from a disease is accomplished by eliciting an immune response in the member of the bovine species by inducing a beneficial or protective immune response which may, in some instances, additionally suppress, reduce, inhibit, or block an overactive or harmful immune response.
• disease refers to any deviation from the normal health of a member of the bovine species and includes a state when disease symptoms are present, as well as conditions in which a deviation (e.g., infection, gene mutation, genetic defect, etc.) has occurred, but symptoms are not yet manifested.
• a deviation e.g., infection, gene mutation, genetic defect, etc.
• Methods of the invention may be used for the prevention of disease, stimulation of effector cell immunity against disease, elimination of disease, alleviation of disease, and prevention of a secondary disease resulting from the occurrence of a primary disease.
• the present invention may also improve the acquired immune response of the animal when co-administered with a vaccine versus administration of the vaccine by itself.
• a vaccine once administered does not immediately protect the animal as it takes time to stimulate acquired immunity.
• the term “improve” refers, in the present invention, to elicitation of an innate immune response in the animal until the vaccine starts to protect the animal and/or to prolong the period of protection, via acquired immunity, given by the vaccine.
• Methods of the invention include administering the composition to protect against infection of a wide variety of pathogens.
• the composition administered may or may not include a specific antigen to elicit a specific response. It is contemplated that the methods of the invention will protect the recipient subject from disease resulting from infectious microbial agents including, without limitation, viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites.
• Exemplary viral infectious diseases include those resulting from infection with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) (Type 1 bovine herpes virus (BHV1)), parainfluenza virus type 3 (PI3), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV Type 1 and 2), bovine adenovirus, bovine coronavirus (BCV), bovine calicivirus, bovine parvovirus, BHV4, bovine reovirus, bovine enterovirus, bovine rhinovirus, malignant catarrhal fever virus, bovine leukemia virus, rabies virus, Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), bluetongue (Orbivirus), recombinants thereof, and other viruses known in the art.
• IBR infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
• PI3 parainfluenza virus type 3
• BRSV bovine respiratory syncytial virus
• BVDV Type 1 and 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus
• bovine adenovirus bovine coron
• Exemplary bacterial infections include those resulting from infection with gram positive or negative bacteria and Mycobacteriasuch as Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium colinum, Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium novyi, Clostridium chauveoi, Clostridium septicum, Clostridium hemolyticum, Clostridium tetani, Mannheimia haemolytica, Ureaplasma diversum, Mycoplasma dispar, Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma bovirhinis, Histophilus somni, Campylobacter fetus, Leptospira spp., Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Bacillus anthrax, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Fusobacterium spp., Treponema spp., Corynebacterium
• Exemplary fungi or mold infection include those resulting from infection with Actinobacterim spp., Aspergillus spp., and Histomonas spp., and other infectious fungi or mold known in the art.
• Exemplary parasites include, without limitation.
• Neospora spp. Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Anaplasma spp, Babesia spp, Chorioptes spp, Cysticercus spp, Dermatophilus spp, Damalinia bovis, Dictylocaulus spp, Eimeria spp, Eperythrozoon spp, Haemonchus spp, Melophagus spp, Muellerius spp, Nematodirus spp, Oestrus spp, Ostertagia spp, Psoroptes spp, Sarcoptes spp, Serpens spp, Strongyloides spp, Toxoplasma spp, Trichuris spp, Trichophyton spp, and Tritrichomas spp, Fascioloides spp, Anaplasma marginale, and other parasites known in the art.
• the methods of the invention may be administered to any subject or member of the bovine species, whether domestic or wild. In particular, it may be administered to those subjects that are commercially reared for breeding, meat or milk production. Suitable bovine subjects, without limitation, include antelopes, buffalos, yaks, cattle, and bison. In one embodiment, the member of the bovine species is cattle. Species of cattle include, without limitation, cows, bulls, steers, heifer, ox, beef cattle, or dairy cattle. A skilled artisan will appreciate that the methods of the invention will be largely beneficial to cattle reared for breeding, meat or milk production, since they are especially vulnerable to environmental exposure to infectious agents.
