US20120117995A1 - Energy Saving Device And Method For Cooling And Heating Apparatus - Google Patents

Energy Saving Device And Method For Cooling And Heating Apparatus Download PDF

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US20120117995A1
US20120117995A1 US13/376,363 US201013376363A US2012117995A1 US 20120117995 A1 US20120117995 A1 US 20120117995A1 US 201013376363 A US201013376363 A US 201013376363A US 2012117995 A1 US2012117995 A1 US 2012117995A1
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Prior art keywords
temperature
compressor
supply air
air
cold supply
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Abandoned
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US13/376,363
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English (en)
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Kevin D. M. Moore
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B49/00—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
    • F25B49/02—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for compression type machines, plants or systems
    • F25B49/022—Compressor control arrangements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2600/00—Control issues
    • F25B2600/01—Timing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2600/00—Control issues
    • F25B2600/02—Compressor control
    • F25B2600/025—Compressor control by controlling speed
    • F25B2600/0251—Compressor control by controlling speed with on-off operation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2600/00—Control issues
    • F25B2600/23—Time delays
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
    • F25B2700/21—Temperatures
    • F25B2700/2104—Temperatures of an indoor room or compartment
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
    • F25B2700/21—Temperatures
    • F25B2700/2117—Temperatures of an evaporator
    • F25B2700/21171—Temperatures of an evaporator of the fluid cooled by the evaporator
    • F25B2700/21173—Temperatures of an evaporator of the fluid cooled by the evaporator at the outlet

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to cooling and heating systems such as air-conditioners, chillers/refrigeration systems and boilers.
  • the invention relates to an energy saving device for cooling and heating apparatus and to an energy efficient method of controlling cooling and heating apparatus
  • Air-conditioning and refrigeration systems are typically designed to deliver required cooling under the most demanding of anticipated climate conditions.
  • an air-conditioning system might be designed to maintain a room full of people at the lowest required temperature on the hottest day of the year and the compressor—the main energy consuming component—is sized to provide cooling under this extreme condition.
  • the compressor the main energy consuming component
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic of a typical air-conditioning or refrigeration system.
  • a compressor and associated condenser 1 is used to generate a ‘reservoir’ of high-pressure liquid refrigerant on a high pressure circuit comprising a receiver/dryer 2 and connecting pipe work 3 .
  • the compressor 1 converts low pressure refrigerant vapour into high-pressure liquid refrigerant that can be used for cooling. In this compression of vapour a very large amount of heat is generated and this heat is dissipated external to the space that will be cooled allowing the refrigerant vapour to condense into a liquid at high pressure.
  • the high pressure pipe work 3 carries the high-pressure liquid refrigerant into the space that will be cooled where it passing through a needle valve 5 that is usually part of an indoor heat exchanger (or evaporator) 6 , but is shown separate for clarity. Passing though the needle valve 5 the high-pressure liquid explosively decompresses back to a vapour at low pressure in the indoor heat exchanger 6 . In this process a large amount of heat is absorbed from the air passing through the heat exchanger 6 resulting in a stream of very cold supply air into the room or area being cooled. A fan 7 moves air though the heat exchanger 6 to provide a stream of cold supply air 8 .
  • the low-pressure refrigerant is returned to the compressor 1 via a low pressure circuit comprising pipe work 4 to be compressed and returned to the high pressure side again.
  • thermostat 19 9 Most air-conditioning and refrigeration systems today make use of simple ON/OFF temperature control with a thermostat 19 9 being used to control the compressor 1 which accounts for over 85% of the energy consumed.
  • the thermostat 19 will keep the compressor running continuously while the room temperature is above a desired set point. On reaching a desired set point the thermostat 19 will then turn off the compressor until the temperature has risen by a small amount at which time the compressor is restarted.
  • this method of control presents a significant opportunity for energy reduction. In fact, continuing to run a compressor once it has generated a full ‘reservoir’ of high-pressure refrigerant is actually wasteful of energy.
  • an energy saver device intended for use with a heating or cooling system having an apparatus for changing the temperature of a working medium, the device comprising contacts for providing an on/off signal to the apparatus, a timer having an adjustable timer value and providing a signal for opening or closing the contacts, a temperature sensor for measuring temperature the working medium, and a controller arranged to adjust the adjustable timer value in response to changes in temperature of the working medium.
