US20130216488A1 - Antimicrobial, antibacterial and spore germination inhibiting activity from an avocado extract enriched in bioactive compounds - Google Patents
Antimicrobial, antibacterial and spore germination inhibiting activity from an avocado extract enriched in bioactive compounds Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20130216488A1 US20130216488A1 US13/763,262 US201313763262A US2013216488A1 US 20130216488 A1 US20130216488 A1 US 20130216488A1 US 201313763262 A US201313763262 A US 201313763262A US 2013216488 A1 US2013216488 A1 US 2013216488A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- extract
- compounds
- antimicrobial
- avocado
- antibacterial
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 219
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 98
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 80
- 230000004763 spore germination Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 230000000845 anti-microbial effect Effects 0.000 title abstract description 106
- 230000000975 bioactive effect Effects 0.000 title abstract description 24
- 235000020739 avocado extract Nutrition 0.000 title description 3
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 190
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 241000218196 Persea Species 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 197
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 147
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical class CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 112
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical class CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 90
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 claims description 64
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 62
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 58
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 47
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 claims description 40
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 claims description 37
- 210000004666 bacterial spore Anatomy 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 101150107824 FCPC gene Proteins 0.000 claims description 17
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 235000014469 Bacillus subtilis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000004185 countercurrent chromatography Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 244000063299 Bacillus subtilis Species 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004810 partition chromatography Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl tert-butyl ether Chemical compound COC(C)(C)C BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000006239 protecting group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000193830 Bacillus <bacterium> Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000238424 Crustacea Species 0.000 claims description 6
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000013373 food additive Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002778 food additive Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000193155 Clostridium botulinum Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005194 fractionation Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000193755 Bacillus cereus Species 0.000 claims description 4
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000193403 Clostridium Species 0.000 claims description 4
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 claims description 4
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000002777 acetyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)=O 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000013365 dairy product Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002500 effect on skin Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000013613 poultry product Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 241001147780 Alicyclobacillus Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000193468 Clostridium perfringens Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005526 G1 to G0 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000186781 Listeria Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000015173 baked goods and baking mixes Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000013405 beer Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000013361 beverage Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000006071 cream Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003937 drug carrier Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000013601 eggs Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011389 fruit/vegetable juice Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000021384 green leafy vegetables Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012676 herbal extract Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012674 herbal formulation Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000015110 jellies Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000006210 lotion Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012454 non-polar solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000015067 sauces Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000475 sunscreen effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000516 sunscreening agent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000014101 wine Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 241001063273 Alicyclobacillus acidiphilus Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000193412 Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000193738 Bacillus anthracis Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000193163 Clostridioides difficile Species 0.000 claims description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical group [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NTIZESTWPVYFNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl isobutyl ketone Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C)=O NTIZESTWPVYFNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UIHCLUNTQKBZGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl isobutyl ketone Natural products CCC(C)C(C)=O UIHCLUNTQKBZGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000840 anti-viral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000656 anti-yeast Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940065181 bacillus anthracis Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000025272 Persea americana Species 0.000 abstract description 106
- 235000008673 Persea americana Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 102
- 210000004215 spore Anatomy 0.000 description 114
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 88
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 73
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 44
- 241000193470 Clostridium sporogenes Species 0.000 description 41
- 108010053775 Nisin Proteins 0.000 description 36
- NVNLLIYOARQCIX-MSHCCFNRSA-N Nisin Chemical compound N1C(=O)[C@@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(=C)NC(=O)[C@@H]([C@H](C)CC)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)C(=C/C)/NC(=O)[C@H](N)[C@H](C)CC)CSC[C@@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H]1C(=O)N2CCC[C@@H]2C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H]2C(NCC(=O)N[C@H](C)C(=O)N[C@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@H](CCSC)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@H](CS[C@@H]2C)C(=O)N[C@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H]2C(N[C@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H]3C(=O)N[C@@H](C(N[C@H](CC=4NC=NC=4)C(=O)N[C@H](CS[C@@H]3C)C(=O)N[C@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@H]([C@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@H](CC=3NC=NC=3)C(=O)N[C@H](C(C)C)C(=O)NC(=C)C(=O)N[C@H](CCCCN)C(O)=O)=O)CS[C@@H]2C)=O)=O)CS[C@@H]1C NVNLLIYOARQCIX-MSHCCFNRSA-N 0.000 description 36
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 36
- 239000004309 nisin Substances 0.000 description 36
- 235000010297 nisin Nutrition 0.000 description 36
- YLWJMUPPJKELEC-GQQAEKEGSA-N Persenone A Chemical compound CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCC\C=C\C(=O)CC(O)COC(C)=O YLWJMUPPJKELEC-GQQAEKEGSA-N 0.000 description 35
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 32
- YLWJMUPPJKELEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N persenone A Natural products CCCCCC=CCC=CCCCCCC=CC(=O)CC(O)COC(C)=O YLWJMUPPJKELEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 230000003330 sporicidal effect Effects 0.000 description 24
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 22
- DSLYZXQQSWFUHY-FOCLMDBBSA-N Persenone B Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCC\C=C\C(=O)CC(O)COC(C)=O DSLYZXQQSWFUHY-FOCLMDBBSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 description 21
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 20
- IBDVBNUJEGRVQN-RHNLGMIQSA-N persin Chemical compound CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)C[C@@H](O)COC(C)=O IBDVBNUJEGRVQN-RHNLGMIQSA-N 0.000 description 20
- IBDVBNUJEGRVQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N persin Chemical compound CCCCCC=CCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)CC(O)COC(C)=O IBDVBNUJEGRVQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 20
- DSLYZXQQSWFUHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2-hydroxy-4-oxononadec-5-enyl) acetate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCC=CC(=O)CC(O)COC(C)=O DSLYZXQQSWFUHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 241000186779 Listeria monocytogenes Species 0.000 description 18
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 17
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 16
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000000287 crude extract Substances 0.000 description 13
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 12
- 241000192125 Firmicutes Species 0.000 description 11
- 239000004599 antimicrobial Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000002035 hexane extract Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000001647 sporostatic effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 239000013641 positive control Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000010076 replication Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000010150 least significant difference test Methods 0.000 description 8
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 7
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000007127 saponification reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- LQUPKVMEAATBSL-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;2,3,4-trichlorophenolate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]C1=CC=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C1Cl.[O-]C1=CC=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C1Cl LQUPKVMEAATBSL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 7
- 241000588724 Escherichia coli Species 0.000 description 6
- 240000007228 Mangifera indica Species 0.000 description 6
- 235000014826 Mangifera indica Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric oxide Chemical compound O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- MBMBGCFOFBJSGT-KUBAVDMBSA-N all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid Chemical compound CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCC(O)=O MBMBGCFOFBJSGT-KUBAVDMBSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000001717 pathogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 5
- 235000020662 avocado pulp Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 229940126214 compound 3 Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 235000004936 Bromus mango Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- IMNSNWGUJWPUOQ-KTBYTZPXSA-N Persediene Chemical compound CC(=O)OC[C@H](O)CC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC\C=C\C=C IMNSNWGUJWPUOQ-KTBYTZPXSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000009184 Spondias indica Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 241000191967 Staphylococcus aureus Species 0.000 description 4
- 0 [1*]OCC(CC([3*])=O)O[2*] Chemical compound [1*]OCC(CC([3*])=O)O[2*] 0.000 description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000007824 aliphatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000003242 anti bacterial agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000843 anti-fungal effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229940121375 antifungal agent Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 244000052616 bacterial pathogen Species 0.000 description 4
- 229940125898 compound 5 Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 239000000469 ethanolic extract Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000035784 germination Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229930014626 natural product Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 150000002826 nitrites Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000341 volatile oil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 102000000452 Acetyl-CoA carboxylase Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108010016219 Acetyl-CoA carboxylase Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 108010062877 Bacteriocins Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 108010018763 Biotin carboxylase Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 241001529387 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Species 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 244000147568 Laurus nobilis Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000017858 Laurus nobilis Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 102000016943 Muramidase Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108010014251 Muramidase Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 108010062010 N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine Amidase Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 235000011236 Persea americana var americana Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000014680 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 241000191940 Staphylococcus Species 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002537 cosmetic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229940090949 docosahexaenoic acid Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 235000020669 docosahexaenoic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- GGQOPZKTDHXXON-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane;methanol Chemical compound OC.CCCCCC GGQOPZKTDHXXON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000002779 inactivation Effects 0.000 description 3
- -1 lipophilic Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000004325 lysozyme Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000010335 lysozyme Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229960000274 lysozyme Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000013642 negative control Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- HWBSDHZNKUPJQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2R*,4R*)-2,4-dihydroxyheptadec-16-enyl acetate Natural products CC(=O)OCCC(O)CC(O)CCCCCCCCCCC=C HWBSDHZNKUPJQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- URLVCROWVOSNPT-XOTOMLERSA-N (2s)-4-[(13r)-13-hydroxy-13-[(2r,5r)-5-[(2r,5r)-5-[(1r)-1-hydroxyundecyl]oxolan-2-yl]oxolan-2-yl]tridecyl]-2-methyl-2h-furan-5-one Chemical compound O1[C@@H]([C@H](O)CCCCCCCCCC)CC[C@@H]1[C@@H]1O[C@@H]([C@H](O)CCCCCCCCCCCCC=2C(O[C@@H](C)C=2)=O)CC1 URLVCROWVOSNPT-XOTOMLERSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SCYULBFZEHDVBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Dichloroethane Chemical compound CC(Cl)Cl SCYULBFZEHDVBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NLBYRERHXBTBBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4-dihydroxyheptadec-16-enyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OCC(O)CC(O)CCCCCCCCCCCC=C NLBYRERHXBTBBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000255789 Bombyx mori Species 0.000 description 2
- OFKRKMSUOFSFDL-OJZBFUHJSA-N C=C/C=C/CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)C[C@@H](O)COC(C)=O.CC/C=C/CCCCCCCCC/C=C/C(=O)C[C@@H](O)COC(C)=O Chemical compound C=C/C=C/CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)C[C@@H](O)COC(C)=O.CC/C=C/CCCCCCCCC/C=C/C(=O)C[C@@H](O)COC(C)=O OFKRKMSUOFSFDL-OJZBFUHJSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NLBYRERHXBTBBR-OALUTQOASA-N C=CCCCCCCCCCCC[C@H](O)C[C@H](O)COC(C)=O Chemical compound C=CCCCCCCCCCCC[C@H](O)C[C@H](O)COC(C)=O NLBYRERHXBTBBR-OALUTQOASA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004398 Ethyl lauroyl arginate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000699670 Mus sp. Species 0.000 description 2
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 2
- MYFQKXPELFRJRW-UBKIFLAUSA-N Persenone C Chemical compound CC\C=C\CCCCCCCCC\C=C\C(=O)C[C@@H](O)COC(C)=O MYFQKXPELFRJRW-UBKIFLAUSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000005212 Terminalia tomentosa Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- QUHYUSAHBDACNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N acerogenin 3 Natural products C1=CC(O)=CC=C1CCCCC(=O)CCC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 QUHYUSAHBDACNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003115 biocidal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000037396 body weight Effects 0.000 description 2
- 201000011510 cancer Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002738 chelating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000013375 chromatographic separation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- URLVCROWVOSNPT-QTTMQESMSA-N desacetyluvaricin Natural products O=C1C(CCCCCCCCCCCC[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O[C@@H]([C@@H]3O[C@@H]([C@@H](O)CCCCCCCCCC)CC3)CC2)=C[C@H](C)O1 URLVCROWVOSNPT-QTTMQESMSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 2
- ILRSCQWREDREME-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecanamide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(N)=O ILRSCQWREDREME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000002615 epidermis Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- XJTMYVOVQZMMKX-KRWDZBQOSA-N ethyl (2s)-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)-2-(dodecanoylamino)pentanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)OCC)CCCN=C(N)N XJTMYVOVQZMMKX-KRWDZBQOSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000019455 ethyl lauroyl arginate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000004820 halides Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000749 insecticidal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000017074 necrotic cell death Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009931 pascalization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000017807 phytochemicals Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229930000223 plant secondary metabolite Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002797 proteolythic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005070 ripening Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003053 toxin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 231100000765 toxin Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 108700012359 toxins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 238000003828 vacuum filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- DFEHQWFIOMAGBM-IAGOWNOFSA-N (2r,4r)-heptadec-16-ene-1,2,4-triol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)C[C@H](O)CCCCCCCCCCCC=C DFEHQWFIOMAGBM-IAGOWNOFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JPFCOVZKLAXXOE-XBNSMERZSA-N (3r)-2-(3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-8-[(2r,3r,4r)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2h-chromen-4-yl]-3,4-dihydro-2h-chromene-3,5,7-triol Chemical compound C1=C(O)C(OC)=C(O)C=C1C1[C@H](O)CC(C(O)=CC(O)=C2[C@H]3C4=C(O)C=C(O)C=C4O[C@@H]([C@@H]3O)C=3C=CC(O)=CC=3)=C2O1 JPFCOVZKLAXXOE-XBNSMERZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N (S)-malic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](O)CC(O)=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxolane Chemical group C1COCO1 WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IBDVBNUJEGRVQN-QHCPKHFHSA-N 1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-heneicosa-12,15-diene Natural products CCCCCC=CCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)C[C@H](O)COC(C)=O IBDVBNUJEGRVQN-QHCPKHFHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BASUVKNKERZYGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)acetaldehyde Chemical compound CC1(C)OCC(CC=O)O1 BASUVKNKERZYGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DZAIOXUZHHTJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Desoxy-D-glycero-tetronsaeure Natural products OCC(O)CC(O)=O DZAIOXUZHHTJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000590020 Achromobacter Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920001817 Agar Polymers 0.000 description 1
- KWTQSFXGGICVPE-WCCKRBBISA-N Arginine hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCCN=C(N)N KWTQSFXGGICVPE-WCCKRBBISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000132177 Aspergillus glaucus Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010006187 Breast cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000026310 Breast neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- YLWJMUPPJKELEC-RSWURYEXSA-N CCCCC/C=C\C/C=C\CCCCC/C=C/C(=O)C[C@@H](O)COC(C)=O Chemical compound CCCCC/C=C\C/C=C\CCCCC/C=C/C(=O)C[C@@H](O)COC(C)=O YLWJMUPPJKELEC-RSWURYEXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DJDYGYPNAQMWKD-JCUICECISA-N CCCCC/C=C\C/C=C\CCCCC/C=C/C(=O)C[C@@H](O)COC(C)=O.CCCCC/C=C\CCCCCCCC/C=C/C(=O)C[C@@H](O)COC(C)=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCC/C=C/C(=O)C[C@@H](O)COC(C)=O Chemical compound CCCCC/C=C\C/C=C\CCCCC/C=C/C(=O)C[C@@H](O)COC(C)=O.CCCCC/C=C\CCCCCCCC/C=C/C(=O)C[C@@H](O)COC(C)=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCC/C=C/C(=O)C[C@@H](O)COC(C)=O DJDYGYPNAQMWKD-JCUICECISA-N 0.000 description 1
- DSLYZXQQSWFUHY-UFBKIKKCSA-N CCCCCCCCCCCCC/C=C/C(=O)C[C@@H](O)COC(C)=O Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCC/C=C/C(=O)C[C@@H](O)COC(C)=O DSLYZXQQSWFUHY-UFBKIKKCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000589875 Campylobacter jejuni Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000222122 Candida albicans Species 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 244000018436 Coriandrum sativum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002787 Coriandrum sativum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001646719 Escherichia coli O157:H7 Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000003747 Grignard reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000008694 Humulus lupulus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 206010048612 Hydrothorax Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010061218 Inflammation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000013628 Lantana involucrata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000218195 Lauraceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000191938 Micrococcus luteus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000006677 Monarda citriodora ssp. austromontana Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000013355 Mycteroperca interstitialis Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000008589 Obesity Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 240000007673 Origanum vulgare Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010033128 Ovarian cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010061535 Ovarian neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000192001 Pediococcus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000228150 Penicillium chrysogenum Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920001991 Proanthocyanidin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000588770 Proteus mirabilis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000589517 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000589540 Pseudomonas fluorescens Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000178231 Rosmarinus officinalis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000293871 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000293869 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000012377 Salvia columbariae var. columbariae Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000005481 Salvia hispanica Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000001498 Salvia hispanica Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000607764 Shigella dysenteriae Species 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000256247 Spodoptera exigua Species 0.000 description 1
- 229930182558 Sterol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 241000194017 Streptococcus Species 0.000 description 1
- OUUQCZGPVNCOIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Superoxide Chemical compound [O-][O] OUUQCZGPVNCOIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric acid Natural products [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010052428 Wound Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000027418 Wounds and injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008272 agar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001476 alcoholic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000507 anthelmentic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001093 anti-cancer Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000259 anti-tumor effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940053200 antiepileptics fatty acid derivative Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000002802 antimicrobial activity assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000006708 antioxidants Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000006286 aqueous extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021405 artificial diet Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000003289 ascorbyl group Chemical class [H]O[C@@]([H])(C([H])([H])O*)[C@@]1([H])OC(=O)C(O*)=C1O* 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021302 avocado oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008163 avocado oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003899 bactericide agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011021 bench scale process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000010233 benzoic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001558 benzoic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001559 benzoic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012472 bioassay-guided isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004071 biological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 244000309464 bull Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940095731 candida albicans Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000021466 carotenoid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001747 carotenoids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004113 cell culture Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010261 cell growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002421 cell wall Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012627 chemopreventive agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940124443 chemopreventive agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000014167 chia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940125904 compound 1 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940125782 compound 2 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000001010 compromised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000433 cytotoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001472 cytotoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000005911 diet Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000037213 diet Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002009 diols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002552 dosage form Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012377 drug delivery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008393 encapsulating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011067 equilibration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002024 ethyl acetate extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004494 ethyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000078673 foodborn pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000012055 fruits and vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002240 furans Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 210000001035 gastrointestinal tract Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229940087603 grape seed extract Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000002532 grape seed extract Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940094952 green tea extract Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000020688 green tea extract Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000009036 growth inhibition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940093915 gynecological organic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002433 hydrophilic molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000004054 inflammatory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001802 infusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007927 intramuscular injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010255 intramuscular injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001990 intravenous administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002147 killing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001418 larval effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009571 larval growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940116335 lauramide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004668 long chain fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002803 maceration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000005075 mammary gland Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012054 meals Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013622 meat product Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- KBOPZPXVLCULAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N mesalamine Chemical class NC1=CC=C(O)C(C(O)=O)=C1 KBOPZPXVLCULAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010445 mica Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052618 mica group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 244000000010 microbial pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002107 myocardial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002581 neurotoxin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000618 neurotoxin Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- QZMCUTPOQGSJMS-CNSIELBMSA-N nisin a Chemical compound N1C(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)\C(=C\C)NC(=O)C(C(C)CC)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(=C/C)/NC(=O)C(N)C(C)CC)CSCC1C(=O)NC1C(=O)N2CCCC2C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(=O)NC2C(NCC(=O)NC(C)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(CCSC)C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(CSC2C)C(=O)NC(CC(N)=O)C(=O)NC(CCSC)C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(=O)NC2C(NC(C)C(=O)NC3C(=O)NC(C(NC(CC(N)=O)C(=O)NC(CSC3C)C(=O)NC(CO)C(=O)NC(C(C)CC)C(=O)NC(CC=3NC=NC=3)C(=O)NC(C(C)C)C(=O)NC(=C)C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(O)=O)=O)CSC2C)=O)=O)CSC1C QZMCUTPOQGSJMS-CNSIELBMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000020824 obesity Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019449 other food additives Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002611 ovarian Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007911 parenteral administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930188784 persenone Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000000546 pharmaceutical excipient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000144 pharmacologic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003367 polycyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003389 potentiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000004196 processed proteins & peptides Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 230000005180 public health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011002 quantification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000021067 refined food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000002020 sage Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940007046 shigella dysenteriae Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000000935 solvent evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008223 sterile water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003432 sterols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000003702 sterols Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011550 stock solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007929 subcutaneous injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010254 subcutaneous injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011287 therapeutic dose Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004809 thin layer chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930003799 tocopherol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000011732 tocopherol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002640 tocopherol group Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019149 tocopherols Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000699 topical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004072 triols Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000021122 unsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004670 unsaturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009105 vegetative growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001717 vitis vinifera seed extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003735 xanthophylls Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000008210 xanthophylls Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C69/00—Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic or haloformic acids
- C07C69/02—Esters of acyclic saturated monocarboxylic acids having the carboxyl group bound to an acyclic carbon atom or to hydrogen
- C07C69/12—Acetic acid esters
- C07C69/16—Acetic acid esters of dihydroxylic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
- A01N37/12—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing the group, wherein Cn means a carbon skeleton not containing a ring; Thio analogues thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
- A01N65/08—Magnoliopsida [dicotyledons]
- A01N65/24—Lauraceae [Laurel family], e.g. laurel, avocado, sassafras, cinnamon or camphor
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
- A23L3/34—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals
- A23L3/3454—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals in the form of liquids or solids
- A23L3/3463—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
- A23L3/34635—Antibiotics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
- A23L3/34—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals
- A23L3/3454—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals in the form of liquids or solids
- A23L3/3463—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
- A23L3/3481—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- A23L3/3499—Organic compounds containing oxygen with doubly-bound oxygen
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
- A23L3/34—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals
- A23L3/3454—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals in the form of liquids or solids
- A23L3/3463—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
- A23L3/3481—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- A23L3/3508—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing carboxyl groups
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
- A23L3/34—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals
- A23L3/3454—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals in the form of liquids or solids
- A23L3/3463—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
- A23L3/3526—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
- A23L3/34—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals
- A23L3/3454—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals in the form of liquids or solids
- A23L3/3463—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
- A23L3/3544—Organic compounds containing hetero rings
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
- A23L3/34—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals
- A23L3/3454—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals in the form of liquids or solids
- A23L3/358—Inorganic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/12—Ketones
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
- A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
- A61K31/22—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
- A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
- A61K31/22—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin
- A61K31/23—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin of acids having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
- A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
- A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
- A61K36/54—Lauraceae (Laurel family), e.g. cinnamon or sassafras
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
- A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
- A61K8/33—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing oxygen
- A61K8/37—Esters of carboxylic acids
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
- A61K8/33—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing oxygen
- A61K8/37—Esters of carboxylic acids
- A61K8/375—Esters of carboxylic acids the alcohol moiety containing more than one hydroxy group
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/96—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing materials, or derivatives thereof of undetermined constitution
- A61K8/97—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing materials, or derivatives thereof of undetermined constitution from algae, fungi, lichens or plants; from derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/96—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing materials, or derivatives thereof of undetermined constitution
- A61K8/97—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing materials, or derivatives thereof of undetermined constitution from algae, fungi, lichens or plants; from derivatives thereof
- A61K8/9783—Angiosperms [Magnoliophyta]
- A61K8/9789—Magnoliopsida [dicotyledons]
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
- A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q17/00—Barrier preparations; Preparations brought into direct contact with the skin for affording protection against external influences, e.g. sunlight, X-rays or other harmful rays, corrosive materials, bacteria or insect stings
- A61Q17/005—Antimicrobial preparations
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q17/00—Barrier preparations; Preparations brought into direct contact with the skin for affording protection against external influences, e.g. sunlight, X-rays or other harmful rays, corrosive materials, bacteria or insect stings
- A61Q17/04—Topical preparations for affording protection against sunlight or other radiation; Topical sun tanning preparations
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
- A61Q19/001—Preparations for care of the lips
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
- A61Q19/10—Washing or bathing preparations
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C69/00—Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic or haloformic acids
- C07C69/02—Esters of acyclic saturated monocarboxylic acids having the carboxyl group bound to an acyclic carbon atom or to hydrogen
- C07C69/12—Acetic acid esters
- C07C69/14—Acetic acid esters of monohydroxylic compounds
- C07C69/145—Acetic acid esters of monohydroxylic compounds of unsaturated alcohols
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C11D3/2093—Esters; Carbonates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/48—Medical, disinfecting agents, disinfecting, antibacterial, germicidal or antimicrobial compositions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
- C11D7/22—Organic compounds
- C11D7/26—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C11D7/266—Esters or carbonates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D9/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on soap
- C11D9/04—Compositions of detergents based essentially on soap containing compounding ingredients other than soaps
- C11D9/22—Organic compounds, e.g. vitamins
- C11D9/26—Organic compounds, e.g. vitamins containing oxygen
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2236/00—Isolation or extraction methods of medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicine
- A61K2236/30—Extraction of the material
- A61K2236/33—Extraction of the material involving extraction with hydrophilic solvents, e.g. lower alcohols, esters or ketones
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2236/00—Isolation or extraction methods of medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicine
- A61K2236/30—Extraction of the material
- A61K2236/35—Extraction with lipophilic solvents, e.g. Hexane or petrol ether
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2236/00—Isolation or extraction methods of medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicine
- A61K2236/30—Extraction of the material
- A61K2236/39—Complex extraction schemes, e.g. fractionation or repeated extraction steps
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
- A61K2800/40—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
- A61K2800/52—Stabilizers
- A61K2800/524—Preservatives
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change
Definitions
- non-spore forming bacteria which is a known term used for pathogenic and spoilage bacteria that cannot form bacterial spores and can be destroyed or controlled by a heat treatment, refrigerated anaerobic storage, antibacterial substances and other methods known in the art used alone or in combination.