• compositions may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art.
• Vaccination of the bovine species can be performed at any age.
• the vaccine may be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, intradermal, intraperitoneal, subcutaneously, by spray/aerosol, orally, intraocularly, intratracheally, intranasal, or by other methods known in the art. Further, it is contemplated that the methods of the invention may be used based on routine vaccination schedules.
• the immunomodulator may also be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, by spray, orally, intraocularly, intratracheally, nasally, or by other methods known in the art. In one embodiment, the immunomodulator is administered subcutaneously. In another embodiment, the immunomodulator is administered intramuscularly. In yet another embodiment, the immunomodulator is administered as a spray. In a further embodiment, the immunomodulator is administered orally.
• the immunomodulator is administered by itself to the animal prior to challenge (or infection). In another embodiment, the immunomodulator is administered by itself to the animal post challenge (or infection). In yet another embodiment, the immunomodulator is administered by itself to the animal at the same time as challenge (or infection). In a further embodiment, the immunomodulator composition is co-administered at the same time as the vaccination prior to challenge. In yet a further embodiment, the immunomodulator composition is co-administered at the same time as the vaccination at the same time as challenge (or infection).
• the co-administration may include administering the vaccine and immunomodulator in the same general location on the animal at two different sites next to each other (i.e., injections next to each other at the neck of the animal), on opposing sides of the animal at the same general location (i.e., one on each side of the neck), or on different locations of the same animal.
• the immunomodulator composition is administered prior to vaccination and challenge.
• the immunomodulator composition is administered after vaccination but prior to challenge.
• the immunomodulator composition is administered after challenge to an animal that has been vaccinated prior to challenge (or infection).
• the immunomodulator is administered from about 1 to about 14 days prior to challenge or from about 1 to about 14 days post challenge. In another embodiment, the immunomodulator is administered from about 1 to about 7 days prior to challenge or from about 1 to about 7 days post challenge. In yet another embodiment, the immunomodulator is administered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 days prior to challenge or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 days post challenge.
• Other delivery systems may include time-release, delayed release or sustained release delivery systems. Such systems can avoid repeated administrations of the compositions therefore increasing convenience.
• Many types of release delivery systems are available and known to those of ordinary skill in the art. They include polymer based systems such as poly(lactide-glycolide), copolyoxalates, polycaprolactones, polyesteramides, polyorthoesters, polyhydroxybutyric acid, and polyanhydrides. Microcapsules of the foregoing polymers containing drugs are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,109.
• Delivery systems also include non-polymer systems that are lipids including sterols such as cholesterol, cholesterol esters and fatty acids or neutral fats such as mono-di and tri-glycerides; hydrogel release systems; sylastic systems; peptide based systems; wax coatings; compressed tablets using convention binders and excipients; partially fused implants; and the like.
• Specific examples include, but are not limited to erosional systems in which an agent of the invention is contained in a form within a matrix such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,452,775, 4,675,189 and 5,736,152, and diffusional systems in which an active component permeates at a controlled rate from a polymer such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,854,480, 5,133,974 and 5,407,686.
• pump-based hardware delivery systems can be used, some of which are adapted for implantation.
• an effective amount of immunomodulator for treating or preventing an infectious disease is that amount necessary to cause the development of an immune response upon exposure to the microbe, thus causing a reduction in the amount of microbe within the subject and preferably to the eradication of the microbe.
• the effective amount for any particular application can vary depending on such factors as the disease or condition being treated, the size of the subject, or the severity of the disease or condition.
• One of ordinary skill in the art can empirically determine the effective amount of immunomodulator without necessitating undue experimentation.
• cytokine refers to an immune enhancing protein family.
• the cytokine family includes hematopoietic growth factor, interleukins, interferons, immunoglobulin superfamily molecules, tumor necrosis factor family molecules and chemokines (i.e. proteins that regulate the migration and activation of cells, particularly phagocytic cells).