  • the energy saver device is intended for use with an air-conditioner or refrigeration system having a compressor for compressing a supply of a refrigerant and an evaporator in which the compressed refrigerant expands for cooling a stream of cold supply air, the controller comprising contacts for providing an on/off signal to the compressor, a timer having an adjustable timer value and providing a signal for opening or closing the contacts, a temperature sensor for measuring the cold supply air, and a controller arranged to adjust the adjustable timer value in response to a measured cold supply air temperature.
  • the timer is arranged to open the contacts and the controller is arranged to activate the time and to closes the contacts.
  • the controller comprises a microprocessor or electronic circuit adapted to detect signals from the temperature sensor representing a minimum cold supply air temperature and a high cold supply air temperature.
  • an heating or cooling system comprising a apparatus for changing the temperature of a working medium, a temperature sensor located to measure temperature of the working medium and a controller for turning the apparatus on and off in response to a sensed temperature of the working medium.
  • the heating or cooling system is an air-conditioner or refrigeration system, comprising a compressor for compressing a supply of a refrigerant, an evaporator in which the compressed refrigerant expands for cooling a stream of cold supply air, a temperature sensor located to measure temperature of the cold supply air and a controller for turning the compressor on and off in response to a sensed temperature of the cold supply air.
  • a compressor for compressing a supply of a refrigerant
  • an evaporator in which the compressed refrigerant expands for cooling a stream of cold supply air
  • a temperature sensor located to measure temperature of the cold supply air
  • a controller for turning the compressor on and off in response to a sensed temperature of the cold supply air.
  • the controller comprises a timer having an adjustable timer value, the timer provided to turn the apparatus off at the end of the adjustable timer value.
  • the controller comprises a microprocessor or electronic circuit adapted to detect signals from the temperature sensor representing a maximum temperature and a minimum temperature and to calculate a timer value.
  • the system further comprises a second temperature sensor located to measure ambient temperature of a space to be heated or cooled such that the apparatus can also be turned on and off in response to a sensed temperature of the space.
  • a second temperature sensor located to measure ambient temperature of a space to be heated or cooled such that the apparatus can also be turned on and off in response to a sensed temperature of the space.
  • a heating or cooling system having an apparatus for changing the temperature of a working medium, the method comprising:
  • the method controls the compressor of an air-conditioner or refrigeration system having a compressor for compressing a supply of a refrigerant and an evaporator in which the compressed refrigerant expands for cooling a stream of cold supply air, the method comprising:
  • the desired minimum value of the stream of cold supply air temperature is a minimum steady state temperature.
  • the desired maximum value of the stream of cold supply air temperature is lower than a desired ambient room temperature.
  • determining a loading on the system comprises measuring an overshoot of the temperature past the threshold value.
  • calculating a new delay time T based on the overshoot comprises increasing the delay time T if the overshoot exceeds a desired overshoot value and reducing the delay time T if the overshoot is less than a desired overshoot value.
  • determining a loading on the system comprises measuring a rate of change in the temperature.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic of a typical prior art air-conditioning or refrigeration system
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an air-conditioning or refrigeration system according to one embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic of the typical room temperature and supply air temperature profiles and ‘event points’ used by the air-conditioning and refrigeration system according to the invention
  • FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of a microprocessor or software control scheme for operation of the air-conditioning and refrigeration system according to one embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the energy save device
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of boiler system according to another embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic of the typical hot supply water temperature profile
  • the present invention is used to reduce the energy consumption in air-conditioning and refrigeration systems by controlling on and off states of the compressor to make full use of the delivered ‘reservoir’ of high-pressure refrigerant, or latent cooling, and by continuously matching the delivered cooling to the actual load presented to the air-conditioning or refrigeration system.
  • the invention provides an air-conditioning or refrigeration system and a method for control of an air-conditioning system that makes use of a temperature sensor to monitor the cold supply air temperature produced when high-pressure liquid refrigerant is allowed to explosively decompress in an evaporator unit. With the compressor operating, this cold supply air temperature continues to reduce while the room or enclosure being cooled is being cooled down.
  • the detection of a minimum cold supply air temperature indicates stable room temperature conditions and that a full ‘reservoir’ of high-pressure liquid refrigerant (or latent cooling) has been established.
  • the minimum cold supply air condition can be detected by monitoring the cold supply air temperature over successive intervals until it reached a constant or stead state temperature indicating that it has reached a minimum.
  • the compressor is stopped.
  • the temperature sensor continues to monitor the cold supply air temperature until, at a point when the high-pressure liquid refrigerant has been used up, the supply air temperature will start to increase. To maintain comfort levels the supply air temperature is then allowed to increase to a suitable point below the minimum anticipated room temperature setting.
  • the compressor is restarted.
  • an artificial intelligence designed algorithm can be used to calculate the actual loading on the air-conditioning system by monitoring the temperature ‘overshoot’, or supply air temperature rise shortly after recommencing compressor operation. The results of this calculation are then used to either extend or reduce dynamically variable time delay used to stop the compressor after the minimum supply air temperature point is reached in the next compressor operating cycle.
  • control system works to continuously match the delivered cooling to the actual load presented to the air-conditioning system.
  • the control system works in the same circuit as the room thermostat 19 , thereby allowing the room thermostat 19 to define a desired room temperature set point while a separate energy controller works to optimise energy consumption.
  • the main benefit of the invention is a continuously variable but significant reduction in energy consumption in air-conditioning and refrigeration systems that are consistent with the need to retain comfort levels.
  • a secondary benefit is a significantly reduced compressor start-up torque due to the depletion of high-pressure liquid refrigerant prior to restarting the compressor.
  • an air-conditioning system may be a split-type air-conditioner in which an air-conditioning compressor and evaporator unit 10 (hereinafter the compressor unit 10 ) is located in a first, typically external, space A and an air-conditioner evaporator and fan unit 11 (hereinafter the evaporator unit 11 ) is located in a second, typically indoor, space B which is to be cooled.
  • an air-conditioning compressor and evaporator unit 10 hereinafter the compressor unit 10
  • the evaporator unit 11 an air-conditioner evaporator and fan unit 11
  • a high pressure refrigerant circuit comprises a receiver/dryer 13 located in proximity to the compressor unit 10 and pipe work 14 for carrying high pressure liquid refrigerant from the compressor unit 10 and receiver/dryer 13 through the wall 12 into the second space B and to a needle valve 15 which is located in the evaporator unit 11 .
  • the needle valve 15 and evaporator are shown as separate and distinct components for clarity.
  • a low pressure refrigerant circuit 16 leads from the indoor evaporator unit 11 through wall 12 to the outdoor compressor unit 10 . In operation, the compressor unit 10 compresses a refrigerant gas to a high pressure liquid which circulates through the high pressure circuit 14 .
  • the high pressure refrigerant passes through needle valve 15 where it is permitted to expand in the evaporator unit 11 and in doing so absorbs heat from air passing through the evaporator unit 11 .
  • a fan 17 forces air through the evaporator unit 11 creating a continuous stream of cold air 18 .
  • An air-conditioning/refrigeration circuit of this type is well known in the art and can be readily understood by the skilled addressee.
  • the air-conditioning system has two compressor control means connected in series for starting and stopping the compressor/condenser 10 .
  • the first control means is a typical room thermostat 19 which may be of a mechanical or electronic type both of which are well-known in the art.
  • the room thermostat 19 has a temperature sensitive element and a pair of contacts which open and close in response to movement or signals from the temperature sensitive element when the ambient room temperature moves in and out of a set temperature threshold.
  • the contacts are arranged to open for stopping the compressor when the room temperature sensed by the temperature sensitive element falls below a room temperature set point. When the room temperature rises above the set point, plus some temperature differential to prevent excess of cycling of the contacts, the contacts will close for starting the compressor again.
  • the second compressor control means is an energy saver controller 20 .
  • the energy saver controller 20 has a second temperature sensitive element 21 located in or near the evaporator unit 11 for sensing the temperature of the supply air stream 18 passing through or exiting the evaporator unit 11 .
  • the energy saver controller also has a second pair of contacts 22 and an electronic circuit or microprocessor 23 that includes a variable delay timer 24 .
  • the timer 24 could be an integrated timer of the microprocessor 23 or a separate discrete timer controlled (e.g. started, stopped and reset) by the microprocessor 23 or electronic circuit.
  • the electronic circuit or microprocessor 23 dynamically adjusts the delay of the timer and operates the contacts in response to signals from the second temperature sensitive element 21 to stop and start the compressor unit 10 .
  • the compressor is stopped when the contacts in either of the energy saver controller 20 or the room thermostat 19 are opened and the compressor is started only when the contacts of both the energy saver controller 20 and room thermostat 19 are closed.
  • the compressor is stopped when either the ambient room temperature or the cold air stream 18 temperature falls below a respective threshold temperature operation of the compressor is stopped.
  • FIG. 3 A preferred operation of the energy saver controller 20 will be described with referring to FIG. 3 , in which the cold supply air stream 18 temperature is indicated as line C, the room temperature is indicated as line D and the compressor on/off state is indicated by line E.
  • the energy controller 20 may be implemented at an electronic circuit or as a microprocessor. A flow diagram of microprocessor control is illustrated in FIG. 4 . On powering up of the air-conditioning system at time 0 the room temperature is high and so the room thermostat 19 contacts are closed. The energy saver controller 20 starts the compressor unit 10 within 10-15 seconds by de-energising its relay and closing its set of contacts that are in series with the room thermostat 19 contacts.
  • the energy controller 20 makes use of its temperature sensor 21 to monitor the temperature of the cold supply air stream 18 and turn the compressor on and off in response to changes in the cold supply air stream 18 .
  • the cold air stream temperature C will continue to reduce as the ambient room temperature D continues on a downward track.
  • the temperature of cold air stream 18 reaches a minimum steady state temperature.
  • the energy saver controller detects that the supply air temperature has reached a steady state, which it can do by determining a difference in temperature between two successive intervals, it triggers the variable delay timer which in turn turns off the compressor at time 2 after a delay interval T.
  • the delay interval T is initially 2 minutes and is varied dynamically during successive on/off cycles of the compressor in response to a determined “load” on the air-conditioning system.
  • the delay timer settings is increased in, say, three-minute increments or reduced in, say, one minute increments depending on the supply air 18 temperature ‘overshoot’ level detected 30 second after the compressor is turned back on.
  • the ‘switching temperature’ will be 20° C. etc.
  • the energy controller 20 de energises its internal relay to restart the compressor unit 10 .
  • an algorithm is used to determine the actual loading on the air-conditioning or refrigeration system.
  • the loading is inferred from the amount of supply air temperature ‘overshoot’, indicated by F in FIG. 3 , once the compressor has restarted.
  • the cold air stream 18 temperature ‘overshoot’ is measured at time 5 , which in the preferred embodiment is 30 seconds after the compressor has been restarted at time 4 .
  • the value T of the variable delay timer is increased. In the preferred embodiment a three-minute delay will be added to the timer to hold the compressor on for a greater length of time after the cold air stream 18 reaches a minimum temperature again at time 6 . If this temperature ‘overshoot’ does not exceed the minimum thermostat 19 defined room temperature likely to be encountered, in this case 2° C. higher than the switching temperature, then the value T of the variable delay timer is decreased. In the preferred embodiment T is decreased by 1 second to hold the compressor on for less after the cold air stream 18 reaches a minimum temperature again at time 6 . The cycle repeats itself.
  • the continuous control system dynamically adjusts energy reduction levels in a way that assures set points and required comfort levels.
  • a known air-conditioning system may be retrofitted according to the invention by wiring the energy controller 20 in series with their existing room thermostat 19 .
  • Many modern air-conditioning systems have IR or wireless remote controls for setting the room temperature set point and other functions.
  • a battery-powered temperature sensor and energy control system that uses wireless or infrared communication to adjust the set point of an air-conditioning system via its remote control input.
  • the compressor on detection of a minimum supply air temperature and following a suitable time delay the compressor is turned off by the temperature sensor/control system combination which instructs the remote control system to adjust its set point to a maximum setting.
  • an air-conditioning system made in accordance with the invention may have a single controller having two temperature sensing elements, one for ambient room temperature and one for evaporate cold air supply temperature.
  • the preferred embodiment described above is a split type air-conditioner the invention can equally be applied to single unit air-conditioners such as window type air-conditioners, and to refrigeration systems.
  • the air-conditioning system loading is inferred from the amount of supply air temperature ‘overshoot’, indicated by F in FIG. 3 , once the compressor has restarted.
  • the air-conditioning system loading could be inferred from the rate of supply air temperature rise once the liquid refrigerant has been used up, or a combination of the rate of supply air temperature rise and the amount of supply air temperature ‘overshoot’. If rate of supply air temperature rise is used then time value T can be increased of the rate of rise exceeds a first threshold and decreased if it is below a second threshold.
  • One embodiment of a system and method for continuous control of energy consumption in air-conditioning and refrigeration systems has been described.
  • the described embodiment operates on an individual air-conditioning or refrigeration installation using hardware and/or software components.
  • the control system serves to reduce significantly the energy consumption in air-conditioning and refrigeration systems while maintaining comfort levels and temperatures at thermostat 19 defined set points.
  • Each air-conditioning or refrigeration installation will include a plurality of components including compressors/condensers and refrigeration media, as well as thermostat 19 s and evaporators, fan coils or air handling units that are used by the described continuous control system.
  • the described control system and method uses a temperature sensor to continuously monitor the performance of a cold stream of supply air delivered by the air-conditioning or refrigeration system's evaporator, fan coil or air handling unit. Using an artificial intelligence designed algorithm and appropriate software, the minute by minute temperature of this supply air is used to infer the actual loading on the main energy consuming components of an air-conditioning or refrigeration system.
  • the described control system works with the air-conditioning or refrigeration system's thermostat 19 to turn on/off a compressor or open/close a water valve, thereby optimising energy consumption consistent with actual system loading.
  • FIG. 6 shows an alternative use of an energy saver according to the invention and a boiler heating system.
  • the illustrated system is a heating system for a domestic or commercial property comprising a water heater or boiler 30 and a room radiator 31 .
  • Hot water is circulated from the boiler 30 to the radiator 31 by a hot water circuit 32 and is returned from the radiator to the boiler via a return water circuit 33 .
  • a wall thermostat 34 is provided, as is known in the art, for setting a desired temperature of a room or space heated by the radiator 31 .
  • the energy saving device 35 measures the supplied hot water temperature via a thermostat 36 in the hot water supply line 32 .
  • the hot water supply temperature shall be measured at or is close to the radiator 31 as possible. Referring to the graph of FIG.
  • an energy saver device intended for use with a heating or cooling system having an apparatus for changing the temperature of a working medium, the device comprising contacts for providing an on/off signal to the apparatus, a timer having an adjustable timer value and providing a signal for opening or closing the contacts, a temperature sensor for measuring temperature the working medium, and a controller arranged to adjust the adjustable timer value in response to changes in temperature of the working medium.
  • a heating or cooling system comprising a apparatus for changing the temperature of a working medium, a temperature sensor located to measure temperature of the working medium and a controller for turning the apparatus on and off in response to a sensed temperature of the working medium.
  • a method of controlling a heating or cooling system comprising providing a temperature sensor for measuring a temperature of the working medium, determining when the temperature reaches a steady state value and stopping the apparatus after a delay time T, determining when the temperature reaches a threshold value and staring the apparatus, determining a loading on the hearing or cooling system, and calculating a new delay time T based on the loading.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Air Conditioning Control Device (AREA)
  • Control Of Temperature (AREA)
  • Control Of Heat Treatment Processes (AREA)
  • Devices That Are Associated With Refrigeration Equipment (AREA)
US13/376,363 2009-06-05 2010-06-04 Energy Saving Device And Method For Cooling And Heating Apparatus Abandoned US20120117995A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
HK09105077.6A HK1137899A2 (en) 2009-06-05 2009-06-05 Energy saver device, air-conditioning or refrigeration system and method for control of an air-conditioning or refrigeration system
HK09105077.6 2009-06-05
PCT/IB2010/001354 WO2010140056A1 (en) 2009-06-05 2010-06-04 Energy saving device and method for cooling and heating apparatus

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EP (1) EP2438369A4 (de)
CN (1) CN102762937A (de)
AP (1) AP2012006055A0 (de)
AU (1) AU2010255465A1 (de)
CO (1) CO6480998A2 (de)
EA (1) EA201270007A1 (de)
HK (1) HK1137899A2 (de)
SG (1) SG177510A1 (de)
TW (1) TW201104181A (de)
WO (1) WO2010140056A1 (de)
ZA (1) ZA201200097B (de)

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TW201104181A (en) 2011-02-01
SG177510A1 (en) 2012-02-28
EP2438369A1 (de) 2012-04-11
CN102762937A (zh) 2012-10-31
WO2010140056A1 (en) 2010-12-09
HK1137899A2 (en) 2010-08-06
EP2438369A4 (de) 2014-02-26
AU2010255465A1 (en) 2012-02-02
EA201270007A1 (ru) 2012-07-30
AP2012006055A0 (en) 2012-02-29
CO6480998A2 (es) 2012-07-16
ZA201200097B (en) 2012-09-26

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