US20120276079A1 - Method of producing recombinant vitamin k dependent proteins - Google Patents

Method of producing recombinant vitamin k dependent proteins Download PDF

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US20120276079A1
US20120276079A1 US13/459,743 US201213459743A US2012276079A1 US 20120276079 A1 US20120276079 A1 US 20120276079A1 US 201213459743 A US201213459743 A US 201213459743A US 2012276079 A1 US2012276079 A1 US 2012276079A1
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vitamin
factor
protein
dependent protein
dependent
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William N. Drohan
Marian J. Drohan
Michael J. Griffith
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CNJ Holdings Inc
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Inspiration Biopharmaceuticals Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/745—Blood coagulation or fibrinolysis factors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/36—Blood coagulation or fibrinolysis factors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A61P7/04—Antihaemorrhagics; Procoagulants; Haemostatic agents; Antifibrinolytic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
    • C12N9/50—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25)
    • C12N9/64—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from animal tissue
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P21/00—Preparation of peptides or proteins
    • C12P21/02—Preparation of peptides or proteins having a known sequence of two or more amino acids, e.g. glutathione

Definitions

  • the invention related to recombinant vitamin K dependent proteins and methods of preparing the protein in a mammalian cell without the use of heterologous post-translational modification enzymes.
  • Bleeding disorders can result from a deficiency in the functional levels of one or more of the blood proteins, collectively known as blood coagulation factors, that are required for normal hemostasis, i.e. blood coagulation.
  • the severity of a given bleeding disorder is dependent on the blood level of functional coagulation factors. Mild bleeding disorders are generally observed when the functional level of a given coagulation factor reaches about 5% of normal, but if the functional level falls below 1%, severe bleeding is likely to occur with any injury to the vasculature.
  • hemophilia a genetically acquired bleeding disorder that results from a deficiency in either blood coagulation Factor VIII (hemophilia A) or Factor IX (hemophilia B), were successfully treated by periodic infusion of whole blood or blood plasma fractions of varying degrees of purity.
  • Recombinant blood coagulation factors are essentially free of the risks of human pathogen contamination that continue to be a concern that is associated with even high purity commercial preparations that are derived from human blood.
  • vitamin K-dependent blood coagulation proteins e.g. Factors II, VII, IX, X, Protein C and Protein S
  • recombinant technology has been limited by the structural complexity of these proteins and the inability to create genetically engineered cell systems that overcome the inherent deficiencies in the enzymatic activities required for efficient and complete post-translational modification to occur.
  • Herlitschka, et al. (Herlitschka, et al. (1996) Protein Expression and Purification vol. 8: 358-364) used human prothrombin as a reporter with hygromycin phosphotransferase/dihyrofolate reductase (DHFR) as a dominant selection/amplification fusion marker.
  • DHFR hygromycin phosphotransferase/dihyrofolate reductase
  • pro-Factor IX a form of Factor IX that contains a propeptide domain that is required for the efficient intracellular gamma-carboxylation of the protein, must be processed properly prior to secretion, as must Factor VII be processed prior to secretion.
  • VKGC Vitamin K dependent ⁇ -glutamyl carboxylase
  • VKOR Vitamin K dependent epoxide reductase
  • PACE Paired basic amino acid converting enzyme
  • VKGC incorporates a carboxyl group into glutamic acid to modify multiple residues within the vitamin K dependent protein within about 40 residues of the propeptide, within the so-called “gla domain”, VKOR is important for vitamin K dependent proteins because vitamin K is converted to vitamin K epoxide during reactions in which it is a cofactor. The amount of vitamin K in the human diet is limited. Therefore, vitamin K epoxide must be converted back to vitamin K by VKOR to prevent depletion. Consequently, co-transfection with VKOR enhances the appropriate cycling of vitamin K inside the cell and provides sufficient vitamin K for proper functioning of the vitamin K dependent enzymes such as VKGC.
  • PACE is an acronym for paired basic amino acid converting (or cleaving) enzyme
  • PACE is a subtilisin-like endopeptidase, i.e., a propeptide-cleaving enzyme which exhibits specificity for cleavage at basic residues of a polypeptide, e.g., -Lys-Arg-, -Arg-Arg, or -Lys-Lys-.
  • the approach taken here is a process of initial selection, whereby a gene, such as a DNA sequence with introns or a cDNA encoding a gene product for a vitamin K dependent protein such as Factor VII or Factor IX is cloned into mammalian cells, followed by selection for transfected clones.
  • the high level expressers are identified, isolated and optionally pooled and may be re-cloned. In any case, the cloned cells are cultured to select even higher expressing clones.
  • the method selects for cell lines which express high levels of vitamin K dependent proteins without requiring co-transfection with multiple heterologous genes, such as genes encoding enzymes necessary for the post-translational modification of vitamin K dependent proteins.
  • cloning refers to manipulations for isolating and establishing clones.
  • the term “clone” has its usual and customary meaning and refers to a population of cells produced generated from a single parent cell and which therefore should be genetically identical. In some embodiments, limit dilution cloning is used to produce high producing clones. “Limit dilution cloning” has its usual and customary meaning and refers to a process of obtaining a monoclonal cell population starting from a polyclonal mass population of cells. The starting (polyclonal) culture is serially diluted until a single cell is statistically isolated and used to derive a monoclonal culture is obtained.
  • Semi-solid matrix cloning refers to seeding cells at very low densities into into a semi-solid matrix, typically although not necessarily following a the transfection and selection process. Preferably, the cells are seeded into a semi-solid matrix with as few population doublings as possible. The shortest number of population doublings minimizes the risk of losing the highest expressing cells in the original mixed population, since these cells would carry the greatest metabolic burden and likely be overgrown by the faster growing cells that express lower levels of recombinant protein or none at all.
  • Cells are seeded at very low densities (typically 1,000-4,000 but may be as high as 10,000 cells per ml) into a mixture of media, media supplements, conditioned medium (usually 5-20% volume:volume), and a generally inert, biologically compatible, semi-solid medium such as methylcellulose.
  • conditioned medium usually 5-20% volume:volume
  • a generally inert, biologically compatible, semi-solid medium such as methylcellulose.
  • bioactive as used herein in reference to vitamin K dependent proteins is a broad term which has its usual and customary meaning of a substance which has an effect on living matter.
  • the meaning is expanded to include zymogen forms which may not be bioactive per se but are capable of activation.
  • Activation may be by administration to a living body (that is, activation occurs within the body after administration by endogenous factors) or may be in vitro activated by treatment with an appropriate enzyme or set of incubation conditions (e.g. pH, concentration, temperature, etc.).
  • an appropriate enzyme or set of incubation conditions e.g. pH, concentration, temperature, etc.
  • proteolytic cleavage is needed to convert the zymogen, Factor VII, to the active form Factor VIIa.
  • Factor IX is a zymogen which requires proteolytic cleavage to Factor IXa.
  • Factor VIIa and Factor IXa are considered “bioactive”.
  • Factor VII and Factor IX are also considered to be “bioactive” if they have been appropriately post-translationally modified, (with Gla residues for example), so that they are capable of being converted to the bioactive form either in vivo or in vitro.
  • gene as used herein has its usual and customary meaning of a DNA sequence which may contain introns and exons and also includes a cDNA encoding a gene product.
  • treatment does not necessarily mean total cure or abolition of the disease or condition. Any alleviation of any undesired signs or symptoms of a disease or condition, to any extent can be considered treatment and/or therapy.
  • treatment may include acts that may worsen the patient's overall feeling of well-being or appearance.
  • Embodiments of the invention are directed to cell lines which produce recombinant vitamin K dependent protein having at least 20% biological activity.
  • the cell line does not contain heterologous genetic material encoding proteins involved in the post-translation modification of vitamin K dependent proteins.
  • the cell line is a mammalian cell line, more preferably, the mammalian cell line is a Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell line.
  • the gene encoding the Vitamin K dependent protein is operably linked to the Chinese hamster elongation factor 1 (CHEF-1) promoter.
  • the cell line is cultured in a media that includes vitamin K. In some embodiments, the cell line is cultured in a media that does not include vitamin K.
  • the cell line does not contain heterologous DHFR. In preferred embodiments, the cell line has not been subjected to selection with methotrexate.
  • Vitamin K dependent protein is Factor II, Factor VII, Factor IX, Factor X, Protein C or Protein S, and more preferably, Factor VII/VIIa or Factor IX.
  • the Vitamin K dependent protein of the method is Factor II, Factor VII, Factor IX, Factor X, Protein C or Protein S, more preferably Factor IX or Factor VII.
  • the Vitamin K dependent protein is operably linked to the Chinese hamster elongation factor 1 (CHEF-1) promoter.
  • the mammalian cell line is a Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell line.
  • the media may optionally include Vitamin K.
  • cloning is by limit dilution cloning or semi-solid matrix cloning methods. More preferably, limit dilution cloning is used for producing recombinant Factor IX and semi-solid matrix cloning is used for producing recombinant Factor VII/VIIa.
  • the method may include preselecting cells producing at leak 10 mg/L Vitamin K dependent protein antigen, preferably Factor VII/VIIa or Factor IX antigen, before step (b).
  • cells are selected which produce at least 10 mg/L Vitamin K dependent protein antigen, preferably Factor VII/VIIa or Factor IX antigen, after step (b).
  • the Vitamin K dependent protein is Factor IX and at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, and yet more preferably at least 40% of the Vitamin K dependent protein is biologically active. In a most preferred embodiment, at least 58% of the Vitamin K dependent protein is biologically active.
  • the Vitamin K dependent protein is Factor VII/VIIa and at least 60%, more preferably 70%, more preferably 80%, more preferably 90%, more preferably 95%, more preferably 98%, more preferably 99% and most preferably 100% of the Vitamin K dependent protein is biologically active.
  • the vitamin K dependent protein is produced in an amount of at least 20 mg/L, more preferably at least 30 mg/L, and yet more preferably at least 40 mg/L.
  • Embodiments of the invention are directed to recombinant Vitamin K dependent proteins and pharmaceutical preparations containing Vitamin K dependent proteins, in particular Factor VII/VIIa protein and Factor IX protein, where the protein is produced by any of the methods described above.
  • kits which may include one or more Vitamin K dependent proteins, preferably as a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the kit includes Factor VII/VIIa or Factor IX protein in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Embodiments of the invention are directed to methods of treating hemophilia by administering an effective amount of a pharmaceutical preparation of a Vitamin K dependent protein, in particular where the Vitamin K dependent protein is Factor VII/VIIa or Factor IX, to a patient in need of treatment for hemophilia or uncontrollable hemorrhage.
  • Embodiments of the invention are directed to recombinant Factor IX proteins having at least 10%, more preferably 20%, yet more preferably 30%, yet more preferably 40% and yet more preferably 58% biological activity.
  • Embodiments of the invention are directed to Factor VII/VIIa protein having at least 60%, more preferably 70%, more preferably 80%, more preferably 90%, more preferably 95%, more preferably 98%, more preferably 99% and most preferably 100% biological activity.
  • Embodiments of the invention are directed to cell lines which produce recombinant vitamin K dependent protein having at least 20% biological activity.
  • the cell line is generated by transfecting a population of mammalian cells with a cDNA encoding the Vitamin K dependent protein operably linked to a Chinese hamster elongation factor 1 (CHEF-1) promoter; and performing at least one round of cloning and screening to identify cell clones which produce at least 10 mg/L of the Vitamin K dependent protein which is at least 10% biologically active.
  • CHEF-1 Chinese hamster elongation factor 1
  • techniques of limit dilution cloning or semi-solid matrix cloning are used.
  • FIG. 1 shows Factor IX ELISA total antigen results for CHO cell first transfectant clones. There were 152 T335 clones and 171 T337 clones.
  • FIG. 2 shows Factor IX clones % activity versus titer.
  • the present selection method selects for cell lines which produce high levels of biologically active vitamin K dependent proteins.
  • the nucleic acid encoding the vitamin K dependent protein of interest is cloned into a vector where it is operably linked to a strong promoter, preferably CHEF-1.
  • CHEF-1 a strong promoter
  • This approach does not rely upon methotrexate selection and selects for optimal levels of all of the necessary post-translational enzymes, as well as vitamin K dependent protein.
  • Vitamin K dependent proteins include Factors II, VII, IX, X, Protein C and Protein S.
  • the present inventors have found that for production of both recombinant Factor VII/VIIa and Factor IX protein, use of the CHEF-1 promoter operably linked to a gene coding for Factor VII/VIIa or Factor IX in the present method produces very high levels of biologically active Factor VII/VIIa or Factor IX, even without introduction of genes for processing factors and/or addition of processing factors to provide means for post-translational processing of the recombinant Factor VII/VIIa and Factor IX proteins.
  • Any appropriate cell line may be used including, but not limited to insect cells, plant cells and mammalian cells.
  • Mammalian cell lines include Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells and HEK 293 cells.
  • the cell may be selected from a variety of sources, but is otherwise a cell that may be transfected with an expression vector containing a nucleic acid, preferably a cDNA of a vitamin K-dependent protein.
  • clones are selected that produce quantities of the vitamin K-dependent protein over a range(Target Range) that extends from the highest level to the lowest level that is minimally acceptable for the production of a commercial product.
  • Cell clones that produce quantities of the vitamin K-dependent protein within the Target Range may be combined to obtain a single pool or multiple sub-pools that divide the clones into populations of clones that produce high, medium or low levels of the vitamin K-dependent protein within the Target Range.
  • the clones are not pooled but are maintained as monoclonal cultures.
  • transfected cells that produce a vitamin K-dependent protein within the Target Range may be analyzed to determine the extent to which fully functional protein is produced Levels of vitamin K dependent protein antigen may be determined by conventional ELISA.
  • Commercial kits are available such as VisuLize® (Factor IX Antigen ELISA kit from Affinity biologicals (Ancaster, Ontario, Canada).
  • the selected transfectant pool is cloned to determine the optimal level of production of fully functional vitamin K-dependent protein. It is contemplated that higher percentages of fully functional vitamin K-dependent protein will be produced by cell clones that produce lower total amounts of the vitamin K-dependent protein within the Target Range. In preferred embodiments, the optimal level of production will be the highest level of functional vitamin K-dependent protein.
  • assay of Factor IX may use a Universal Coagulation Reference Plasma (UCRP) as a standard for Factor IX activity and Factor IX-deficient plasma for dilution of calibration standards and unknown samples.
  • UCRP Universal Coagulation Reference Plasma
  • the assay involves mixing plasma with activator and calcium chloride to initiate the clotting cascade, with formation of the fibrin clot measured by absorbance.
  • the clotting time measured in this assay is the aPTT (activated partial thromboplastin time), the time required for the absorbance to cross a pre-determined threshold value.
  • UCRP Factor IX Reference Standard
  • the assay is conducted on an automated coagulation analyzer. Potency in units/mL is obtained by use of an international WHO standard for blood coagulation factor IX.
  • Chromogenic assays include conventional chromogenic FVIIa Bioactivity assays such as BIOPHEN FVII® (Ref No. 221304) available from HYPHEN BioMed. A cleavage product produced during the assay is measured spectrophotometrically.
  • a vector is a replicable DNA construct. Many transfection methods to create genetically engineered cells that express large quantities of recombinant proteins are well known. Embodiments of the invention are not dependent on the use of any specific expression vector. In preferred embodiments, cells are transfected with an expression vector that contains the cDNA encoding the protein.
  • Vectors are used herein either to amplify DNA encoding Vitamin K Dependent Proteins and/or to express DNA which encodes Vitamin K Dependent Proteins.
  • An expression vector is a replicable DNA construct in which a DNA sequence encoding a Vitamin K dependent protein is operably linked to suitable control sequences capable of effecting the expression of a Vitamin K dependent protein in a suitable host. The need for such control sequences will vary depending upon the host selected and the transformation method chosen. Generally, control sequences include a transcriptional promoter, an optional operator sequence to control transcription, a sequence encoding suitable mRNA ribosomal binding sites, and sequences which control the termination of transcription and translation.
  • Amplification vectors do not require expression control domains. All that is needed is the ability to replicate in a host, usually conferred by an origin of replication, and a selection gene to facilitate recognition of transformants.
  • Vectors comprise plasmids, viruses (e.g., adenovirus, cytomegalovirus), phage, and integratable DNA fragments (i.e., fragments integratable into the host genome by recombination).
  • the vector replicates and functions independently of the host genome, or may, in some instances, integrate into the genome itself.
  • Expression vectors should contain a promoter and RNA binding sites which are operably linked to the gene to be expressed and are operable in the host organism.
  • DNA regions are operably linked or operably associated when they are functionally related to each other.
  • a promoter is operably linked to a coding sequence if it controls the transcription of the sequence; or a ribosome binding site is operably linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to permit translation.
  • Transformed host cells are cells which have been transformed or transfected with one or more Vitamin K dependent protein vector(s) constructed using recombinant DNA techniques.
  • a promoter for the elongation factor-1 ⁇ from Chinese hamster is used (CHEF1) to provide high level expression of a vitamin K dependent coagulation factor and/or processing factor(s).
  • the CHEF1 vector is used as described in Deer, et al. (2004) “High-level expression of proteins in mammalian cells using transcription regulatory sequences from the Chinese Hamster EF-1 ⁇ gene” Biotechnol Prog. 20: 880-889 and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,888,809 which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the CHEF1 vector utilizes the 5′ and 3′ flanking sequences from the Chinese hamster EF-1 ⁇ .
  • the CHEF1 promoter sequence includes approximately 3.7 kb DNA extending from a SpeI restriction site to the initiating methionine (ATG) codon of the EF-1 ⁇ protein.
  • the DNA sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,888,809.
  • Suitable host cells include prokaryote, yeast or higher eukaryotic cells such as mammalian cells and insect cells.
  • Cells derived from multicellular organisms are a particularly suitable host for recombinant Vitamin K Dependent protein synthesis, and mammalian cells are particularly preferred. Propagation of such cells in cell culture has become a routine procedure (Tissue Culture, Academic Press, Kruse and Patterson, editors (1973)), Examples of useful host cell lines are VERO and HeLa cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines, and WI138, HEK 293, BHK, COS-7, CV, and MDCK cell lines.
  • Expression vectors for such cells ordinarily include (if necessary) an origin of replication, a promoter located upstream from the DNA encoding vitamin K dependent protein(s) to be expressed and operatively associated therewith, along with a ribosome binding site, an RNA splice site (if intron-containing genomic DNA is used), a polyadenylation site, and a transcriptional termination sequence.
  • expression is carried out in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells using the expression system of U.S. Pat. No. 5,888,809, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • transcriptional and translational control sequences in expression vectors to be used in transforming vertebrate cells are often provided by viral sources.
  • promoters are derived from Cauliflower mosaic virus (cmv), polyoma, Adenovirus 2, and Simian Virus 40 (SV40). See. e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,599,308.
  • An origin of replication may be provided either by construction of the vector to include an exogenous origin, such as may be derived from SV 40 or other viral (e.g. Polyoma, Adenovirus, VSV, or BPV) source, or may be provided by the host cell chromosomal replication mechanism. If the vector is integrated into the host cell chromosome, the latter is often sufficient.
  • an exogenous origin such as may be derived from SV 40 or other viral (e.g. Polyoma, Adenovirus, VSV, or BPV) source, or may be provided by the host cell chromosomal replication mechanism. If the vector is integrated into the host cell chromosome, the latter is often sufficient.
  • DHFR dihydrofolate reductase
  • thymidine kinase thymidine kinase
  • Vitamin K Dependent protein(s) in recombinant vertebrate cell culture
  • methods suitable for adaptation to the synthesis of Vitamin K Dependent protein(s) in recombinant vertebrate cell culture include those described in M-J. Gething et al., Nature 293, 620 (1981); N. Mantel et al., Nature 281, 40; A. Levinson et al., EPO Application Nos. 117,060A and 117,058A.
  • Host cells such as insect cells (e.g., cultured Spodoptera frugiperda cells) and expression vectors such as the baculovirus expression vector (e.g., vectors derived from Autographa californica MNPV, Trichoplusia ni MNPV, Rachiplusia ou MNPV, or Galleria ou MNPV) may be employed in carrying out the present invention, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,745,051 and 4,879,236 to Smith et al.
  • a baculovirus expression vector comprises a baculovirus genome containing the gene to be expressed inserted into the polyhedrin gene at a position ranging from the polyhedrin transcriptional start signal to the ATG start site and under the transcriptional control of a baculovirus polyhedrin promoter.
  • Prokaryote host cells include gram negative or gram positive organisms, for example Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) or Bacilli. Higher eukaryotic cells include established cell lines of mammalian origin as described below. Exemplary host cells are E. coli W3110 (ATCC 27,325), E. coli B, E. coli X1776 (ATCC 31,537), E. coli 294 (ATCC 31,446). A broad variety of suitable prokaryotic and microbial vectors are available. E. coli is typically transformed using pBR322.
  • Promoters most commonly used in recombinant microbial expression vectors include the betalactamase (penicillinase) and lactose promoter systems (Chang et al., Nature 275, 615 (1978); and Goeddel et al., Nature 281, 544 (1979)), a tryptophan (trp) promoter system (Goeddel et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 8, 4057 (1980) and EPO App. Publ. No. 36,776) and the tae promoter (H. De Boer et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80, 21 (1983)).
  • the promoter and Shine-Dalgarno sequence are operably linked to the DNA encoding the Vitamin K Dependent protein(s), i.e., they are positioned so as to promote transcription of Vitamin K Dependent Protein(s) messenger RNA from the DNA.
  • Eukaryotic microbes such as yeast cultures may also be transformed with Vitamin K Dependent Protein-encoding vectors.
  • Vitamin K Dependent Protein-encoding vectors see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,745,057. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most commonly used among lower eukaryotic host microorganisms, although a number of other strains are commonly available.
  • Yeast vectors may contain an origin of replication from the 2 micron yeast plasmid or an autonomously replicating sequence (ARS), a promoter, DNA encoding one or more Vitamin K Dependent proteins, sequences for polyadenylation and transcription termination, and a selection gene.
  • ARS autonomously replicating sequence
  • Suitable promoting sequences in yeast vectors include the promoters for metallothionein, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (Hitzeman et al., J. Biol. Chem. 255, 2073 (1980) or other glycolytic enzymes (Hess et al., J. Adv. Enzyme Reg. 7, 149 (1968); and Holland et al., Biochemistry 17, 4900 (1978)).
  • Suitable vectors and promoters for use in yeast expression are further described in R. Hitzeman et al., EPO Publn. No. 73,657.
  • Cloned genes of the present invention may code for any species of origin, including mouse, rat, rabbit, cat, porcine, and human, but preferably code for Vitamin K dependent proteins of human origin.
  • DNA encoding Vitamin K dependent proteins that is hybridizable with DNA encoding for proteins disclosed herein is also encompassed. Hybridization of such sequences may be carried out under conditions of reduced stringency or even stringent conditions (e.g., conditions represented by a wash stringency of 0.3M NaCl, 0.03M sodium citrate, 0.1% SDS at 60° C. or even 70° C.
  • DNA encoding the Vitamin K dependent protein disclosed herein in a standard in situ hybridization assay See J. Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (2d Ed. 1989)(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)).
  • the present invention provides a method of providing a functional Vitamin K dependent proteins.
  • the method comprises culturing a host cell which expresses a vitamin K dependent protein; and then harvesting the proteins from the culture.
  • the culture can be carried out in any suitable fermentation vessel, with a growth media and under conditions appropriate for the expression of the vitamin K dependent protein(s) by the particular host cell chosen.
  • Vitamin K dependent protein can be collected directly from the culture media, or the host cells lysed and the vitamin K dependent protein collected therefrom. Vitamin K dependent protein can then be further purified in accordance with known techniques.
  • the purity of the recombinant protein produced according to the present invention will preferably be an appropriate purity known to the skilled art worker to lead to the optimal activity and stability of the protein.
  • the vitamin K dependent protein such as Factor IX or Factor VII/VIIa is preferably of ultrahigh purity.
  • the recombinant protein has been subjected to multiple chromatographic purification steps, such as affinity chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography and preferably immunoaffinity chromatography to remove substances which cause fragmentation, activation and/or degradation of the recombinant protein during manufacture, storage and/or use.
  • Illustrative examples of such substances that are preferably removed by purification include thrombin and Factor IXa; other protein contaminants; proteins, such as hamster proteins, which are released into the tissue culture media from the production cells during recombinant protein production; non-protein contaminants, such as lipids; and mixtures of protein and non-protein contaminants, such as lipoproteins.
  • the purification of the recombinant vitamin K dependent protein may also include in vitro activation of the zymogen into the active protease form.
  • purification may optionally include an in vitro activation step to Factor VIIa.
  • vitamin K dependent proteins Purification procedures for vitamin K dependent proteins are known in the art. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,714,583, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • a method commonly used in purification of vitamin K dependent protein is pseudochromatography which involves metal ion elution from a positively charged resin such as Q-Sepharose HP (See U.S. Pat No. 4,981,952 which is incorporated herein by reference)
  • the method relies upon the ability of the gla domain to bind metal ions such as calcium.
  • Factor IX DNA coding sequences are disclosed in European Patent App. 373012, European Patent App. 251874, PCT Patent Appl. 8505376, PCT Patent Appln. 8505125, European Patent Appln. 162782, and PCT Patent Appln. 8400560.
  • Genes for other coagulation factors are also known and available, for example, Factor II (Accession No. NM — 000506), Factor VII (Accession No. NM — 019616, and Factor X (Accession No. NM — 000504).
  • Vitamin K dependent protein compositions may be blended with conventional excipients such as binders, including gelatin, pre-gelatinized starch, and the like; lubricants, such as hydrogenated vegetable oil, stearic acid and the like; diluents, such as lactose, mannose, and sucrose; disintegrants, such as carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium starch glycolate; suspending agents, such as povidone, polyvinyl alcohol, and the like; absorbents, such as silicon dioxide; preservative, such as methylparaben, propylparaben, and sodium benzoate; surfactants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate, polysorbate 80, and the like; and colorants, such as F.D & C. dyes and the like.
  • binders including gelatin, pre-gelatinized starch, and the like
  • lubricants such as hydrogenated vegetable oil, stearic acid and the like
  • diluents such as lactose, mannose,
  • Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions.
  • Aqueous solutions suitable for oral use are prepared by dissolving the active component in water or other suitable liquid and adding suitable colorants, flavors, stabilizing agents, and thickening agents as desired.
  • Aqueous solutions suitable for oral use may also be made by dispersing the finely divided active component in water or other suitable liquid with viscous material, such as natural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and other suspending agents known in the art.
  • solid form preparations which are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for either oral or parental administration.
  • liquid forms include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions.
  • solid form preparations are provided in unit dose form and as such are used to provide a single liquid dosage unit.
  • sufficient solid preparation may be provided so that the after conversion to liquid form, multiple individual liquid doses may be obtained by measuring predetermined volumes of the liquid form preparation as with a syringe, teaspoon, or other volumetric measuring device.
  • compositions of Vitamin K dependent protein for injection or intravenous administration comprise therapeutically effective amounts of Vitamin K dependent protein and an appropriate physiologically acceptable carrier.
  • aqueous carriers may be used, e.g., buffered water, saline, 0.3% glycine and the like.
  • Stabilizers such as plant-derived glycoproteins, albumin, free amino acids, small peptides, lipoprotein, and/or globulin may also be added.
  • Other components of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can include pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiological conditions, such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents and the like, for example, sodium acetate, sodium lactate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, etc.
  • the solid and liquid forms may contain, in addition to the active material, flavorants, colorants, stabilizers, buffers, artificial and natural sweeteners, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizing agents, and the like.
  • the liquid utilized for preparing the liquid form preparation is suitably water, isotonic water, ethanol, glycerin, propylene glycol, and the like, as well as combinations thereof. The liquid utilized will be chosen with regard to the route of administration.
  • the preparations are unit dosage form.
  • the preparation is subdivided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active components.
  • the unit dosage form can be a packaged preparation, such as packaged tablets or capsules.
  • the unit dosage can be a capsule, cachet, or tablet itself or it can be the appropriate number of any of these in packaged form.
  • the quantity of active material in a unit dose of preparation is varied according to the particular application and potency of the active ingredients.
  • a gene for Factor IX was synthesized, operably linked to the CHEF-1 promoter, and transfected into CHO cells.
  • the primary transfectants were grown up in a E-well microtiter plate and were assayed in triplicate to give an average level of antigen expression for the cells in the well. As presented in Table 1, the cells were designated primary transfectant line T-335. It should be kept in mind that this is an average production for the primary transfectants.
  • Some of the cells produce no Factor IX, some produce a moderate level and some cells produce high levels of the protein: The primary transfectants were followed by measuring the amount of Factor IX antigen produced. Biological activity was not measured at this early stage of expression.
  • the cloning and growth of CHO cells transfected with the Factor IX gene are conducted by one of three methods.
  • cell cultures are set up to produce the amount of cells or tissue culture fluid needed for the experiments which are performed with these materials.
  • the smallest size system is growth of cells in 96-well microtiter plates. The cells on these plates were grown for 14 days but since they have the smallest surface area for cells to multiply on, they produce the fewest cells and in the least amount of tissue culture media and lowest amounts of Factor IX.
  • the second system is a 6-well model assay as shown in Table 1 above. Cells were grown on a 6 well tissue culture plates for 9 days. Cells grown in 6 well plates generally produce an intermediate amount of cells in a medium amount of tissue culture media and an intermediate amount of Factor IX. The highest concentration (and actual number) of cells was produced in a 1.5 liter shake flask incubated for 18 days.
  • the amount of Factor IX produced in one system is essentially 6 times greater than produced in the 6-well model system.
  • the amount of Factor IX produce in the shake Flask system is essentially 6 times greater than produced in the 6-well model system.
  • Table 1 above indicates that CHO cells can be transfected with a wild type Factor IX gene and produce an average of 11.5 mg/L in a 6-well model assay system. By extrapolation, as described above, this equates to 69 mg/L in a 1.5 L shake flask.
  • Example 1 For comparison, the wild type Factor IX gene of Example 1 was cloned into a construct using the CMV promoter and transfected into HEK293 cells. As in Example 1 above, the primary transfectants were grown up in a 6-well microliter plate. The titer for these samples was less than 0.2 mg/L (data not shown). Further experiments were conducted using the CHEF-1 promoter.
  • the T-335 clones were separated into clones that expressed Factor IX at a level of greater than 0.4 mg/L and those that produced Factor IX at lower levels. Clones expressing Factor IX at levels higher than 0.4 mg/L were considered high expresser clones. Clones with expression levels lower than 0.4 mg/L were considered low expressers.
  • the range of expression for Factor IX can be seen to be distributed in a wide range between no expression to above 1.6 mg/L with an average of 0.87 mg/L of Factor IX.
  • FIG. 1 and Table 2 demonstrate that when CHO cells are transfected with a gene under the control of the CHEF-1 promoter, all cells are not transfected in a way that they can produce detectable Factor IX and that those cells that are transfected in a productive way produce varying amounts of Factor IX. The reason that these cells produce varying levels of Factor IX is not understood.
  • reasons may include that (1) some cells simply do not receive the transfected gene, (2) others may receive a gene copy but it may not integrate into the chromosome, (3) other cells may have the gene integrated in a non-functional region of the chromosome, (4) yet other cells may receive multiple copies of the gene but only some are integrated in the correct position of the genome for expression and (5) some cells-may receive multiple copies of the gene but only some of the copies are integrated in a functional way at the time the ELISA is performed on individual clones.
  • limit dilution selection of clones which produce Factor IX in a tissue culture system in conjunction with a high level promoter system produced more Factor IX antigen and a higher level of biologically active Factor IX protein than has been possible in the past.
  • a gene for Factor VII was synthesized, operably linked to the CHEF-1 promoter, and transfected into CHO cells using a vector which included the DHFR marker for selection in Hypoxanthine Thymidine (HT)-minus medium.
  • the primary transfectants were grown up in a microtiter plate and were assayed to give an average level of antigen expression for the cells in the well. The pool of primary transfectants were then subjected to cell cloning by a semi-solid matrix cloning method.
  • the cells were seeded into a semi-solid matrix at very low densities (typically 1,000-4,000 cells per ml) into a mixture of media (Cloning medium A®, Invitrogen), media supplements (4 mM L-glutamine, 10 ⁇ g/mL vitamin K, 1 mM CaCl 2 ), conditioned medium (5-20% of 7 day old culture of parental CHO cells), and a generally inert, biologically compatible, semi-solid medium such as methylcellulose (CloneMatrix®).
  • media typically 1,000-4,000 cells per ml
  • media supplements 4 mM L-glutamine, 10 ⁇ g/mL vitamin K, 1 mM CaCl 2
  • conditioned medium 5-20% of 7 day old culture of parental CHO cells
  • a generally inert, biologically compatible, semi-solid medium such as methylcellulose (CloneMatrix®).
  • the culture plates After seeding the low density cells into the mixture as a single cell suspension and letting it “gel” for a few minutes, into a semi-solid, the culture plates are returned to an incubator (37° C., with humidity and carbon dioxide buffering atmosphere) and allowed to sit undisturbed for anywhere from ⁇ 1 week to ⁇ 3 weeks.
  • an incubator 37° C., with humidity and carbon dioxide buffering atmosphere
  • a fluorescent antibody against human FVII was included in the semi-solid medium formulation such that the FVII-antibody that was impregnated in the gel allowed detection of high expressing colonies (clones) when the culture plates containing semi-solid matrix with colonies were viewed under a fluorescence microscope. About two weeks after initially seeding the cells into the semisolid matrix the culture plates were observed for colony formation (number of colonies, their size and how far separated they are from one another in the gel) and then individual colonies were picked and seeded into separate cluster plates, each as a clonal population. They were expanded through larger plates and screened for production of FVII in expansion medium (OptiCHO®, L-glutamine, 200 mM, Vitamin K1 (2% in ethanol) and 1 M CaCl 2 ). The cells were split and grown in fresh medium. Periodically, FVII/FVIIa levels and bioactivity were assessed.
  • FVII/FVIIa levels were determined by conventional FVII ELISA assay.
  • Bioactivity was determined by a conventional chromogenic FVIIa Bioactivity assay such as BIOPHEN FVII® (Ref No. 221304) available from HYPHEN BioMed.
  • BIOPHEN FVII® Ref No. 221304
  • the basis of the assay relies upon the ability of Factor VII to activate Factor X to Factor Xa.
  • the FVII complex activates Factor X to Factor Xa which activity is measured by cleavage of a chromogenic substrate (SXa-11).
  • SXa-11 a chromogenic substrate
  • Factor Xa cleaves the substrate and generates pNA. The amount of pNA generated is directly proportional to the Factor Xa activity.
  • Calibration is performed with a normal pooled citrated plasma, with the assigned value of 100% Factor VII.
  • the assay kit includes a standard plasma dilution of 1:1000. By definition, this latter dilution of the pool represents the 100% Factor VII activity, The dynamic range is from 0 to 200% FactorVII. The 200% Factor VII activity is the 1:500 dilution of the plasma pool. A standard curve was generated.
  • Samples were diluted in order to get a final Factor VII concentration in the tested dilution range of 0.1 to 1 ng/ml.
  • the samples were placed in a microplate well or plastic tube and incubated.
  • the SXa-11 substrate was introduced followed by further incubation.
  • the reaction was stopped by adding 60 ⁇ L/well or 200 ⁇ L/tube citric acid (20 g/L), or 20% acetic acid.
  • the yellow color is stable for 2 hours.
  • the sample blank was prepared by mixing the reagents in the opposite order from the test (i.e., Citric Acid (20 g/L), SXa-11 substrate, diluted plasma, Factor X, and Thromboplastin-Ca).
  • the concentration of bioactive FVII/FVIIa was determined for the unknown samples from the standard curve generated with plasma samples from the kit discussed above.
  • the concentration of bioactive FVII represents the amount in ⁇ g/ml of FVII/FVIIa in the supernatant that was sufficiently carboxylated to be measured as “active FVIIa”.
  • Table 6 shows the titers of FVII/VIIa antigen in the supernatants of 15 different clones transfected with a FVII encoding plasmid containing the DI-IFR selectable marker and a CHEF-1 promoter and how much of this FVII/VIIa protein in the supernatants was biologically active as measured by the chromogenic assay described above.
  • the various clones produce reasonably high levels of FVII/VIIa antigen into their supernatant (e.g. up to 7 ug/ml) even though they do not contain plasmid for expressing any exogenous (human) VKOR or VKGC. More importantly, for these representative clones the proportion of FVII/VIIa antigen in the supernatant which is bioactive is very high, ranging from 66% to 100% of the secreted FVII.
  • Table 7 shows similar kind of data as Table 6 except that these results were obtained from the clones at a later stage, after the individual clones had undergone more cumulative population doublings.
  • the clones have increased their volumetric productivities (i.e. amount of FVII/VIIa antigen per unit volume of culture supernatant) the longer they've been cultured.
  • volumetric productivities i.e. amount of FVII/VIIa antigen per unit volume of culture supernatant
  • the secondary screen results are from static cultures grown in cluster plates whereas the later assays are derived from cultures grown under more optimal culture conditions, i.e., in a shaking flask where the cultures are better aerated and with better availability of nutrients before the supernatant sample was harvested for assaying.

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