• chemokines i.e. proteins that regulate the migration and activation of cells, particularly phagocytic cells.
• cytokines include, without limitation, interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-12 (IL12), interleukin-15 (IL-15), interleukin-18 (IL-18), interferon- ⁇ (IFN ⁇ ), and interferon- ⁇ (IFN ⁇ ).
• elicit can be used interchangeably with the terms activate, stimulate, generate or upregulate.
• eliciting an immune response in a subject refers to specifically controlling or influencing the activity of the immune response, and can include activating an immune response, upregulating an immune response, enhancing an immune response and/or altering an immune response (such as by eliciting a type of immune response which in turn changes the prevalent type of immune response in a subject from one which is harmful or ineffective to one which is beneficial or protective).
• operatively linked refers to linking a nucleic acid molecule to a transcription control sequence in a manner such that the molecule is able to be expressed when transfected (i.e., transformed, transduced or transfected) into a host cell.
• Transcriptional control sequences are sequences which control the initiation, elongation, and termination of transcription. Particularly important transcription control sequences are those which control transcription initiation, such as promoter, enhancer, operator and repressor sequences. A variety of such transcription control sequences are known to those skilled in the art.
• Preferred transcription control sequences include those which function in avian, fish, mammalian, bacteria, plant, and insect cells. While any transcriptional control sequences may be used with the invention, the sequences may include naturally occurring transcription control sequences naturally associated with a sequence encoding an immunogen or immune stimulating protein.
• nucleic acid molecule and “nucleic acid sequence” can be used interchangeably and include DNA. RNA, or derivatives of either DNA or RNA. The terms also include oligonucleotides and larger sequences, including both nucleic acid molecules that encode a protein or a fragment thereof, and nucleic acid molecules that comprise regulatory regions, introns, or other non-coding DNA or RNA. Typically, an oligonucleotide has a nucleic acid sequence from about 1 to about 500 nucleotides, and more typically, is at least about 5 nucleotides in length. The nucleic acid molecule can be derived from any source, including mammalian, fish, bacterial, insect, viral, plant, or synthetic sources.
• a nucleic acid molecule can be produced by methods commonly known in the art such as recombinant DNA technology (e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR), amplification, cloning) or chemical synthesis.
• Nucleic acid molecules include natural nucleic acid molecules and homologues thereof, including, but not limited to, natural allelic variants and modified nucleic acid molecules in which nucleotides have been inserted, deleted, substituted, or inverted in such a manner that such modifications do not substantially interfere with the nucleic acid molecule's ability to encode an immunogen or immune stimulating protein useful in the methods of the present invention.
• a nucleic acid homologue may be produced using a number of methods known to those skilled in the art (see, for example.
• the purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of the DNA immunomodulator administered to calves prior to and after developing natural cases of BRD.
• the immunomodulator used in this study was a composition comprising a cationic lipid and non-coding DNA.
• the synthetic immunomodulator lipid components [1-[2-[9-(Z)-octadecenoyloxy]]-2-[8](Z)-heptadecenyl]-3-[hydroxyethyl]imidazolinium chloride (DOTIM) and a synthetic neutral lipid cholesterol were formulated to produce liposomes approximately 200 nm in diameter (See, U.S. Pat. No. 6,693,086).
• the DNA component was a 4242 base-pair non-coding DNA plasmid produced in E. coli, which, being negatively charged, associates with the positively-charged (cationic) liposomes (See, U.S. Pat. No. 6,693,086).
• the treatment groups were administered varying doses of the DNA immunomodulator describe above on the day of treatment as indicated in Table 1.1 below.
• the dilution scheme of the DNA immunomodulator is provided in Table 1.2.
• the DNA immunomodulator was administered intramuscularly and cranial to the left shoulder, ventral to the nuchal ligament, and caudo-dorsal to the jugular groove of the calves.
