US20120125246A1 - Self-contained ecological dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow - Google Patents
Self-contained ecological dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20120125246A1 US20120125246A1 US13/377,860 US201013377860A US2012125246A1 US 20120125246 A1 US20120125246 A1 US 20120125246A1 US 201013377860 A US201013377860 A US 201013377860A US 2012125246 A1 US2012125246 A1 US 2012125246A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- alteration
- water flow
- trim system
- water
- hull
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B1/00—Hydrodynamic or hydrostatic features of hulls or of hydrofoils
- B63B1/32—Other means for varying the inherent hydrodynamic characteristics of hulls
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B39/00—Equipment to decrease pitch, roll, or like unwanted vessel movements; Apparatus for indicating vessel attitude
- B63B39/005—Equipment to decrease ship's vibrations produced externally to the ship, e.g. wave-induced vibrations
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B39/00—Equipment to decrease pitch, roll, or like unwanted vessel movements; Apparatus for indicating vessel attitude
- B63B39/02—Equipment to decrease pitch, roll, or like unwanted vessel movements; Apparatus for indicating vessel attitude to decrease vessel movements by displacement of masses
- B63B39/03—Equipment to decrease pitch, roll, or like unwanted vessel movements; Apparatus for indicating vessel attitude to decrease vessel movements by displacement of masses by transferring liquids
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B39/00—Equipment to decrease pitch, roll, or like unwanted vessel movements; Apparatus for indicating vessel attitude
- B63B39/06—Equipment to decrease pitch, roll, or like unwanted vessel movements; Apparatus for indicating vessel attitude to decrease vessel movements by using foils acting on ambient water
- B63B39/061—Equipment to decrease pitch, roll, or like unwanted vessel movements; Apparatus for indicating vessel attitude to decrease vessel movements by using foils acting on ambient water by using trimflaps, i.e. flaps mounted on the rear of a boat, e.g. speed boat
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B39/00—Equipment to decrease pitch, roll, or like unwanted vessel movements; Apparatus for indicating vessel attitude
- B63B39/06—Equipment to decrease pitch, roll, or like unwanted vessel movements; Apparatus for indicating vessel attitude to decrease vessel movements by using foils acting on ambient water
- B63B2039/067—Equipment to decrease pitch, roll, or like unwanted vessel movements; Apparatus for indicating vessel attitude to decrease vessel movements by using foils acting on ambient water effecting motion dampening by means of fixed or movable resistance bodies, e.g. by bilge keels
Definitions
- the present invention refers to a self contained ecological dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow being invented, designed manufactured and distributed in the market by exclusively us.
- the present invention aims to overcome all aforementioned problems and eliminate all disadvantages of existing technological level, by presenting of a self contained ecological dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow, bearing no seals whatsoever and being able to operate by use of water only, thus no environmental pollution is being allowed to be caused, that is furthermore being maintenance free and having a functional shape and small volume, so that installation in the suitable place, as well as exploitation of boat space to be facilitated.
- the new self contained ecological dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow is characterized in that it brings a self contained flexible elastic pressure means which due to its nature is being capable of exerting pressure and force throughout its surface, by requirement of very small operating pressure of 1-3 bar, and use of a non compressible fluid, which fluid due to the system designing and application is being the water, requiring no additional independent hydraulic pump unit, for it is able of using the existing boat water installation unit, according to said boat water installation unit operating parameters and also being characterized by bearing of no seals, this resulting to a free water circulation inside the body system, providing thus an internal hydrodynamic self-cleaning mechanism from any kind of fouling, while in the event of failure of said elastic flexible means, either due to wear or due to an accident, not even the least of environmental pollution is likely to be caused, since water is only used in the circuit and moreover said system is capable of being repaired either partially or fully while the boat is being in the water eliminating thus the time-consuming and costly processes of hauling out and launching of the boat.
- FIG. 1 shows the self contained ecological dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow, bearing its cover in front view.
- FIG. 2 shows the self contained ecological dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow, without its cover in front view.
- FIG. 3 shows the self contained ecological dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow, in top view.
- FIG. 4 shows the self contained ecological dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow, in side view.
- FIG. 5 shows the self contained ecological dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow, in retracted position side view, and
- FIG. 6 shows the self contained ecological dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow, in extended position side view.
- the self contained ecological dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow of this invention consists of a main body ( 1 ) inside of which a self contained, independent elastic flexible pressure means ( 5 ), is being housed properly, located on supporting plates ( 4 ), compression-retraction springs ( 7 ) of said independent flexible elastic pressure means ( 5 ), spring guides ( 8 ), spring housing tubes ( 9 ), a hydrodynamic barrier ( 6 ), a back guide ( 2 ) and a front guide ( 10 ) for the hydrodynamic barrier ( 6 ) and a cover ( 3 ).
- a minimal or no water volume is contained inside said elastic means ( 5 ) that is being retained in this position by the compression force exerted by the springs ( 7 ), while at the same time the hydrodynamic barrier ( 6 ) is being at the top position without the hull water flow being affected.
- a volume of water is inserted inside the elastic means ( 5 ) said begins expanding thus pushing and moving the hydrodynamic barrier ( 6 ) simultaneously to the operation position, while the reverse occurs by relieving of fluid, assisted by the compression springs ( 7 ) via the same supply pipe and by the use of a suitable three way flow connector.
- the compression springs ( 7 ) can be replaced by any other elastic means being suitable and the command for the water feed can be given by any mechanical way known.
- the hydrodynamic barrier ( 6 ) movement is being linear and fully controlled to having unlimited intermediate operating positions.
- the whole system constitutes a compact unit which can cause no injuries, in contrast with the horizontal plate systems, so that it can even be fixed in small boats which until now could not bear a classic trim system because of the passenger movement through these spaces, while additionally as a unit it can be manufactured in any desirable size since the design length does not constitute a limiting factor.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Hydraulic Turbines (AREA)
- Cleaning In General (AREA)
- Sealing Devices (AREA)
- Other Liquid Machine Or Engine Such As Wave Power Use (AREA)
- Cleaning By Liquid Or Steam (AREA)
- Position Fixing By Use Of Radio Waves (AREA)
Abstract
The self contained ecological dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow, of this invention consists of a main body (1) inside of which an elastic flexible pressure means (5), is being housed properly, located on supporting plates (4), compression-retraction springs (7) of said flexible elastic pressure means (5), spring guides (8), spring housing tubes (9), a hydrodynamic barrier (6), a back guide (2) and a front guide (10) for the hydrodynamic barrier (6) and a cover (3), being characterized in that said flexible elastic pressure means (5) is being independent and self contained, said system is also being capable of operating with no seals by use of only water, requiring no dedicated water pump, is being capable of being self cleaned internally and has the form of a cubic shape.
Description
- The present invention refers to a self contained ecological dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow being invented, designed manufactured and distributed in the market by exclusively us.
- The most widespread boat pitch and roll trim systems in the global market are the ones of horizontal plate type and of vertical hydrodynamic barrier type, both using either a hydraulic cylinder, or an electric screw type cylinder and/or even any other linear movement hydraulic cylinder,—essentially however of a high pressure i.e approximately 40 atmospheres—, said systems functioning exclusively by use of a mineral oil, being suitable for hydraulic circuits, thus requiring regular repair and maintenance, while with reference to the electric systems these need extensive work for the reason that mechanical power has to be transmitted through the hull and moreover both of said systems present an overall installation shape of inverted T, that creates problems as regards installation and ship space exploitation in that particular area.
- The system of hydrodynamic barrier is established as being the most efficient of the two aforementioned ones, however this is being at a disadvantage, for the reason that due to the need of internal lubrication under high oil pressures it is being unable to operate by use of any liquid other than oil and provided that seals there exist fixed in its cylinder system, this resulting in a very fast wearing of said seals, due to continuous contact with salty water and micro-organisms and the inevitable fouling entering the system, requiring very frequent repairs and maintenance having the severe consequence of the environmental pollution caused by oil spillage during the repair and maintenance processes.
- The present invention aims to overcome all aforementioned problems and eliminate all disadvantages of existing technological level, by presenting of a self contained ecological dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow, bearing no seals whatsoever and being able to operate by use of water only, thus no environmental pollution is being allowed to be caused, that is furthermore being maintenance free and having a functional shape and small volume, so that installation in the suitable place, as well as exploitation of boat space to be facilitated.
- The new self contained ecological dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow is characterized in that it brings a self contained flexible elastic pressure means which due to its nature is being capable of exerting pressure and force throughout its surface, by requirement of very small operating pressure of 1-3 bar, and use of a non compressible fluid, which fluid due to the system designing and application is being the water, requiring no additional independent hydraulic pump unit, for it is able of using the existing boat water installation unit, according to said boat water installation unit operating parameters and also being characterized by bearing of no seals, this resulting to a free water circulation inside the body system, providing thus an internal hydrodynamic self-cleaning mechanism from any kind of fouling, while in the event of failure of said elastic flexible means, either due to wear or due to an accident, not even the least of environmental pollution is likely to be caused, since water is only used in the circuit and moreover said system is capable of being repaired either partially or fully while the boat is being in the water eliminating thus the time-consuming and costly processes of hauling out and launching of the boat. Finally it is also being at advantage due to its unique cubic design of a very small volume occupying up to 75% less space as compared to traditional systems for the same installation at the same boat, causing no injuries also due to its overall shape.
- The self contained ecological dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow of the present invention will be further understood by reference to the accompanying drawings, were a detailed presentation is shown in an indicative and not at all limiting materialization where:
-
FIG. 1 , shows the self contained ecological dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow, bearing its cover in front view. -
FIG. 2 , shows the self contained ecological dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow, without its cover in front view. -
FIG. 3 , shows the self contained ecological dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow, in top view. -
FIG. 4 , shows the self contained ecological dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow, in side view. -
FIG. 5 , shows the self contained ecological dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow, in retracted position side view, and -
FIG. 6 , shows the self contained ecological dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow, in extended position side view. - Specifically, the self contained ecological dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow of this invention, consists of a main body (1) inside of which a self contained, independent elastic flexible pressure means (5), is being housed properly, located on supporting plates (4), compression-retraction springs (7) of said independent flexible elastic pressure means (5), spring guides (8), spring housing tubes (9), a hydrodynamic barrier (6), a back guide (2) and a front guide (10) for the hydrodynamic barrier (6) and a cover (3).
- In the retracted mode of the invention system, a minimal or no water volume is contained inside said elastic means (5) that is being retained in this position by the compression force exerted by the springs (7), while at the same time the hydrodynamic barrier (6) is being at the top position without the hull water flow being affected. When, by giving a suitable command, a volume of water is inserted inside the elastic means (5) said begins expanding thus pushing and moving the hydrodynamic barrier (6) simultaneously to the operation position, while the reverse occurs by relieving of fluid, assisted by the compression springs (7) via the same supply pipe and by the use of a suitable three way flow connector.
- Alternatively, it has to be noted that, the compression springs (7) can be replaced by any other elastic means being suitable and the command for the water feed can be given by any mechanical way known.
- Due to the use of non compressible fluid, the hydrodynamic barrier (6) movement is being linear and fully controlled to having unlimited intermediate operating positions.
- Finally due to its design, the whole system constitutes a compact unit which can cause no injuries, in contrast with the horizontal plate systems, so that it can even be fixed in small boats which until now could not bear a classic trim system because of the passenger movement through these spaces, while additionally as a unit it can be manufactured in any desirable size since the design length does not constitute a limiting factor.
Claims (9)
1. A self contained ecological dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow, consisting of a main body inside of which an elastic flexible pressure means, is being housed properly, located on supporting plates, compression-retraction springs of said flexible elastic pressure means, spring guides, spring housing tubes, a hydrodynamic barrier, a back guide and a front guide for the hydrodynamic barrier and a cover, being wherein said flexible elastic pressure means is being independent and self contained, said system is also being capable of operating with no seals by use of only water, requiring no dedicated water pump, is being capable of being self cleaned internally and has the form of a cubic shape.
2. The dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow as in claim 1 , wherein said independent flexible elastic pressure means, is being capable of exerting pressure and force throughout its surface, due to its nature, by requirement of a very small operating pressure of 1-3 bar and the use of a non compressible fluid, which fluid due to the system designing and application is being the water, requiring no additional independent hydraulic pump unit, for it is able of using the existing boat water installation unit, according to said boat water installation unit operating parameters.
3. The dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow as in claim 1 , wherein it is capable of being used with no seals, this providing the internal free water circulation via its main body, further resulting to a hydrodynamic self cleaning effect from fouling of any kind.
4. The dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow as in claim 1 wherein in the event of failure of said independent flexible elastic pressure means, either due to wear or due to an accident, not even the least of environmental pollution is likely to be caused, since water is only used.
5. The dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow as in claim 1 wherein is being capable of being either partially or fully repaired while the boat is being in the water.
6. The dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow as in claim 1 , wherein the compression springs are capable of being replaced by any other elastic means being suitable, while the command for the water feed to said independent flexible elastic pressure means can be given by any mechanical way known.
7. The dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow as in claim 1 , wherein, in retracted mode a minimal or no water volume is contained inside said elastic means that is being retained in this position by the compression force exerted by the springs, while at the same time the hydrodynamic barrier is being at the top position without the hull water flow being affected such that, by giving a suitable command, a volume of water is inserted inside the elastic means said begins expanding thus pushing and moving the hydrodynamic barrier simultaneously to the operation position, white the reverse action is achieved by relieving of fluid, assisted by the compression springs via the same supply pipe and by the use of a suitable three way flow connector.
8. The dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow as in claim 1, wherein it constitutes a unit capable of being produced in any desirable length since its design makes it possible for that dimension.
9. The dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow like in claim 1 , wherein due to being in the form of a compact unit is capable of being fixed in small boats which until now could not bear a classic trim system because of the passenger movement through these spaces, so that no injuries are caused whatsoever.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GR20090100402A GR20090100402A (en) | 2009-07-20 | 2009-07-20 | Self-bearing ecological system for the dynamic correcting swing of the floating position of a floating means by change of the whole hydrodynamic flow of the hull |
GR20090100402 | 2009-07-20 | ||
PCT/GR2010/000030 WO2011010172A2 (en) | 2009-07-20 | 2010-07-19 | Self contained ecological dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20120125246A1 true US20120125246A1 (en) | 2012-05-24 |
Family
ID=43085674
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US13/377,860 Abandoned US20120125246A1 (en) | 2009-07-20 | 2010-07-19 | Self-contained ecological dynamic boat pitch and roll trim system by alteration of the hull water flow |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20120125246A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2456660B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN102596709A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2010274699B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BR112012001019B1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2560524T3 (en) |
GR (1) | GR20090100402A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2011010172A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR20150044215A (en) * | 2013-10-16 | 2015-04-24 | 현대중공업 주식회사 | Passive anti-rolling tank |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3777694A (en) * | 1972-07-13 | 1973-12-11 | Levellers A M & I Ltd | Automatic device for trimming vessels |
US4261278A (en) * | 1979-12-17 | 1981-04-14 | Gaudin George C | Gyro-controlled pitch stabilizing system |
US20110320072A1 (en) * | 2010-02-18 | 2011-12-29 | Morvillo Robert A | Variable trim deflector system and method for controlling a marine vessel |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3628487A (en) * | 1970-01-19 | 1971-12-21 | Charles H Bennett | Hydraulically operated trim attachment for powerboats |
FR2657581A1 (en) * | 1990-01-26 | 1991-08-02 | Moulin Olivier | Flexible or articulated nautical suspension damper |
US6182596B1 (en) * | 2000-03-03 | 2001-02-06 | Robert K. Johnson | System for minimizing the effects of shock and vibration in a high speed vessel |
CN2526373Y (en) * | 2002-01-16 | 2002-12-18 | 张大雄 | In-line valve type toilet |
CN100451354C (en) * | 2004-07-15 | 2009-01-14 | 卢才美 | Hydraulic cylinder and lifting hydraulic cylinder for oil pressure and water pressure |
WO2009082829A2 (en) * | 2007-12-31 | 2009-07-09 | Mueller Peter A | Variable overall hull lengths for watercraft |
CN101342933B (en) * | 2008-08-19 | 2010-09-29 | 谭业堂 | Shock damper for boat |
-
2009
- 2009-07-20 GR GR20090100402A patent/GR20090100402A/en unknown
-
2010
- 2010-07-19 BR BR112012001019-0A patent/BR112012001019B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2010-07-19 ES ES10745675.8T patent/ES2560524T3/en active Active
- 2010-07-19 US US13/377,860 patent/US20120125246A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-07-19 CN CN2010800327704A patent/CN102596709A/en active Pending
- 2010-07-19 EP EP10745675.8A patent/EP2456660B1/en active Active
- 2010-07-19 AU AU2010274699A patent/AU2010274699B2/en active Active
- 2010-07-19 WO PCT/GR2010/000030 patent/WO2011010172A2/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3777694A (en) * | 1972-07-13 | 1973-12-11 | Levellers A M & I Ltd | Automatic device for trimming vessels |
US4261278A (en) * | 1979-12-17 | 1981-04-14 | Gaudin George C | Gyro-controlled pitch stabilizing system |
US20110320072A1 (en) * | 2010-02-18 | 2011-12-29 | Morvillo Robert A | Variable trim deflector system and method for controlling a marine vessel |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ES2560524T3 (en) | 2016-02-19 |
GR20090100402A (en) | 2011-02-18 |
AU2010274699B2 (en) | 2016-05-19 |
BR112012001019B1 (en) | 2020-12-29 |
EP2456660A2 (en) | 2012-05-30 |
BR112012001019A2 (en) | 2016-03-15 |
WO2011010172A2 (en) | 2011-01-27 |
WO2011010172A3 (en) | 2012-05-03 |
CN102596709A (en) | 2012-07-18 |
EP2456660B1 (en) | 2015-10-28 |
AU2010274699A1 (en) | 2012-02-02 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: N.TRIANTAFYLLIS LDT - OLYMPIC ENGINEERING LTD, GRE Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:TRIANTAFYLLIS, NIKOLAOS;REEL/FRAME:027505/0599 Effective date: 20120109 |
|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |