US20120276060A1 - Fecal lactoferrin as a biomarker for determining disease severity and for treating infection in patients with clostridium difficile disease - Google Patents

Fecal lactoferrin as a biomarker for determining disease severity and for treating infection in patients with clostridium difficile disease Download PDF

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US20120276060A1
US20120276060A1 US13/457,064 US201213457064A US2012276060A1 US 20120276060 A1 US20120276060 A1 US 20120276060A1 US 201213457064 A US201213457064 A US 201213457064A US 2012276060 A1 US2012276060 A1 US 2012276060A1
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difficile
disease
lactoferrin
fecal sample
severity
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James Hunter Boone
David M. Lyerly
Tracy D. Wilkins
Robert J. Carman
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Techlab Inc
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Priority to JP2014508608A priority patent/JP6077524B2/ja
Priority to PCT/US2012/035495 priority patent/WO2012149351A1/en
Priority to EP12777788.6A priority patent/EP2705154A4/en
Priority to CA2834400A priority patent/CA2834400A1/en
Assigned to TECHLAB, INC. reassignment TECHLAB, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BOONE, JAMES HUNTER, CARMAN, ROBERT J., LYERLY, DAVID M., WILKINS, TRACY D.
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/569—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for microorganisms, e.g. protozoa, bacteria, viruses
    • G01N33/56911—Bacteria
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7028—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages
    • A61K31/7034—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages attached to a carbocyclic compound, e.g. phloridzin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
    • A61K35/74—Bacteria
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/14—Peptides containing saccharide radicals; Derivatives thereof, e.g. bleomycin, phleomycin, muramylpeptides or vancomycin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/12—Antidiarrhoeals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/195—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from bacteria
    • G01N2333/33—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from bacteria from Clostridium (G)
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/435—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans
    • G01N2333/79—Transferrins, e.g. lactoferrins, ovotransferrins
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
    • G01N2800/52—Predicting or monitoring the response to treatment, e.g. for selection of therapy based on assay results in personalised medicine; Prognosis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
    • G01N2800/56—Staging of a disease; Further complications associated with the disease

Definitions

  • Clostridium difficile infection involves a range of clinical presentations including mild to self-limiting diarrhea to life-threatening pseudomembranous colitis and megacolon.
  • Many healthy persons e.g., infants
  • Clostridium difficile C. difficile
  • Most cases are diagnosed based on clinical evaluations, history of antibiotic use, and the presence of the organism and/or toxins A & B (i.e., TcdA and TcdB, respectively) in the stool.
  • Enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA) tests are the most frequently used test format for measuring toxin in the stool specimens, with tissue culture combined with specific neutralization being the gold standard for detecting stool toxin.
  • PCR tests are available for determining the presence of C. difficile toxin A and B genes (tcdA and tcdB) and these are used as standalone tests and in combination with the detection of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) for ruling out C. difficile -negative patients. All of these assays are suitable for detecting the presence of C. difficile as an aid to diagnosis but do not provide information about the severity of disease.
  • the severity of the disease is an important factor to recommending a proper course of treatment.
  • patients with C. difficile disease often present with fever, have slightly raised white blood cells (leukocytosis) and experience mild abdominal pain. Mild cases respond well to stopping the inciting antibiotic while moderate and/or moderate-to-severe C. difficile disease cases often require antibiotic intervention.
  • no single lab parameter is routinely used to stratify patients based on severity of CDAD for optimizing medical and/or surgical treatment.
  • FIG. 1A depicts patient characteristics for patients diagnosed with C. difficile disease according to embodiments of the invention
  • FIG. 1B depicts mean lactoferrin levels ( ⁇ g/mL ⁇ standard error) for patients with clinically defined cases of C. difficile disease stratified by severity according to embodiments of the invention
  • FIG. 2 depicts mean lactoferrin levels ( ⁇ g/mL ⁇ standard error) for patients stratified by ARL 027 versus other ribotype C. difficile infections according to embodiments of the invention
  • FIG. 3 depicts daily monitoring of lactoferrin levels during and after antibiotic treatment in a patient with C. difficile disease according to embodiments of the invention
  • FIG. 4A depicts a summary of biomarker results for patients with a clinical cure (no symptoms and no C. difficile during and/or after initial treatment) according to embodiments of the invention
  • FIG. 4B depicts a summary of biomarker results for patients with bacterial reinfection (return of C. difficile in absence of symptoms during and /or after initial treatment) according to embodiments of the invention.
  • FIG. 4C depicts a summary of biomarker results for patients with clinical recurrence or no cure (return of symptoms and C. difficile during and /or after initial treatment) according to embodiments of the invention.
  • the present invention is directed to test methods for aiding in stratifying patients based on severity of C. difficile disease.
  • Stratifying patients with disease based on severity using a panel of biomarkers is a new concept that is critically needed because of the increase in incidence and frequent severe presentations and overuse of antibiotics.
  • the emergence of the outbreak strain ribotype ARL 027 that produces more toxin and spores has been linked with more severe C. difficile disease and a greater chance of relapse.
  • newer medications like the antibiotic fidaxomicin (Dificid) offer additional treatment options for C. difficile disease.
  • the authors performed a detailed characterization of disease states for an outbreak of CDAD in Dublin, Ireland.
  • WBC White blood cell count
  • serum albumin level indicator of leakage into the bowel
  • creatinine level for monitoring kidney failure are the most commonly used lab indicators for disease activity for C. difficile .
  • Mild to moderate cases of C. difficile usually present with a WBC ⁇ 15,000/ ⁇ L, normal serum creatinine ( ⁇ 2.0 mg/dL) and albumin levels ( ⁇ 2.5 g/dL).
  • Symptoms include having less than 10 watery stools without blood per day and mild cramping lasting for up to an average of 4 days.
  • C. difficile disease is treatment with a member of the nitroimidazole class of antibiotics.
  • mild to moderate C. difficile disease may be treated with 500 mg metronidazole, three times daily for ten days.
  • Most cases resolve with no further complications, but up to 25% of these cases may relapse multiple times and require a second round of antibiotics, which historically has included treatment with a member of the glycopeptide class of antibiotics, such as vancomycin.
  • second rounds of antibiotics include members of the macrocyclic class of antibiotics, such as fidaxomicin (Dificid).
  • Severe fulminant C. difficile disease is characterized by having eleven or more liquid stools per day for more than ten days. Stool specimens often contain mucus and may be bloody. Defined lab parameters for fulminant C. difficile colitis are WBC ⁇ 15,000/ ⁇ L, a rising serum creatinine (50% increase and levels ⁇ 2.0 mg/dL) indicating poor kidney function and albumin levels dropping below 2.5 g/dL showing loss of protein because of exudation of serum into the bowel.
  • Clinical presentations may involve pseudomembranes on endoscopy, severe abdominal pain and cramping, and colonic thickening observed by CT scan. Toxic megacolon stemming from ileus may occur causing nausea, vomiting, severe dehydration, and extreme lethargy. Treatment for severe and relapsing cases of C. difficile disease usually involves 125 mg vancomycin 4 times per day for 10 days.
  • An embodiment of the invention provides a diagnostic parameter for assessing severity in C. difficile disease by measuring fecal lactoferrin and using the measurement of fecal lactoferrin as an indicator for intestinal inflammation caused by C. difficile.
  • C. difficile disease is an inflammatory disease involving the infiltration of activated neutrophils across the mucosa into the lumen causing colitis and in severe cases, the formation of pseudomembranes.
  • Human lactoferrin is a glycoprotein that is present in most mucosal secretions and a primary component of the granules of activated neutrophils.
  • activated neutrophils infiltrate the intestinal lumen causing an increase in fecal lactoferrin.
  • Fecal specimens are routinely collected for C. difficile testing (antigen and toxin). Accordingly, additional testing can be done to measure the level of fecal lactoferrin for determining the amount of intestinal inflammation as an indicator of disease severity.
  • additional testing can be done to measure the level of fecal lactoferrin for determining the amount of intestinal inflammation as an indicator of disease severity.
  • fecal lactoferrin concentrations can help the physician in determining if a patient is a carrier from patients that have true mild to severe infections for optimal medical treatment.
  • Toxin A is a strong chemotactic protein that causes the release of IL-8 and the infiltration of activated neutrophils into the intestinal mucosa.
  • toxin A concentrations of 100-fold less than that of toxin B have been shown to stimulate the release of IL-8.
  • Toxin A also stimulates other pro-inflammatory cytokines including I1-1 ⁇ and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF- ⁇ acute over ( ⁇ ) ⁇ ).
  • Toxin B is a cytotoxin that causes tissue damage and inflammation that contributes, along with toxin A that causes fluid accumulation, to disease.
  • the double knockout mutant A ⁇ B ⁇ did not cause disease in the hamster. These results confirmed that both TcdA and TcdB in combination and independently cause disease.
  • the analysis of A ⁇ B+ isolates showed a variant toxin B that was significantly more lethal in a mouse than normal toxin B. These studies support the role of both toxins in the disease.
  • a method for determining the presence of intestinal inflammation in combination with the presence toxin in stool can offer additional information on disease status for patients with C. difficile infection.
  • An embodiment of the present invention provides for determining the presence of C. difficile disease using a biomarker panel that includes, by way of example, C. difficile antigen (GDH), toxins A (tcdA or TcdA) and B (tcdB or TcdB) for determining the presence of toxigenic C. difficile .
  • GDH C. difficile antigen
  • toxins A tcdA or TcdA
  • B tcdB or TcdB
  • further embodiments of the invention utilize additional biomarkers for C. difficile infection.
  • toxins A and/or B are detected to show the presence of toxigenic C. difficile followed by measuring fecal lactoferrin levels as an indicator of intestinal inflammation. Knowing whether toxigenic C. difficile is present in combination with a lactoferrin concentration will help to determine disease severity to optimize treatment.
  • serial measurements of biomarkers for C. difficile infection are utilized.
  • lactoferrin, GDH, toxin A, and/or toxin B levels may be monitored at regular intervals during analysis and/or treatment.
  • serial analysis of the presence of one or more biomarkers e.g. GDH, toxins A and/or B
  • provides an indicator of the bacteria which may be used to determine a patient's response to treatment.
  • the level of lactoferrin in fecal samples provides an indication of the severity of C. difficile .
  • “mild” C. difficile disease may be indicated in samples with less than 7.25 ⁇ g/mL lactoferrin.
  • a diagnosis of mild C. difficile disease is indicated in samples with less than 7.25 ⁇ g/mL lactoferrin, combined with clinical indicators for defining the mild disease.
  • clinical indicators such as the number of unformed stools per day, a presence of fever, abdominal pain, and vomiting may be characterized and/or determined as being indicative of a diagnosis of mild C. difficile disease, and may be analyzed together with a measurement of less than 7.25 ⁇ g/mL lactoferrin, to determine disease severity.
  • clinical indicators for a diagnosis of mild C. difficile include having three to five stools per day and a white blood cell count less than or equal to 15,000/mm 3 .
  • lab parameters such as C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell count (WBC), serum albumin, and/or creatinine, may be combined with a level of lactoferrin, a level of calprotectin, and/or a clinical indicator(s) to determine disease severity in patients diagnosed with mild C. difficile.
  • “moderate” C. difficile disease may be indicated in samples with between 7.25 ⁇ g/mL to 99.99 ⁇ g/mL lactoferrin.
  • a diagnosis of moderate C. difficile disease is indicated in samples with between 7.25 ⁇ g/mL to 99.99 ⁇ g/mL lactoferrin, combined with clinical indicators for defining the moderate disease.
  • clinical indicators such as the number of unformed stools per day, a presence of fever, abdominal pain, and vomiting may be characterized and/or determined as being indicative of a diagnosis of moderate C. difficile disease, and may be analyzed together with a measurement between 7.25 ⁇ g/mL to 99.99 ⁇ g/mL lactoferrin, to determine disease severity.
  • clinical indicators for a diagnosis of moderate C. difficile include having six to nine stools per day, a white blood cell count from 15,001/mm 3 to 20,000/mm 3 , and moderate abdominal pain.
  • lab parameters such as C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell count (WBC), serum albumin, and/or creatinine, may be combined with a level of lactoferrin, a level of calprotectin, and/or a clinical indicator(s) to determine disease severity in patients diagnosed with moderate C. difficile.
  • “moderate-to-severe” C. difficile disease may be indicated in samples with 100 ⁇ g/mL or greater lactoferrin.
  • a diagnosis of moderate-to-severe C. difficile disease is indicated in samples with 100 ⁇ g/mL or greater lactoferrin, combined with clinical indicators for defining the moderate-to-severe disease.
  • clinical indicators such as the number of unformed stools per day, a presence of fever, abdominal pain, and vomiting may be characterized and/or determined as being indicative of a diagnosis of moderate-to-severe C. difficile disease, and may be analyzed together with a measurement of 100 ⁇ g/mL or greater lactoferrin, to determine disease severity.
  • clinical indicators for a diagnosis of moderate-to-severe C. difficile include having ten or greater stools per day, a white blood cell count of 20,001/mm 3 or greater, and severe abdominal pain.
  • lab parameters such as C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell count (WBC), serum albumin, and/or creatinine, may be combined with a level of lactoferrin, a level of calprotectin, and/or a clinical indicator(s) to determine disease severity in patients diagnosed with moderate-to-severe C. difficile.
  • One exemplary method of testing for the presence of the C. difficile GDH biomarker is to use the C. DIFF CHEKTM-60 test, which uses antibodies specific for C. difficile GDH.
  • the Microassay Plate contains immobilized polyclonal antibody against the GDH antigen, while the Conjugate consists of a highly specific monoclonal antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxide. If the GDH antigen is present in the specimen, a color is detected due to the enzyme-antibody-antigen complexes that form in the assay.
  • One exemplary method of testing for the presence of toxin A and toxin B is to use the C. DIFFICILE TOX A/B IITM test, which uses antibodies to C. difficile toxins A and B.
  • the test utilizes immobilized affinity-purified polyclonal antibody against toxins A and B, and the detecting antibody consists of a mixture of toxin A monoclonal antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase and toxin B polyclonal antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. If toxins A and B are present in the specimen, a color is detected due to the enzyme-antibody-antigen complexes that form in the assay.
  • One exemplary method of testing the presence of GDH, toxin A and toxin B is to use the QUIK CHEK COMPLETETM test, which uses antibodies specific for GDH and toxins A and B of C. difficile .
  • the device contains three vertical lines of immobilized antibodies, the antigen test line contains antibodies against C. difficile GDH, and the control line is a dotted line that contains anti-horseradish peroxidase antibodies.
  • the toxins A and B test line contains antibodies against C. difficile toxins A and B and the Conjugate consists of antibodies to GDH and antibodies to toxins A and B coupled to horseradish peroxidase.
  • the GDH reaction is examined visually for the appearance of a vertical blue line, which indicates a positive test, while a blue line also indicates a positive test for toxin A and toxin B.
  • C. DIFFICILE TOX-B TESTTM uses a tissue culture format to detect the presence of cytotoxic activity in fecal specimens and confirms the identification of C. difficile toxin using specific antitoxin.
  • the test confirms the presence of C. difficile toxin by neutralizing the cytotoxic activity with a reagent that is a specific antitoxin.
  • the assay if C. difficile toxin is present, the cells in the well with PBS will become round, demonstrating the presence of the cytotoxic activity, while the presence of C. difficile toxin is confirmed if the cytotoxic activity is neutralized in the well containing antitoxin.
  • One exemplary method of treating C. difficile is through a native flora transplant.
  • This process also referred to as Fecal (or Faecal) Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) is the restoration of the colonic flora by introducing healthy bacterial flora through infusion of stool, e.g. by enema, obtained from a healthy human donor.
  • a native flora transplant can also be administered as a liquid that the patient drinks.
  • Fecal lactoferrin levels were evaluated in patients with clinically defined C. difficile disease ranging from mild to moderate-to-severe disease. Briefly, patients with clinically confirmed C. difficile disease presenting with a spectrum of severity were recruited along with fourteen age-sex matched healthy subjects defined as having no intestinal illnesses. Disease activity was defined by physician's assessment and based on symptoms, serum albumin, WBC counts and co-morbidities. Fecal lactoferrin was measured using a quantitative enzyme immunoassay (EIA). C. difficile glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and toxins A and B in stool were detected using a membrane-based EIA. Toxigenic culture was done using spore enrichment and both isolates and stool specimens were tested by tissue culture assay for cytotoxicity.
  • EIA quantitative enzyme immunoassay
  • C. difficile disease Thirty-nine clinically confirmed cases of C. difficile disease (fifteen moderate-to-severe, twenty-one moderate and three mild) were tested during a six month period. Ages ranged from thirty-two to eighty-nine years and fifty percent were female. The predominant co-morbidities were diabetes (31%), cancer (23%) and renal failure (23%). All patients were GDH-positive and toxigenic C. difficile was isolated from all but four patients. The mean lactoferrin levels ( ⁇ g/mL ⁇ std error) were 1198 ⁇ 404 for moderate-to-severe, 132 ⁇ 50 for moderate, 12 ⁇ 5 for mild and 2 ⁇ 0.3 for healthy subjects.
  • FIG. 1A details the patient characteristics for clinically confirmed cases of C. difficile disease. Most patients were >64 years old, experienced pain, had liquid stools and suffered with co-morbidities including diabetes, cancer, renal failure and pneumonia.
  • FIG. 1B shows that lactoferrin levels were significantly higher between mild, moderate, and moderate-to-severe cases of C. difficile disease, and trended higher for the moderate-to-severe group.
  • FIG. 2 shows the mean lactoferrin levels for patients with clinically confirmed C. difficile disease grouped by ribotype. Patients infected with ARL 027 had significantly higher levels of lactoferrin than patients infected with other ribotypes. Studies have shown that patients infected with ARL 027 tend to have stool toxin and present with more severe disease.
  • Fecal C. difficile GDH, toxins A and B, and human lactoferrin levels were measured in several subjects with C. difficile disease during antibiotic treatment. Both subjects with clinically confirmed C. difficile disease were monitored for the presence of GDH, toxins A and B and fecal lactoferrin by enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA). Specimen collection was initiated at the start of antibiotic treatment and was continued on a daily to weekly basis when possible. A symptom log was kept by each patient and all treatments were recorded during the test period. Both patients showed a rapid response to antibiotic treatment with fecal GDH, toxins A and B, and fecal lactoferrin reaching baseline within 24 hours. Antigen, toxin and fecal lactoferrin remained negative during the antibiotic therapy.
  • EIA enzyme-linked immunoassay
  • Treatment may be optimized for C. difficile disease since varying levels of severity call for different treatment recommendations. For example, mild cases of C. difficile disease often receive no antibiotic treatment. In contrast, a case of moderate severity may call for an antibiotic such as metronidazole while a moderate-to-severe case of C. difficile disease may be treated with antibiotics such as vancomycin and fidaxomicin (Dificid).
  • antibiotics such as vancomycin and fidaxomicin (Dificid).
  • FIG. 3 illustrates daily lactoferrin levels from the initial episode of C. difficile infection, during, and after antibiotic treatment. Lactoferrin was elevated ( ⁇ 7.25 ⁇ g/mL) during the initial episode and for both periods of relapse. Levels drop rapidly once treatment is started and increased as symptoms return.
  • FIG. 4A shows the results of CDI biomarkers before and after antibiotic treatment for C. difficile disease. All of the patients in this group had a clinical cure meaning no symptoms and no C. difficile detected during and after initial antibiotic treatment.
  • FIG. 4B shows the results of CDI biomarkers before and after antibiotic treatment for C. difficile disease. All patients in this group had a reinfection of C. difficile meaning that the C. difficile organism was detected in absence of symptoms during and/or after initial antibiotic treatment.
  • FIG. 4C shows the results of CDI biomarkers before and after antibiotic treatment for C. difficile disease. All patients in this group had a clinical recurrence or no cure meaning that symptoms and the C. difficile organism was maintained or returned during and/or after initial antibiotic treatment.
  • fecal calprotectin may be utilized rather than, or in addition to, fecal lactoferrin as a non-invasive marker for measuring intestinal inflammation.
  • a quantitative level of fecal calprotectin may be measured and the quantitative level may be associated with a disease severity including mild, moderate, and moderate-to-severe.
  • fecal calprotectin may be measured subsequent to treatment to monitor a person's response to medical treatment or an activity level of the disease.
  • the present invention is directed to non-invasive methods for identifying a severity of C. difficile disease in persons diagnosed with C. difficile disease using lactoferrin.
  • the identified disease severity may be used to recommend a preferred course of treatment for the person.
  • the present invention is further directed to utilizing changes in lactoferrin levels to monitor a person's disease activity and/or response to treatment.
  • the immunoassays of the present invention detect lactoferrin, a stable protein that serves as an indicator of intestinal inflammation, and provide quantitative fecal lactoferrin levels for associating a disease severity to C. difficile disease and for monitoring disease activity.
  • lactoferrin a stable protein that serves as an indicator of intestinal inflammation
  • provide quantitative fecal lactoferrin levels for associating a disease severity to C. difficile disease and for monitoring disease activity.

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