- spore forming bacteria which includes pathogenic and spoilage bacterial capable of forming very resistant structures called bacterial spores (also termed endospores) that are not necessarily destroyed or controlled by the common methods known in the art for the control of non-spore forming bacteria and require specific treatments for their inhibition and/or inactivation.
- both types of bacteria can exist in nature in a “vegetative state” also termed viable cells; however spore-forming bacteria can also exist in a “spore-state” which is more resistant to chemical and physical treatments for their inactivation.
- spore-forming bacteria can also exist in a “spore-state” which is more resistant to chemical and physical treatments for their inactivation.
- heat-shocked spores and/or pressure “pressure-shocked spores”.
- antibacterial is a term used to describe an agent able of inhibiting the growth of a wide class of microorganisms including bacterias, fungus, molds, viruses or yeast.
- antibacterial is a term used to describe an agent able of inhibiting the growth of spore forming or non-spore forming bacterias in a vegetative state.
- spore germination inhibiting activity or “spore germination inhibiting effect” refers to spores from spore forming bacteria, except for where otherwise indicated.
- raw extract is a term used to define an extract obtained by mixing Persea spp.
- extract enriched in acetogenins is the term used to define an extract obtained after the removal of compounds different from acetogenins with antimicrobial, antibacterial and spore germination inhibiting effect.
- This disclosure relates to the food and pharmaceutical arts. In particular it relates to a method of inhibiting vegetative cells, spore germination and growth of gram positive bacteria by the use of chemical compounds naturally present in Persea spp.
- the disclosure also relates to the medical arts.
- it relates to a method of inhibiting the growth of pathogenic spore forming bacteria in the body including the gastrointestinal tract of a human or non-human vertebrate by the use of an antimicrobial extract with specificity for this type of bacteria.
- the proteolytic and non-proteolytic strains of Clostridium botulinum are a major concern for the food industry because of the potential germination of their bacterial spores in foods and the production of potent neurotoxins.
- Nitrites are the most commonly used food additives in the food industry to retard/inhibit the growth of spore forming pathogenic bacteria in refrigerated low-acid foods.
- the disclosure also relates to an important public health concern that is the ability of pathogenic species, especially the gram positive Listeria monocytogenes , to grow at commercial refrigeration temperatures at which processed foods are normally stored before final consumption.
- Listeria monocytogenes is a non-spore forming pathogenic bacteria of special concern for ready-to-eat meats and dairy products; as such foods are frequently not heated by the user prior to consumption. Consumption of foods contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes are known in the art to increase the risk of infection, especially among infants, the elderly, pregnant women, and any immune compromised individuals.
- a sporocidal agent is a substance with the ability to kill at least some types of bacterial spores whereas a sporostatic agent is a substance that has the ability to inhibit the growth and reproduction of at least some types of bacterial spores.
- Spore germination inhibitors include both sporicidal and sporostatic agents.
- the trans (E) form can include a terminal alkene which has the formula —CH ⁇ CH 2 (see e.g. (2R,16E)-1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-nonadeca-16,18-diene below).
- Kashman et al. (1969) isolated and elucidated the structure of eight compounds from a hexane extract of avocado fruit and seeds and a number of derivates thereof were prepared, obtaining higher yields from the seeds than the fruit. All compounds showed by Kashman (1969) belong to the same group of long chain aliphatic compounds, with one end being unsaturated and the other end highly oxygenated. Interestingly the compounds were divided by the authors in pairs differing only by having a double or triple bond at the end of the chain.
- Prusky et al. (1982) described the presence of 1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-heneicosa-12,15-diene (Persin) in the peel of unripe avocado fruits and attributed to the molecule the antimicrobial activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides , a fungus that causes anthracnose, a known problem encountered during storage of avocado fruits.
- Persin 1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-heneicosa-12,15-diene
- the compound was isolated by Thin Layer Chromatography from an ethanolic extract partitioned with dichloromethane. This compound was later termed “persin” (Oelrichs et al., 1995), and was confirmed by other authors as the constituent of avocado with the highest inhibitory activity against the vegetative growth of the fungi Colletotrichum gloeosporioides tested in vitro (Sivanathan and Adikaram, 1989; Domergue et al., 2000), and with the capability to inhibit its fungi spore germination and germ tube elongation (Prusky et al., 1991a).
- a 1:1 mixture of both antifungal compounds showed synergistic activity and increased the percent of inhibited germ tube elongation of germinated conidia (Prusky et al., 1991b).
- Additional bioactivities that have been reported for acetogenins included insecticidal, antitumoral, and antihelmintic properties.
- Persin has shown to have insecticidal activity, inhibiting the larval feeding of silkworm larvae Bombyx mori L., at a concentration in the artificial diet of 200 ⁇ g/g or higher (Chang et al., 1975; Murakoshi et al., 1976). More recently, Rodriguez-Saona et al. (1997) demonstrated the effects of persin on Spodoptera exigua , a generalist feeder insect, that does not feed on avocados, but is one of the major pests of many vegetables. Inhibitory effects were observed for both larval growth and feeding at concentrations of 200 ⁇ g/g and 400 ⁇ g/g of diet, respectively.
- Persin was also identified as the active principle present in avocado leaves that induces lactating mammary gland necrosis of mice at a dose rate of 60-100 mg/kg, at doses above 100 mg/kg necrosis of mice myocardial fibers may occur, and hydrothorax may be present in severely affected animals (Oelrichs et al., 1995). Derived from this effect, this compound and others obtained from avocado leaves were patented as treatment for ovarian and breast cancer in mammals (Seawright et al., 2000). The compounds were administered orally up to 100 mg/kg of body weight of mammal being treated, but preferably on a number of consecutive days at a concentration of 20-40 mg/kg of body weight to avoid the previously reported toxic effects.
- the concentration of these compounds in the avocado pulp is greatly reduced during ripening to values lower than 1500 ⁇ g/g (Kobiler et al, 1993); therefore more than 0.8 kg of avocado pulp should be consumed daily by a 60 kg human to reach the anticancer effect and even a higher concentration to reach the cytotoxic effects.
- the annual therapeutic dose proposed for cancer treatment is 160-fold higher than the actual annual per capita consumption of avocado in the United States (1.8 kg or 4.1 pounds) reported by Pollack et al (2010).
- Persenone A and its analog 1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-5-nonadecen-4-one (Persenone B), along with Persin were found to inhibit superoxide (O2 ⁇ ) and nitric oxide (NO) generation in cell culture, activities that were associated by the authors to therapeutic uses as cancer chemopreventive agents in inflammation-related organs (Kim et al., 2000a, 2000b and 2000c). In vitro results demonstrated that they have equal or better activity than DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), a natural NO generation inhibitor.
- the IC50 values were in the range of 1.2-3.5 ⁇ M for acetogenins and 4.5 ⁇ M for DHA (Kim et al., 2000a).
- ACC acetyl CoA carboxylase
- the preliminary art does not show any reports on the bio-assay guided isolation of the antimicrobial compounds from avocado ( Persea americana ) against microorganisms, particularly sporulated forms.
- the present disclosure provides a series of steps for a process to obtain isolated compounds and/or a composition that concentrates the naturally occurring antibacterial compounds in Persea americana that inhibit the growth of vegetative and sporulated states of spore forming bacteria.
- the isolation of compounds based on inhibition of sporulated microorganisms do not form part of the teaching of the prior art. More importantly, the synergistic effect of the specific compounds in partially purified mixtures is also part of the present disclosure.
- spore germination inhibiting properties such as sporostatic and/or sporocidal properties
- Maseko (2006) proposed a simple method to produce a non acetylated fatty acid derivative called (2R,4R)-1,2,4-trihydroxyheptadeca-16-ene by using (S)-malic acid as a cheap source of the triol fragment and the Grignard reaction to achieve the elongation of the aliphatic chain.
- This precursor could be used for the synthesis of most acetogenins in avocado oil.
- This molecule was produced as an analytical standard in Masenko (2006) and in prior art Néeman et al. (1970) had shown the potential of the compound as an antimicrobial agent against Staphylococcus spp., a non-spore forming bacteria. None of the cited authors tested any specific antimicrobial properties against spore forming bacteria nor a method to produce acetogenins with this particular effect.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,217,950 suggested the use of nisin compositions as bactericides for gram positive bacteria.
- U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,573,797, 5,593,800 and 5,573,801 disclose antibacterial compositions which include a combination of a Streptococcus or Pediococcus derived bacteriocin or synthetic equivalent antibacterial agent in combination with a chelating agent.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,458,876 suggests the combination of an antibiotic (such as nisin) with lysozyme as an antibacterial.
- lysozyme breaks down the cell wall and weakens the structural integrity of the target cell so that the antibacterial agent becomes more effective in damaging or killing the bacterial cell.
- this combination proves to be effective in improving the antibacterial-efficacy of nisin against Listeria monocytogenes , yielding a significant reduction, though not a complete elimination, of Listeria at safe and suitable levels of use.
- U.S. Pat. No. 6,620,446B2 describes an antibacterial composition for control of gram positive bacteria in food applications that may be used as an ingredient or applied to a food surface.
- This composition includes nisin, and/or lysozyme and beta hops acids in order to reduce or eliminate gram positive spoilage or pathogenic bacteria, and, most especially, all strains of the harmful pathogen Listeria monocytogenes .
- Perumalla and Hettiarachchy (2011) reported that green tea extract and grape seed extract (polyphenolic and proanthocyanidin rich compounds) had antimicrobial activities against major food borne pathogens like Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Campylobacter jejuni .
- This disclosure is directed to an extract enriched in naturally occurring acetogenins from Persea spp. characterized by having antimicrobial, antibacterial or spore germination inhibiting effect and the process to obtain the said extract.
- the disclosure is also directed to the use of the acetogenin enriched extract that presents spore germination inhibiting activity, as a sporicidal and/or sporostatic agent against native bacterial spores from Clostridium spp., Bacillus spp. and Alicyclobacillus spp., among other pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria.
- the disclosure is also directed to pharmaceutical, foods, personal care and cleaning compositions or products comprising the said extract and thus having antimicrobial, antibacterial or spore germination inhibiting effect.
- the enriched extract is effective as an antimicrobial agent to inhibit the growth of viable cells of other non-spore forming gram positive bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes , in combination with refrigerated conditions.
- the enriched extract contains two natural occurring acetogenins not previously characterized, which have antimicrobial and spore germination inhibiting effect. It is also part of this disclosure to protect the use of the acetogenin enriched extract in formulations that are heat treated, pressure treated or stabilized by other thermal or non-thermal conservation technologies.
- FIG. 1 Primary extraction diagram for the compounds present in avocado seed used to evaluate their antimicrobial activities against vegetative cells, native spores and heat shocked spores of gram positive bacteria.
- FIG. 2 Effect of the type of extraction solvent on the antimicrobial activities of crude avocado pit extracts against the growth of vegetative cells, native spores and heat shocked spores of Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955). The extracts were tested at final concentration of 12.5 ⁇ g of solids. Data represents the average of three replications ⁇ the standard error of the mean.
- FIG. 3 Effect of shaking on the extraction of antimicrobial compounds from avocado pit extracts using hexane and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities against the growth of vegetative cells, native spores and heat shocked spores of Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955).
- the extracts were tested at final concentration of 12.5 ⁇ g of solids. Data represents the average of three replications ⁇ the standard error of the mean. Values with the same letter are not significantly different (LSD test, p ⁇ 0.05).
- FIG. 4 Comparisons of the effect of extraction time using acetone or ethanol instead of hexane to obtain bioactive compounds from avocado pit that inhibit the growth of vegetative cells of C. sporogenes (ATCC 7955).
- the extracts were tested at final concentration of 12.5 ⁇ g of solids.
- Data represents the average of three replications ⁇ the standard error of the mean. Values with the same letter are not significantly different (LSD test, p ⁇ 0.05).
- FIG. 5 Comparisons of the effect of extraction time using acetone or ethanol instead of hexane to obtain bioactive compounds from avocado pit that inhibit the growth of native spores of C. sporogenes (ATCC 7955).
- the extracts were tested at final concentration of 12.5 ⁇ g of solids. Data represents the average of three replications ⁇ the standard error of the mean. Values with the same letter are not significantly different (LSD test, p ⁇ 0.05).
- FIG. 6 Comparisons of the effect of extraction time using acetone or ethanol instead of hexane to obtain bioactive compounds from avocado pit that inhibit the growth of heat-shocked spores of C. sporogenes (ATCC 7955).
- the extracts were tested at final concentration of 12.5 ⁇ g of solids. Data represents the average of three replications ⁇ the standard error of the mean. Values with the same letter are not significantly different (LSD test, p ⁇ 0.05).
- FIG. 7 A) Primary extraction diagram for the compounds present in avocado seeds using acetone and their subsequent partition in a heptane:methanol system to obtain fractions F001 and F002, in each phase respectively, later used to evaluate their antimicrobial activities against vegetative cells, native spores and heat shocked spores of gram positive bacteria.
- FIG. 8 Evaluation of the antimicrobial activities against the growth of vegetative cells, native spores and heat shocked spores of Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955) of extracts F001-F004 obtained as described in FIG. 7 .
- the extracts were tested at final concentration of 12.5 ⁇ g of solids. Data represents the average of three replications ⁇ the standard error of the mean. Values with the same letter are not significantly different (LSD test, p ⁇ 0.05).
- FIG. 9 Evaluation of the antimicrobial activities against the growth of vegetative cells, native spores and heat shocked spores of Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955), of the upper and lower phases of a two phase system (ethyl acetate:water) used as a second partition of lower phase F002 (methanol) obtained as described in FIG. 7A .
- the extracts were tested at final concentration of 12.5 ⁇ g of solids. Data represents the average of three replications ⁇ the standard error of the mean. Values with the same letter are not significantly different (LSD test, p ⁇ 0.05). (The letter c indicates a zero cm value for the disc inhibition zone)
- FIG. 10 Evaluation of the antimicrobial activities against the growth of vegetative cells, native spores and heat shocked spores of Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955), of the upper and lower phases of a two phases system (hexane:methanol) used for partiton of the acetonic crude extract obtained as described in Example 1.
- the extracts were tested at final concentration of 12.5 ⁇ g of solids.
- Data represents the average of three replications ⁇ the standard error of the mean. Values with the same letter are not significantly different (LSD test, p ⁇ 0.05).
- FIG. 11 Evaluation of the antimicrobial activities against the growth of vegetative cells, native spores and heat shocked spores of Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955), of the unsaponifiables compounds from the acetone raw extract obtained as described in Example 1, and the unsaponifiables compounds from the upper phase of the two phases system (hexane:methanol) used for partiton of the acetonic raw extract as described in Example 5.
- the extracts were tested at final concentration of 12.5 ⁇ g of solids. Data represents the average of three replications ⁇ the standard error of the mean. Values with the same letter are not significantly different (LSD test, p ⁇ 0.05). (The letter d indicates a zero cm value for the disc inhibition zone)
- FIG. 12 Evaluation of the antimicrobial activities against the growth of vegetative cells and heat shocked spores of Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955), of the fractions obtained by reverse phase Fast Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (RP-FCPC) of the upper phase (heptane) of the two phases system (heptane:methanol) used for partiton of the acetonic raw extract as described in Example 5.
- the solvent system used to achieve the RP-FCPC was heptane:methanol (1:1) and methanol was used as mobile phase.
- the fractions were tested at final concentration of 12.5 ⁇ g of solids.
- FIG. 13 Evaluation of the antimicrobial activities against the growth of vegetative cells, native spores and heat shocked spores of Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955), of the fractions obtained by Normal phase Fast Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (NP-FCPC) of the upper phase (heptane) of the two phases system (heptane:methanol) used for partiton of the acetonic raw extract as described in Example 5.
- the solvent system used to achieve the NP-FCPC was heptane:methanol (1:1) and heptane was used as mobile phase.
- the fractions were tested at final concentration of 12.5 ⁇ g of solids.
- FIG. 14 Evaluation of the antimicrobial activities against the growth of vegetative cells of S. aureus and B. subtilis , of the fractions obtained by Normal phase Fast Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (NP-FCPC) of the upper phase (heptane) of the two phases system (heptane:methanol) used for partiton of the acetonic raw extract as described in Example 5.
- the solvent system used to achieve the NP-CPC was heptane:methanol (1:1) and heptane was used as mobile phase.
- the fractions were tested at final concentration of 12.5 ⁇ g of solids.
- FIG. 15 Effect of temperature (25-100° C./60 min) treatments of hexane and ethyl acetate upper phases obtained as described in Example 5, on the inhibitory activity of the growth of vegetative cells of Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955).
- FIG. 16 Effect of temperature (25-100° C./60 min) treatments of hexane and ethyl acetate upper phases obtained as described in Example 5, on the inhibitory activity of the growth of native spores cells of Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955).
- FIG. 17 Progressive change in the chromatographic profiles of the fractions present in the active pool, obtained as described in Example 10, as their partition coefficient (Kd) increases.
- the fractions were analyzed by means of high performance liquid chromatography and diode array detector set at 220 nm. The numbers represent the common peaks present in different fractions.
- FIG. 18 Concentration of the active compounds present in the pool of active fractions described in Example 10.
- the present disclosure provides a series of steps to obtain an extract enriched in naturally occurring antimicrobial, antibacterial or bacterial spore germination inhibiting compounds, termed acetogenins, from Persea spp. (avocado) for providing antimicrobial, antibacterial or bacterial spore germination inhibiting effect.
- acetogenins naturally occurring antimicrobial, antibacterial or bacterial spore germination inhibiting compounds
- an extract enriched in naturally occurring acetogenins with antimicrobial, antibacterial or bacterial spore germination inhibiting effect from Persea sp., which includes, but is not limited to Persea americana and gratissima (avocado) for providing antimicrobial, antibacterial or bacterial spore germination inhibiting effect, which includes but is not limited to the growth of vegetative cells and spores of gram positive bacteria.
- the process to obtain the said enriched extract has as an starting point a raw extract of the dried or fresh seeds, and/or other Persea sp. tissue such as mesocarp, peel, leafstalks, branches or leaves, which comprises:
- step b) Fractionating the extract with a high content of acetogenins obtained in step a) by Fast or High Performance Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (FCPC or HPCPC) or Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) based on their corresponding partition coefficient, to obtain fractions with higher concentration of acetogenins presenting bacterial spore germination inhibiting effect and separate them from other fractions comprising contaminants;
- FCPC Fast or High Performance Centrifugal Partition Chromatography
- CCC Countercurrent chromatography
- step b) Recovering and mixing of the fractions comprising acetogenins with bacterial spore germination inhibiting effect obtained in step b), and concentration them to finally obtain an extract enriched in naturally occurring acetogenins from Persea sp. having bacterial spore germination inhibiting effect.
- the two-phase solvent system said in step a) comprises:
- At least one polar solvents selected from the group including, but is not limited to water, C 1 -C 4 alcohol (e.g. ethanol, isopropanol, methanol), dimethyl sulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, acetonitrile; and
- At least one non-polar solvents selected from the group including, but is not limited to hexanes, heptanes, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, butyl alcohol, chloroform, toluene, methyl tert-butyl ether, methyl isobutyl ketone and mixtures therein.
- the fractionation by FCPC, HPCPC or CCC said in step b) is carried out to separate the compounds based on their corresponding partition coefficient with the aim of reducing and/or eliminating contaminants obtained during the extraction.
- FCPC fractionation by FCPC, HPCPC or CCC
- fractionation by FCPC, HPCPC or CCC can increase the concentration of naturally occurring antimicrobial compounds from avocados (more than 4-fold), that inhibit the growth of vegetative cells and spores of gram positive bacteria, to provide at least 1.2 to 2 times or greater antibacterial properties when compared to an acetone crude extract from avocado seed evaluated at the same concentration of solids (2.5 mg/mL).
- the process to obtain the said enriched extract wherein the fractionation by FCPC, HPCPC or CCC said in step b) is carried out by use of a two-phases solvent system which include, but is not limited to:
- recovered fractions comprising acetogenins with bacterial spore germination inhibiting effect said in step c) have a partition coefficient value lower than 0.5, and preferably in the in the range of between 0.19 to 0.35, when fresh seeds are used and FCPC, HPCPC or CCC is carried out with a heptane:methanol two-phase solvent system and heptane as initial stationary phase.
- the extraction and purification process to obtain the enriched extract optionally does not result in saponification of the enriched or isolated compounds. In another embodiment of this aspect of the disclosure, the extraction and purification process optionally does not result in saponification of the enriched or isolated compounds.
- the extract enriched in naturally occurring acetogenins, with antimicrobial, antibacterial or bacterial spore germination inhibiting compounds comprised of at least one acetogenins with m/z in the range of 329 to 381, including, but is not limited to: Persenone A, Persenone B, persin or the newly discovered (2R,5E,16E)-1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-nonadeca-5,16-diene or the also newly discovered (2R,16E)-1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-nonadeca-16,18-diene that can be purified from Persea spp., or chemically synthesized to enrich the bioactivity.
- the extract of the disclosure enriched in naturally occurring acetogenins with antimicrobial, antibacterial or bacterial spore germination inhibiting effect is comprised of at least one compound characterized by the formula (I)
- R 1 is an acetyl group
- R 2 is hydrogen or a hydroxy protecting group
- R 3 is an alkenyl group with at least one carbon-carbon double bonds; and/or compounds of formula (II)
- R 1 is an acetyl group
- R 2 and R 4 hydrogen or a hydroxy protecting group
- R 3 is an alkenyl group with at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
- the hydroxy protecting group can be any known hydroxy protecting group, e.g. those described in Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis ( Third Edition ), Wiley-Interscience (1999).
- the compounds of formula (I) and (II) include all stereoisomeric forms which includes (R) and (S) forms and cis (Z) and trans (E) forms of the compounds.
- the trans (E) form can include a terminal alkene which has the formula —CH ⁇ CH 2 (see e.g. (2R,16E)-1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-nonadeca-16,18-diene below).
- the compounds of formula (I) can be synthesized by reacting dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-ethylmagnesium halide (e.g. chloride or bromide) with a reagent of the formula R 3 COX wherein R 3 is as defined above and X is a halide and subsequently forming a diol from the dioxolane ring using the procedures described in Bull et al. (1994).
- dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-ethylmagnesium halide e.g. chloride or bromide
- the compounds of formula (I) can be synthesized by obtaining an unsaturated fatty acid and converting it to its corresponding methyl ketone and then reacting the corresponding methyl ketone with 2-acetoxyacetaldehye using the procedures described in MacLeod et al. (1995).
- the compounds of formula (II) can be synthesized via reduction of ketone from the compounds of Formula (I) or synthesized by reacting dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-ethanal with a compound of R 3 MgX wherein R 3 is as defined above and X is a halide using procedures disclosed by Sugiyama et al. (1982).
- the extract of the disclosure is comprised of at least one compounds preferably characterized by the formula (I), and wherein there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond at the C-5 and C-6 position of the compound.
- the said extract comprised of at least one compounds preferably characterized by the formula (I) and wherein there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond at the C-5 and C-6 position of the compound, is characterized by having an inhibitory effect over bacterial spores from the genera which includes, but is not limited to Clostridium, Bacillus, Alicyclobacillus and can be used as a bacterial spore germination inhibiting agent.
- the said extract comprised of at least one compounds preferably characterized by the formula (I) and wherein there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond at the C-5 and C-6 position of the compound, is characterized by having an inhibitory effect over bacterial spores from the group which includes, but is not limited to Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium difficile, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus lichniformis, Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris, Alicyclobacillus acidiphilus and can be used as an bacterial spore germination inhibiting agent.
- the group which includes, but is not limited to Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium difficile, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus lichniformis, Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris, Alicyclobac
- the said extract is characterized by having an inhibitory effect over the genera Listeria at storage temperatures in the range of 0 to 10° C. and can be used as an anti-Listeria agent.
- the extract of the disclosure is comprised of at least one compound preferably characterized by the formula (I), wherein there is a double bond with trans configuration at the C-16 and C-17 position of the compound.
- the extract of the disclosure is comprised of at least one compound characterized by the formula:
- the said extract is characterized by having an antibacterial, antifungical, antiviral, anti-yeast, and in spore germination inhibitory effect and can be used as an anti-microbial or spore germination inhibiting agent.
- the extract of the disclosure can be used in compositions or products that inhibit the growth of bacterial spores, alone or in combination with other antimicrobial substances commonly known in the art which include but are not limited to nitrite compounds, nisin, bacteriocins, ethyl lauroyl arginate, essential oils, enthylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and ascorbic acid derivatives, benzoic acid derivatives, among others in order to improve the antimicrobial activities against the growth of vegetative and sporulated states of bacteria.
- antimicrobial substances commonly known in the art which include but are not limited to nitrite compounds, nisin, bacteriocins, ethyl lauroyl arginate, essential oils, enthylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and ascorbic acid derivatives, benzoic acid derivatives, among others in order to improve the antimicrobial activities against the growth of vegetative and sporulated states of bacteria.
- the extract of the disclosure or compounds there in contained, or extracts derived therefrom can be used in compositions or products providing an antimicrobial, antibacterial or bacterial spore germination inhibiting effect and can be formulated in solid or oily form, with antioxidants, emulsifying agents, carriers, excipients, encapsulating agents and other formulation components to improve the application and stability of the bioactive components.
- composition or product for providing antimicrobial, antibacterial and bacterial spore germination inhibiting effect, wherein the composition or product is selected from the group consisting of:
- composition comprising the extract and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier
- composition is suitable for one or more of the following administration vias: oral, dermal, parenteral, nasal, ophthalmical, optical, sublingual, rectal, gastrical or vaginal; Dermal administration includes topical application or transdermal administration.
- Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraarticular, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injections, as well as use of infusion techniques.
- the extracts, compounds and compositions or products of the disclosure may be present in association with one or more non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients to form the composition.
- compositions can be prepared by applying known techniques in the art such as those taught in Remington—The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Edition (2005), Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 11th Edition (2005) and Ansel's Parmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems (8th Edition), edited by Allen et al., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, (2005).
- a food additive composition comprising the extract and a food grade acceptable carrier, suitable for inclusion into food products; wherein the food product is selected from one of more of the following: fish, crustaceans, fish substitutes, crustacean substitutes, meat, meat substitutes, poultry products, vegetables, greens, sauces, emulsions, beverages, juices, wines, beers, dairy products, egg-based products, jams, jellies, grain-based products, baked goods and confectionary products;
- a personal care products wherein the personal care composition is selected from one or more of the following: creams, gels, powders, lotions, sunscreens, lipstick, body wash, herbal extracts, and formulations that support the growth of bacteria; and
- a cleaning composition wherein the cleaning composition is suitable for application to one of the following: counter tops, doors, windows, handles, surgical equipment, medical tools, and contact surfaces that can contaminate humans or animals.
- Another aspect of the disclosure is the use of the extracts or isolated compounds of the disclosure or compositions comprising the same, to provide an antibacterial, antimicrobial or sporicidal effect to a patient in need thereof.
- compositions comprising the extract of the disclosure to provide an antibacterial, antimicrobial or sporicidal effect to a pharmaceutical, food, personal care, or cleaning composition or cleaning products.
- Another aspect of the disclosure is the use of the extracts or isolated compounds of the disclosure or compositions comprising the same to provide an antibacterial, antimicrobial or sporicidal effect to a surface.
- the effect may be produced by exposing the surface with the extracts or isolated compounds of the disclosure or by laminating or embedding the extracts or isolated compounds of the disclosure onto the surface itself.
- the compounds of Formula (I) can have as few as one carbon-carbon double bond for R 3 and this double bond can either be in the cis (Z) or trans (E) configuration.
- One embodiment of this scope of the compounds of Formula (I) is that the carbon-carbon double bond are at C-5/C-6, C-12/C-13, C-15/C-16, C-16/C-17 or any combination thereof, with the bonds being trans or cis bonds.
- Another embodiment of the scope of the compounds include where the carbon-carbon double bond is at C-5 and C-6 alone, and/or C-16 and C-17, and/or C-12 and C-13, and/or C-15 and C-16 positions, either being trans or cis bonds.
- the compound of Formula (I) can be used alone or in combination with the compounds for formula (II).
- the antibacterial, antimicrobial or spostatic/sporicidal effects are at least as effective as other known antibacterial, antimicrobial or spostatic/sporicidal agents such as LAE (ethyl ester of lauramide of arginine monohydrochloride), nitrites or nisin (a polycyclic peptide with 34 amino acids).
- LAE ethyl ester of lauramide of arginine monohydrochloride
- nitrites or nisin a polycyclic peptide with 34 amino acids.
- Acetone and hexane avocado seed extracts showed significant antimicrobial activity against vegetative bacterial cells, as well as native and heat-shocked spores of the spore forming bacteria Clostridium sporogenes (see FIG. 2 ). Non-significant differences between the activity of acetone and hexane extracts was observed, except for heat shocked spores were the hexane extract showed around 20% higher sporicidal activity than the acetone extract. Both acetone and hexane avocado seed extracts presented higher antibacterial activities than the positive control (nisin, 150 ⁇ g). Positive control treatments (nisin) gave inhibition zones of 1.3, 1.0 and 0.9 cm for vegetative bacterial cells, spores and heat shocked spores, respectively.
- avocado seeds used to obtain the crude extracts once ground, can be stored at temperatures below 25° C. in presence or absence of oxygen for at least 14 days without affecting the antibacterial activity against spore forming bacteria. Therefore avocado seeds can be stored as a whole or as a meal prior to the preparation of the extracts enriched in bioactive compounds.
- the efficacy of the present disclosure can be observed by the preparation of crude antibacterial extracts from mango seed kernel, which has been reported in the prior art to exhibit antibacterial activity against vegetative cells of spore-forming bacteria (Kabuki et al., 2000).
- Crude extracts from avocado ( Persea americana ) and mango kernel ( Mangifera indica ) were prepared as described in Example 1 and their antibacterial activities tested against the growth of vegetative cells and heat-shocked spores of C. sporogenes (See Table 1).
- the present example therefore demonstrates that the chemical nature of avocado phytochemicals is particularly useful for the inhibition of the growth of vegetative cells, spores and heat-shocked pores of spore-forming bacteria.
- avocado seeds were ground using a colloidal mill obtaining particles with an average diameter of 0.5-2 mm.
- Ground avocado seeds 50 g
- Ground avocado seeds 50 g
- Mixtures were shaken or soaked at 200 rpm for 24 hr at 25° C. in order to obtain an avocado seed raw extract.
- the raw extracts were evaporated to dryness using a Rotary evaporator (35° C., 22 in Hg) and the obtained dry matter was weighed.
- Example 1 dry matter was re-dissolved in acetone to a final concentration of 2.5 mg/ml for the antibacterial evaluations.
- Clostridium sporogenes ATCC 7955 was used as test microorganism since it is a known surrogate microorganism for Clostridium botulinum .
- Antimicrobial activities against vegetative bacterial cells, as well as native and heat-shocked spores were conducted as described in Example 1.
- the extract obtained with shaking gave similar or lower inhibition zones than the positive control (nisin, 150 ⁇ g) which showed 1.3, 1 and 0.9 cm for vegetative cells, spores and heat shocked spores, respectively.
- Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955) was used as test microorganism in the antimicrobial assays. Antibacterial activities against vegetative cells, native spores and heat shocked spores (using the disc inhibition zone determination) were conducted as described in Example 1.
- Antimicrobial activities of hexane extracts against vegetative bacterial cells, spores and heat-shocked spores were considered as a 100% inhibition for comparison purposes with the other solvents (acetone and ethanol) at the same time interval.
- Results of the antibacterial activity against vegetative cells are shown in FIG. 4 and indicated that an ethanol extract obtained after an extraction time of 30 minutes had exactly the same activity as the one obtained with hexane under the same conditions.
- the extract presented only 70% of the antimicrobial activity observed for the hexane extract, value that reached a maximum of antimicrobial activity of 80% of the activity observed in hexane extract after an extraction time of 5 hrs.
- an acetone raw extract of avocado seed was obtained as described in Example 1, and evaporated to dryness.
- the dry acetone raw extract obtained from 50 g of ground avocado seeds was directly added to a separation funnel containing a two non-miscible solvent system comprised of 100 ml of heptane (upper phase F002) and 100 ml of methanol (lower phase F001) in order to allow the partition of polar and non-polar compounds contained in the extract ( FIG. 7A ).
- a second two-phase system was prepared with 50 g of ground avocado seeds directly added the other non-miscible solvent system also comprised of 100 ml of heptane (upper phase) and 100 ml of methanol (lower phase). Mixture was shaken at 200 rpm 24 hr at 35° C. in order to selectively extract and partition the compounds present in the seed in one step. Later, the seed was separated from the extract by means of vacuum filtration. The upper (F003) and the lower (F004) phases of this system were allowed to form in a separation funnel and were collected separately FIG. 7B .
- Dried fractions were re-dissolved in acetone to a final concentration of 2.5 mg/ml for posterior evaluation of their antibacterial activities against Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955).
- Antibacterial activities against vegetative cells, native spores and heat-shocked spores were conducted as described in Example 1.
- Results from the disc inhibition zones for heat shocked-spores indicated that a direct extraction of grounded avocado seeds with the two-non miscible solvents reduces the amount of contaminants that may migrate to the upper phase and that would dilute the effect of active compounds ( FIG. 8 ), therefore illustrates that is a better option for a one step isolation of compounds that inhibit spore germination.
- both procedures resulted in similar results with no particular benefits of one over the other one.
- the present example therefore demonstrates that the antibacterial substances were enriched in the upper phases of the heptane: methanol two-phase systems in both of the performed evaluations of direct extraction of the grounded seed and partitioning of a dried acetone avocado seed extract.
- residual activity was also observed in the lower phases (F002 and F004), indicating that the upper phases were saturated with active compounds or that the compounds presented partial solubility in the lower phases of both systems. Therefore a subsequent extraction was set up by re-extracting the evaporated solids recovered from the lower methanol phase F002; the subsequent extraction systems (second two-non miscible solvent systems) used to recover the remaining antibacterial compounds were formed by ethyl acetate (100 mL) and water (100 mL). Antibacterial activities of the ethyl acetate and water phases are shown in FIG. 9 . This second two-non miscible solvent systems were more polar than the first ones used and no residual antibacterial activity was found in the lower phases (mainly water).
- Saponification of the acetone raw extract and the partitioned hexane upper phase fraction was carried out according to Broutin et al (2003), with some modifications, in order to recover the unsaponifiable portion and selectively extract the furan lipids and polyhydroxylated fatty alcohols present in them.
- 5 g of each extract were mixed with 2.5 ml of 12N potassium hydroxide and 10 ml of ethanol then allowed to rest for 4 hours.
- the aqueous-alcoholic mixture was then transferred to a separations funnel and 17.5 ml of water were added, followed by addition of 17.5 ml of dichloroethane.
- the mixture was shaken for 30 s and then allowed to separate into two phases.
- the organic phase (lower phase) was recovered. This operation was repeated 6 times, and the organic phases were combined and washed with water.
- the dichloroethane was evaporated to dryness using a rotary evaporator (35° C., 22 in Hg) and the obtained dry
- Unsaponifiable compounds in the crude acetone extract had a higher specificity for vegetative cells than for spores. Partitioning with hexane-methanol reduced the activity of unsaponifiables against vegetative cells indicating that some of these compounds could migrate to the alcoholic phase during partitioning.
- Acetone raw extract of avocado seed was obtained and evaporated to dryness as described in Example 1 then partitioned in a heptane:methanol two-phase system as described in Example 5.
- the upper heptane-rich phase (F001), containing less polar compounds was evaporated to dryness using a Rotary evaporator (35° C., 22 in Hg) and then injected to a Fast Centrifugal Partition Chromatographer FCPC® Bench Scale with a 1000 ml column to fractionate the chemical compounds using heptane and methanol.
- the heptane was pumped into the column and it served as the stationary phase (740 mL).
- the methanol (mobile phase) was then pumped into the column at a flow-rate of 10 mL/min.
- the rotor was set at 800 rpm.
- the effluent from the outlet of the column was collected in test tubes using a fraction collector set at 10 ml for each tube. An aliquot of 1 ml of each fraction was collected for antibacterial and sporostatic/sporicidal activity tests.
- the antibacterial activity was present in the fractions with partition coefficients (Kd) lower than 0.5 (more specifically between Kd values from 0.19 to 0.35) indicating that the active compounds were at least 2 times more soluble in heptane than in methanol. Also there was a slight difference in the activity of those fractions against vegetative cells compared to spores since inhibitors of vegetative cells growth were more spread into more polar fractions.
- Kd partition coefficients
- FCPC Partitioning the extract by FCPC increased the desired antibacterial activities (up to 3 cm diameter inhibition zones) in comparison with the previous experiments with less pure extracts, clearly indicating the need to eliminate other phytochemicals that might be diluting the concentration of the antibacterial compounds ( FIG. 12 ).
- the antibacterial activities of some FCPC fractions were increased at least by 50% when compared to the data observed in FIG. 2 for the crude hexane and acetone avocado seed extracts. Results shown in FIG. 12 also demonstrate, as in FIG. 8 , that the active compounds have more affinity for the heptane phase than for the methanolic phase.
- MIC minimum inhibitory concentration
- MIC Minimal Inhibitory Concentration
- the same extract portioned by FCPC under the conditions described above can also be partitioned using heptane as a mobile phase (normal phase) and results from the chromatographic separation followed the same behavior based on antibacterial activities ( FIG. 13 ). Therefore the first fractions obtained by FCPC had better activity than the last ones (more polar) and in FIG. 13 it is shown that antibacterial activity remained present until partition coefficient reaches 7.2, indicating that other compounds that are more than 7.2 times more soluble in heptanes than methanol do not inhibit the growth of vegetative cells or spores from C. sporogenes.
- Acetone raw extract of avocado seed was obtained and evaporated to dryness as described in Example 1 then partitioned in a heptane:methanol two-phase system as described in Example 5.
- the upper heptane-rich phase, containing less polar compounds was evaporated to dryness using a Rotary evaporator (35° C., 22 in Hg) and then injected into a Fast Centrifugal Partition Chromatographer FCPC® using the Normal Phase conditions described in Example 7.
- Table 3 summarizes the antimicrobial results from previous experiments obtained from the evaluation of the crude extracts of Example 1, extracts partitioned as described in Example 5, and unsaponifiable fractions from Example 6. As it can be observed, interestingly, they did not showed any inhibitory effects on the growth of S. aureus and very low disc inhibition zones when tested against B. subtillis in comparison with the stronger inhibitory effects observed for the enriched CPC fractions shown in FIG. 14 .
- Example 2 An acetone crude extract from avocado pit was obtained and evaporated to dryness as described in Example 1. Then the acetone extracted avocado solids were partitioned into a two-phase hexane-methanol system as described in Example 5, followed by a [then] second partitioning system of ethyl acetate:water used to completely recover the active compounds present in the lower phase (methanol) phase of the first partitioning system (also described in Example 5). The hexane and the ethyl acetate phases were recovered separately and evaporated to dryness using a Rotary evaporator (35° C., 22 in Hg).
- HHP high hydrostatic pressure
- the thermal stability of the active compounds was also tested at temperatures that ranged from 25 to 100° C. for 60 min.
- the compounds with activity against the growth of vegetative cells of C. sporogenes were the less sensitive to thermal treatment ( FIG. 15 ) than those responsible for the inhibitory properties against the growth of native spores ( FIG. 16 ).
- the inhibitory properties against vegetative cells were decreased by 20 and 23.5%, after a treatment of 100° C. for 60 minutes of the ethyl acetate and hexane extracts, respectively, and in reference to the inhibitory properties of non-heated control extracts maintained at 25° C.
- Heat shocked spores were more resistant to the action of the thermally treated hexane and ethyl acetate crude extracts; the inhibitory properties against heat-shocked spores were decreased by 50%, after exposure of the extracts to 100° C. for 60 minutes, and in reference to the inhibitory properties observed for the control extracts maintained at 25° C.
- the fractions with the highest disc inhibition zones ( FIG. 12 ), obtained by the use of reverse phase Fast Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (RP-FCPC), and that had a Kd between 0.19-0.35 were mixed together in order to form a “pool of active fractions”, as described in Example 7. Initially the fractions (13) were adjusted at the same concentration of 192.3 mg/ml and equal volumes of each of them (100 ⁇ l) were taken and adjusted with ethanol to a final concentration of 50 mg/ml.
- RP-FCPC reverse phase Fast Centrifugal Partition Chromatography
- FIG. 17 shows the progressive change in the chromatographic profiles of the fractions present in the active pool, as their Kd increases. Evaporated aliquotes of individual fractions were adjusted to 1 mg/ml with HPLC grade methanol and 2 ⁇ l were injected.
- the column used was a Zorbax Extanded-C18 (100 ⁇ 3 mm d.i., 3.5 ⁇ m) column.
- the mobile phases included water 100% as phase A and methanol 100% as phase B.
- the solvent gradient used is described in Table 4, pumped at a flow rate of 0.38 ml/min and a post equilibration time of 6 mins.
- the detector was set at a wavelength of 220 nm.
- the typical chromatograph obtained for the active pool of antimicrobial compounds from avocado is shown in FIG. 17 .
- the numbers indicated in the chromatogram represent the common peaks that absorb at 220 nm, labeled as Compounds I to 11, and the information on their mass and molecular formula is presented in Table 5.
- Some of these compounds have been previously reported in avocado tissues, however some of them are being disclosed herein as new chemical compounds since they were discovered by the inventors in the antimicrobial fractions. In most of the bioactive fractions, compounds such as 1, 2, 4 and 11 were in lower concentrations when compared to compounds 7 and 9 ( FIG. 17 ).
- MIC minimum inhibitory concentrations
- MBC minimum bactericidal concentrations
- Table 6 shows that the pool of active fractions was much better than nisin as an inhibitor of the growth of spores from C. sporogenes since its MIC is almost one tenth of that obtained for nisin. According to Smola (2007), if the ratio of the MBC/MIC ⁇ 4, the compound can be considered as sporocidal and if the ratio of the MBC/MIC>4, it is only sporostatic. In this example, both nisin and the pool of avocado active fractions presented a sporocidal effect.
- Example 10 the antimicrobial activities of the same isolated compounds described in Example 10 (Table 5) were tested against the growth of vegetative cells and heat shocked spores of C. sporogenes , and on vegetative cells of S. aureus, P. aeuroginosa, E. coli . and B. subtilis as previously described in Example 1, and at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml.
- compound 6 peak 6
- persenone B peak 9A
- peak 7 demonstrated greater antimicrobial properties when tested against C. sporogenes , followed by persenone A (peak 7).
- the MIC for the pool of active fractions was 19.5 ⁇ g/ml (Example 11) and it was reduced to 7.8 ⁇ g/ml for persenone A and persenone B when isolated, but the antimicrobial properties for Persenone B within the pool did not corresponded to its lower concentration since it contained less ⁇ g of that compound but when combined with the other bioactive molecules its activity appears to be potentiated.
- isolated compounds presented only sporostatic activity against C. sporogenes and did not showed the sporocidal bioactivity that was observed for the pool of active fractions (Table 6).
- the pool of active fractions described in Example 10 also presents antibacterial effects against cold-stressed vegetative cells of gram positive bacteria capable of growing under refrigerated conditions, such as Listeria monocytogenes .
- the avocado pool extract enriched in bioactive acetogenins was not particularly useful for the inhibition of the growth of vegetative cells of the tested organism (Table 11). Contrary to the expected we found that the avocado seed pool extract was particularly useful for inhibiting the growth of Listeria monocytogenes under refrigerated conditions.
- Table 13 shows that there is a very similar concentration of the most bioactive compounds against C. sporogenes (Compound 6, Persenone B and Persenone A) in fresh avocado pulp and seed, being Persenone A the most concentrated.
- the information of this example is relevant because if the bioactive compounds are also present on the pulp they can be easily obtained from other parts of the fruit.
- the present example also demonstrates that humans are being exposed to the bioactive molecules, when eating the fruit, at the concentrations required for achieving their antibacterial properties; therefore establishing their commercial potential in the food, medical and cosmetic arts.
Abstract
Description
- This application is a continuation of International PCT Application No. PCT/IB2011/053535 filed Aug. 8, 2011. This application also claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/371,984 filed Aug. 9, 2010. The contents of all of the above are hereby incorporated in their entirety by reference.
- Any foregoing applications and all documents cited therein or during their prosecution (“application cited documents”) and all documents cited or referenced in the application cited documents, and all documents cited or referenced herein (“herein cited documents”), and all documents cited or referenced in herein cited documents, together with any manufacturer's instructions, descriptions, product specifications, and product sheets for any products mentioned herein or in any document incorporated by reference herein, are hereby incorporated herein by reference, and may be employed in the practice of the disclosure.
- 1. Technical Field
- Some technical definitions relevant to the disclosure include “non-spore forming bacteria” which is a known term used for pathogenic and spoilage bacteria that cannot form bacterial spores and can be destroyed or controlled by a heat treatment, refrigerated anaerobic storage, antibacterial substances and other methods known in the art used alone or in combination. Another relevant term is “spore forming bacteria”, which includes pathogenic and spoilage bacterial capable of forming very resistant structures called bacterial spores (also termed endospores) that are not necessarily destroyed or controlled by the common methods known in the art for the control of non-spore forming bacteria and require specific treatments for their inhibition and/or inactivation. Additionally, both types of bacteria can exist in nature in a “vegetative state” also termed viable cells; however spore-forming bacteria can also exist in a “spore-state” which is more resistant to chemical and physical treatments for their inactivation. In the field of food technologies there are additional bacterial states for spore forming bacteria that are artificially created by the application of heat termed “heat-shocked spores” and/or pressure “pressure-shocked spores”. The artificial states generated in the food industry result in an even higher resistance of the spores to their inactivation by chemical and physical means and in some food systems need to be controlled in order to inhibit their germination into the vegetative form of the spore forming bacteria and subsequent spoilage of the food and/or toxin production.
- Some additional technical definitions relevant to the disclosure include “antimicrobial” which is a term used to describe an agent able of inhibiting the growth of a wide class of microorganisms including bacterias, fungus, molds, viruses or yeast. Whereas “antibacterial” is a term used to describe an agent able of inhibiting the growth of spore forming or non-spore forming bacterias in a vegetative state. And the term “spore germination inhibiting activity” or “spore germination inhibiting effect” refers to spores from spore forming bacteria, except for where otherwise indicated. Additionally “raw extract” is a term used to define an extract obtained by mixing Persea spp. (avocado) tissue with a non-polar or polar solvent and that contains a broad spectrum of chemical compounds other than acetogenins with antimicrobial, antibacterial and spore germination inhibiting effect. Whereas “extract enriched in acetogenins” is the term used to define an extract obtained after the removal of compounds different from acetogenins with antimicrobial, antibacterial and spore germination inhibiting effect.
- This disclosure relates to the food and pharmaceutical arts. In particular it relates to a method of inhibiting vegetative cells, spore germination and growth of gram positive bacteria by the use of chemical compounds naturally present in Persea spp.
- The disclosure also relates to the medical arts. In particular it relates to a method of inhibiting the growth of pathogenic spore forming bacteria in the body including the gastrointestinal tract of a human or non-human vertebrate by the use of an antimicrobial extract with specificity for this type of bacteria.
- It is known in the discipline of food processing that food products with pH values>4.6 (commonly known in the food industry as low-acid foods) can experience the germination and growth of spore forming bacteria. Of particular interest for the food industry is the use of food additives capable of inhibiting spore germination and vegetative cell growth from pathogenic spore forming microorganisms such as Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens and Bacillus cereus, among others. Under the proper food environments such as enclosed containers or anaerobic conditions generated within the food matrix the spores from these pathogenic microorganisms can germinate and grow to harmful numbers of bacterial cells and in some cases can produce toxins jeopardizing human health. Particularly, the proteolytic and non-proteolytic strains of Clostridium botulinum are a major concern for the food industry because of the potential germination of their bacterial spores in foods and the production of potent neurotoxins. Nitrites are the most commonly used food additives in the food industry to retard/inhibit the growth of spore forming pathogenic bacteria in refrigerated low-acid foods.
- However, there is a consumer and industrial long standing interest to reduce the utilization of synthetic food additives, particularly nitrite compounds. Other food additives that have been used for the same purposes include nisin (Rayman, 1981), recombinant peptides (Tang et al., 2008), 5-aminosalicylates (Lin and Pimentel, 2001) and ethyl lauroyl arginate (Beltran et al., 2011). Additionally, there have been prior patents and articles related to antimicrobial compounds from natural origin that act against bacterial vegetative cells. Many natural sources have been reported to contain antimicrobial compounds mainly lipophilic, although some hydrophilic compounds have also shown activity. Reports of antimicrobial compounds of this nature are available in literature.
- The disclosure also relates to an important public health concern that is the ability of pathogenic species, especially the gram positive Listeria monocytogenes, to grow at commercial refrigeration temperatures at which processed foods are normally stored before final consumption. Listeria monocytogenes is a non-spore forming pathogenic bacteria of special concern for ready-to-eat meats and dairy products; as such foods are frequently not heated by the user prior to consumption. Consumption of foods contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes are known in the art to increase the risk of infection, especially among infants, the elderly, pregnant women, and any immune compromised individuals.
- For the purposes of this disclosure a sporocidal agent is a substance with the ability to kill at least some types of bacterial spores whereas a sporostatic agent is a substance that has the ability to inhibit the growth and reproduction of at least some types of bacterial spores. Spore germination inhibitors include both sporicidal and sporostatic agents.
- In addition, except for where otherwise indicated, depictions of the compounds described below are intended to encompass all stereoisomeric forms thereof which includes (R) and (S) forms and cis (Z) and trans (E) forms of the compounds. For the purposes of this disclosure, the trans (E) form can include a terminal alkene which has the formula —CH═CH2 (see e.g. (2R,16E)-1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-nonadeca-16,18-diene below).
- 2. Description of the Related Art
- Jensen in 1951 (U.S. Pat. No. 2,550,254) obtained an acetone extract from avocado (Persea gratissima) seed having antibacterial activity against vegetative cells from Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus glaucus, Penicillium notatum, and Achromobacter perolens. This extract was found to be inactive against Esherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Penicilliun camemberti. The same author in 1953 (Canada Patent 494,110) refers to avocado (Persea americana) seed as another natural source that might be used to obtain an extract with antimicrobial activity. Valeri and Gimeno (1954) extracted avocado seeds with petroleum ether and reported that the resulting crude wax inhibited growth of Micrococcus pyogenes and Sarcina lutea, but not growth of B. subtilis or of E. coli. The prior art indicates that avocado seeds contain antimicrobial compounds but the specific bioactivity of the extract against particular microorganisms clearly depends on the method of extraction, which in the end impacts the chemical composition of the extract.
- In the related art, some compounds have been isolated from avocado seed extracts and tested to inhibit the growth of certain microorganisms (bacteria, yeasts and fungi). Kashman et al. (1969) isolated and elucidated the structure of eight compounds from a hexane extract of avocado fruit and seeds and a number of derivates thereof were prepared, obtaining higher yields from the seeds than the fruit. All compounds showed by Kashman (1969) belong to the same group of long chain aliphatic compounds, with one end being unsaturated and the other end highly oxygenated. Interestingly the compounds were divided by the authors in pairs differing only by having a double or triple bond at the end of the chain. The isolation of these compounds was with the aim of performing a chemical characterization and not for obtaining bioactive components (not bioactivity-guided isolation). Additional studies were then performed to evaluate their antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 7752 and S 288C) (Néeman et al. 1970). Only six of twelve long-chain aliphatic compounds tested demonstrated inhibitory effects against some of the microorganisms but only 1, 2, 4-trihydroxy-n-hepadeca-16-en was capable of inhibiting the growth of all the microorganisms included in their study in a disc inhibition antimicrobial test that used 0.05 mg of the compound. The authors concluded that when the hydroxyl groups on the oxidized part of the compound were totally, or partially, acetylated, the antibacterial activity was greatly weakened (Néeman et al. 1970). Therefore acetogenins, which are the acetylated form of the above mentioned long chain aliphatic compounds, did not inhibit the growth of the previously mentioned microorganisms. Baratta et al. (1998) more recently conducted a study to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of an extract of essential oils from plants including laurel (Laurus nobilis) form the Lauraceae family but did not include the genus Persea.
- Recently, Ugbogu and Akukwe (2009) reported on the antimicrobial effects of seed oils from Persea gratissima Gaerth F, among other plant seed oils, against clinical isolates of non-spore forming bacteria that included Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis. The authors reported potential use of Persea seed oils in the treatment of wounds. Chia and Dykes (2010) also prepared ethanolic extracts from the epicarp and seed of Persea Americana Mill. vars. Hass, Shepard and Fuerte. They reported that at concentrations between 104.2-416.7 μg/ml, the extract showed antimicrobial activities against the growth of vegetative cells of both gram positive and gram negative bacteria; the authors also prepared a water extract that only inhibited the growth of Listeria monocytogenes (93.8-375 μg/ml) and Staphylococcus epidermis (354.2 μg/ml). Activity against Clostridium or Bacillus genus was not evaluated for the ethanolic or aqueous extract. Rodríguez-Carpena et al. (2011), in an attempt to isolate molecules with antibacterial activities, prepared extracts from the peel, pulp, and seed of two avocado cultivars (Persea Americana Mill.) using three different solvents that included ethyl acetate, acetone (70%) and methanol (70%). The authors tested the antibacterial properties of the extracts against a panel of vegetative cells from non-spore forming and spore forming bacteria, concluding that their antibacterial activity was moderate and it was attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds in their extracts. Therefore the prior cited studies did not successfully performed the isolation or chemical identification of the components potentially responsible for the observed bioactivities or tested bacterial spores, heat-shocked spores or pressure-shocked spores.
- Similarly, other authors have tested the antimicrobial properties of the avocado plant, against microorganisms other than bacteria. Prusky et al. (1982) described the presence of 1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-heneicosa-12,15-diene (Persin) in the peel of unripe avocado fruits and attributed to the molecule the antimicrobial activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, a fungus that causes anthracnose, a known problem encountered during storage of avocado fruits.
- The compound was isolated by Thin Layer Chromatography from an ethanolic extract partitioned with dichloromethane. This compound was later termed “persin” (Oelrichs et al., 1995), and was confirmed by other authors as the constituent of avocado with the highest inhibitory activity against the vegetative growth of the fungi Colletotrichum gloeosporioides tested in vitro (Sivanathan and Adikaram, 1989; Domergue et al., 2000), and with the capability to inhibit its fungi spore germination and germ tube elongation (Prusky et al., 1991a). Persin inhibited fungi spore germination completely at 790 μg/ml and the concentration of this compound in the peels was greatly reduced during ripening (Prusky et al., 1982). A monoene with similar structure, 1-acetoxy-2,4-dihydroxy-n-heptadeca-16-ene, also demonstrated bioactivity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides but it was 3 fold lower than that of persin. Interestingly, a 1:1 mixture of both antifungal compounds showed synergistic activity and increased the percent of inhibited germ tube elongation of germinated conidia (Prusky et al., 1991b). Other compounds such as 1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-heneicosa-5,12,15-triene (Domergue et al., 2000) have also been proven to have antifungal bioactivity. This last compound has been termed “Persenone A” (Kim et al., 2000a), however none of the isolations has been performed based on its bioactivity or with the aim of discovering novel compounds or mixtures with increased bioactivity. Most of the prior art publications have focused on finding molecules to prevent postharvest damage.
- Additional bioactivities that have been reported for acetogenins included insecticidal, antitumoral, and antihelmintic properties. Persin has shown to have insecticidal activity, inhibiting the larval feeding of silkworm larvae Bombyx mori L., at a concentration in the artificial diet of 200 μg/g or higher (Chang et al., 1975; Murakoshi et al., 1976). More recently, Rodriguez-Saona et al. (1997) demonstrated the effects of persin on Spodoptera exigua, a generalist feeder insect, that does not feed on avocados, but is one of the major pests of many vegetables. Inhibitory effects were observed for both larval growth and feeding at concentrations of 200 μg/g and 400 μg/g of diet, respectively.
- Persin was also identified as the active principle present in avocado leaves that induces lactating mammary gland necrosis of mice at a dose rate of 60-100 mg/kg, at doses above 100 mg/kg necrosis of mice myocardial fibers may occur, and hydrothorax may be present in severely affected animals (Oelrichs et al., 1995). Derived from this effect, this compound and others obtained from avocado leaves were patented as treatment for ovarian and breast cancer in mammals (Seawright et al., 2000). The compounds were administered orally up to 100 mg/kg of body weight of mammal being treated, but preferably on a number of consecutive days at a concentration of 20-40 mg/kg of body weight to avoid the previously reported toxic effects. As it was previously noted, the concentration of these compounds in the avocado pulp is greatly reduced during ripening to values lower than 1500 μg/g (Kobiler et al, 1993); therefore more than 0.8 kg of avocado pulp should be consumed daily by a 60 kg human to reach the anticancer effect and even a higher concentration to reach the cytotoxic effects. The annual therapeutic dose proposed for cancer treatment is 160-fold higher than the actual annual per capita consumption of avocado in the United States (1.8 kg or 4.1 pounds) reported by Pollack et al (2010).
- Persenone A, and its analog 1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-5-nonadecen-4-one (Persenone B), along with Persin were found to inhibit superoxide (O2−) and nitric oxide (NO) generation in cell culture, activities that were associated by the authors to therapeutic uses as cancer chemopreventive agents in inflammation-related organs (Kim et al., 2000a, 2000b and 2000c). In vitro results demonstrated that they have equal or better activity than DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), a natural NO generation inhibitor. The IC50 values were in the range of 1.2-3.5 μM for acetogenins and 4.5 μM for DHA (Kim et al., 2000a). Additionally, 1-acetoxy-2,4-dihydroxy-n-heptadeca-16-ene, persin and persenone A showed inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) activity, in the IC50 value range 4.0-9.4 μM (Hashimura, 2001). Authors concluded that since ACC is involved in fatty acids biosynthesis, those compounds have a potential use as fat accumulation suppressors to avoid obesity.
- Most of the extraction methods for long-chain fatty acid derivatives require a previous step to recover the oil or the use of organic solvents such as hexane. The method of extraction for the identified antimicrobial compounds used by Kashman, Neeman and Lifshitz, (1969) used hexane at boiling temperatures. Broutin et al. in 2003 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,582,688 B1) developed a method for obtaining an extract from avocado fruit oil enriched in certain class of long chain aliphatic compounds, such as furan lipid compounds and polyhydroxylated fatty alcohols. The authors claimed that different compositions of those non polar compounds may be used in different therapeutic, cosmetic and food applications. However the chemical composition of the extract obtained by their process or the content of the active molecule(s) was not specified for its use as an antimicrobial agent. Considering the toxicity of some of the compounds that might be present in a raw extract, it is extremely important to define the minimal concentration required to attain the desired effects (see U.S. Patent Application Publications 2006-0099323 and 2009-0163590).
- Even if some acetogenins have been proven to have antimicrobial activity against vegetative cells of bacteria, the preliminary art does not show any reports on the bio-assay guided isolation of the antimicrobial compounds from avocado (Persea americana) against microorganisms, particularly sporulated forms. The present disclosure provides a series of steps for a process to obtain isolated compounds and/or a composition that concentrates the naturally occurring antibacterial compounds in Persea americana that inhibit the growth of vegetative and sporulated states of spore forming bacteria. The isolation of compounds based on inhibition of sporulated microorganisms do not form part of the teaching of the prior art. More importantly, the synergistic effect of the specific compounds in partially purified mixtures is also part of the present disclosure. The inventors found intriguing that the partially purified extracts and/or mixtures of isolated compounds possess spore germination inhibiting properties, such as sporostatic and/or sporocidal properties, and in some instances even better effects than the isolated compounds alone. The chemical identity and specificity of the active compounds against spore forming microorganisms has never been previously reported nor the heat or pressure stabilities of the bioactive compounds under commercially applicable processing conditions.
- Maseko (2006) proposed a simple method to produce a non acetylated fatty acid derivative called (2R,4R)-1,2,4-trihydroxyheptadeca-16-ene by using (S)-malic acid as a cheap source of the triol fragment and the Grignard reaction to achieve the elongation of the aliphatic chain. This precursor could be used for the synthesis of most acetogenins in avocado oil. This molecule was produced as an analytical standard in Masenko (2006) and in prior art Néeman et al. (1970) had shown the potential of the compound as an antimicrobial agent against Staphylococcus spp., a non-spore forming bacteria. None of the cited authors tested any specific antimicrobial properties against spore forming bacteria nor a method to produce acetogenins with this particular effect.
- In reference to the prior art on antimicrobial substances to be used for the specific control of vegetative cells of Listeria monocytogenes in refrigerated foods, U.S. Pat. No. 5,217,950 suggested the use of nisin compositions as bactericides for gram positive bacteria. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,573,797, 5,593,800 and 5,573,801 disclose antibacterial compositions which include a combination of a Streptococcus or Pediococcus derived bacteriocin or synthetic equivalent antibacterial agent in combination with a chelating agent. U.S. Pat. No. 5,458,876 suggests the combination of an antibiotic (such as nisin) with lysozyme as an antibacterial. In this case, lysozyme breaks down the cell wall and weakens the structural integrity of the target cell so that the antibacterial agent becomes more effective in damaging or killing the bacterial cell. In particular, this combination proves to be effective in improving the antibacterial-efficacy of nisin against Listeria monocytogenes, yielding a significant reduction, though not a complete elimination, of Listeria at safe and suitable levels of use. U.S. Pat. No. 6,620,446B2, describes an antibacterial composition for control of gram positive bacteria in food applications that may be used as an ingredient or applied to a food surface. This composition includes nisin, and/or lysozyme and beta hops acids in order to reduce or eliminate gram positive spoilage or pathogenic bacteria, and, most especially, all strains of the harmful pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Perumalla and Hettiarachchy (2011) reported that green tea extract and grape seed extract (polyphenolic and proanthocyanidin rich compounds) had antimicrobial activities against major food borne pathogens like Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Campylobacter jejuni. Furthermore, they have demonstrated synergism in antimicrobial activity when used in combination with organic acids (malic, tartaric acid, benzoic acids etc.), bacteriocins like nisin or chelating agents like EDTA in various model systems including fresh products (fruits and vegetables), raw and ready-to-eat meat and poultry products.
- Given the difficulties associated with obtaining extracts with adequate antibacterial, antimicrobial or spore germination inhibiting activities, the development of resistance by bacteria, microbes and spores to known antibacterial, antimicrobial, spore germination inhibiting compounds and compositions, and the desire for food products and medicaments of natural origin, there still exists a need in the art for additional antibacterial, antimicrobial or sporicidal compounds and compositions preferably obtained from economically feasible sources such as plant processing by-products and waste.
- This disclosure is directed to an extract enriched in naturally occurring acetogenins from Persea spp. characterized by having antimicrobial, antibacterial or spore germination inhibiting effect and the process to obtain the said extract. The disclosure is also directed to the use of the acetogenin enriched extract that presents spore germination inhibiting activity, as a sporicidal and/or sporostatic agent against native bacterial spores from Clostridium spp., Bacillus spp. and Alicyclobacillus spp., among other pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. The disclosure is also directed to pharmaceutical, foods, personal care and cleaning compositions or products comprising the said extract and thus having antimicrobial, antibacterial or spore germination inhibiting effect. We also discovered that the enriched extract is effective as an antimicrobial agent to inhibit the growth of viable cells of other non-spore forming gram positive bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes, in combination with refrigerated conditions. Additionally, we also discovered that the enriched extract contains two natural occurring acetogenins not previously characterized, which have antimicrobial and spore germination inhibiting effect. It is also part of this disclosure to protect the use of the acetogenin enriched extract in formulations that are heat treated, pressure treated or stabilized by other thermal or non-thermal conservation technologies.
-
FIG. 1 . Primary extraction diagram for the compounds present in avocado seed used to evaluate their antimicrobial activities against vegetative cells, native spores and heat shocked spores of gram positive bacteria. -
FIG. 2 . Effect of the type of extraction solvent on the antimicrobial activities of crude avocado pit extracts against the growth of vegetative cells, native spores and heat shocked spores of Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955). The extracts were tested at final concentration of 12.5 μg of solids. Data represents the average of three replications±the standard error of the mean. -
FIG. 3 . Effect of shaking on the extraction of antimicrobial compounds from avocado pit extracts using hexane and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities against the growth of vegetative cells, native spores and heat shocked spores of Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955). The extracts were tested at final concentration of 12.5 μg of solids. Data represents the average of three replications±the standard error of the mean. Values with the same letter are not significantly different (LSD test, p<0.05). -
FIG. 4 . Comparisons of the effect of extraction time using acetone or ethanol instead of hexane to obtain bioactive compounds from avocado pit that inhibit the growth of vegetative cells of C. sporogenes (ATCC 7955). The extracts were tested at final concentration of 12.5 μg of solids. Data represents the average of three replications±the standard error of the mean. Values with the same letter are not significantly different (LSD test, p<0.05). -
FIG. 5 . Comparisons of the effect of extraction time using acetone or ethanol instead of hexane to obtain bioactive compounds from avocado pit that inhibit the growth of native spores of C. sporogenes (ATCC 7955). The extracts were tested at final concentration of 12.5 μg of solids. Data represents the average of three replications±the standard error of the mean. Values with the same letter are not significantly different (LSD test, p<0.05). -
FIG. 6 . Comparisons of the effect of extraction time using acetone or ethanol instead of hexane to obtain bioactive compounds from avocado pit that inhibit the growth of heat-shocked spores of C. sporogenes (ATCC 7955). The extracts were tested at final concentration of 12.5 μg of solids. Data represents the average of three replications±the standard error of the mean. Values with the same letter are not significantly different (LSD test, p<0.05). -
FIG. 7 . A) Primary extraction diagram for the compounds present in avocado seeds using acetone and their subsequent partition in a heptane:methanol system to obtain fractions F001 and F002, in each phase respectively, later used to evaluate their antimicrobial activities against vegetative cells, native spores and heat shocked spores of gram positive bacteria. B) Simultaneous extraction and partition diagram for the compounds present in avocado seeds using a heptane:methanol system to obtain fractions F003 and F004, respectively, later used to evaluate their antimicrobial activities against vegetative cells, native spores and heat shocked spores of gram positive bacteria. -
FIG. 8 . Evaluation of the antimicrobial activities against the growth of vegetative cells, native spores and heat shocked spores of Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955) of extracts F001-F004 obtained as described inFIG. 7 . The extracts were tested at final concentration of 12.5 μg of solids. Data represents the average of three replications±the standard error of the mean. Values with the same letter are not significantly different (LSD test, p<0.05). -
FIG. 9 . Evaluation of the antimicrobial activities against the growth of vegetative cells, native spores and heat shocked spores of Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955), of the upper and lower phases of a two phase system (ethyl acetate:water) used as a second partition of lower phase F002 (methanol) obtained as described inFIG. 7A . The extracts were tested at final concentration of 12.5 μg of solids. Data represents the average of three replications±the standard error of the mean. Values with the same letter are not significantly different (LSD test, p<0.05). (The letter c indicates a zero cm value for the disc inhibition zone) -
FIG. 10 . Evaluation of the antimicrobial activities against the growth of vegetative cells, native spores and heat shocked spores of Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955), of the upper and lower phases of a two phases system (hexane:methanol) used for partiton of the acetonic crude extract obtained as described in Example 1. The extracts were tested at final concentration of 12.5 μg of solids. Data represents the average of three replications±the standard error of the mean. Values with the same letter are not significantly different (LSD test, p<0.05). -
FIG. 11 . Evaluation of the antimicrobial activities against the growth of vegetative cells, native spores and heat shocked spores of Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955), of the unsaponifiables compounds from the acetone raw extract obtained as described in Example 1, and the unsaponifiables compounds from the upper phase of the two phases system (hexane:methanol) used for partiton of the acetonic raw extract as described in Example 5. The extracts were tested at final concentration of 12.5 μg of solids. Data represents the average of three replications±the standard error of the mean. Values with the same letter are not significantly different (LSD test, p<0.05). (The letter d indicates a zero cm value for the disc inhibition zone) -
FIG. 12 . Evaluation of the antimicrobial activities against the growth of vegetative cells and heat shocked spores of Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955), of the fractions obtained by reverse phase Fast Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (RP-FCPC) of the upper phase (heptane) of the two phases system (heptane:methanol) used for partiton of the acetonic raw extract as described in Example 5. The solvent system used to achieve the RP-FCPC was heptane:methanol (1:1) and methanol was used as mobile phase. The fractions were tested at final concentration of 12.5 μg of solids. -
FIG. 13 . Evaluation of the antimicrobial activities against the growth of vegetative cells, native spores and heat shocked spores of Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955), of the fractions obtained by Normal phase Fast Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (NP-FCPC) of the upper phase (heptane) of the two phases system (heptane:methanol) used for partiton of the acetonic raw extract as described in Example 5. The solvent system used to achieve the NP-FCPC was heptane:methanol (1:1) and heptane was used as mobile phase. The fractions were tested at final concentration of 12.5 μg of solids. -
FIG. 14 . Evaluation of the antimicrobial activities against the growth of vegetative cells of S. aureus and B. subtilis, of the fractions obtained by Normal phase Fast Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (NP-FCPC) of the upper phase (heptane) of the two phases system (heptane:methanol) used for partiton of the acetonic raw extract as described in Example 5. The solvent system used to achieve the NP-CPC was heptane:methanol (1:1) and heptane was used as mobile phase. The fractions were tested at final concentration of 12.5 μg of solids. -
FIG. 15 . Effect of temperature (25-100° C./60 min) treatments of hexane and ethyl acetate upper phases obtained as described in Example 5, on the inhibitory activity of the growth of vegetative cells of Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955). -
FIG. 16 . Effect of temperature (25-100° C./60 min) treatments of hexane and ethyl acetate upper phases obtained as described in Example 5, on the inhibitory activity of the growth of native spores cells of Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955). -
FIG. 17 . Progressive change in the chromatographic profiles of the fractions present in the active pool, obtained as described in Example 10, as their partition coefficient (Kd) increases. The fractions were analyzed by means of high performance liquid chromatography and diode array detector set at 220 nm. The numbers represent the common peaks present in different fractions. -
FIG. 18 . Concentration of the active compounds present in the pool of active fractions described in Example 10. - The present disclosure provides a series of steps to obtain an extract enriched in naturally occurring antimicrobial, antibacterial or bacterial spore germination inhibiting compounds, termed acetogenins, from Persea spp. (avocado) for providing antimicrobial, antibacterial or bacterial spore germination inhibiting effect.
- In one aspect of the disclosure is the a process to obtain an extract enriched in naturally occurring acetogenins with antimicrobial, antibacterial or bacterial spore germination inhibiting effect, from Persea sp., which includes, but is not limited to Persea americana and gratissima (avocado) for providing antimicrobial, antibacterial or bacterial spore germination inhibiting effect, which includes but is not limited to the growth of vegetative cells and spores of gram positive bacteria.
- In other aspect of the disclosure the process to obtain the said enriched extract has as an starting point a raw extract of the dried or fresh seeds, and/or other Persea sp. tissue such as mesocarp, peel, leafstalks, branches or leaves, which comprises:
- a) Partitioning of the raw extract serving as an starting point, into a two-phase solvent system to obtain a phase with a high content of acetogenins, further evaporated or concentrated to obtain an extract with a high content of acetogenins;
- b) Fractionating the extract with a high content of acetogenins obtained in step a) by Fast or High Performance Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (FCPC or HPCPC) or Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) based on their corresponding partition coefficient, to obtain fractions with higher concentration of acetogenins presenting bacterial spore germination inhibiting effect and separate them from other fractions comprising contaminants;
- c) Recovering and mixing of the fractions comprising acetogenins with bacterial spore germination inhibiting effect obtained in step b), and concentration them to finally obtain an extract enriched in naturally occurring acetogenins from Persea sp. having bacterial spore germination inhibiting effect.
- In one embodiment of this aspect of the disclosure, the two-phase solvent system said in step a) comprises:
- at least one polar solvents selected from the group including, but is not limited to water, C1-C4 alcohol (e.g. ethanol, isopropanol, methanol), dimethyl sulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, acetonitrile; and
- at least one non-polar solvents selected from the group including, but is not limited to hexanes, heptanes, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, butyl alcohol, chloroform, toluene, methyl tert-butyl ether, methyl isobutyl ketone and mixtures therein.
- In another embodiment of this aspect of the disclosure, the fractionation by FCPC, HPCPC or CCC said in step b) is carried out to separate the compounds based on their corresponding partition coefficient with the aim of reducing and/or eliminating contaminants obtained during the extraction. See e.g. Alain P. Foucalt. Centrifugal Partition Chromatography, Chromatographic Sciences Series, vol. 68, Marcel-Dekker (1995). Additionally, fractionation by FCPC, HPCPC or CCC can increase the concentration of naturally occurring antimicrobial compounds from avocados (more than 4-fold), that inhibit the growth of vegetative cells and spores of gram positive bacteria, to provide at least 1.2 to 2 times or greater antibacterial properties when compared to an acetone crude extract from avocado seed evaluated at the same concentration of solids (2.5 mg/mL).
- In another embodiment of this aspect of the disclosure, the process to obtain the said enriched extract wherein the fractionation by FCPC, HPCPC or CCC said in step b) is carried out by use of a two-phases solvent system which include, but is not limited to:
- methanol:heptane and/or water:hexane and/or water:butanol and/or methyl tert-butyl ether:acetonitrile:water, and/or heptanes:ethyl acetate:acetonitril, heptanes:ethyl acetate:methanol:water (at different ratios) of alone or in parallel. See e.g. Alain P. Foucault, L. Chevolot. Counter-current chromatography: instrumentation, solvent selection and some recent applications to natural product purification. J. Chromatogr. A 808 (1998) 3-22.
- In another embodiment of this aspect of the disclosure, recovered fractions comprising acetogenins with bacterial spore germination inhibiting effect said in step c) have a partition coefficient value lower than 0.5, and preferably in the in the range of between 0.19 to 0.35, when fresh seeds are used and FCPC, HPCPC or CCC is carried out with a heptane:methanol two-phase solvent system and heptane as initial stationary phase.
- In another aspect of the disclosure, the extraction and purification process to obtain the enriched extract, optionally does not result in saponification of the enriched or isolated compounds. In another embodiment of this aspect of the disclosure, the extraction and purification process optionally does not result in saponification of the enriched or isolated compounds.
- In another aspect of the disclosure, is the extract enriched in naturally occurring acetogenins, with antimicrobial, antibacterial or bacterial spore germination inhibiting compounds, comprised of at least one acetogenins with m/z in the range of 329 to 381, including, but is not limited to: Persenone A, Persenone B, persin or the newly discovered (2R,5E,16E)-1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-nonadeca-5,16-diene or the also newly discovered (2R,16E)-1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-nonadeca-16,18-diene that can be purified from Persea spp., or chemically synthesized to enrich the bioactivity.
- In another aspect, the extract of the disclosure, enriched in naturally occurring acetogenins with antimicrobial, antibacterial or bacterial spore germination inhibiting effect is comprised of at least one compound characterized by the formula (I)
- wherein:
- R1 is an acetyl group;
- R2 is hydrogen or a hydroxy protecting group; and
- R3 is an alkenyl group with at least one carbon-carbon double bonds; and/or compounds of formula (II)
- wherein:
- R1 is an acetyl group;
- R2 and R4 hydrogen or a hydroxy protecting group; and
- R3 is an alkenyl group with at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
- In other embodiment of this aspect of the disclosure, the hydroxy protecting group can be any known hydroxy protecting group, e.g. those described in Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (Third Edition), Wiley-Interscience (1999). As noted above, the compounds of formula (I) and (II) include all stereoisomeric forms which includes (R) and (S) forms and cis (Z) and trans (E) forms of the compounds. For the purposes of this disclosure, the trans (E) form can include a terminal alkene which has the formula —CH═CH2 (see e.g. (2R,16E)-1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-nonadeca-16,18-diene below).
- The compounds of formula (I) can be synthesized by reacting dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-ethylmagnesium halide (e.g. chloride or bromide) with a reagent of the formula R3COX wherein R3 is as defined above and X is a halide and subsequently forming a diol from the dioxolane ring using the procedures described in Bull et al. (1994).
- Alternatively, the compounds of formula (I) can be synthesized by obtaining an unsaturated fatty acid and converting it to its corresponding methyl ketone and then reacting the corresponding methyl ketone with 2-acetoxyacetaldehye using the procedures described in MacLeod et al. (1995).
- The compounds of formula (II) can be synthesized via reduction of ketone from the compounds of Formula (I) or synthesized by reacting dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-ethanal with a compound of R3MgX wherein R3 is as defined above and X is a halide using procedures disclosed by Sugiyama et al. (1982).
- The methods of forming the compounds of formula (I) and formula (II) are intended to be illustrative in nature and is not intended to encompass all possible means of making the compounds.
- In another aspect, the extract of the disclosure is comprised of at least one compounds preferably characterized by the formula (I), and wherein there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond at the C-5 and C-6 position of the compound.
- In one embodiment of this aspect of the disclosure, the said extract, comprised of at least one compounds preferably characterized by the formula (I) and wherein there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond at the C-5 and C-6 position of the compound, is characterized by having an inhibitory effect over bacterial spores from the genera which includes, but is not limited to Clostridium, Bacillus, Alicyclobacillus and can be used as a bacterial spore germination inhibiting agent.
- In other embodiment of this aspect of the disclosure, the said extract, comprised of at least one compounds preferably characterized by the formula (I) and wherein there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond at the C-5 and C-6 position of the compound, is characterized by having an inhibitory effect over bacterial spores from the group which includes, but is not limited to Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium difficile, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus lichniformis, Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris, Alicyclobacillus acidiphilus and can be used as an bacterial spore germination inhibiting agent.
- In other embodiment of this aspect of the disclosure, the said extract is characterized by having an inhibitory effect over the genera Listeria at storage temperatures in the range of 0 to 10° C. and can be used as an anti-Listeria agent.
- In another aspect, the extract of the disclosure is comprised of at least one compound preferably characterized by the formula (I), wherein there is a double bond with trans configuration at the C-16 and C-17 position of the compound.
- In one embodiment of this aspect of the disclosure, the extract of the disclosure is comprised of at least one compound characterized by the formula:
- In other embodiment of this aspect of the disclosure, the said extract is characterized by having an antibacterial, antifungical, antiviral, anti-yeast, and in spore germination inhibitory effect and can be used as an anti-microbial or spore germination inhibiting agent.
- In another aspect, the extract of the disclosure can be used in compositions or products that inhibit the growth of bacterial spores, alone or in combination with other antimicrobial substances commonly known in the art which include but are not limited to nitrite compounds, nisin, bacteriocins, ethyl lauroyl arginate, essential oils, enthylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and ascorbic acid derivatives, benzoic acid derivatives, among others in order to improve the antimicrobial activities against the growth of vegetative and sporulated states of bacteria.
- In another aspect, the extract of the disclosure or compounds there in contained, or extracts derived therefrom can be used in compositions or products providing an antimicrobial, antibacterial or bacterial spore germination inhibiting effect and can be formulated in solid or oily form, with antioxidants, emulsifying agents, carriers, excipients, encapsulating agents and other formulation components to improve the application and stability of the bioactive components.
- In another aspect, is the use of the extract of the disclosure to make a composition or product for providing antimicrobial, antibacterial and bacterial spore germination inhibiting effect, wherein the composition or product is selected from the group consisting of:
- a pharmaceutical composition, comprising the extract and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier;
- wherein the pharmaceutical composition is suitable for one or more of the following administration vias: oral, dermal, parenteral, nasal, ophthalmical, optical, sublingual, rectal, gastrical or vaginal; Dermal administration includes topical application or transdermal administration. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraarticular, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injections, as well as use of infusion techniques. The extracts, compounds and compositions or products of the disclosure may be present in association with one or more non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients to form the composition. These compositions can be prepared by applying known techniques in the art such as those taught in Remington—The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Edition (2005), Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 11th Edition (2005) and Ansel's Parmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems (8th Edition), edited by Allen et al., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, (2005).
- a food additive composition comprising the extract and a food grade acceptable carrier, suitable for inclusion into food products; wherein the food product is selected from one of more of the following: fish, crustaceans, fish substitutes, crustacean substitutes, meat, meat substitutes, poultry products, vegetables, greens, sauces, emulsions, beverages, juices, wines, beers, dairy products, egg-based products, jams, jellies, grain-based products, baked goods and confectionary products;
- a personal care products; wherein the personal care composition is selected from one or more of the following: creams, gels, powders, lotions, sunscreens, lipstick, body wash, herbal extracts, and formulations that support the growth of bacteria; and
- a cleaning composition; wherein the cleaning composition is suitable for application to one of the following: counter tops, doors, windows, handles, surgical equipment, medical tools, and contact surfaces that can contaminate humans or animals.
- Another aspect of the disclosure is the use of the extracts or isolated compounds of the disclosure or compositions comprising the same, to provide an antibacterial, antimicrobial or sporicidal effect to a patient in need thereof.
- Another aspect of the disclosure is the use of compositions comprising the extract of the disclosure to provide an antibacterial, antimicrobial or sporicidal effect to a pharmaceutical, food, personal care, or cleaning composition or cleaning products.
- Another aspect of the disclosure is the use of the extracts or isolated compounds of the disclosure or compositions comprising the same to provide an antibacterial, antimicrobial or sporicidal effect to a surface. The effect may be produced by exposing the surface with the extracts or isolated compounds of the disclosure or by laminating or embedding the extracts or isolated compounds of the disclosure onto the surface itself.
- The novel compounds from the extract and purification of the disclosure were depicted above in Formula (I). For the purposes of providing an antimicrobial, antibacterial and/or sporicidal effect, the compounds of Formula (I) can have as few as one carbon-carbon double bond for R3 and this double bond can either be in the cis (Z) or trans (E) configuration. One embodiment of this scope of the compounds of Formula (I) is that the carbon-carbon double bond are at C-5/C-6, C-12/C-13, C-15/C-16, C-16/C-17 or any combination thereof, with the bonds being trans or cis bonds. Another embodiment of the scope of the compounds, include where the carbon-carbon double bond is at C-5 and C-6 alone, and/or C-16 and C-17, and/or C-12 and C-13, and/or C-15 and C-16 positions, either being trans or cis bonds.
- Examples of this enhanced scope of the compounds of formula (I) include, but are not limited to:
- Moreover, for the purposes of providing an antimicrobial, antibacterial and/or sporicidal effect, the compound of Formula (I) can be used alone or in combination with the compounds for formula (II).
- Another embodiment of this aspect of the disclosure is use of the compound of formula (II) depicted below:
- In another aspect of the disclosure, the antibacterial, antimicrobial or spostatic/sporicidal effects are at least as effective as other known antibacterial, antimicrobial or spostatic/sporicidal agents such as LAE (ethyl ester of lauramide of arginine monohydrochloride), nitrites or nisin (a polycyclic peptide with 34 amino acids). Use of the extracts or isolated compounds of the disclosure being a natural product or easily derived therefrom is advantageous over other known agents which are either not natural products or are not easily obtained. The use of non-natural products especially has ramifications when making food or cosmetic products which may require regulatory approval for their use.
- The disclosure is further described by the following non-limiting examples which further illustrate the disclosure, and are not intended, nor should they be interpreted to, limit the scope of the disclosure.
- Avocado seeds were ground using a colloidal mill to obtain particles with an average radius of 0.5-2 mm. Ground avocado seeds (50 g) were mixed with either acetone or hexane at a material-to-solvent ratio of 1:2 (w/v). Mixtures were stored for 24 hr at 25° C. in order to obtain an avocado seed raw extract. The seed was separated from the extract by means of vacuum filtration. The raw extracts were evaporated under vacuum to dryness using a rotary evaporator (35° C., 22 in Hg) and the obtained dry matter was weighed and redissolved in acetone to a final concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. Adjusted samples were used for antimicrobial and sporicidal tests (see
FIG. 1 ). - For the antibacterial evaluations, adjusted solutions (5 μg) were transferred to sterile 6-mm diameter discs made from Whatman no. 1 filter paper, so that after solvent evaporation each disc contained 12.5 μg of solids from the enriched avocado seed extract. Experimental controls were treated under the same conditions that the extracts and included negative control discs that contained 5 μL of acetone, and for
positive control discs 5 μL of a nisin solution (30 mg/ml in sterile water) were added to provide a residual concentration of 150 μg of nisin in each disc. All test discs were left for about 1-2 hr in a Biological Safety Cabinet to evaporate the solvent. Suspensions of about 0.1 optical density (at 600 nm) containing approximately 1 to 2×108CFU/ml of Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955) vegetative cells, isolated native spores or isolated heat shocked spores were prepared as described in official protocols of Health Canada (Food Directorate, 2010). Aliquots of the suspensions (100 μL) were transferred to Petri dishes containing 15 ml of solid medium (TPGY medium) and spread evenly with a sterile plastic rod. Four discs, each containing 12.5 μg of the test extract, and two more discs (one solvent blank and one nisin positive control) were placed each dish and incubated at 37° C. under anaerobic conditions. The diameter of the inhibition zones (cm) around the discs were measured after 36 hrs. - Acetone and hexane avocado seed extracts showed significant antimicrobial activity against vegetative bacterial cells, as well as native and heat-shocked spores of the spore forming bacteria Clostridium sporogenes (see
FIG. 2 ). Non-significant differences between the activity of acetone and hexane extracts was observed, except for heat shocked spores were the hexane extract showed around 20% higher sporicidal activity than the acetone extract. Both acetone and hexane avocado seed extracts presented higher antibacterial activities than the positive control (nisin, 150 μg). Positive control treatments (nisin) gave inhibition zones of 1.3, 1.0 and 0.9 cm for vegetative bacterial cells, spores and heat shocked spores, respectively. - Avocado seeds used to obtain the crude extracts, once ground, can be stored at temperatures below 25° C. in presence or absence of oxygen for at least 14 days without affecting the antibacterial activity against spore forming bacteria. Therefore avocado seeds can be stored as a whole or as a meal prior to the preparation of the extracts enriched in bioactive compounds.
- The efficacy of the present disclosure can be observed by the preparation of crude antibacterial extracts from mango seed kernel, which has been reported in the prior art to exhibit antibacterial activity against vegetative cells of spore-forming bacteria (Kabuki et al., 2000).
- Crude extracts from avocado (Persea americana) and mango kernel (Mangifera indica) were prepared as described in Example 1 and their antibacterial activities tested against the growth of vegetative cells and heat-shocked spores of C. sporogenes (See Table 1).
-
TABLE 1 Antibacterial activities of avocado seed and mango kernel extracts against vegetative cells and heat shocked spores of Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955). Antibacterial Activity against Clostridium sporogenes Extract (Disc inhibition zone (cm)) Concentration Vegetative Heat-shocked Plant Source (mg/mL) cells spores Avocado Seed 2.5 (acetone 2.0 1.0 (Persea americana) extract) 1.25 (acetone 1.4 1.0 extract) Mango Seed Kernel 100 (hexane 0.7 0.0 (Mangifera indica) extract) 250 (hexane 1.0 0.0 extract) 100 (acetone 0.0 0.0 extract) 250 (acetone 0.0 0.0 extract) Nisin 40 1.0 0.9 (positive control) 2.5 0.0 0.0 Methanol (negative 0.0 0.0 0.0 control) - Contrary to the expected only the avocado seed extracts presented activity against the two bacterial physiological stages tested herein, vegetative cells and heat shocked spores. Mango kernel extracts presented antibacterial activity against vegetative cells of spore forming bacteria but not against the growth of bacterial spores or heat-shocked spores.
- The present example therefore demonstrates that the chemical nature of avocado phytochemicals is particularly useful for the inhibition of the growth of vegetative cells, spores and heat-shocked pores of spore-forming bacteria.
- Similarly to Example 1, avocado seeds were ground using a colloidal mill obtaining particles with an average diameter of 0.5-2 mm. Ground avocado seeds (50 g) were mixed with hexane at a material-to-solvent ratio of 1:2 (m/v). Mixtures were shaken or soaked at 200 rpm for 24 hr at 25° C. in order to obtain an avocado seed raw extract. The raw extracts were evaporated to dryness using a Rotary evaporator (35° C., 22 in Hg) and the obtained dry matter was weighed.
- As in Example 1, dry matter was re-dissolved in acetone to a final concentration of 2.5 mg/ml for the antibacterial evaluations. Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955) was used as test microorganism since it is a known surrogate microorganism for Clostridium botulinum. Antimicrobial activities against vegetative bacterial cells, as well as native and heat-shocked spores were conducted as described in Example 1.
- A significant effect was observed for the shaking treatment on the antimicrobial properties of the avocado seed hexane extract against vegetative bacterial cells, native spores and heat shocked spores (
FIG. 3 ). Extracts obtained without shaking presented a higher antibacterial activity when compared with those obtained with shaking, even though the yields of extracted dry mass are higher when shaking. Through the example we can observe that shaking enhances the extraction of other non-antimicrobial compounds present in the avocado seed, therefore diluting the concentration of compounds with antibacterial activity. Therefore, the antibacterial avocado seed extract must be obtained by maceration, preferently without shaking. - Due to the dilution of compounds, the extract obtained with shaking gave similar or lower inhibition zones than the positive control (nisin, 150 μg) which showed 1.3, 1 and 0.9 cm for vegetative cells, spores and heat shocked spores, respectively.
- Avocado seeds were ground using a colloidal mill obtaining particles with average radio of 0.5-2 mm. Ground avocado pits (50 g) were mixed with either acetone or ethanol or hexane at a material-to-solvent ratio of 1:2 (m/v). Mixtures were shaked at 200 rpm 24 hr at 35° C. in order to obtain an avocado seed crude extracts. Aliquots from each crude extract were sampled at times 0.5, 5 and 24 hr during extraction. Crude extracts obtained at different extraction times were evaporated to dryness using a Rotary evaporator (35° C., 22 in Hg) and the obtained dry matter was weighed.
- Dry matter was re-dissolved in acetone to a final concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955) was used as test microorganism in the antimicrobial assays. Antibacterial activities against vegetative cells, native spores and heat shocked spores (using the disc inhibition zone determination) were conducted as described in Example 1.
- Antimicrobial activities of hexane extracts against vegetative bacterial cells, spores and heat-shocked spores were considered as a 100% inhibition for comparison purposes with the other solvents (acetone and ethanol) at the same time interval. Results of the antibacterial activity against vegetative cells are shown in
FIG. 4 and indicated that an ethanol extract obtained after an extraction time of 30 minutes had exactly the same activity as the one obtained with hexane under the same conditions. In contrast at an extraction time of 30 min with acetone the extract presented only 70% of the antimicrobial activity observed for the hexane extract, value that reached a maximum of antimicrobial activity of 80% of the activity observed in hexane extract after an extraction time of 5 hrs. Therefore this example demonstrates that since acetone and ethanol are polar solvents, increasing the extraction time at the conditions tested diluted the concentration of bioactive compounds and/or saturated the solution. Additionally and contrary to the expected, the nature of antibacterial compounds against vegetative cells of spore forming bacteria allows a better recovery using ethanol than acetone (FIG. 4 ). - The results for antimicrobial properties of the extracts against native spores are presented in
FIG. 5 ; and indicated that increases in extraction times (0.5-24 hr) did not present any differences using either solvent acetone or ethanol as the extraction solvents. Ethanol also was more selective for the extraction of the compounds with antibacterial properties against native spores. - Results for the antimicrobial activities of the different extracts against the growth of heat-shocked spores are presented in
FIG. 6 , and indicated a different trend, at 30 min of extractions both solvents (acetone and ethanol) were equally efficient for the extraction of the antibacterial molecules. However, when acetone was used as solvent over time a significant decrement on the concentrations of antibacterial molecules in the extracts was observed that varied from 100% to less than 80% bacterial inhibition for extraction times of 0.5 to 5 hr, respectively, and then the activity remained constant. Ethanol did not get as easily saturated over the extraction time with the compounds of interest as the acetone extract did and therefore, for this solvent, no differences were observed for the extraction times between 0.5 and 5 hours. Therefore the present example demonstrates that ethanol was as effective as hexane for the extraction of the antimicrobial compounds with inhibitory activities against the growth vegetative cells, native spores and heat-shocked spores from spore forming bacteria. - For the present example an acetone raw extract of avocado seed was obtained as described in Example 1, and evaporated to dryness. The dry acetone raw extract obtained from 50 g of ground avocado seeds was directly added to a separation funnel containing a two non-miscible solvent system comprised of 100 ml of heptane (upper phase F002) and 100 ml of methanol (lower phase F001) in order to allow the partition of polar and non-polar compounds contained in the extract (
FIG. 7A ). - For comparison purposes a second two-phase system was prepared with 50 g of ground avocado seeds directly added the other non-miscible solvent system also comprised of 100 ml of heptane (upper phase) and 100 ml of methanol (lower phase). Mixture was shaken at 200 rpm 24 hr at 35° C. in order to selectively extract and partition the compounds present in the seed in one step. Later, the seed was separated from the extract by means of vacuum filtration. The upper (F003) and the lower (F004) phases of this system were allowed to form in a separation funnel and were collected separately
FIG. 7B . - The different phases previously described (F001-F004) were evaporated to dryness individually using a rotary evaporator (35° C., 22 in Hg) and the obtained dry matter was weighed.
- Dried fractions were re-dissolved in acetone to a final concentration of 2.5 mg/ml for posterior evaluation of their antibacterial activities against Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955). Antibacterial activities against vegetative cells, native spores and heat-shocked spores (disc inhibition zone determination) were conducted as described in Example 1.
- Results from the disc inhibition zones for heat shocked-spores indicated that a direct extraction of grounded avocado seeds with the two-non miscible solvents reduces the amount of contaminants that may migrate to the upper phase and that would dilute the effect of active compounds (
FIG. 8 ), therefore illustrates that is a better option for a one step isolation of compounds that inhibit spore germination. However based on the antibacterial results for the inhibition of vegetative cells both procedures resulted in similar results with no particular benefits of one over the other one. - The present example therefore demonstrates that the antibacterial substances were enriched in the upper phases of the heptane: methanol two-phase systems in both of the performed evaluations of direct extraction of the grounded seed and partitioning of a dried acetone avocado seed extract. However residual activity was also observed in the lower phases (F002 and F004), indicating that the upper phases were saturated with active compounds or that the compounds presented partial solubility in the lower phases of both systems. Therefore a subsequent extraction was set up by re-extracting the evaporated solids recovered from the lower methanol phase F002; the subsequent extraction systems (second two-non miscible solvent systems) used to recover the remaining antibacterial compounds were formed by ethyl acetate (100 mL) and water (100 mL). Antibacterial activities of the ethyl acetate and water phases are shown in
FIG. 9 . This second two-non miscible solvent systems were more polar than the first ones used and no residual antibacterial activity was found in the lower phases (mainly water). - To further complete the example other two additional non-miscible solvents systems were also evaluated as alternatives, to the heptane:methanol system described above, for partitioning the dried acetone avocado seed extracts and obtaining formulations enriched in bioactive molecules. By the use of a two-phase system of hexane and methanol the antibacterial compounds were also recovered in the upper hexane phase
FIG. 10 . However, the heptane:methanol two-phase system proved to be more effective for the recovery of compounds in the upper phase since it presented less migration into the lower phase. Additional tests were performed by the use of aqueous two-phase systems using water, salt and ethanol to isolate the antibacterial compounds from ethanol raw extracts and the desired compounds were recovered in the upper-phase consisting mainly of ethanol. - Crude acetone extracts from avocado seeds were partitioned with hexane and methanol as described in Example 5. The phases were separated and the hexane rich upper phase, containing less polar compounds was evaporated to dryness using a Rotary evaporator (35° C., 22 in Hg). According to Broutin et al (2003), saponification is a necessary step to obtain a bioactive fraction that contained aliphatic or terpenic alcohols, sterols, tocopherols, carotenoids, and xanthophylls that remain in the unsaponifiable portion and are not soluble in water. However this example demonstrates that the antibacterial compounds of the present disclosure could not be obtained in the same way, indicating a different chemical nature.
- Saponification of the acetone raw extract and the partitioned hexane upper phase fraction was carried out according to Broutin et al (2003), with some modifications, in order to recover the unsaponifiable portion and selectively extract the furan lipids and polyhydroxylated fatty alcohols present in them. Separately, 5 g of each extract were mixed with 2.5 ml of 12N potassium hydroxide and 10 ml of ethanol then allowed to rest for 4 hours. The aqueous-alcoholic mixture was then transferred to a separations funnel and 17.5 ml of water were added, followed by addition of 17.5 ml of dichloroethane. The mixture was shaken for 30 s and then allowed to separate into two phases. The organic phase (lower phase) was recovered. This operation was repeated 6 times, and the organic phases were combined and washed with water. The dichloroethane was evaporated to dryness using a rotary evaporator (35° C., 22 in Hg) and the obtained dry matter was weighed.
- Dry matter was re-dissolved in acetone to a final concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. Antimicrobial and sporicidal activity tests (disc inhibition zone determination) were conducted as described in Example 1, Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955) was used as test microorganism. As shown in
FIG. 11 , only the unsaponifiables extracted from acetone raw extract showed disc inhibition on spores indicating that partitioning an acetone extract with hexane and methanol eliminates unsaponifiable compounds. Interestingly these unsaponifiable portion from the crude acetone extract had lower activity than the non-alkali treated crude acetone extract (FIG. 2 ) particularly in their inhibitory activities against the bacterial spores. - Unsaponifiable compounds in the crude acetone extract had a higher specificity for vegetative cells than for spores. Partitioning with hexane-methanol reduced the activity of unsaponifiables against vegetative cells indicating that some of these compounds could migrate to the alcoholic phase during partitioning.
- When the antibacterial properties of the upper hexane and lower methanol phases, in which the unsaponifiable matter from the crude acetone extract was partitioned, were compared with the activities for crude acetone an hexane extracts described in Example 1 they were significantly lower for both phases. Results therefore indicated that active compounds are sensible to alkaline treatments or that some desirable chemical features are modified or removed during the saponification treatment and subsequent partitioning steps. Therefore, a saponification step with the aim of isolating or increasing the antimicrobial and sporicidal activity should not be considered to obtain the active avocado seed extract.
- Acetone raw extract of avocado seed was obtained and evaporated to dryness as described in Example 1 then partitioned in a heptane:methanol two-phase system as described in Example 5. The upper heptane-rich phase (F001), containing less polar compounds was evaporated to dryness using a Rotary evaporator (35° C., 22 in Hg) and then injected to a Fast Centrifugal Partition Chromatographer FCPC® Bench Scale with a 1000 ml column to fractionate the chemical compounds using heptane and methanol. The heptane was pumped into the column and it served as the stationary phase (740 mL). The methanol (mobile phase) was then pumped into the column at a flow-rate of 10 mL/min. The rotor was set at 800 rpm. The concentrated extract (65 mL), obtained from the evaporated upper phase of the heptane:methanol two-phase system in which the avocado seed acetone extract was partitioned, was injected into the FCPC after the system had reached the hydrodynamic equilibrium. Methanol was used to elute fractions during the first 170 min, and after that time heptane was used as mobile phase for 100 min. The effluent from the outlet of the column was collected in test tubes using a fraction collector set at 10 ml for each tube. An aliquot of 1 ml of each fraction was collected for antibacterial and sporostatic/sporicidal activity tests. Aliquots were evaporated to dryness using a Speed Vac concentrator, the weights of the solids from each fraction were recorded and 70 pools of consecutive fractions were formed having a final concentration per pool of 2.5 mg/ml. The antibacterial properties of each pool were assessed against vegetative cells, native spores and heat-shocked spores of Clostridium sporogenes as described in Example 1. The remaining volume from each fraction (9 mL), were evaporated to dryness using a Speed Vac concentrator, stored at 80° C. and further used for chemical identification evaluations.
- As can be observed in
FIG. 12 , the antibacterial activity was present in the fractions with partition coefficients (Kd) lower than 0.5 (more specifically between Kd values from 0.19 to 0.35) indicating that the active compounds were at least 2 times more soluble in heptane than in methanol. Also there was a slight difference in the activity of those fractions against vegetative cells compared to spores since inhibitors of vegetative cells growth were more spread into more polar fractions. - Partitioning the extract by FCPC increased the desired antibacterial activities (up to 3 cm diameter inhibition zones) in comparison with the previous experiments with less pure extracts, clearly indicating the need to eliminate other phytochemicals that might be diluting the concentration of the antibacterial compounds (
FIG. 12 ). The antibacterial activities of some FCPC fractions were increased at least by 50% when compared to the data observed inFIG. 2 for the crude hexane and acetone avocado seed extracts. Results shown inFIG. 12 also demonstrate, as inFIG. 8 , that the active compounds have more affinity for the heptane phase than for the methanolic phase. - In order to further characterize the antibacterial activities of the fractions with the highest activity, it was important to determine their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), defined as the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism after overnight incubation. Compared to nisin, the fractions obtained by FCPC with a Kd of 0.3 and 0.4, showed a lower MIC for vegetative cells than for the native spores or heat-shocked spores of C. sporogenes (Table 2). Fraction with Kd of 0.4 was almost 2 times more active than Nisin for spore growth inhibition but fraction with Kd of 0.3 was about 15 times more active than Nisin. But in the case of heat-shocked spores, the differences between nisin and the fractions with Kd of 0.4 were less pronounced, but still presented the desired inhibitory properties against spore germination.
-
TABLE 2 Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for the fractions obtained by reverse phase Fast Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (RF-FCPC) of the solids recuperated from the upper phase (heptane) of the two-phase system (heptane:methanol) used to partiton an acetonic crude avocado extract as described in Example 5. Sample tested and Partition Coefficient (Kd) MIC (μg/ml) Vegetative Cells Nisin* 5000 Fraction with Kd of <<78 0.4 Fraction with Kd of <<78 0.3 Native Spores Nisin* 5000 Fraction with Kd of >>2500 0.4 Fraction with Kd of 312 0.3 Heat shocked spores Nisin* 5000 Fraction with Kd of 1250 0.4 Fraction with Kd of 312 0.3 *Nisin was tested using initial stock solutions at 50 mg/ml and for avocado fractions at 2.5 mg/ml. - As shown in the present example, the same extract portioned by FCPC under the conditions described above (reverse phase) can also be partitioned using heptane as a mobile phase (normal phase) and results from the chromatographic separation followed the same behavior based on antibacterial activities (
FIG. 13 ). Therefore the first fractions obtained by FCPC had better activity than the last ones (more polar) and inFIG. 13 it is shown that antibacterial activity remained present until partition coefficient reaches 7.2, indicating that other compounds that are more than 7.2 times more soluble in heptanes than methanol do not inhibit the growth of vegetative cells or spores from C. sporogenes. - Acetone raw extract of avocado seed was obtained and evaporated to dryness as described in Example 1 then partitioned in a heptane:methanol two-phase system as described in Example 5. The upper heptane-rich phase, containing less polar compounds was evaporated to dryness using a Rotary evaporator (35° C., 22 in Hg) and then injected into a Fast Centrifugal Partition Chromatographer FCPC® using the Normal Phase conditions described in Example 7.
- The fractions obtained from Normal phase FCPC, were then used to asses their antimicrobial activities against the growth of vegetative cells from S. aureus and B. subtilis. As can be observed in
FIG. 14 , different compounds to the ones that are inhibiting C. sporogenes and with very low polarity are inhibiting the growth of vegetative cells of S. aureus and B. subtilis because disc inhibition zones were observed for these microorganisms when discs were inoculated with fractions of partition coefficient higher than 7, contrasting with the results of the inhibition of C. sporogenes shown in Example 7. - Table 3, summarizes the antimicrobial results from previous experiments obtained from the evaluation of the crude extracts of Example 1, extracts partitioned as described in Example 5, and unsaponifiable fractions from Example 6. As it can be observed, interestingly, they did not showed any inhibitory effects on the growth of S. aureus and very low disc inhibition zones when tested against B. subtillis in comparison with the stronger inhibitory effects observed for the enriched CPC fractions shown in
FIG. 14 . -
TABLE 3 Evaluation of the antimicrobial activities against the growth of vegetative cells of S. aureus and B. subtilis of different crude extracts S. aureus Disc inhibition B. subtillis zone Disc inhibition zone Fraction (cm) (cm) Acetone Extract — 0.6 Hexane Extract (shaking) — 0.6 Hexane Extract (without — 0.7 shaking) Upper phase (hexane) of the — 0.6 partitioned acetone crude extract Lower phase (methanol) of the — 0.7 partitioned acetone crude extract Unsaponifiable compounds — — from acetone extract Unsaponifiable compounds — — from hexane-methanol partitioned acetone extract - An acetone crude extract from avocado pit was obtained and evaporated to dryness as described in Example 1. Then the acetone extracted avocado solids were partitioned into a two-phase hexane-methanol system as described in Example 5, followed by a [then] second partitioning system of ethyl acetate:water used to completely recover the active compounds present in the lower phase (methanol) phase of the first partitioning system (also described in Example 5). The hexane and the ethyl acetate phases were recovered separately and evaporated to dryness using a Rotary evaporator (35° C., 22 in Hg). Both phases were then filled in vials and exposed to high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatments of 300 MPa and 600 MPa (43,511 and 87,022 psi, respectively), during 3 and 6 minutes. No significant difference was observed in the antibacterial properties of the extracts after the high pressure treatments, indicating that the compounds responsible for the observed antimicrobial properties are stable to HHP treatments.
- The thermal stability of the active compounds was also tested at temperatures that ranged from 25 to 100° C. for 60 min. The compounds with activity against the growth of vegetative cells of C. sporogenes were the less sensitive to thermal treatment (
FIG. 15 ) than those responsible for the inhibitory properties against the growth of native spores (FIG. 16 ). As it can be observed inFIG. 15 the inhibitory properties against vegetative cells were decreased by 20 and 23.5%, after a treatment of 100° C. for 60 minutes of the ethyl acetate and hexane extracts, respectively, and in reference to the inhibitory properties of non-heated control extracts maintained at 25° C. - Heat shocked spores were more resistant to the action of the thermally treated hexane and ethyl acetate crude extracts; the inhibitory properties against heat-shocked spores were decreased by 50%, after exposure of the extracts to 100° C. for 60 minutes, and in reference to the inhibitory properties observed for the control extracts maintained at 25° C.
- The fractions with the highest disc inhibition zones (
FIG. 12 ), obtained by the use of reverse phase Fast Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (RP-FCPC), and that had a Kd between 0.19-0.35 were mixed together in order to form a “pool of active fractions”, as described in Example 7. Initially the fractions (13) were adjusted at the same concentration of 192.3 mg/ml and equal volumes of each of them (100 μl) were taken and adjusted with ethanol to a final concentration of 50 mg/ml. -
FIG. 17 shows the progressive change in the chromatographic profiles of the fractions present in the active pool, as their Kd increases. Evaporated aliquotes of individual fractions were adjusted to 1 mg/ml with HPLC grade methanol and 2 μl were injected. The column used was a Zorbax Extanded-C18 (100×3 mm d.i., 3.5 μm) column. The mobile phases includedwater 100% as phase A andmethanol 100% as phase B. The solvent gradient used is described in Table 4, pumped at a flow rate of 0.38 ml/min and a post equilibration time of 6 mins. The detector was set at a wavelength of 220 nm. -
TABLE 4 Solvent Gradient used to achieve the chromatographic separation of the fractions collected after fast centrifugal partition chromatography (A = water and B = Methanol). Time (min) % A % B 0 30 70 4 15 85 22 10 90 24 0 100 26 0 100 - The typical chromatograph obtained for the active pool of antimicrobial compounds from avocado is shown in
FIG. 17 . The numbers indicated in the chromatogram represent the common peaks that absorb at 220 nm, labeled as Compounds I to 11, and the information on their mass and molecular formula is presented in Table 5. Some of these compounds have been previously reported in avocado tissues, however some of them are being disclosed herein as new chemical compounds since they were discovered by the inventors in the antimicrobial fractions. In most of the bioactive fractions, compounds such as 1, 2, 4 and 11 were in lower concentrations when compared tocompounds 7 and 9 (FIG. 17 ). -
TABLE 5 Chemical characterization of the compounds found in the antimicrobial fractions. [M + H]+ Peak Number Molecular (Common name)a Formula Reference Compound 1 347.2279 None Compound 2 349.2418 None Compound 3 329.2708 Néeman et al. 1970, Bittner et al. 1971 C19H36O4 Brown 1972, Prusky et al. 1991b Compound 4329.2816 Kashman et al. 1969, Bittner et al. C19H36O4 1971, Brown 1972 Compound 5353.2706 None C21H36O4 New compound Compound 6 353.2708 None C21H36O4 New compound Compound 7 379.2864 Domergue et al., 2000, Kim et al., (Persenone A) C23H38O4 2000a Compound 9A 355.2865 Kim, 2000a, 2000b and 2000c (Persenone B) C21H38O4 Compound 9B 381.3022 Prusky et al. 1982, Oelrichs et al., 1995 (Persin) C23H40O4 Sivanathan and Adikaram, 1989, Domergue et al., 2000 aCommon name, where applicable - In order to demonstrate that the pool of active fractions described in Example 10 (partition coefficient 0.19-0.35) had sporostatic or sporicidal activity, it was necessary to determine its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC). In general terms, MIC is defined as the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism after overnight incubation. While the MBC is the lowest concentration of the antimicrobial that will prevent the growth of a microorganism after subculture to fresh agar media free from the antibiotic or antimicrobial agent. The pool of active the fractions was tested at concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 2.5 mg/ml and nisin was used as control.
- Table 6 shows that the pool of active fractions was much better than nisin as an inhibitor of the growth of spores from C. sporogenes since its MIC is almost one tenth of that obtained for nisin. According to Smola (2007), if the ratio of the MBC/MIC≦4, the compound can be considered as sporocidal and if the ratio of the MBC/MIC>4, it is only sporostatic. In this example, both nisin and the pool of avocado active fractions presented a sporocidal effect.
-
TABLE 6 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and MBC/MIC ratio, for nisin and the pool of active fractions isolated from avocado seed, against the growth of heat shocked spores from C. sporogenes. Sample MIC (μg/ml) MBC (μg/ml) MBC/MICa Nisin 234 156 1.5 Pool of active fractions 19.5 19.5 1 aRatios of the MBC/MIC ≦4 indicate sporocidal activity. Ratios of the MBC/MIC >4 indicate sporostatic activity. - In this example, the antimicrobial activities of the same isolated compounds described in Example 10 (Table 5) were tested against the growth of vegetative cells and heat shocked spores of C. sporogenes, and on vegetative cells of S. aureus, P. aeuroginosa, E. coli. and B. subtilis as previously described in Example 1, and at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. As it can be observed in Table 7, compound 6 (peak 6) and persenone B (peak 9A) demonstrated greater antimicrobial properties when tested against C. sporogenes, followed by persenone A (peak 7). Additionally, from all the bioactive compounds, only persin (peak 9B) showed a lower activity than nisin, although nisin a known antimicrobial was tested at a 100-fold higher concentration. Since it has been reported that persin is able to inhibit fungi spore germination (Prusky et al., 1982), and in the present experiment it seems to have the lowest activity, it can be assumed that the other bioactive compound would have a higher activity against fungi spore.
-
TABLE 7 Evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of the active isolated compounds from FIG. 17 against the growth of vegetative cells and heat shocked spores of Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 7955). Disc Inhibition Zone (cm) Vegetative Peak number Common name Cells eat Shocked Spores Compound 3 1.1 1.0 Compound 51.0 1.1 Compound 61.9 1.7 Compound 7Persenone A 1.6 1.5 Compound 9A Persenone B 1.9 1.7 Compound 9B Persin 1.0 0.6 Negative Control 0.0 0.0 Positive Control 1.1 1.0 (nisin at 50 mg/ml) - It is important to remark that, to our surprise, all the compounds showing the highest activity against vegetative cells and heat shocked spores of C. sporogenes (
Compound 6, Persenone By Persenone A mentioned from the highest to the lowest antimicrobial activities reported in Table 7) contained a C5-C6 double bond (see Table 8). Moreover, if the structures of the persin (compound 9B) and persenone A (compound 7) are compared, the only difference is the lack of the C5-C6 double bond in persin (compound 9B), and in this example we demonstrate that its antimicrobial activity was reduced by 37.5%. Additionally, the only structural difference between persenone B (compound 9A) andcompound 6 is that the later also presents a C16-C17 double bond, but their inhibitory activities were the same. This observation also supported the finding that a C5-C6 double is a desirable structural feature to improve the antimicrobial activities of the compounds described herein, and that the C16-C17 double bond is also a preferred structural feature, since it is the only unsaturation present incompound 3, and it had a higher activity than persin (compound 9B) that contains two instaurations and none between C16-C17. - The most antibacterial compounds against C. sporogenes (
Compound 6, Persenone B and Persenone A) did not show inhibitory activity against of S. aureus, P. aeuroginosa or E. coli (Table 9), butcompound 6 also presented the greatest inhibitory activities against the growth of B. subtillis, followed by persenone A. SinceCompound 6 is a newly discovered compound that was not previously reported as an avocado constituent, there are not previous reports of its antimicrobial or any other biological activity. Persenone A had been previously reported as antifungal but according to the results of Table 7, its antibacterial activity is specific to spore forming gram positive bacteria. The pool of active fractions obtained as described in Example 10, and that presented antibacterial properties against C. sporogenes in Example 10, in the present example only resulted in inhibitory properties against the spore forming bacteria B. subtilis. -
TABLE 9 Disc inhibition zones of the bioactive compounds and the pool of active fractions for vegetative cells and B. Subtillis, S. aureus, P. aeuroginosa and E. coli Peak/Compound Number Antibacterial Activity (Disc inhibition zone (cm)) (Common name) B. Subtillis S. aureus P. aeuroginosa E. coli Compound 6 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Compound 70.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 (Persenone A) Compound 9A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (Persenone B) Pool of active 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 fractions - The MICs for
Compound 6, Persenone B (Compound 9A) and Persenone A (Compound 7) was determined against the germination of heat shocked spores from C. sporogenes as described in Example 11. As can be seen in Table 10, the three compounds had MICs values 15-30 fold lower than nisin, demonstrating their efficacy against bacterial spores. The MIC for the pool of active fractions was 19.5 μg/ml (Example 11) and it was reduced to 7.8 μg/ml for persenone A and persenone B when isolated, but the antimicrobial properties for Persenone B within the pool did not corresponded to its lower concentration since it contained less μg of that compound but when combined with the other bioactive molecules its activity appears to be potentiated. Interestingly, isolated compounds presented only sporostatic activity against C. sporogenes and did not showed the sporocidal bioactivity that was observed for the pool of active fractions (Table 6). -
TABLE 10 Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC), for nisin, Compound 6,Persenone B y A, against heat shocked spores from C. sporogenes. Peak/Compound Number (Common name) MIC (μg/ml) Compound 615.6 Compound 77.8 (Persenone A) Compound 9A 7.8 (Persenone B) Nisin 234 - The pool of active fractions described in Example 10 also presents antibacterial effects against cold-stressed vegetative cells of gram positive bacteria capable of growing under refrigerated conditions, such as Listeria monocytogenes. At the optimum growth temperature of 37° C. for Listeria monocytogenes the avocado pool extract enriched in bioactive acetogenins was not particularly useful for the inhibition of the growth of vegetative cells of the tested organism (Table 11). Contrary to the expected we found that the avocado seed pool extract was particularly useful for inhibiting the growth of Listeria monocytogenes under refrigerated conditions. Furthermore, in Table 12 we illustrate that when the antibacterial activities of the avocado acetogenins isolated in the present disclosure, were tested against the growth of vegetative cells of Listeria monocytogenes, the compounds presenting the desirable feature of a double bond between C5 and C6 can be used for the control of Listeria monocytogenes in foods and biological matrixes stored under refrigerated conditions.
-
TABLE 11 Antibacterial activities of avocado seed extracts combined with low temperatures of storage against the growth of vegetative cells of Listeria monocytogenes. Antibacterial activity against vegetative cells of Listeria monocytogenes (Disc inhibition zone (cm)) Incubation Incubation Temperature Temperature Extract (4° C.) (37° C.) Antibacterial Concentration Storage Time Storage Time Substance (mg/mL) (17 days) (48 hours) Avocado Seed 50 1.0 0.0 (Persea americana) 25 1.1 0.0 12.5 1.1 0.0 6.25 0.0 0.0 3.125 0.0 0.0 Nisin 40 2.5 1.1 (positive control) Methanol (negative 0.0 0.0 control) -
TABLE 12 Antibacterial activities of the isolated avocado compounds combined with refrigeration against the growth of vegetative cells from Listeria monocytogenes. Antibacterial Activity Peak/Compound (Disc inhibition zone (cm)) Number Concentration 4° C. 37° C. (Common name) (mg/ml) 20 days 48 hours Compound 3 0.5 0.0 0.0 Compound 50.5 0.0 0.0 Compound 60.5 1.1 0.0 Compound 70.5 1.1 0.0 (Persenone A) Compound 9A 0.5 1.0 0.0 (Persenone B) Compound 9B 0.5 0.0 0.0 (Persin) Nisin 40 2.6 1.1 (positive control) MeOH 0.0 0.0 (negative control) - The concentration of the antibacterial compounds present in the pool of active fractions described in Table 7 (Example 10) is presented in
FIG. 18 . Persenone A represents 36.32% of the dry weight of the pool of active fractions, persenone B was only 0.20% andcompound 6 accounts for the lowest amount (0.05%). It seems that the other components in the mixture do not affect the inhibitory activity of Persenone A, and therefore no further purification may be needed. - Table 13 shows that there is a very similar concentration of the most bioactive compounds against C. sporogenes (
Compound 6, Persenone B and Persenone A) in fresh avocado pulp and seed, being Persenone A the most concentrated. The information of this example is relevant because if the bioactive compounds are also present on the pulp they can be easily obtained from other parts of the fruit. The present example also demonstrates that humans are being exposed to the bioactive molecules, when eating the fruit, at the concentrations required for achieving their antibacterial properties; therefore establishing their commercial potential in the food, medical and cosmetic arts. -
TABLE 13 Concentrations of Compound 6, Persenone B and Persenone Ain fresh avocado pulp and seed (ug/g of fresh weight). Avocado Pulp (ug/g of Avocado Seed (ug/g of Compound fresh weight) fresh weight) Compound 618.59 ± 2.30 19.11 ± 3.45 Compound 774.86 ± 4.75 63.32 ± 6.34 (Persenone A) Compound 9A 42.42 ± 10.22 31.89 ± 2.87 (Persenona B) - Having thus described in detail various embodiments of the present disclosure, it is to be understood that the disclosure defined by the above paragraphs is not to be limited to particular details set forth in the above description as many apparent variations thereof are possible without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure.
-
- Adikaram, N. K. B., Ewing, D. F., Karunaratne, A. M., Wijeratne, E. M. K. 1992. Antifungal compounds from immature avocado fruit peel. Phytochemistry. 31:93-96.
- AOAC Official Method 966.04 Sporicidal Activity of Desinfectants. Revised 2002.
- Baratta et al. 1998. Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of laurel, sage, rosemary, oregano and coriander essential oils. J. Essent. Oil Res. 10(6): 618-627.
- Beltran, J. B. U. and Bonaventura, J. S. Use of cationic preservative in food products. U.S. Pat. No. 7,862,842 B2. Jan. 4, 2011.
- Bevilacqua, A., Sinigaglia, M., Corbo, M. R. 2008. Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris: New methods for inhibiting spore germination. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 125:103-110.
- Bittner, S., Gazit, S., Blumenfeld, A. 1971. Isolation and identification of a plant growth inhibitor from avocado. Phytochemistry, 10(7):1417-1421
- Blackburn, P, Gusik, S A., Polak, J., Rubino, S. D., Nisin compositions for use as enhanced, broad range bactericides. U.S. Pat. No. 5,217,950. Jun. 8, 1993.
- Brown, B. I. 1972. Isolation of Unpleasant Flavor Compounds in the Avocado (Persea americana). J. Agr. Food Chem. 20:753-757.
- Bull, S. D and Carman, R. M. Synthesis of the Avocado Antifungal, (Z,Z)-2-hydroxy-4-oxohenicosa-12, 15-dien-1-yl acetate. Aust. J. Chem., 1994, 47, pp. 1661-1672.
- Burt. S. 2004. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods—a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 94:223-253.
- Chang, C. F., Isogai, A., Kamikado, T., Murakoshi, S., Sakurai, A., Tamura, S. Isolation and structure elucidation of growth inhibitors for silkworm larvae from avocado leaves. Agr. Biol. Chem., 1975, 39 (5), pp. 1167-1168.
- Chia, T. W. R., Dykes, G. A. 2010. Antimicrobial activity of crude epicarp and seed extracts from mature avocado fruit (Persea Americana) of three cultivars. Pharmaceutical Biology 48(7):753-756.
- Deans, S. G., Ritchie, G. 1987. Antibacterial properties of plant essential oils. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 5:165-180.
- Domergue, F., Helms, G. L., Prusky, D., Browse, J. 2000. Antifungal compounds from idioblast cells isolated from avocado fruits. Phytochemistry 54: 183-189.
- Food Directorate, 2010. Clostridium botulinum challenge testing of ready-to-eat foods. Food Directorate Health Products and Food Branch. Health Canada.
Version Number 1, Issue: Nov. 24, 2010. - Hashimura H, Ueda C, Kawabata J, Kasai T. 2001. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors from avocado (Persea americana Mill.) fruits. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 65:1656-1658.
- Jensen, Lloyd B. 1951. Process for extraction of antibiotic material. U.S. Pat. No. 2,550,254. SWIFT & CO. United States.
- Kabuki, T., Nakajima, H., Arai, M., Ueda, S., Kuwabara, Y., Dosako, S. 2000. Characterization of novel antimicrobial compounds from mango (Magnifera indica L.) kernel seeds. Food Chem. 71:61-66.
- Kashman, Y., Néeman, I. and Lifshitz, A. 1969. New Compounds from Avocado Pear. Tetrahedron. 25:4617-4631.
- Kim, O. K., Murakami, A., Nakamura, Y., Takeda, N., Yoshizumi, H., Ohigashi, H. 2000a. Novel nitric oxide and superoxide generation inhibitors, persenone A and B, from avocado fruit. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48 (5), pp. 1557-1563.
- Kim, O. K., Murakami, A., Nakamura, Y., Kim, H. W., Ohigashi, H. 2000b. Inhibition by (−)-Persenone A-related Compounds of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Generation from Inflammatory Leukocytes. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 64 (11), pp. 2500-2503.
- Kim, O. K., Murakami, A., Takahashi, D., Nakamura, Y., Torikai, K., Kim, H. W., Ohigashi, H. 2000c. An Avocado Constituent, Persenone A, Suppresses Expression of Inducible Forms of Nitric Oxide Synthase and Cyclooxygenase in Macrophages, and Hydrogen Peroxide Generation in Mouse Skin. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 64 (11), pp. 2504-2507.
- King, W., Ming, X. Antibacterial composition for control of gram positive bacteria in food applications. U.S. Pat. No. 6,620,446B2. Sep. 16, 2003.
- Kobiler, I., Prusky, D., Midland, S., Sims, J. J., Keen, N. T. 1993. Compartmentation of antifungal compounds in oil cells of avocado fruit mesocarp and its effect on susceptibility to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Physiol. Mol. Plant. Pathol. 43: 319-328.
- Maseko, R. B. 2006. Synthesis of authentic organic standards of antibacterial compounds isolated from avocados. Master of Science Thesis. Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa.
- MacLeod, J. K. and Schaeffler, L. A Short Enantioselective Synthesis of a Biologically Active Compound from Persea Americana. J. Nat. Prod., vol. 58., no. 8, pp. 1270-1273 (August 1995).
- Monticello, D. J. Control of microbial growth with lantibiotic/lysozyme formulations. U.S. Pat. No. 5,458,876. Oct. 17, 1995.
- Murakoshi, S., Isogai, A., Chang, C. F., Kamikado, T., Sakurai, A., Tamura, S. The effects of two components from avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill.) and related compounds on the growth of silkworm larvae. Bombyx mori L. Nippon Oyo Dobutsu Konchu Gakkaishi 1976; 20:87-91.
- NCCLS M100-S12: Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Twelfth Informational Supplement (ISN 1-56238-454-6).
- Néeman, I., Lifshitz, A., Kashman, Y. 1970. New antibacterial agent isolated from the avocado pear. Applied microbiology, 470-473.
- Oberlies, N. H., Rogers, L. L., Martin, J. M. and McLaughlin, J. L. 1998. Cytotoxic and Insecticidal Constituents of the Unripe Fruit of Persea americana. J. Nat. Prod. 61:781-785.
- Oelrichs, P. B., Ng, J. C., Seawright, A. A., Ward, A., Schaffeler, L., MacLeod, J. K. 1995. Isolation and identification of a compound from avocado (Persea americana) leaves which causes necrosis of the acinar epithelium of the lactating mammary gland and the myocardium. Natural Toxins, 3(5):344-349
- Perumalla, A. V. S., Hettiarachchy, N. S. 2011. Green tea and grape seed extracts—Potential applications in food safety and quality. Food Research International. 44(4): 827-839.
- Prusky, D., Keen, N. T., Sims, J. J., Midland, S. L., 1982. Possible involvement of an antifungal diene in the latency of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on unripe avocado fruits. Phytopathol. 72 (12), 1578.
- Prusky, D., Plumbley, R. A., Koliber, I., 1991a. Modulation of natural resistance of avocado fruits to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides by CO2. Plant Pathol. 40, 45.
- Prusky, D., Koliber, I., Fishman, Y., Sims, J. J., Midland, S. L., Keen, N. T., 1991b. Identification of an Antifungal Compound in Unripe Avocado Fruits and its Possible Involvement in the Quiescent Infections of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. J. Phytopathol. 132, 319.
- Ramos-Jerz, M. D. Phytochemical analysis of avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill., c.v. Hass). [Ph. D. Dissertation], Göttingen, Alemania, 2007. Technishen Universität Brauschweig.
- Rayman, M. K. 1981. Nisin: a possible alternative or adjunct to nitrite in the preservation of meats. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 41(2):375-380.
- Rodríguez-Carpena, J. G., Morcuende, D., Andrade, M. J., Kylli, P. and Estévez, M. 2011. Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) phenolics, in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and inhibition of lipid and protein oxidation in porcine patties. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59:5625-5635.
- Rodriguez-Saona, C., Millar, J. G., Trumble, J. T. 1997. Growth inhibitory, insecticidal, and feeding deterrent effects of (12Z,15Z)-1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-heneicosa-12,15-diene, a compound from avocado fruit, to Spodoptera exigua. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 23(7):1819-1831
- Seawright A. A., Oelrichs P. B., Ng, J. C., MacLeod J. K., Ward, A., Schaffeler, L., Carman, R. M. 1995. Method of treatment of cancer as well as method of inhibition of lactition in mammals. Patent Coop. Treaty Int. Appl. No WO 95/22969, Astralian National University, Australia.
- Sivanathan, S., Adikaram, N. K. B., 1989. Biological Activity of Four Antifungal Compounds in Immature Avocado. Journal of Phytopathology, 125(2): 97-109
- Smola, M. 2007. Contribution àl′étude de la formulation et de l′ analyse physicochimique de formulations pédiatriques microémulsionnées. [Docteur in Sciences Pharmaceutiques]. Universite Louis Pasteur Strasbourg. France.
- Sugiyama, T., Sato, A. and Yamashita, K. Synthesis of all four stereoisomers of antibacterial component of avocado. Agric. Biol. Chem., 46(2), 481-485 (1982).
- Tang, Y., Shi, Y., Zhao, W., Hao, G. and Le, G. 2008. Inhibition of Food-Borne Pathogens by T1, a Novel Antimicrobial Peptide as a Potential Food Preservative. International Journal of Food Engineering.
Vol 4, Iss. 4, Art, 14. p. 1-19. - Ugbogu, O. C. & Akukwe, A. R. 2009. The antimicrobial effect of oils from Pentaclethra macrophylla Bent, Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don and Persea gratissima Gaerth F on some local clinical bacteria isolates. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8(2): 285-287.
- Pollack S, Perez A, Plattner K. 2010. Fruit and tree nuts outlook. Economic Research Service. United States Department of Agriculture USDAFTS-341/Mar. 26, 2010.
- Valeri, A., and N. Gimeno. 1954. Phytochemical and toxicological study of pericarp of the avocado pear. Rev. Med. Vet. Parasitol (Maracay) 13:37.
- Wilhoit, D. Film and method for surface treatment of foodstuffs with antimicrobial compositions. U.S. Pat. No. 5,573,797. Nov. 12, 1996.
- Wilhoit, D. Antimicrobial composition for surface treatment of foodstuffs. U.S. Pat. No. 5,573,800. Nov. 12, 1996.
- Wilhoit, D. Surface treatment of foodstuffs with antimicrobial compositions. U.S. Pat. No. 5,573,801. Nov. 12, 1996.
- Yang, H., Li, X., Tang, Y., Zhang, N., Chen, J. and Cai, B. 2009. Supercritical fluid CO2 extraction and simultaneous determination of eight annonaceous acetogenins in Annona genus plant seeds by HPLC-DAD method. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 49:140-144.
Claims (17)
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US13/763,262 US20130216488A1 (en) | 2010-08-09 | 2013-02-08 | Antimicrobial, antibacterial and spore germination inhibiting activity from an avocado extract enriched in bioactive compounds |
US15/148,712 US10575521B2 (en) | 2010-08-09 | 2016-05-06 | Antimicrobial, antibacterial and spore germination inhibiting activity from an avocado extract enriched in bioactive compounds |
US15/348,740 US10582707B2 (en) | 2010-08-09 | 2016-11-10 | Antimicrobial antibacterial and spore germination inhibiting activity from an avocado extract enriched in bioactive compounds |
US16/731,418 US20200281198A1 (en) | 2010-08-09 | 2019-12-31 | Antimicrobial, antibacterial and spore germination inhibiting activity from an avocado extract enriched in bioactive compounds |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US37198410P | 2010-08-09 | 2010-08-09 | |
PCT/IB2011/053535 WO2012042404A2 (en) | 2010-08-09 | 2011-08-08 | Antimicrobial, antibacterial and spore germination inhibiting activity from an avocado extract enriched in bioactive compounds |
US13/763,262 US20130216488A1 (en) | 2010-08-09 | 2013-02-08 | Antimicrobial, antibacterial and spore germination inhibiting activity from an avocado extract enriched in bioactive compounds |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/IB2011/053535 Continuation WO2012042404A2 (en) | 2010-08-09 | 2011-08-08 | Antimicrobial, antibacterial and spore germination inhibiting activity from an avocado extract enriched in bioactive compounds |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US15/148,712 Continuation US10575521B2 (en) | 2010-08-09 | 2016-05-06 | Antimicrobial, antibacterial and spore germination inhibiting activity from an avocado extract enriched in bioactive compounds |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20130216488A1 true US20130216488A1 (en) | 2013-08-22 |
Family
ID=45893587
Family Applications (4)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US13/763,262 Abandoned US20130216488A1 (en) | 2010-08-09 | 2013-02-08 | Antimicrobial, antibacterial and spore germination inhibiting activity from an avocado extract enriched in bioactive compounds |
US15/148,712 Active 2033-07-17 US10575521B2 (en) | 2010-08-09 | 2016-05-06 | Antimicrobial, antibacterial and spore germination inhibiting activity from an avocado extract enriched in bioactive compounds |
US15/348,740 Active 2032-11-13 US10582707B2 (en) | 2010-08-09 | 2016-11-10 | Antimicrobial antibacterial and spore germination inhibiting activity from an avocado extract enriched in bioactive compounds |
US16/731,418 Pending US20200281198A1 (en) | 2010-08-09 | 2019-12-31 | Antimicrobial, antibacterial and spore germination inhibiting activity from an avocado extract enriched in bioactive compounds |
Family Applications After (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US15/148,712 Active 2033-07-17 US10575521B2 (en) | 2010-08-09 | 2016-05-06 | Antimicrobial, antibacterial and spore germination inhibiting activity from an avocado extract enriched in bioactive compounds |
US15/348,740 Active 2032-11-13 US10582707B2 (en) | 2010-08-09 | 2016-11-10 | Antimicrobial antibacterial and spore germination inhibiting activity from an avocado extract enriched in bioactive compounds |
US16/731,418 Pending US20200281198A1 (en) | 2010-08-09 | 2019-12-31 | Antimicrobial, antibacterial and spore germination inhibiting activity from an avocado extract enriched in bioactive compounds |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (4) | US20130216488A1 (en) |
EP (2) | EP2851062B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2013535499A (en) |
CN (2) | CN103327960A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2807779C (en) |
ES (1) | ES2846675T3 (en) |
MX (1) | MX348348B (en) |
WO (1) | WO2012042404A2 (en) |
Cited By (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2017051208A1 (en) * | 2015-09-23 | 2017-03-30 | Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey | Acetogenin molecules having antiplatelet and/or antithrombic activities, and methods and compositions thereof |
US9957215B2 (en) | 2015-12-10 | 2018-05-01 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Plant extract compositions for forming protective coatings |
US9982216B2 (en) | 2012-07-10 | 2018-05-29 | Avomed Ltd. | Polyhydroxylated fatty alcohols |
US10092014B2 (en) | 2016-01-26 | 2018-10-09 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Method for preparing and preserving sanitized products |
US10239069B2 (en) | 2013-07-29 | 2019-03-26 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Agricultural skin grafting |
US10266708B2 (en) | 2015-09-16 | 2019-04-23 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Precursor compounds for molecular coatings |
US10517310B2 (en) | 2015-05-20 | 2019-12-31 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Plant extract compositions and methods of preparation thereof |
WO2020181016A1 (en) * | 2019-03-04 | 2020-09-10 | Broussard Robert R | Health promoting food products and method for designing and manufacturing same |
US10843997B2 (en) | 2016-11-17 | 2020-11-24 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Compositions formed from plant extracts and methods of preparation thereof |
US10932484B2 (en) | 2016-10-19 | 2021-03-02 | Instituto Tecnologico Y De Estudios Superiores De Monterrey | Inhibitory activity of acetogenins against Listeria monocytogenes |
US11413268B2 (en) * | 2015-02-27 | 2022-08-16 | Spectrum Therapeutics GmbH | CPC distribution chromatography of cannabinoids |
US11641865B2 (en) | 2020-03-04 | 2023-05-09 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Compounds and formulations for protective coatings |
US11827591B2 (en) | 2020-10-30 | 2023-11-28 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Compositions and methods of preparation thereof |
Families Citing this family (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CL2010000987A1 (en) * | 2010-09-16 | 2010-12-24 | Instituto De Investig Agropecuarias | Alcoholic extract of avocado cuesco consisting of avocadofuran type compounds derived from the American Persian avocado mill; use of the extract as acaricide against or. yothersi, t. cinnabarinus and p. citri, and insecticide against t. vaporariorum. |
TWI605822B (en) * | 2015-04-09 | 2017-11-21 | 高雄醫學大學 | Uses of an avocado extract, avocadenol b, and (2r,4r)-1,2,4-trihydroxyheptadec-16-yne, and health food containing the avocado extract |
JP2018039752A (en) * | 2016-09-07 | 2018-03-15 | 花王株式会社 | Nrf2 ACTIVATOR |
CN106520362A (en) * | 2016-10-10 | 2017-03-22 | 澳宝化妆品(惠州)有限公司 | Environment-friendly highly-efficient extracting method for avocado oil and skin care cream containing avocado oil |
CN106834417A (en) * | 2017-02-16 | 2017-06-13 | 雅戈尔服装控股有限公司 | The rapid assay methods of Chinese fiber crops bast fiber extract antibacterial ability |
CN107751359A (en) * | 2017-11-02 | 2018-03-06 | 广西吉朋投资有限公司 | A kind of fruit and vegetable fresh-keeping agent |
CN110117553B (en) * | 2018-02-05 | 2021-02-05 | 华中农业大学 | Bacillus cereus with bacteriostatic activity on several food-borne pathogenic bacteria and bacteriocin thereof |
NL2023148B1 (en) * | 2019-05-16 | 2020-12-01 | W&C Holding B V | Composition for dust suppression |
CN112438918A (en) * | 2019-08-30 | 2021-03-05 | 广东丸美生物技术股份有限公司 | Avocado extract, preparation method thereof and application thereof in anti-aging cosmetics |
CN114467983A (en) * | 2021-12-21 | 2022-05-13 | 安徽英钛利生物科技有限公司 | Efficient and safe disinfectant for enveloped viruses |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5468490A (en) * | 1993-10-25 | 1995-11-21 | Conkle & Olesten | Lipidic furans useful for skin therapeutics |
JP2002053474A (en) * | 2000-08-07 | 2002-02-19 | Kagome Co Ltd | New hyperphagia-suppressing agent |
US20050170027A1 (en) * | 2000-08-07 | 2005-08-04 | Yasushi Arimoto | Novel hepatic disorder suppressant |
US20060062813A1 (en) * | 2002-06-14 | 2006-03-23 | Ogawa 7Co., Ltd. | Flavor deterioration inhibitor and inhibitor for the generation of citral deterioration smell |
US20110250154A1 (en) * | 2008-09-08 | 2011-10-13 | Shai Meretzki | Cosmetic compositions comprising polyhydroxyltate fatty alcohols and derivatives and uses thereof |
US20120071551A1 (en) * | 2010-09-16 | 2012-03-22 | Robinson Vargas Mesina | ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF HASS AVOCADO SEEDS, Persea americana Mill., AND ITS USE AS MITICIDE FOR Panonychus citri, Oligonychus yothersi, AND Tetranychus cinnabarinus, AND AS AN INSECTICIDE FOR Trialeurodes vaporariorum |
US20120294887A1 (en) * | 2010-01-29 | 2012-11-22 | Laboratories Expanscience | Solid/liquid extraction |
Family Cites Families (29)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CA494110A (en) | 1953-06-30 | B. Jensen Lloyd | Antibiotic from avocado plant | |
US2550254A (en) | 1946-04-05 | 1951-04-24 | Swift & Co | Process for extraction of antibiotic material |
GB1421129A (en) | 1972-03-03 | 1976-01-14 | Shell Int Research | Process for preparing heptadec-16-en-1,2,4-triol derivatives |
US5217950A (en) | 1988-06-22 | 1993-06-08 | Applied Microbiology, Inc. | Nisin compositions for use as enhanced, broad range bactericides |
US5458876A (en) | 1988-12-21 | 1995-10-17 | Haarman & Reimer Corp. | Control of microbial growth with lantibiotic/lysozyme formulations |
US5573797A (en) | 1989-02-21 | 1996-11-12 | Viskase Corporation | Film and method for surface treatment of foodstuffs with antimicrobial compositions |
US5573801A (en) | 1989-02-21 | 1996-11-12 | Viskase Corporation | Surface treatment of foodstuffs with antimicrobial compositions |
US5573800A (en) | 1989-02-21 | 1996-11-12 | Viskase Corporation | Antimicrobial composition for surface treatment of foodstuffs |
FR2678632B1 (en) * | 1991-07-03 | 1994-09-02 | Pharmascience Lab | PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF THE UNSAPONIFIABLE LAWYER FOR IMPROVING ITS CONTENT IN ONE OF ITS FRACTIONS SAID H |
US5593800A (en) | 1994-01-06 | 1997-01-14 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Mask manufacturing method and apparatus and device manufacturing method using a mask manufactured by the method or apparatus |
US6057366A (en) | 1994-02-28 | 2000-05-02 | The University Of Queensland | Method of treatment of cancer as well as method of inhibition of lactation in mammals |
US6133313A (en) * | 1998-04-27 | 2000-10-17 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Insecticidal avocadofurans and triolein |
US6326364B1 (en) | 1999-02-08 | 2001-12-04 | Cedars-Sinai Medical Center | Use of 5-aminosalicylates as antimicrobial agents |
US6451365B1 (en) | 2000-07-14 | 2002-09-17 | Rhodia Inc. | Antibacterial composition for control of gram positive bacteria in food applications |
FR2798667B1 (en) * | 1999-09-22 | 2001-12-21 | Pharmascience Lab | PROCESS FOR THE EXTRACTION OF FURANIC COMPOUNDS AND POLYHYDROXYL FATTY ALCOHOLS FROM LAWYER, COMPOSITION BASED ON AND USE OF THESE COMPOUNDS IN THERAPEUTICS, COSMETICS AND FOOD |
JP2001097828A (en) * | 1999-10-01 | 2001-04-10 | Noevir Co Ltd | Cosmetic for hair |
DK1450608T3 (en) | 2001-04-28 | 2006-01-09 | Miret Lab | Antimicrobial composition comprising potassium sorbate and LAE |
EP1437946B1 (en) | 2001-10-25 | 2012-06-13 | Laboratorios Miret, S.A. | Use of a cationic preservative in food products |
US6994875B2 (en) | 2002-07-29 | 2006-02-07 | Laboratoires Expanscience | Process for obtaining a furan lipid-rich unsaponifiable material from avocado |
FR2893628B1 (en) | 2005-11-18 | 2008-05-16 | Expanscience Laboratoires Sa | PROCESS FOR OBTAINING REFRINED AVOCADO OIL RICH IN TRIGLYCERIDES AND OIL LIKELY OBTAINABLE BY SUCH A METHOD |
JP5085120B2 (en) * | 2006-12-21 | 2012-11-28 | 日本メナード化粧品株式会社 | Brain function improver |
JP2009164558A (en) | 2007-12-10 | 2009-07-23 | Toyota Central R&D Labs Inc | Semiconductor device and method of manufacturing the device, and method of manufacturing trench gate |
CN102088858A (en) | 2008-07-02 | 2011-06-08 | 米雷特实验室股份公司 | Use of cationic surfactants as sporicidal agents |
US20100034944A1 (en) | 2008-08-06 | 2010-02-11 | Martha Lubenova Beyazova | Use of Avocado Derivatives in Flavor Applications |
WO2010026596A2 (en) * | 2008-09-08 | 2010-03-11 | Shai Meretzki | Compositions comprising polyhydroxyltate fatty alcohol derivatives and the therapeutic uses |
JP2013508352A (en) | 2009-10-19 | 2013-03-07 | ライラ ニュートラシューティカルズ | Extracts, fractions and compositions containing acetogenin and their applications |
JP5720885B2 (en) | 2010-03-03 | 2015-05-20 | 日本電気硝子株式会社 | Glass roll and method for producing glass roll |
DK2661266T3 (en) | 2011-01-07 | 2020-11-16 | Anji Pharma Us Llc | CHEMOSENSORIC RECEPTOR LIGAND BASED THERAPIES |
FR2984748B1 (en) | 2011-12-26 | 2017-02-10 | Expanscience Lab | USE OF WHOLE WHOLE LAWYERS TO OBTAIN AN INAPPENSIBLE AVOCADO OIL |
-
2011
- 2011-08-08 MX MX2013001609A patent/MX348348B/en active IP Right Grant
- 2011-08-08 JP JP2013523692A patent/JP2013535499A/en active Pending
- 2011-08-08 EP EP14176098.3A patent/EP2851062B1/en active Active
- 2011-08-08 CA CA2807779A patent/CA2807779C/en active Active
- 2011-08-08 CN CN2011800488946A patent/CN103327960A/en active Pending
- 2011-08-08 ES ES14176098T patent/ES2846675T3/en active Active
- 2011-08-08 WO PCT/IB2011/053535 patent/WO2012042404A2/en active Application Filing
- 2011-08-08 CN CN201610773165.1A patent/CN106397205B/en active Active
- 2011-08-08 EP EP11828227.6A patent/EP2603198A4/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2013
- 2013-02-08 US US13/763,262 patent/US20130216488A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2016
- 2016-05-06 US US15/148,712 patent/US10575521B2/en active Active
- 2016-11-10 US US15/348,740 patent/US10582707B2/en active Active
-
2019
- 2019-12-31 US US16/731,418 patent/US20200281198A1/en active Pending
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5468490A (en) * | 1993-10-25 | 1995-11-21 | Conkle & Olesten | Lipidic furans useful for skin therapeutics |
JP2002053474A (en) * | 2000-08-07 | 2002-02-19 | Kagome Co Ltd | New hyperphagia-suppressing agent |
US20050170027A1 (en) * | 2000-08-07 | 2005-08-04 | Yasushi Arimoto | Novel hepatic disorder suppressant |
US20060062813A1 (en) * | 2002-06-14 | 2006-03-23 | Ogawa 7Co., Ltd. | Flavor deterioration inhibitor and inhibitor for the generation of citral deterioration smell |
US20110250154A1 (en) * | 2008-09-08 | 2011-10-13 | Shai Meretzki | Cosmetic compositions comprising polyhydroxyltate fatty alcohols and derivatives and uses thereof |
US20120294887A1 (en) * | 2010-01-29 | 2012-11-22 | Laboratories Expanscience | Solid/liquid extraction |
US20120071551A1 (en) * | 2010-09-16 | 2012-03-22 | Robinson Vargas Mesina | ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF HASS AVOCADO SEEDS, Persea americana Mill., AND ITS USE AS MITICIDE FOR Panonychus citri, Oligonychus yothersi, AND Tetranychus cinnabarinus, AND AS AN INSECTICIDE FOR Trialeurodes vaporariorum |
Cited By (28)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9982216B2 (en) | 2012-07-10 | 2018-05-29 | Avomed Ltd. | Polyhydroxylated fatty alcohols |
US10239069B2 (en) | 2013-07-29 | 2019-03-26 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Agricultural skin grafting |
US10537130B2 (en) | 2013-07-29 | 2020-01-21 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Agricultural skin grafting |
US11413268B2 (en) * | 2015-02-27 | 2022-08-16 | Spectrum Therapeutics GmbH | CPC distribution chromatography of cannabinoids |
US10959442B2 (en) | 2015-05-20 | 2021-03-30 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Plant extract compositions and methods of preparation thereof |
US11812758B2 (en) | 2015-05-20 | 2023-11-14 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Plant extract compositions and methods of preparation thereof |
US10517310B2 (en) | 2015-05-20 | 2019-12-31 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Plant extract compositions and methods of preparation thereof |
US11160287B2 (en) | 2015-05-20 | 2021-11-02 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Plant extract compositions and methods of preparation thereof |
US11472970B2 (en) | 2015-09-16 | 2022-10-18 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Precursor compounds for molecular coatings |
US10266708B2 (en) | 2015-09-16 | 2019-04-23 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Precursor compounds for molecular coatings |
US11447646B2 (en) | 2015-09-16 | 2022-09-20 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Precursor compounds for molecular coatings |
US10493057B2 (en) * | 2015-09-23 | 2019-12-03 | Instituto Tecnologico Y De Estudios Superiores De Monterrey | Acetogenin molecules having antiplatelet and/or antithrombic activities, and methods and compositions thereof |
WO2017051208A1 (en) * | 2015-09-23 | 2017-03-30 | Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey | Acetogenin molecules having antiplatelet and/or antithrombic activities, and methods and compositions thereof |
US10407377B2 (en) | 2015-12-10 | 2019-09-10 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Plant extract compositions for forming protective coatings |
US11767278B2 (en) | 2015-12-10 | 2023-09-26 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Plant extract compositions for forming protective coatings |
US10561155B2 (en) | 2015-12-10 | 2020-02-18 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Plant extract compositions for forming protective coatings |
US11028030B2 (en) | 2015-12-10 | 2021-06-08 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Plant extract compositions for forming protective coatings |
US9957215B2 (en) | 2015-12-10 | 2018-05-01 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Plant extract compositions for forming protective coatings |
US10092014B2 (en) | 2016-01-26 | 2018-10-09 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Method for preparing and preserving sanitized products |
US11723377B2 (en) | 2016-01-26 | 2023-08-15 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Method for preparing and preserving sanitized products |
US10537115B2 (en) | 2016-01-26 | 2020-01-21 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Method for preparing and preserving sanitized products |
US10932484B2 (en) | 2016-10-19 | 2021-03-02 | Instituto Tecnologico Y De Estudios Superiores De Monterrey | Inhibitory activity of acetogenins against Listeria monocytogenes |
US10843997B2 (en) | 2016-11-17 | 2020-11-24 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Compositions formed from plant extracts and methods of preparation thereof |
US11319275B2 (en) | 2016-11-17 | 2022-05-03 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Compositions formed from plant extracts and methods of preparation thereof |
US11918003B2 (en) | 2016-11-17 | 2024-03-05 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Compositions formed from plant extracts and methods of preparation thereof |
WO2020181016A1 (en) * | 2019-03-04 | 2020-09-10 | Broussard Robert R | Health promoting food products and method for designing and manufacturing same |
US11641865B2 (en) | 2020-03-04 | 2023-05-09 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Compounds and formulations for protective coatings |
US11827591B2 (en) | 2020-10-30 | 2023-11-28 | Apeel Technology, Inc. | Compositions and methods of preparation thereof |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
MX2013001609A (en) | 2014-07-30 |
EP2603198A2 (en) | 2013-06-19 |
EP2603198A4 (en) | 2014-01-08 |
CA2807779A1 (en) | 2012-04-05 |
EP2851062B1 (en) | 2021-01-06 |
CN106397205B (en) | 2020-09-22 |
EP2851062A2 (en) | 2015-03-25 |
WO2012042404A3 (en) | 2012-11-01 |
ES2846675T3 (en) | 2021-07-28 |
MX348348B (en) | 2017-04-24 |
JP2013535499A (en) | 2013-09-12 |
WO2012042404A2 (en) | 2012-04-05 |
US20200281198A1 (en) | 2020-09-10 |
CN106397205A (en) | 2017-02-15 |
US20170055526A1 (en) | 2017-03-02 |
CA2807779C (en) | 2019-06-18 |
US20160249613A1 (en) | 2016-09-01 |
US10575521B2 (en) | 2020-03-03 |
EP2851062A3 (en) | 2015-07-01 |
US10582707B2 (en) | 2020-03-10 |
CN103327960A (en) | 2013-09-25 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US10582707B2 (en) | Antimicrobial antibacterial and spore germination inhibiting activity from an avocado extract enriched in bioactive compounds | |
TWI686209B (en) | Antibacterial cosmetic composition comprising lactobacillus plantarum culture | |
Tahir et al. | Phytochemistry and pharmacological profile of traditionally used medicinal plant Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) | |
EP2532232A1 (en) | Long chain glycolipids useful to avoid perishing or microbial contamination of materials | |
Rodríguez-Sánchez et al. | Isolation and structure elucidation of avocado seed (Persea americana) lipid derivatives that inhibit Clostridium sporogenes endospore germination | |
Girardot et al. | Natural sources as innovative solutions against fungal biofilms | |
EP1617915A2 (en) | Activated citrus peel extract | |
KR20100007122A (en) | Anti-bacterial or anti-fungal composition | |
JP2009013106A (en) | Xanthone derivative having inhibitory action on inflammatory cytokine production, method for producing the same and food preparation, cosmetic and anti-inflammatory agent comprising the same | |
KR101433823B1 (en) | External Composition for Skin Using an Extract or a Fraction of Padina arborescens | |
KR20120097385A (en) | 3,5-dihydroxy-2-menthenyl stilbene, plant extract containing same, method for collecting same, and application for same | |
KR102411576B1 (en) | Anti-microbial composition comprising pinus koraiensis sieb extract | |
Abu-Salem et al. | Antimicrobial activity and phytochemicals screening of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) root extracts and latex | |
Khalil et al. | Biochemical activity of propolis alcoholic extracts against Fusarium oxysporum hm89 | |
KR20220043008A (en) | Antioxidant or Anti-bacterial Composition Using an Extract of Ludwigia epilobioides | |
KR102009604B1 (en) | Antimicrobial composition comprising lonicera japonica extract and magnolia obovata extract | |
Negi | Exploring plant and agro-industrial wastes for antimicrobial biochemicals | |
KR101761607B1 (en) | Antioxidant Composition and Antibacterial Composition Using an Extract of Zonaria diesingiana | |
KR102359223B1 (en) | Cosmetic composition comprising mangifera indica irwin seed extract | |
KR102420990B1 (en) | Anti-microbial composition comprising pinus koraiensis sieb extract | |
Abu-Seif et al. | Antifungal properties of some medicinal plants against undesirable and mycotoxin-producing fungi | |
KR100769669B1 (en) | A Composition comprising methyl eugenol for control of Botrytis cinerea | |
JPH1180012A (en) | Antimicrobial agent derived from natural product | |
KR20220149475A (en) | Anti-bacterial composition comprising an extract of Machilus thunbergii or a fraction thereof as an active ingredient | |
El-Fadaly et al. | Correlation Between HPLC Identification Technique of Rocket as Antifungal |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: AVOMEX, INC., TEXAS Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:HERNANDEZ-BRENES, CARMEN;GARCIA-CRUZ, MARIA ISABEL;GUTIERREZ-URIBE, JANET ALEJANDRA;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:030188/0393 Effective date: 20130208 Owner name: INSTITUTO TECNOLOGICO Y DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:HERNANDEZ-BRENES, CARMEN;GARCIA-CRUZ, MARIA ISABEL;GUTIERREZ-URIBE, JANET ALEJANDRA;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:030188/0393 Effective date: 20130208 |
|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |