US20130025295A1 - Temperature control element and temperature control device for a vehicle - Google Patents

Temperature control element and temperature control device for a vehicle Download PDF

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Publication number
US20130025295A1
US20130025295A1 US13/632,468 US201213632468A US2013025295A1 US 20130025295 A1 US20130025295 A1 US 20130025295A1 US 201213632468 A US201213632468 A US 201213632468A US 2013025295 A1 US2013025295 A1 US 2013025295A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
layer
heat conductor
conductor layer
peltier element
temperature control
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Abandoned
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US13/632,468
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English (en)
Inventor
Holger BREHM
Juergen GRUENWALD
Dirk Neumeister
Holger Schroth
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Mahle Behr GmbH and Co KG
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Behr GmbH and Co KG
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Priority claimed from DE102010013467A external-priority patent/DE102010013467A1/de
Application filed by Behr GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Behr GmbH and Co KG
Assigned to BEHR GMBH & CO. KG reassignment BEHR GMBH & CO. KG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: NEUMEISTER, DIRK, BREHM, HOLGER, GRUENWALD, JUERGEN, Schroth, Holger
Publication of US20130025295A1 publication Critical patent/US20130025295A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60N—SEATS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES; VEHICLE PASSENGER ACCOMMODATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60N2/00—Seats specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement or mounting of seats in vehicles
    • B60N2/56—Heating or ventilating devices
    • B60N2/5678—Heating or ventilating devices characterised by electrical systems
    • B60N2/5692—Refrigerating means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N10/00—Thermoelectric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials, i.e. devices exhibiting Seebeck or Peltier effects
    • H10N10/10—Thermoelectric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials, i.e. devices exhibiting Seebeck or Peltier effects operating with only the Peltier or Seebeck effects
    • H10N10/17—Thermoelectric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials, i.e. devices exhibiting Seebeck or Peltier effects operating with only the Peltier or Seebeck effects characterised by the structure or configuration of the cell or thermocouple forming the device

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a temperature control element and a temperature control device for a motor vehicle, particularly for an electric or hybrid vehicle.
  • PTC auxiliary heaters or PTC thermistor auxiliary heaters are a possibility for electric vehicles without having to carry a fuel such as gasoline, bioethanol, etc., to cover the heating requirement for the passenger compartment in colder times of the year.
  • PTC auxiliary heaters disposed on the air side are already being mass-produced for vehicles with at times limited waste heat, for instance, for modern diesel vehicles during a cold start.
  • a form of realization here is, for example, a heater principle with layers of ribbing, glued one on top of the other, with PTC stones between the layers.
  • this design is especially simple, because no frame, housing, tube, or the like surrounding the heating unit or parts thereof are needed, but there is a serial material connection with the particular adjacent layers because of the adhesive bonds. Because in this simple construction the ribbing itself carries current, but it is suitable solely for low voltage applications, e.g., for the 12 V on-board electrical system.
  • thermoelectric materials are already utilized in niche applications for cooling, for instance, cooling of electronic components or in camping coolers.
  • the efficiency has been regarded thus far as being too low; in contrast the converse effect of current generation from temperature differences by means of thermoelectrics in the exhaust gas line of vehicles driven by internal combustion engines is propagated by well-known manufacturers in expert circles and developed in the direction of mass-production readiness.
  • the conventional cooling circuit is employed for air conditioning the passenger area, and electrical resistance heaters are largely relied upon for heating in first generation electric vehicles.
  • thermoelectrics at high driving temperature gradients are affected even more greatly than conventional heat pumps by the reduction of the COP or efficiency.
  • the cooling circuit in principle works with an acceptable COP, but contains many individual components and must be topped up regularly with coolant. Overall, separate units for heating (heating unit) and cooling (cooling circuit) must be installed for each of the two functions.
  • the present invention is based on the realization that by a skillful series connection of Peltier elements, a heating or cooling unit in the layer design can be enabled in such a way that in each case similarly doped Peltier elements are arranged adjacent in a layer.
  • Peltier elements differs from the use of PTC stones, among others, in the fact that two differently doped materials, therefore p- and n-doped elements, are interconnected.
  • the Peltier elements form such a configuration that a hot side of two differently doped Peltier elements and a cold side of two differently doped Peltier elements are connected in an electrically conducting manner, so that a series connection results overall.
  • This type of configuration can hardly be applied directly to a production-suitable heating or cooling unit, because the metallic conductors do not form a continuous bar, which goes beyond two differently doped, directly adjacent elements. The breaks could be bridged only by an electrical nonconductor. These nonconductors represent an obstacle for heat transfer on both sides.
  • the approach of the invention describes a heating unit with a possible cooling function for heating or cooling the passenger area of an electric vehicle, which can be produced as cost-effectively as possible with the lowest possible effort and already usable production technologies, and in addition has a high efficiency through heat transfer optimization.
  • a heating unit of the invention may have simple to produce, continuous bars for a ribbing and continuous channels for cooling water, which are made as electrical conductors.
  • a high heat transfer can be realized by as direct as possible thermal connection of the Peltier elements on a liquid and/or air side; this can be attributed in particular to the fact that no electrical insulators are present in this area as heat barriers.
  • this type of combination of series and parallel connections can be adjusted to 12 V.
  • the heat transfer at ribs on the air side and a cooling water channel can be made two-sided according to an embodiment. This type of structure offers the further advantage that a possible thermal insulation effect of a galvanic separation, e.g., between the ribs, is not problematic, because there is no temperature gradient here owing to the symmetry requirement.
  • a basic design formed according to the approach of the invention here thus offers the advantage that it differs substantially in two points from a heating unit with a material connection.
  • cooling water channels are already present as heat sources, for a heating mode, or as heat sinks, for a cooling mode.
  • an electrical insulation layer is present in the middle between the corrugated ribs. Operation of a heating unit of the invention with Peltier elements for a heating or cooling mode is accordingly such that net heat flows in sum occur only in the vertical direction and are to be understood in this way.
  • heating without combustion waste heat with a COP>1 and a combination of the functions of cooling and heating in one structure are possible.
  • elimination of coolants and a simple decentralization through modularity result, because of the repeating layers and a repeating planar structure within a layer.
  • the present invention provides a temperature control element for a vehicle, with the following features: a first Peltier element layer; a second Peltier element layer; a first electrically conductive heat conductor layer for conducting a first heat transfer fluid; and a second electrically conductive heat conductor layer for conducting a second heat transfer fluid, whereby the first Peltier element layer, the second Peltier element layer, the first heat conductor layer, and the second heat conductor layer are arranged in the form of a stack, so that the first heat conductor layer and/or the second heat conductor layer are arranged between the first Peltier element layer and the second Peltier element layer, and whereby an electric current conducted through the stack brings about a temperature control of the first heat conductor layer and the second heat conductor layer due to a Peltier effect.
  • the temperature control element can be used, for example, in an electric or hybrid vehicle, to control the temperature of a passenger cell in the vehicle. Temperature control in this case can mean both heating and cooling.
  • the first Peltier element layer and the second Peltier element layer can be formed from two differently doped semiconductor materials. Thus, for example, the first Peltier element layer can be n-doped and the second Peltier element layer p-doped or, vice versa, the first Peltier element layer can be p-doped and the second Peltier element layer n-doped.
  • semiconductor materials instead of semiconductor materials, other suitable conductors can also be used for the Peltier element layers.
  • the first and second electrically conductive heat conductor layer can be made from a highly conductive metal.
  • a current applied to the temperature control element can enter at one end of the stack into the temperature control element, pass through the entire stack, and again leave it at an opposite end, for example, via suitable contacts that are connected to an electrical line.
  • a heat transfer fluid can flow through the first and second electrically conductive heat conductor layer.
  • the first and second heat conductor layer can be arranged in the stack relative to the first and second Peltier element layer, so that a temperature generated by the Peltier effect can be transferred to the heat transfer fluid being conducted in said layer. According to the Peltier effect and the arrangement of the heat conductor layers in regard to the Peltier element layers, one of the heat transfer fluids is always heated and the other cooled during operation of the temperature control element.
  • the first and second heat transfer fluid can be in each case, e.g., a gas or a fluid.
  • one of the heat transfer fluids can be used to be conducted to a passenger cell of the vehicle in order to cool or heat said cell. If the current flow in the temperature control element is reversed, the heat transfer fluid, which was previously heated by the temperature control element, can now be cooled or vice versa.
  • electrical insulation can be arranged between the heat transfer fluid and a surface, facing the heating fluid, of the heat conductor layer.
  • the temperature control element can comprise an additional first electrically conductive heat conductor layer and in addition or alternatively an additional second electrically conductive heat conductor layer.
  • the additional first and/or additional second heat conductor layer can be arranged in the stack separated by at least one of the first or second Peltier element layer from the first or second heat conductor layer.
  • the stack can be structured so that the additional second heat conductor layer, on which the first Peltier element layer is arranged, is located at the very bottom of the stack. On this layer, the first heat conductor layer, on which the second Peltier element layer is located, can be arranged in turn.
  • the second heat conductor layer can form the closure of the temperature control element stack.
  • the stack can be built so that the additional first heat conductor layer forms the first layer of the stack.
  • the first Peltier element layer, the second heat conductor layer, the first heat conductor layer, the second Peltier element layer, and the additional second heat conductor layer can be arranged one after another, whereby a thermal insulation layer can be arranged between the second heat conductor layer and the first heat conductor layer.
  • the second heat conductor layer can have a first electrical contact and the additional second heat conductor layer a second electrical contact.
  • the first Peltier element layer and the second Peltier element layer can be arranged between the second heat conductor layer and the additional second heat conductor layer.
  • the first heat conductor layer can be arranged between the first Peltier element layer and the second Peltier element layer. According to this arrangement, a first Peltier effect can be achieved at the first heat conductor layer, so that the first heat conductor layer can be heated or cooled according to a polarity of the current conducted through the stack.
  • the second heat conductor layer can be heated when the first heat conductor layer is cooled or cooled when the first heat conductor layer is heated.
  • This arrangement offers the further advantage that no thermally insulating layer is needed between the individual layers and differently temperature-controlled heat conductor layers are always separated by a Peltier element layer.
  • a galvanic separation and no thermogalvanic separation between the temperature control elements are necessary, because here two heat conductor layers are arranged adjacent to one another that are exposed to the same Peltier effect and thus have a similar temperature.
  • the temperature control element can comprise an additional first heat conductor layer and an additional second heat conductor layer.
  • the first heat conductor layer can have a first electrical contact
  • the additional first heat conductor layer can have a second electrical contact.
  • the temperature control element can have an electrical line for connecting the second heat conductor layer to the additional second heat conductor layer.
  • the first heat conductor layer and the second heat conductor layer can be arranged between the first and second Peltier element layer and the first Peltier element layer and the second Peltier element layer are arranged between the additional first heat conductor layer and the additional second heat conductor layer.
  • a galvanic and thermal insulation layer can be arranged, moreover, between the first heat conductor layer and the second heat conductor layer.
  • an electric current can enter the temperature control element at the first electrical contact and from there pass through the second Peltier element layer, the second heat conductor layer, and via the electrical line the additional second heat conductor layer, the first Peltier element layer, and finally the additional first heat conductor layer.
  • the electric current can be conducted out of the temperature control element and perhaps into an additional temperature control element.
  • the different heat conductor layers of the temperature control element can also be connected together via additional electrical lines.
  • the additional lines in this regard can be arranged in each case at the ends, opposite to the lines, of the particular heat conductor layers of the temperature control element.
  • the heat conductor layers provided with a first or second contact can each have additional contacts for connecting the additional lines.
  • the first Peltier element layer can have at least two first Peltier element conductors arranged adjacent to one another
  • the second Peltier element layer can have at least two second Peltier element conductors arranged adjacent to one another.
  • a distance between the individual Peltier elements can be selected depending on a heat output of the Peltier element conductors.
  • An electrical insulation can be arranged between the individual Peltier element conductors.
  • the Peltier element conductors can be arranged in a planar manner, therefore, for example, next to one another in both the longitudinal and transverse direction.
  • the first Peltier element layer and the second Peltier element layer can each have at least one first Peltier element conductor and at least one second Peltier element conductor.
  • the first and second Peltier element conductor in this regard can be arranged adjacent to one another and be connected in an electrically conductive manner.
  • the electric current conducted through the stack can flow serially through the first Peltier element conductor and second Peltier element conductor.
  • the first Peltier element conductor can be n-doped and the second Peltier element conductor can be p-doped, or vice versa.
  • This embodiment of the temperature control element offers the advantage that perhaps already available prototypes of heating elements based in Peltier technology can be used for constructing the temperature control element proposed here. This results in a saving of time and cost during production.
  • the first heat conductor layer can be configured as a coolant channel and the second heat conductor layer can be configured as a rib element.
  • the coolant channel can be formed as a tube for carrying a coolant fluid.
  • the rib element can be formed, for example, from two bars, between which a zigzag-shaped or wavelike bent metal band is arranged, so that, for example, obliquely arranged ribs are formed between the bars.
  • the second heat transfer fluid for example, can be air, which is brought into the vehicle from the vehicle environment and is passed through the second heat conductor layer, where it is cooled or heated according to a temperature of the second heat conductor layer.
  • the second heat conductor layer advantageously offers a large temperature transfer area for the fluid passed through the second heat conductor layer.
  • the first heat conductor layer can be configured to carry air and the second heat conductor layer to carry a fluid.
  • the first heat conductor layer can have a plurality of adjacently arranged coolant channels and the additional heat conductor layer can have a plurality of adjacently arranged rib elements.
  • the first heat conductor layer can have a galvanic insulation layer on an outer side. It can be surrounded by a conductor layer, which can be formed to enable a current flow between the first Peltier element layer and the second Peltier element layer.
  • the first heat conductor layer can be surrounded completely by the conductor layer, or the conductor layer can be applied to two opposite sides of the first heat conductor layer and be connected to an electric line. The electric current flow through the temperature control element stack can be assured in this way, whereby at the same time the first heat conductor layer is excluded from an electric current flow. Thus, leakage currents in the coolant flowing through the first heat conductor layer can be prevented.
  • the first heat conductor layer and the second heat conductor layer can be configured to provide flow directions, orthogonal to one another, for the first heat transfer fluid and the second heat transfer fluid. In this way, inlets and outlets for the different heat transfer fluids can be arranged on different sides of the temperature control element.
  • the present invention provides further a temperature control device, which comprises a plurality of temperature control elements, whereby the plurality of temperature control elements are interconnected in a series connection via the respective first and second contacts.
  • a galvanic insulation layer can be arranged between two each of the plurality of temperature control elements. In this way, an electric current flow can be assured one after the other through all temperature control elements of the temperature control device. Contacts of a first and last temperature control device in regard to the current flow can be connected to a current source. Galvanic insulation layers arranged between adjacent temperature control elements can, moreover, provide a thermal insulation between the individual temperature control elements. This is especially important when two differently temperature-controlled heat conductor layers are arranged adjacent to one another in the temperature control device.
  • the temperature control elements can be interconnected both in a series connection and in a parallel connection or in a combination form in the temperature control device.
  • the plurality of temperature control elements can be arranged in at least one stack.
  • a dimension of the temperature control device can be adapted to existing spatial circumstances by a suitable number of stacked temperature control elements and/or a horizontal extent of the individual layers of the plurality of temperature control elements.
  • the temperature control device can also be formed from a plurality of stacks, which are arranged adjacently and are connected via the respective contacts in a series or parallel connection.
  • the present invention provides further a temperature control device for a vehicle, with the following features: a first heat conductor layer for conducting a first heat transfer fluid; a Peltier element layer which has a plurality of Peltier elements, which are arranged spaced apart from one another and each comprise a plurality of Peltier element conductors; and a second heat conductor layer for conducting a second heat transfer fluid, whereby the layers are arranged in the form of a stack, so that the Peltier element layer is arranged between the first heat conductor layer and the second heat conductor layer.
  • the Peltier element layer can be configured to cool the first heat conductor layer and to heat the second heat conductor layer, or vice versa.
  • Each Peltier element can be made as a separate Peltier module.
  • each Peltier element has its own electrical connections for supplying and removing a current flowing through the Peltier element conductors of the Peltier element.
  • the Peltier elements can each have a base plate on which solely the Peltier element conductors of the particular Peltier element are arranged. A distance between adjacent Peltier element conductors within a Peltier element can be smaller than a distance between adjacent Peltier elements.
  • the Peltier elements can have both n-doped Peltier element conductors and p-doped Peltier element conductors.
  • the Peltier element conductors can also be made as vapor-deposited conductive tracks or as a textile.
  • the plurality of Peltier elements of a Peltier element layer can cover a maximum of a tenth of the total area of the Peltier element layer.
  • a thermally insulating interspace can be located between the Peltier elements.
  • the plurality of Peltier element conductors can cover a maximum of a tenth of the total area of the Peltier element layer.
  • the temperature control device can have an additional Peltier element layer, which has a plurality of additional Peltier elements, which are arranged spaced apart from one another and in each case comprise a plurality of additional Peltier element conductors, and an additional first heat conductor layer for conducting the first heat transfer fluid.
  • the additional Peltier element layer can be arranged in the stack between the second heat conductor layer and the additional first heat conductor layer. In this way, no thermal insulation is needed between adjacent layers.
  • the temperature control device can have a thermal insulation layer, an additional first heat conductor layer for conducting the first heat transfer fluid, and an additional Peltier element layer, which has a plurality of additional Peltier elements ( 600 ), which are arranged spaced apart from one another and each comprise a plurality of additional Peltier element conductors.
  • the thermal insulation layer can be arranged in the stack adjacent to the second heat conductor layer and the additional first heat conductor layer in the stack between the thermal insulation layer and the additional Peltier element layer.
  • a temperature control device has a switching device, which is configured to conduct the first heat transfer fluid in a first operating mode of the temperature control device through the first heat conductor layer and the additional first heat conductor layer and in a second operating mode of the temperature control device either through the first heat conductor layer or through the additional first heat conductor layer.
  • the temperature control element can be designed as a flap.
  • the temperature control device can achieve a higher heat output in the first operating mode than in the second operating mode.
  • an electric current which has an optimal current strength for operating the Peltier element conductors, can flow through active Peltier element conductors both in the first operating mode and in the second operating mode.
  • adjacently arranged Peltier element layers for example, the first Peltier element layer and the second Peltier element layer, can have a different number of Peltier element conductors or Peltier elements.
  • an arrangement of Peltier element conductors or Peltier elements on adjacently arranged Peltier elements layers can be different.
  • an extended area for the Peltier element conductors or the Peltier elements on the adjacently arranged Peltier element layers can be different.
  • a temperature distribution within the Peltier element layers can be influenced by a suitable selection of the arrangement, number, and/or size. A homogeneous temperature distribution in particular can be achieved.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a temperature control device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a temperature control device according to a further exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is an enlarged illustration of a detail of the temperature control device of FIG. 2 ;
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a temperature control device according to a further exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a series connection of a plurality of temperature control devices according to a further exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a Peltier element of a further exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a Peltier element layer according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a temperature control device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 is an exploded diagram of a section of a temperature control device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a Peltier element layer and a Peltier element according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 11 is a projection of two Peltier element layers according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a temperature control device 100 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • Temperature control device 100 is formed here by a stack of four temperature control elements 105 .
  • Temperature control device 100 can also have more or fewer temperature control elements 105 .
  • Each temperature control device 105 in FIG. 1 has a first Peltier element layer 110 , a second Peltier element layer 115 , a first heat conductor layer 120 , a second heat conductor layer 125 , and an additional second heat conductor layer 130 .
  • second heat conductor layer 125 forms the base of the stack.
  • first Peltier element layer 110 is arranged, on which in turn first heat conductor layer 120 is arranged. It is covered by second Peltier element layer 115 , on which finally there is the additional second heat conductor layer 130 .
  • first Peltier element layer 110 and second Peltier element layer 115 each include three individual spaced-apart, adjacently arranged Peltier element conductors 135 .
  • Peltier element conductors 135 in first Peltier element layer 110 are n-doped and Peltier element conductors 135 in second Peltier element layer 115 are p-doped.
  • first heat conductor layer 120 is configured in each case as a coolant channel.
  • Second heat conductor layer 125 and additional second heat conductor layer 130 are each made as a rib element with two parallel bars and ribs arranged obliquely between the bars.
  • a galvanic insulation layer 140 is arranged between two adjacent temperature control elements 105 . For the sake of clarity, only one of the galvanic insulation layers 140 is labeled with a reference character.
  • one of the two bars of rib elements 130 can also be omitted, for example, when two temperature control elements 105 follow one another in the stack, so that a second heat conductor layer 125 is adjacent to a temperature control element 105 , and is arranged separated perhaps only by a galvanic insulation layer 140 from another second heat conductor layer 130 of a following temperature control element 105 .
  • the bar adjacent to insulation layer 140 can be omitted. Adjacent layers can be in direct contact to one another.
  • each second heat conductor layer 125 has a first electrical contact 145 and additional second heat conductor layer 130 a second electrical contact 150 .
  • first contact 145 of the topmost temperature control element 105 in temperature control device 100 and second contact 150 of the lowest temperature control element 105 are connected to an electrical supply line or discharge line, so that a current introduced by the supply line in temperature control device 100 flows through the entire stack and can again leave it through the discharge line.
  • Each heating unit or each temperature control element 105 contains a coolant channel 120 and air passages 125 , 130 . Heat is transported over Peltier elements 135 between the coolant and Peltier elements 135 and between Peltier elements 135 and ribbed air side 125 , 130 .
  • a design principle that is simple to produce can be achieved by the advantageous electrical interconnection 155 .
  • heating unit 105 manages without electrical insulators, which generally would negatively affect heat conduction properties in areas of high required heat transfer.
  • Coolant flows through coolant channels 120 .
  • Peltier elements 135 are attached to these on both sides, so that heat transfer can occur in both directions. The heat is transferred via Peltier elements 135 and reaches the ribbed air side 125 , 130 , and ribs 125 , 130 facilitate the heat transfer to the air.
  • This heat path is also made electrically continuously conductive, because the electrically conductive heat conductor layers 120 , 125 , 130 are made of metal, e.g., aluminum, and Peltier elements 135 contain thermoelectrically active functional material.
  • Electrical insulation layer 140 is located in the middle between corrugated ribs 125 , 130 . A possible heat transfer resistance by insulation layer 140 plays no role, because according to the symmetry no heat transfer occurs here in the vertical direction within the meaning of the operating principle.
  • Peltier elements 135 in FIG. 1 are configured in a row (layer) and are exclusively p- or n-doped.
  • the electrical interconnection 155 occurs in such a way that an enlargement of temperature control device 100 in the vertical direction by an increase in the number of layers of temperature control elements 105 brings about an increase in the total voltage drop at temperature control device 100 .
  • temperature control device 100 comprises four layers of temperature control elements 105 each with an identical internal structure.
  • a horizontal enlargement of temperature control device 100 brings about a greater current strength, because all elements in a layer are connected electrically in parallel.
  • the rib elements or air sides 125 , 130 of two adjacent vertical layers are connected by a separate electrical conductor 155 , which is symbolized as a “cable” in the illustration, in such a way that the Peltier elements 135 , attached directly on an air side 125 , 130 , have a different doping.
  • the connection between two layers at Peltier elements 135 , which are attached to the same coolant channel 120 need not be bridged by separate conductors, because coolant channel 120 itself is electrically conductive.
  • a temperature control element layer 105 could be rotated 180°, so that the same doping does not always lie on top and the other doping on the bottom.
  • Electrical connections 145 , 150 are attached as shown in FIG. 1 , so that they are integrated seamlessly into the interconnection principle.
  • the number of layers of temperature control elements 105 defines the range of the voltage drop at heating unit 100 .
  • the electrical interconnection can be interrupted by additional electrical supply lines.
  • the heating unit section of FIG. 1 can be replicated precisely and placed at the top on the existing section. The separation would then be purely electrical, and the mechanical attachment could be made similar to the connection between the other layers. A too low voltage drop would more likely be expected, however, for example, when the voltage made available by a voltage source is to be tapped as completely as possible, for instance, 12 V in a low-voltage on-board electrical system of the vehicle.
  • the current flow can again be described as follows:
  • the current flows through a row of Peltier elements 135 with the same doping, in a parallel connection, to cooling water channel 120 and through this channel to a row of differently doped elements 135 , which are also connected in series.
  • Via the air side 125 here a ribbing or a base plate with, e.g., ribs applied by soldering, there is an electrical connection 150 to a separate conductor 155 , of possible random design, which causes the current flow in the ribbing or base plate 130 with, e.g., ribs, applied by soldering, of another layer 105 .
  • the doping changes in the electrical series connection of adjacent elements.
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a temperature control device 200 according to a further exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • Temperature control device 200 has a structure that is virtually identical to temperature control device 100 of FIG. 1 , with the difference that each temperature control element 105 has an outer electrical connection 205 for bypassing coolant channel 120 .
  • only one of the electrical connections 205 is provided with a reference character.
  • the use of electrical connections 205 is due to the fact that as a rule no purely organic coolants are used, but those that contain a certain amount of water. As a result, the coolant becomes electrically conductive and would be exposed to a voltage difference during use in a temperature control device according to FIG. 1 .
  • coolant channel 120 can be prevented by removing coolant channel 120 from the current cascade: Accordingly, for example, a nonconductor is applied in a thin layer to coolant tube 120 , so that a heat transport resistance is as low as possible. A preferably continuous conductive layer is in turn applied to said layer. Coolant channel 120 itself thus remains potential-free, but must be bypassed for this by the separate conductor 205 , as is the case on the air side 125 , 130 . Conductor 205 can also be designed differently than shown in FIG. 2 .
  • FIG. 3 in a detail enlargement shows a structure of a coolant channel 120 according to the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 2 .
  • Shown is a section of coolant channel 120 in a longitudinal section illustration.
  • a galvanic insulation layer 305 made from an insulator is applied to coolant channel 120 , so that an electrical voltage transmitted to a tube wall 310 cannot be transmitted to a cooling fluid flowing through coolant tube 120 .
  • a conductor layer 315 made from an electrical conductor is applied over galvanic insulation layer 305 .
  • Conductor layer 315 in turn has an electrical contact to discharge line 320 , which here can tap the electric current and supply it to conductor layer 315 at another place, so that the cooling fluid remains excluded from the electric current flow.
  • Tube wall 310 can be made, for example, of aluminum.
  • FIG. 4 in a schematic diagram shows an alternative exemplary embodiment of a temperature control device 400 .
  • Temperature control device 400 comprises a vertical stack of three temperature control elements 405 . These have a structure different from the temperature control elements explained in conjunction with FIG. 1 .
  • second heat conductor layer 125 between first Peltier element layer 110 and second Peltier element layer 115 is also arranged next to first heat conductor layer 120 .
  • a galvanic and thermal insulation layer 410 is located between first heat conductor layer 120 and second heat conductor layer 125 .
  • the galvanic and thermal insulation layer 410 can have an optional bar for rib element 125 or rib element 130 .
  • the galvanic insulation layer explained in regard to FIG. 1 , is omitted here.
  • temperature control element 405 has an additional first heat conductor layer 415 , which forms a base of temperature control element 405 .
  • first heat conductor layer 120 has first electrical contact 145 and the additional first heat conductor layer 415 second electrical contact 150 .
  • second heat conductor layer 125 of each temperature control element 405 is connected via an electrical line 420 to additional second heat conductor layer 130 .
  • insulation layer 410 on the other side now acts not just in an electrically insulating manner against low voltage but also in a thermally insulating manner. Accordingly, a thickness of insulation layer 410 can be greater here.
  • Air sides 125 , 130 of adjacent layers are connected electrically here via lines 420 ; likewise cooling water sides 120 , 415 of adjacent layers are no longer connected directly electrically to one another, but analogous to the air side also indirectly via separate conductors 425 . This occurs again in such a way that two electrically connected layers 120 , 415 or 125 , 130 have alternating dopings of Peltier stones 135 doped uniformly within a layer.
  • an absolute sequence i.e., a beginning and end of a series connection with a specific doping (p or n), and a number of Peltier elements in each spatial direction basically remain open. Also open is an operation as a heat pump, whereby air is heated, or as an air conditioning unit, whereby air is cooled.
  • the particular functionality can be changed by changing the polarity.
  • FIG. 5 shows in a schematic diagram an exemplary embodiment of an expanded electrical series connection 500 of temperature control devices 100 , 200 , or 400 according to FIGS. 1 to 4 in a horizontal direction.
  • the plurality of temperature control devices 100 , 200 , or 400 is shown in simplified form.
  • temperature control devices 100 , 200 , or 400 are arranged in a plane one behind the other in a depth direction 510 indicated by an arrow.
  • arrangement 500 shown here can also be expanded with additional temperature control devices 100 , 200 , or 400 .
  • the individual temperature control devices 100 , 200 , or 400 are connected together in an electrically conductive manner, so that a current flow can occur through the entire arrangement 500 .
  • Another arrow represents a flow direction 520 of a heat transfer fluid carried, for example, through the second and additional second heat conductor layers of temperature control devices 100 , 200 , or 400 .
  • This can be air, for example.
  • a further exemplary embodiment of a temperature control device of the invention can have a Peltier element layer, which has a plurality of Peltier elements, which in turn have a plurality of Peltier element conductors.
  • Peltier element layer which has a plurality of Peltier elements, which in turn have a plurality of Peltier element conductors.
  • FIG. 6 shows a schematic diagram of such a Peltier element 600 . Shown is a horizontal arrangement of Peltier element conductors 135 .
  • Peltier element conductors 135 In this regard, in each case an n-doped Peltier element conductor and a p-doped Peltier element conductor are arranged alternately in a plane. Adjacently arranged and differently doped Peltier element conductors 135 are each connected to one another alternately via an electrical conductor 605 on a hot side and an additional electrical conductor 605 on a cold side. There are gaps 610 in the electrical conductors 605 on a hot side or cold side opposite to the particular electrical conductors. An electrical insulator 615 is arranged in each case above and below the layer of Peltier element conductors 135 .
  • An exemplary embodiment of a temperature control device of the invention can be built according to the principle of temperature control devices 100 , 200 , 400 shown in the FIGS. 1 to 4 , whereby, however, Peltier elements 600 are used. So that an electric current flow through the entire stack of a temperature control device built in such a way is assured, in contrast to the shown exemplary embodiments 100 , 200 , 400 , here each Peltier element 600 has a supply line and discharge line for the electric current. In contrast to the exemplary embodiments according to FIGS. 1 to 4 , the electric current here flows not vertically but horizontally through the particular Peltier element 600 .
  • Peltier element 600 is connected to a central current supply of the vehicle, generally the car battery, so that a voltage drop of 12 V across the entire stack of the temperature control device is assured.
  • Peltier elements 600 are used, a current flow occurs not through the entire stack, and particularly not through the heat conductor layers, but solely through the Peltier element layers.
  • the individual Peltier element layers can each be connected parallel or serially.
  • each row with thermoelectric elements 600 can be treated separately as a single circuit, when, e.g., the fine structure of Peltier module 600 already causes a voltage drop of 12 V, which corresponds to the conventional functionality.
  • an n- or p-component or n- or p-Peltier element conductor can have a voltage drop of 0.0625 V. With 16 components, this would result in 1 V for a Peltier element. If heating unit 12 has serially connected rows, a 12 V voltage drop would be realized overall.
  • FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of a planar layer, particularly a Peltier element layer 710 , according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • Peltier element layer 710 has a plurality of Peltier elements 600 .
  • Peltier elements 600 can each be a module, as is shown, for example, in FIG. 6 .
  • the individual Peltier elements 600 are each separated from one another by a thermally insulated interspace 712 .
  • a heat flow direction is indicated by an arrow.
  • FIG. 8 shows a schematic illustration of a temperature control device 800 , according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • the temperature control device has a stack of heat conductor layers, of which by way of example an air channel is labeled with reference character 125 , and Peltier element layers, of which by way of example one is labeled with reference character 710 .
  • warm air flows as indicated by the arrow into temperature control device 800 and cold air out of temperature control device 800 .
  • the Peltier elements are arranged or operated so that air channels 125 are cooled.
  • additional heat conductor layers of temperature control device 800 through which, for example, a coolant can flow, are heated.
  • FIG. 9 on the left shows a layer of the temperature control device shown in FIG. 8 and on the right an exploded view of this layer, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Shown is a stack-shaped structure of a first heat conductor layer 120 , two second heat conductor layers 125 , and two Peltier element layers 710 . Peltier element layers 710 are each arranged between first heat conductor layer 120 and one of the second heat conductor layers 125 .
  • First heat conductor layer 120 is designed in the form of a flat coolant channel, through which a coolant 950 flows.
  • Peltier element layers 710 can be configured as Peltier layers with electrical contacting and bonded electrical insulation.
  • FIG. 10 shows a Peltier element layer 710 and a detailed Peltier element 600 , according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • Peltier element layer 710 can be the Peltier layer used in FIG. 9 .
  • An occupancy rate ⁇ can be less than or equal to 10%:
  • Peltier element 600 has a base plate and a cover plate, between which a plurality of Peltier element conductors is arranged.
  • the Peltier element conductors can be arranged according to the arrangement shown in FIG. 6 .
  • the integration level can no longer be in the doped P and N stones, but entire purchased elements can be used, which have a particular fine structure, i.e., P and N.
  • the fine structure can have stones.
  • interconnected stones for example, vapor-deposited conductive tracks or textile can be used.
  • the approach of the invention can be used in a thermoelectric heating and air-conditioning device.
  • a device with a modular structure is used for heating or cooling the internal compartment air.
  • the heat absorption or heat dissipation occurs via the low-temperature circuit of the vehicle, preferably an electric vehicle.
  • the basic design of the device is conceived for the best possible heat transfer.
  • thermoelectric materials are also suitable which could produce the effect without moving parts and without coolant. An ideal situation would be when the cooling function for the passenger area (summer operation) could be realized by means of the same thermoelectric elements, because then the cooling circuit would be completely eliminated and the switching between heating and cooling would be accomplished by changing the polarity of the applied voltage without mechanical changes.
  • the approach of the invention makes it possible to accomplish the function “heating of the passenger area” with a COP>1 (heat pump operation) and to eliminate the separate cooling circuit by electrical switching to the cooling operation, whereby the COP in the cooling operation should not be inferior to the COP of a cooling circuit.
  • thermoelectrics The essential feature of a heating and air-conditioning device with utilization of the Peltier effect is a considerably increased heat transfer with the lowest possible temperature differences between fluid and the thermally connected side of the thermoelectric elements. Because the efficiency of heat exchangers rapidly reaches its limits, the solution remains to bring about small driving temperature differences by a significant reduction of the transferred heat flux density. The association between decreasing COPs at greater temperature differences is much more greatly pronounced in thermoelectrics than in cooling circuits, because undesirable heat conduction in a natural heat flow direction occurs between the warmer and cooler side of a Peltier element.
  • thermoelectric element During the reduction of the power density, one cannot simply reduce the supplying of current to the thermoelectric element, because here the COP would worsen severely, and the elements remain as undesirable thermal bridges between the hot and cold side.
  • the employed semiconductors usually have thermal conductivities in the single-digit range (W/m2K). Instead, the Peltier elements must be supplied with an optimal current strength to be calculated or as a characteristic diagram to be provided, and for reducing the power density may only occupy a small portion of the area of their particular integration-surface layer. The portions of the area not occupied by the thermoelectric material are to be filled, for example, with insulation material, with air, or with gas, as is shown in FIG. 7 .
  • the low power density based on a surface layer of Peltier elements must be compensated in the remaining dimension by successive layers as close as possible, so that overall an acceptable volumetric power density is available and the combination heating/cooling device is not built too large, as is shown in FIG. 8 .
  • the air channels are naturally ribbed, even if no ribs are shown in FIG. 8 .
  • the desired advantages and effects can be amplified by countercurrent flow of the passenger area air and coolant, as is shown in FIG. 8 , and by material connection of the individual layers, as is shown in FIG. 9 .
  • a bonding application of a very thin electrical insulation layer to the conductor layer can occur.
  • successive layers are connected by material bonding and made only as thick as absolutely necessary to fulfill their task: Peltier element->electrical conductor->electrical insulator->bottom of the flow channel (coolant or air side).
  • coolant channel 120 which can be provided with baffles, turbulators, and the like, is attached thermally on both sides to thermoelectric elements.
  • a further advantage of this configuration is the modular structure and the possibility provided thereby by suitable adjustment of the number of layers and choice of the planar dimensions to develop decentralized components, which can be placed close to the particular outlet openings in the front or rear area.
  • the heating and cooling unit is designed so that the maximum COP at one or more relevant operating points can be approximated as closely as possible.
  • the COP would worsen, because the Peltier elements act increasingly as a natural thermal bridge. Therefore, after values fall below a certain power level, individual layers are separated not only electrically, but also thermally from the air stream in that, e.g., flaps close the inlet. This possibility can be realized for a certain number of individual layers, or also overlapping for a number of layers. A finer gradation improves the COP over the operating cycle, and a rougher gradation reduces the cost of production.
  • 12 layers can be provided in a heating and cooling unit. Of these, in the case of a total of 6 layers, 3 layers each can be closed jointly on the air side. Thus, 2 flaps are needed.
  • the number of simultaneously passed-through layers can therefore assume the following values: 6 layers if two flaps are closed, 9 layers if one flap is closed, and 12 layers if all flaps are open.
  • the component is to be dimensioned so that during heat-up or cool-down, i.e., during heating and cooling, the required heating or cooling performance can be achieved, independent of the COP achieved in these phases.
  • FIG. 11 shows a vertical projection of two adjacent Peltier element layers in a view plane, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Shown is a front Peltier element layer, the top layer in FIG. 11 , with a plurality of schematically shown Peltier elements 600 . For the sake of clarity, only one of the plurality of Peltier elements 600 is provided a reference character 600 . Further, a back Peltier element layer is shown with a plurality of schematically shown Peltier elements 1600 . Peltier elements 1600 are shown by broken lines. For the sake of clarity, only one of the plurality of Peltier elements 1600 is again provided with a reference character 1600 .
  • the front Peltier element layer and the back Peltier element layer have a different number of Peltier elements 600 , 1600 .
  • the front Peltier element layer has 16 Peltier elements 600 and the back Peltier element layer 9 Peltier elements 1600 .
  • Peltier elements 600 have a different arrangement on the front Peltier element layer than Peltier elements 1600 on the back Peltier element layer. Shown is a staggered arrangement in which a row or column with Peltier elements 600 alternates with a row or column with Peltier elements 1600 .
  • Peltier elements 600 have no overlapping areas relative to Peltier elements 1600 .
  • Peltier elements 600 and Peltier elements 1600 each have the same size.
  • Peltier elements 600 , 1600 can be identical.
  • Peltier elements 600 , 1600 can be different in size.
  • Peltier elements 600 , 1600 which represent heat sources or heat sinks. This is caused by the fact that the horizontal heat conduction is limited.
  • the planar arrangement and number of Peltier elements 600 , 1600 and in addition or alternatively, the element size of Peltier elements 600 , 1600 can vary between two adjacent Peltier element layers. This can result in the advantage of reducing the formation of hot spots or cold spots, in that the heat sources or heat sinks, which, for example, act on a ribbing, turbulators, or a fluid, in the conceptual vertical projection, shown in FIG. 11 , of both Peltier element layers on a projection area increase in number and have smaller distances.
  • the described exemplary embodiments have been selected only by way of example and can be combined with one another. Particularly, a combination of the exemplary embodiments with Peltier element layers made up of individual Peltier element conductors and the exemplary embodiments with Peltier element layers made up of Peltier elements is possible. In this regard, the electrical interconnection of the Peltier element layers can be adjusted accordingly.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Air-Conditioning For Vehicles (AREA)
US13/632,468 2010-03-30 2012-10-01 Temperature control element and temperature control device for a vehicle Abandoned US20130025295A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (9)

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DE102010013467A DE102010013467A1 (de) 2010-03-30 2010-03-30 Temperierelement und Temperiervorrichtung für ein Fahrzeug
DEDE102010013467.8 2010-03-30
DEDE102010019794.7 2010-05-06
DE102010019794 2010-05-06
DEDE102010027470.4 2010-07-16
DE102010027470 2010-07-16
DE102010043620 2010-11-09
DEDE102010043620.8 2010-11-09
PCT/EP2011/054878 WO2011124509A1 (de) 2010-03-30 2011-03-30 Temperierelement und temperiervorrichtung für ein fahrzeug

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JP6096656B2 (ja) 2017-03-15

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