• Treatment Day ⁇ 1 refers to the start date of the study after initial selection in which the calves were evaluated and determined to be suitable for the study.
• Treatment Day 0 is one day subsequent to Day ⁇ 1, and so on.
• FIGS. 1.1 and 1.2 present the averages of rectal temperatures and average daily weight gain according to dose of immunomodulator administered.
• Lung lesion scores were determined (based upon the degree lung consolidation estimated by visual inspection and manual palpation) for each individual calf at the time of necropsy.
• FIG. 1.3 presents the lung lesion scores with respect to dose of immunomodulator administered.
• the overall lung lesion scores for each day of administration were approximately 11% and 14% for Day ⁇ 1 and Day 0, respectively.
• Lung lesion scores of 11.2%, 9.0%, 10.8% and 19.9% were exhibited for 500, 200, 50 and negative control groups, respectively.
• the largest difference between the control group and a treated group (200 ⁇ g) was about an 11% reduction.
• Model-adjusted estimates on FIG. 1.3 reflect the raw averages that are adjusted for all statistical model covariates (i.e. dose, day, and dose ⁇ day) as well as for the pen in which the calves were housed throughout the study. Therefore, model-adjusted estimates may display differences compared to the raw averages.
• the day of DNA immunomodulator administration i.e., Day ⁇ 1 or 0
• the purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of the DNA immunomodulator administered to calves concurrently with or one day after an experimental challenge with Mannheimia haemolytica.
• the immunomodulator used in this study was the composition described above in Example 1.
• Treatment Day 0 refers to the start date of the study after initial selection in which the calves were evaluated and determined to be in good health.
• Treatment Day 1 is one day subsequent to Day 0, and so on.
• CFU colony forming units
• FIGS. 2.1 and 2.2 present the averages of rectal temperatures and average daily weight gains with respect to dose of immunomodulator administered.
• FIG. 2.3 presents the model-adjusted lung lesion scores with respect to dose of immunomodulator administered.
• the dose of the DNA immunomodulator significantly reduced lung lesion scores compared to the negative control.
• the lower doses 200 ⁇ g, and 50 ⁇ g outperformed the 500 ⁇ g dose in reducing lung lesions.
• the day of DNA immunomodulator administration i.e., Day 0 or 1
• Rectal temperature was significantly reduced in calves administered the DNA immunomodulator compared to the negative control, but was not associated with dose. No obvious differences were observed between the dose of the DNA immunomodulator and the negative control with regard to average daily weight gain.
• the purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of the DNA immunomodulator administered to calves two days before or concurrently with an experimental challenge with Mannheimia haemolytica.
• the immunomodulator used in this study was the composition described above in Example 1.
• 96 Holstein steer calves weighing on average about 800-1000 lbs (363-454 kg) were selected from a herd without a current history of respiratory disease. Each individual calf was initially evaluated and determined to be in good health. The 96 calves were divided into eight treatment groups of 12 calves each. Only animals not vaccinated for Mannheimia haemolytica were included in the study. None of the animals had received an antimicrobial agent within 30 days prior to administration of DNA immunomodulator. The treatment groups were administered varying doses of the DNA immunomodulator on the day of treatment as indicated in Table 3.1 below. The dilution scheme of the DNA immunomodulator is provided in Table 3.2. The DNA immunomodulator was administered intramuscularly and cranial to the left shoulder, ventral to the nuchal ligament, and caudo-dorsal to the jugular groove of the calves.
• Treatment Day ⁇ 2 refers to the start date of the study when Treatment Groups 1-3 were administered the immunomodulator.
• Treatment Day 0 is two days subsequent to Day ⁇ 2, and so on.
• FIG. 3.1 presents the model-adjusted lung lesion scores with respect to dose of immunomodulator administered.
• FIG. 3.2 presents the model-adjusted lung lesion scores with respect to day of immunomodulator administration.
• the dose of the DNA immunomodulator significantly reduced lung lesion scores compared to the negative controls.
• the day of DNA immunomodulator administration i.e. Days ⁇ 2 and 0
• the day of DNA immunomodulator administration was significantly associated with lung lesion scores.
• Significant reduction in lung lesions was observed when the immunomodulator was administered on Day 0 when compared to Day ⁇ 2.
• the purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of the DNA immunomodulator co-administered with killed Mh vaccine to calves subjected to an experimental challenge with Mannheimia haemolytica.
• the immunomodulator used in this study was the composition described above in Example 1.
• the organisms were used at a concentration of 1.7 ⁇ 10 8 per animal for the first inoculum and 2.4 ⁇ 10 10 animal for the second inoculum.
• the animals were also challenged with a spray by another respiratory route.
• the concentration of the organisms in the spray inoculum was 1.9 ⁇ 10 10 per animal.
• Immunomodulator and the vaccine were administered as close together near a lymph node (neck)—two injections (one for vaccine and the other for the immunomodulator). All animals receiving the subcutaneous route of injection were injected near a lymph node in the sub scapular region.
• the animals of group T8 had significantly lower lung lesions.
• the purpose of this study was to determine if co-administration of the DNA immunomodulator augmented the acquired immunity afforded by modified-live viral (MLV) vaccines.
• MMV modified-live viral
• the immunomodulator used in this study was the composition described above in Example 1.
• the treatment groups were administered the vaccine and varying doses of the DNA immunomodulator intramuscularly on the day of treatment as indicated in Table 5.1 below.
• the dilution scheme of the DNA immunomodulator is provided in Table 5.2.
• CMI Cell mediated immunity
• FIGS. 5.1-5.4 present the measurements of the CD 25 EI expression index (y-axis) across all five cell types for each of the 6 treatment groups (x-axis).
• FIGS. 5.5-5.8 present the measurements of the IFN ⁇ expression index (y-axis) across all five cell types for each of the 6 treatment groups (x-axis).
• FIGS. 5.1-5.4 present the measurements of the CD 25 EI expression index (y-axis) across all five cell types for each of the 6 treatment groups (x-axis).
• FIGS. 5.5-5.8 present the measurements of the IFN ⁇ expression index (y-axis) across all five cell types for each of the 6 treatment groups (x-axis).
• 5.9-5.12 present the measurements of the IL-4 expression index (y-axis) across all five cell types for each of the 6 treatment groups (x-axis). Estimates were produced for each of the 4 BRD viral pathogens represented in their respective graph. For these statistical evaluations, all comparisons were made to the “MLV only” treatment group.
• the DNA immunomodulator did not enhance CMI when co-administered with a MLV vaccine compared to the sole administration of MLV vaccine.
• 500 ⁇ g of the DNA immunomodulator may augment humoral immunity when co-administered with a MLV vaccine (specifically BVDV).
• co-administration of the DNA immunomodulator at doses of 500 ⁇ g, 200 ⁇ g, 100 ⁇ g, and 50 ⁇ g, did not impair the positive immunologic effects induced by the MLV vaccine.
• performance e.g. ADG was not negatively impacted by administration of the DNA immunomodulator.
• the purpose of this study was to determine if co-administration of the DNA immunomodulator augmented the acquired immunity afforded by vaccines containing inactivated antigens.
• the immunomodulator used in this study was the composition described above in Example 1.
• the treatment groups were administered the vaccine and varying doses of the DNA immunomodulator intramuscularly on the day of treatment as indicated in Table 5.1 below.
• the vaccine contained BHV1 and BVDV type1 and 2 as inactivated antigens, and modified live PI3 virus and BRS virus.
• the Immunomodulator and the vaccine were either given separately on the same side of the animal cranial to the front of the shoulder, or separately on the opposite side of the animal in the some region, or mixed in one syringe.
• the dilution scheme of the DNA immunomodulator is provided in Table 5.2.

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