US20130192541A1 - Method and device for controlling the temperature of steam in a boiler - Google Patents

Method and device for controlling the temperature of steam in a boiler Download PDF

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Publication number
US20130192541A1
US20130192541A1 US13/695,147 US201113695147A US2013192541A1 US 20130192541 A1 US20130192541 A1 US 20130192541A1 US 201113695147 A US201113695147 A US 201113695147A US 2013192541 A1 US2013192541 A1 US 2013192541A1
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Prior art keywords
steam
heat exchanger
fouling
boiler
sootblowers
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Abandoned
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US13/695,147
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English (en)
Inventor
Karlheinz Hertweck
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Siemens AG
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Siemens AG
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Assigned to SIEMENS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT reassignment SIEMENS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HERTWECK, KARLHEINZ
Publication of US20130192541A1 publication Critical patent/US20130192541A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28G—CLEANING OF INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL SURFACES OF HEAT-EXCHANGE OR HEAT-TRANSFER CONDUITS, e.g. WATER TUBES OR BOILERS
    • F28G15/00—Details
    • F28G15/003—Control arrangements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B35/00—Control systems for steam boilers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B37/00—Component parts or details of steam boilers
    • F22B37/02—Component parts or details of steam boilers applicable to more than one kind or type of steam boiler
    • F22B37/56—Boiler cleaning control devices, e.g. for ascertaining proper duration of boiler blow-down
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28G—CLEANING OF INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL SURFACES OF HEAT-EXCHANGE OR HEAT-TRANSFER CONDUITS, e.g. WATER TUBES OR BOILERS
    • F28G1/00—Non-rotary, e.g. reciprocated, appliances
    • F28G1/16—Non-rotary, e.g. reciprocated, appliances using jets of fluid for removing debris
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28G—CLEANING OF INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL SURFACES OF HEAT-EXCHANGE OR HEAT-TRANSFER CONDUITS, e.g. WATER TUBES OR BOILERS
    • F28G9/00—Cleaning by flushing or washing, e.g. with chemical solvents
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/0318—Processes
    • Y10T137/0402—Cleaning, repairing, or assembling
    • Y10T137/0419—Fluid cleaning or flushing

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for controlling the temperature of steam in a boiler, and to a corresponding device.
  • a fossil-fired steam generator or boiler of a power plant is generally composed of a combustion chamber, an evaporator chamber and a system of heat exchangers which are connected to the evaporator chamber.
  • the boiler structures such as for example drum-type boilers or Benson boilers.
  • the evaporator chamber is composed of a pipe arrangement which is in direct thermal contact with the combustion chamber.
  • the feed water delivered out of a feed water preheater is evaporated to the saturated steam temperature.
  • the steam is subsequently conducted through the system of heat exchangers, which are likewise mostly tubular, in which the steam temperatures are adjusted to the inlet temperatures demanded by the turbines.
  • the system of heat exchangers is conventionally constructed from at least one superheater, reheater, economizer and air preheater.
  • flue ash is released which is transported in the flue gas flow to the flue gas outlet and which is then separated or recirculated.
  • some of the ash is deposited on the heat exchanger tubes and other boiler structures, and there, forms in some cases thick deposition layers which can additionally become baked on depending on the coal quality.
  • Said depositions firstly reduce the heat transfer, secondly block the exhaust-gas path, and not least can form conglomerates which are so large that, if they at some time become detached from their support, they can cause considerable mechanical damage as they fall owing to their compact mass and high falling speed. Therefore, by means of steam blowers or water blowers, said lining is removed from time to time.
  • sootblowing is therefore conventionally always performed with the aim of eliminating the fouling of the boiler as globally as possible.
  • sootblowing is performed cyclically, wherein the sequence of the sootblowers is adapted manually according to the thermal state of the boiler, or blowing is performed correspondingly frequently such that no uncontrollable thermal states arise.
  • sootblowing time is calculated on the basis of economic criteria and fouling analyses.
  • the Siemens SPPA-P3000 “cost-optimized sootblowing” system likewise operates on the basis of said criteria.
  • the fouling and the resulting thermal losses can be measured only with difficulty.
  • a further method for regulating sootblowers is known from U.S. Pat. No. 4,718,376.
  • adjacent sootblowers are combined to form groups of a maximum of four sootblowers.
  • Each group is responsible for a region with a similar deposition characteristic.
  • each sootblower receives a weighting factor which corresponds to a percentage of the total number of sootblowing cycles in which the sootblower is in operation.
  • Each sootblowing cycle begins with the group of sootblowers situated furthest upstream, and progresses in the direction of the flow of the combustion gases.
  • the main criterion on which the execution of the sootblowing is based is that of operating the boiler at or at least close to maximum efficiency.
  • a secondary criterion is that of using as little sootblowing steam as possible.
  • Displacements of the heat transfer may be compensated in part by injection regulation in steam coolers provided between the heat exchangers.
  • injection of water into the fresh steam in principle only cooling can be effected, and only a limited injection quantity can be used.
  • What must be observed here in particular is the negative influence of the reheater injection on the heat demand and the maximum possible performance of the steam-turbine-generator process.
  • the heat demand changes by 0.2% per 1% change in reheater injection rate.
  • the distribution of the heat transfer between the evaporator and superheater can be displaced to such an extent that firstly the existing injection capacity is no longer sufficient to keep the steam temperature below a desired or safety-related value. Secondly, a situation may arise in which the steam, even in the case of closed injection, no longer reaches the required temperature value.
  • the heat balance within the boiler can also be influenced by the combustion itself.
  • the distribution of the heat transfer between the evaporator and superheater is influenced by means of different stratified firing, or by means of a cumbersome pivoting burner device or flue gas recirculation; in the case of a Benson boiler, it is additionally possible to vary the feed water quantity and thus the fresh steam injection quantity.
  • the fresh steam evaporation can be held in the control range only with selective stratified firing, which is not always successful. It is however scarcely possible in this way to adequately control the reheater injection rate.
  • thermal regulability of the boiler with the aim of stable and optimum thermal conditions of the boiler, based solely on the firing and punctiform injection cooling is highly cumbersome and complex. It is a disadvantage in particular that thermal imbalances can always arise. Additional problems arise owing to the fouling in the boiler region, which always influences the heat transfers at the heat exchanger pipes and is negatively superposed on the regulation process.
  • a method and a device for improving the steam temperature control is known from DE 10 2006 006 597 A1.
  • a system is provided for the analysis of the effect of the operation of sootblowers in a heat transfer region of a power plant. Said system determines a steam temperature influencing sequence and calculates a forward control signal which is to be supplied to a steam temperature control system for the heat transfer region.
  • the fouling which hitherto constituted an imponderable factor in the heat balance and which severely restricted the thermal regulability of the boiler, to now be used in a positive sense by virtue of said fouling being brought about on the heat exchanger surfaces within the boiler in a manner controlled by means of sootblower devices, and the steam temperatures being regulated by means of said setting of the heat transfer at said surfaces.
  • the sootblowing takes place incrementally. With the incremental sootblowing, the thermal characteristics can be controlled through the variation of the operating times of individual sootblowers or individual sootblower groups. Since the sootblower devices are already provided in all power plants, there is accordingly no need for additional measurement instrumentation or machine equipment for steam temperature control. Costs can be saved in this way.
  • the fouling is brought about always so as to ensure an equalized overall heat balance within the boiler.
  • the entire plant process is advantageously optimized in this way. This is achieved for example by virtue of evaporator surfaces and superheater surfaces being cleaned such that the heat output is distributed across the evaporator and superheater such that, at all times, taking into consideration the restricted capacity of the steam cooler, firstly the steam setpoint temperatures are always attained and secondly the admissible limit values are not exceeded.
  • Boiler regions of multi-tract form should be cleaned such that, after the steam is split up in the heat exchangers, there are no temperature differences in the steam at the location of subsequent merging. It is basically sought to ensure minimal cleaning of the individual boiler regions at all times, and boiler regions identified as being clean should not be cleaned unnecessarily. Only in this way is it possible to ensure a high efficiency of the overall process.
  • the method according to the invention comprises the following steps:
  • Subgroups of sootblowers are formed which clean parts of the boiler which are as individually identifiable, and capable of being balanced, as possible.
  • the sootblowing time is determined individually for each individual sootblower of the subgroup of sootblowers, and the fouling is thus controlled in the fine range by the regulating system.
  • the fouling of individual heat exchangers is determined by virtue of a present heat transfer coefficient at the surfaces under consideration being measured on the basis of a present heat balance.
  • the degree of fouling is determined by comparison with heat transfer coefficients recorded previously in the clean state, wherein the influence of the relative boiler load is taken into consideration by means of a regression which is linear in regions.
  • the advantage of said design variant lies in the fact that the states “dirty” or “clean” are measured for the first time here.
  • the heat transfer coefficient at a surface under consideration plays a crucial role.
  • the heat transfer coefficient is determined from the heat balance of steam and flue gas.
  • Said specific definition of the fouling advantageously provides a new regulation criterion according to the invention.
  • the fouling of the heat exchanger surfaces is defined quantitatively.
  • the sootblowing is advantageously made part of, and assists, the thermal boiler regulation.
  • the sootblowing takes place fully automatically taking into consideration stable and optimum thermal conditions for the boiler. Even incorrectly dimensioned heat exchangers can be corrected by means of the controllable fouling according to the invention. So-called thermal imbalances at the boiler drawing-in points are automatically compensated. Cleaning-induced temperature fluctuations are minimized. The thermal conditions when relative cleanliness is restored are automatically measured and stored as a measure for the future fouling.
  • one sootblower or individual sootblowers of a subgroup of sootblowers are selected based on the criterion of the maximum operating time between one cleaning operation and the next cleaning operation, whereby a predefinable minimum cycle for each subgroup is ensured.
  • the repeated cleaning of regions which are still clean is prevented through monitoring of the average operating time and taking into consideration the present fouling.
  • the waste gas loss of the boiler can be influenced by means of the modification of the sootblowing cycles. When relative cleanliness of the relevant heat exchanger is restored, the present waste gas loss is automatically measured and stored as a measure for a future increase of the waste gas loss.
  • the invention minimizes steady-state and dynamic boiler losses without additional outlay in terms of machine technology and personnel. Furthermore, reliable sootblowing with full fouling control is attained, to optimum benefit.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a steam generator
  • FIG. 2 shows a sketch for explaining the determination of the degree of fouling
  • FIG. 3 a shows a profile of the steam temperature with a conventional sootblowing algorithm
  • FIG. 3 b shows a profile of the steam temperature according to an exemplary embodiment of the sootblowing algorithm according to the invention
  • FIG. 4 shows a sketch illustrating a thermal imbalance within the heat exchanger system
  • FIG. 5 shows a block circuit diagram of an arrangement for implementing the sootblowing algorithm according to the invention.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates, in highly simplified form, a steam generator.
  • a solid fossil fuel for example carbon dust
  • the flue gas RG generated in the process is conducted through the flue gas duct RGK to the flue gas cleaning arrangement RGR.
  • the evaporation of supplied feed water SPW takes place in the pipe systems of the evaporator chamber and of the heat exchanger.
  • the system is conventionally constructed such that feed water is supplied from the feed water tank 1 to the feed water preheater 2 (ECO). From there, the water-steam mixture passes into the drum 3 and is supplied via the downpipes 4 , the distributor collector 5 and the ascending pipes 6 to the superheater ( 7 or Ü) and subsequently to the turbine 8 .
  • the superheater Ü may furthermore also comprise a reheater ZÜ.
  • the steam temperature is controlled and regulated by virtue of a certain fouling of the heat exchanger surfaces within the boiler being brought about by means of the sootblower device.
  • fouling on the heat exchanger surfaces is determined as follows: here, fouling is to be regarded as a synonym for losses during the heat transfer between the combustion chamber/flue gas side and the water/steam side of a boiler.
  • FIG. 2 serves to illustrate the determination of the degrees of fouling or heat exchanger losses. Illustrated in simplified form is a pipe portion, wherein steam D flows with a certain mass flow mD and pressure pD through the interior of the pipe. The temperature TDin is measured at the inlet opening of the pipe, and the temperature TDout is measured at the outlet opening of the tube. Flue gas RG flows with the mass flow mRG and pressure pRG around the pipe.
  • temperatures TRGin and TRGout can be determined at the locations of the inlet and outlet openings of the pipe.
  • the heat absorption by the heat exchanger pipe can thus be determined from the water/steam-side measurement variables throughflow, pressure and inlet/outlet temperature.
  • the measurement of the mass flow and of the inlet-side and outlet-side temperatures is expedient, wherein missing temperatures and missing flue-gas mass flow can also be calculated in terms of a balance.
  • the heat output of the heat exchanger is newly determined for the clean state after a suitably short average sootblowing cycle, and the boiler model used is adapted correspondingly. Variations of the heat transfer behavior caused by residual lining formation or by a change of coal quality or of the operating conditions are automatically compensated for in this way.
  • the heat absorbed during the further operation of the plant is constantly determined on an ongoing basis. Said value is compared with the starting value from the clean state.
  • the specific steam output q (or the heat transfer coefficient) is determined from the steam output Q and the difference between the flue gas and steam temperatures ⁇ T, cf. FIG. 2 . Said specific steam output q is compared with its starting value in the clean state q_s. This yields the equivalent characteristic values:
  • the flue gas temperature T is plotted as a function of the time t.
  • the flue gas temperature is inversely proportional to the steam temperature.
  • FIG. 3 a illustrates a conventional sootblowing cycle during a period of uninterrupted operation t R .
  • a period of uninterrupted operation t R is defined as the operating time between one cleaning operation and the next cleaning operation for a sootblower or a subgroup of sootblowers.
  • a sootblowing process R which in this case consists of 6 sootblowers R 1 to R 6
  • the flue gas temperature falls sharply, and subsequently rises again continuously with progressive fouling of the pipelines.
  • sootblowing is performed again, as indicated in FIG. 3 a by the sootblowing process Rnext.
  • every sootblowing process R or Rnext all of the sootblowers (in this case there are for example six sootblowers R 1 to R 6 ) are in operation simultaneously.
  • FIG. 3 b In FIG. 3 b , according to the invention, incremental, quasi-continuous operation of the sootblowers is implemented. Instead of one sootblowing process R, a plurality of “smaller” sootblowing processes are now performed after shorter time intervals by means of the individual sootblowers R 1 to R 6 . By contrast, in this exemplary embodiment, the uninterrupted operating time t R remains constant for each individual sootblower. Within a sootblowing cycle, therefore, the sootblowing process is distributed over time. Sootblowers R 1 begin at the time t 1 , sootblowers R 2 begin at the time t 2 , etc. Associated with said time distribution of the sootblowing there is also a spatial distribution within the technical plant, because the sootblowers are mounted at different locations.
  • the effects of the incremental sootblowing on the flue gas temperature are likewise made clear on the basis of FIG. 3 b .
  • the flue gas temperature T now fluctuates within a significantly smaller interval [Tmax, Tmin].
  • a further shortening of the time intervals between the operation of the individual sootblowers would thus lead to quasi-continuous operation of the sootblowers and thus also to a quasi-continuous profile of the flue gas or steam temperature.
  • Incremental cleaning of the heat exchanger surfaces thus reduces the extent of the thermal variations in the steam generator.
  • the sootblowing is performed more frequently by means of the individual sootblowers or sootblower groups, and depending on demand, for shorter periods than before.
  • sootblower regulation can advantageously be integrated into the temperature regulation of the boiler. An automatic activation of individual sootblowers always takes place with consideration being given to plant conditions.
  • the invention permits very fine control of the steam temperatures within the boiler and in the heat exchanger region, both from a time aspect and also from a spatial aspect.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates, in the manner of a sketch, two tracts ST 1 and ST 2 of a heat exchanger, for example of the reheater.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates, by way of an example, an embodiment of a controller of a sootblower device in the form of a block circuit diagram.
  • the overall system of the sootblowers RBGS is connected to individual sootblower groups RBG 1 to RBGN and controls these in accordance with the sootblowing algorithm according to the invention.
  • all of the units are connected to a monitoring logic module which in turn is connected to an item of software which comprises an optimization program OP as claimed in one of the claims.
  • individual sootblowers or subgroups of sootblowers RBG 1 to RBGN are formed which, altogether, clean individually identifiable heat exchangers and are thus divided such that an individual cleaning operation changes the overall heat transfer of the heat exchanger only slightly.
  • the fouling of the individual heat exchangers is controlled such that, in steady-state operation of the boiler, the heat absorption by the individual regions can be regulated in the fine range.
  • Control variables of the method according to the invention are the times at which the individual sootblowers or subgroups are activated. From these, it is possible to determine both the periods of uninterrupted operation of the individual sootblowers and also the average of the sootblower groups which are assigned to a certain heat exchanger.
  • Input variables of the method are the sensor data regarding the temperatures of the water vapor and flue gas (see FIG. 2 ), the mass flows thereof, and also injection rates of cooling water into fresh steam and reheated steam. Heat balances, heat transfer coefficients and thus the fouling of the individual boiler regions are determined from said variables.
  • thermal imbalances and likewise injection rates of the fresh steam and of the reheater steam are measured.
  • the uninterrupted operating time of the individual sootblowers subgroups for the next cleaning cycle, and the sootblowing time for these, are selected in a targeted manner. It is the case for all of the heat exchangers that thermal imbalances are always equalized by means of the sootblowing.
  • thermal imbalances are always equalized by means of the sootblowing.
  • the injection rate of the fresh steam plays a significant role.
  • monitoring is performed to ensure adherence to a minimum cleaning action. This is intended to prevent the formation of conglomerates which are no longer removable or which are dangerously large.
  • the region is defined as being “clean”. Further sootblowing then takes place only when new relevant fouling is identified. Repeated cleaning of clean regions, which causes surface damage, is thus effectively prevented.
  • the present heat transfer for the presently clean state can always be newly defined (learned) again, and a corresponding degree of fouling for ongoing operation deter mined from this.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Incineration Of Waste (AREA)
  • Control Of Steam Boilers And Waste-Gas Boilers (AREA)
US13/695,147 2010-04-29 2011-04-29 Method and device for controlling the temperature of steam in a boiler Abandoned US20130192541A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102010018717.8 2010-04-29
DE102010018717 2010-04-29
PCT/EP2011/056853 WO2011135081A2 (fr) 2010-04-29 2011-04-29 Procédé et dispositif destinés au contrôle de la température de la vapeur dans une chaudière

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US (1) US20130192541A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2564118B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN103328887B (fr)
WO (1) WO2011135081A2 (fr)

Cited By (2)

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CN105069185A (zh) * 2015-07-14 2015-11-18 东南大学 一种利用烟气压差法建立空预器清洁因子计算模型的方法及应用
WO2021222707A1 (fr) * 2020-05-01 2021-11-04 International Paper Company Système et procédé de commande du fonctionnement d'une chaudière de récupération afin de réduire l'encrassement

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DE102011108327A1 (de) * 2011-07-25 2013-01-31 Clyde Bergemann Gmbh Maschinen- Und Apparatebau Verfahren zur Erhöhung des Wirkungsgrades einer Verbrennungsanlage, insbesondere eines Müllverbrennungs- oder Biomassekraftwerkes
FR3021103B1 (fr) * 2014-05-13 2016-05-06 Renault Sa Procede de detection de perte de performance d'un echangeur thermique de circuit de refroidissement
CN108303888B (zh) * 2018-02-07 2020-11-03 广东电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院 一种电站锅炉主蒸汽温度减温喷水控制方法及系统
CN108506921B (zh) * 2018-04-25 2024-04-30 西安西热节能技术有限公司 一种电站锅炉的中高压工业供汽系统及方法
CN113378394B (zh) * 2021-06-19 2023-04-18 中国大唐集团科学技术研究院有限公司中南电力试验研究院 一种基于古尔维奇热平衡的智能吹灰算法
CN114111437B (zh) * 2021-10-26 2024-07-26 湖南永杉锂业有限公司 一种换热器结垢处理系统及其控制方法

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105069185A (zh) * 2015-07-14 2015-11-18 东南大学 一种利用烟气压差法建立空预器清洁因子计算模型的方法及应用
WO2021222707A1 (fr) * 2020-05-01 2021-11-04 International Paper Company Système et procédé de commande du fonctionnement d'une chaudière de récupération afin de réduire l'encrassement
US20230131798A1 (en) * 2020-05-01 2023-04-27 International Paper Company System and methods for controlling operation of a recovery boiler to reduce fouling

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CN103328887A (zh) 2013-09-25
WO2011135081A3 (fr) 2013-11-28
CN103328887B (zh) 2016-04-20
WO2011135081A2 (fr) 2011-11-03
EP2564118A2 (fr) 2013-03-06
EP2564118B1 (fr) 2016-06-01

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