US20110226547A1 - Fiber Composite Acoustic Damping Material - Google Patents

Fiber Composite Acoustic Damping Material Download PDF

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Publication number
US20110226547A1
US20110226547A1 US13/049,401 US201113049401A US2011226547A1 US 20110226547 A1 US20110226547 A1 US 20110226547A1 US 201113049401 A US201113049401 A US 201113049401A US 2011226547 A1 US2011226547 A1 US 2011226547A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
zones
fiber
fibers
damping material
interlooping
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US13/049,401
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English (en)
Inventor
Thomas Kühl
Miroslav Svejda
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Groz Beckert KG
Original Assignee
Groz Beckert KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Groz Beckert KG filed Critical Groz Beckert KG
Assigned to GROZ-BECKERT KG reassignment GROZ-BECKERT KG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KUHL, THOMAS, DR., Svejda, Miroslav
Publication of US20110226547A1 publication Critical patent/US20110226547A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
    • G10K11/16—Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
    • E04B1/84—Sound-absorbing elements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/022—Non-woven fabric
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/12—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer characterised by the relative arrangement of fibres or filaments of different layers, e.g. the fibres or filaments being parallel or perpendicular to each other
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/14—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts, e.g. denser near its faces
    • B32B5/142—Variation across the area of the layer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
    • B32B5/24—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/26—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it also being fibrous or filamentary
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/44—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling
    • D04H1/46—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres
    • D04H1/492—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres by fluid jet
    • D04H1/495—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres by fluid jet for formation of patterns, e.g. drilling or rearrangement
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06H—MARKING, INSPECTING, SEAMING OR SEVERING TEXTILE MATERIALS
    • D06H3/00—Inspecting textile materials
    • D06H3/08—Inspecting textile materials by photo-electric or television means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
    • G10K11/16—Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
    • G10K11/162—Selection of materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
    • B32B2262/02—Synthetic macromolecular fibres
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
    • B32B2262/02—Synthetic macromolecular fibres
    • B32B2262/0207—Elastomeric fibres
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
    • B32B2262/02—Synthetic macromolecular fibres
    • B32B2262/0276—Polyester fibres
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
    • B32B2262/06—Vegetal fibres
    • B32B2262/062—Cellulose fibres, e.g. cotton
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
    • B32B2262/08—Animal fibres, e.g. hair, wool, silk
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
    • B32B2262/10—Inorganic fibres
    • B32B2262/101—Glass fibres
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
    • B32B2262/10—Inorganic fibres
    • B32B2262/105—Ceramic fibres
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
    • B32B2262/14—Mixture of at least two fibres made of different materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/10—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular acoustical properties
    • B32B2307/102—Insulating

Definitions

  • the damping material is to absorb sound energy, i.e., the sound waves are to be attenuated in that the vibration energy of the sound waves is converted by friction into thermal energy. In doing so, the formation of resonances and the formation of standing waves is to be prevented.
  • zones with increased fiber interlooping exist in the random-fiber non-woven body 10 , for example the zone 18 , whereby these different zones may be formed and/or arranged regularly or irregularly. They may extend over the entire height of the fiber body 10 (vertically in FIG. 1 ) or the mat 12 .

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
  • Soundproofing, Sound Blocking, And Sound Damping (AREA)
US13/049,401 2010-03-17 2011-03-16 Fiber Composite Acoustic Damping Material Abandoned US20110226547A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP10002801A EP2366541A1 (de) 2010-03-17 2010-03-17 Faserverbund-Akustik-Dämmmaterial
EP10002801.8 2010-03-17

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20110226547A1 true US20110226547A1 (en) 2011-09-22

Family

ID=42555559

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US13/049,401 Abandoned US20110226547A1 (en) 2010-03-17 2011-03-16 Fiber Composite Acoustic Damping Material

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US20110226547A1 (ja)
EP (1) EP2366541A1 (ja)
JP (1) JP2011197672A (ja)
KR (1) KR20110104899A (ja)
CN (1) CN102191628A (ja)

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20140127083A1 (en) * 2012-11-02 2014-05-08 Unifrax I Llc Treatment Of Tough Inorganic Fibers And Their Use In A Mounting Mat For Exhaust Gas Treatment Device
US20140224572A1 (en) * 2013-02-14 2014-08-14 Seiko Epson Corporation Sound absorbing body and printing device
US20140224571A1 (en) * 2013-02-14 2014-08-14 Seiko Epson Corporation Sound absorbing body and printing device
US20140224573A1 (en) * 2013-02-14 2014-08-14 Seiko Epson Corporation Sound absorbing body and electronic device
US20140262606A1 (en) * 2013-03-14 2014-09-18 Seiko Epson Corporation Sound absorbing body and device
US20150008070A1 (en) * 2012-02-03 2015-01-08 Eleda S.R.L. Sound-absorbing panel and associated manufacturing method
WO2016131035A1 (en) * 2015-02-13 2016-08-18 Zephyros, Inc. Nonwoven infrared reflective fiber materials
US10113322B2 (en) 2014-12-08 2018-10-30 Zephyros, Inc. Vertically lapped fibrous flooring
US10460715B2 (en) 2015-01-12 2019-10-29 Zephyros, Inc. Acoustic floor underlay system
US10755686B2 (en) 2015-01-20 2020-08-25 Zephyros, Inc. Aluminized faced nonwoven materials
US20210046886A1 (en) * 2017-04-03 2021-02-18 Cascade Engineering, Inc. Acoustic fiber silencer
US11407367B2 (en) * 2017-03-27 2022-08-09 Howa Co., Ltd. Soundproof body and silencer for motor vehicles
US11541626B2 (en) 2015-05-20 2023-01-03 Zephyros, Inc. Multi-impedance composite

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4213516A (en) * 1978-11-29 1980-07-22 American Seating Company Acoustical wall panel
JPH0675579A (ja) * 1991-01-31 1994-03-18 Nippon Tokushu Toryo Co Ltd 波形吸音材
US20060225952A1 (en) * 2003-08-25 2006-10-12 Akira Takayasu Sound absorbing material
US20080045915A1 (en) * 2006-06-23 2008-02-21 Uni-Charm Corporation Absorbent article
US20080085399A1 (en) * 2006-06-23 2008-04-10 Uni-Charm Corporation Multilayer nonwoven fabric and method of manufacturing the same

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DE29713779U1 (de) * 1997-08-02 1997-10-09 SOMMER ALLIBERT-LIGNOTOCK GmbH, 76744 Wörth Mehrschichtiges Formteil
US7625629B2 (en) * 2000-03-15 2009-12-01 C-Eng Co., Ltd. Three-dimensional net-like structure, and method and device for producing three dimensional net-like structure
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JP3992597B2 (ja) * 2002-11-21 2007-10-17 花王株式会社 嵩高不織布の製造方法
WO2004088025A1 (en) * 2003-03-31 2004-10-14 Rieter Technologies Ag Acoustically effective nonwoven material for vehicle liners
CN2693798Y (zh) * 2003-11-26 2005-04-20 陈世中 不织布结构
WO2005118929A2 (en) * 2004-05-26 2005-12-15 Polymer Group, Inc. Mechanically extensible substrates
DE202009011197U1 (de) * 2009-07-06 2009-10-29 Eswegee Vliesstoff Gmbh Schallabsorptionsmaterial

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4213516A (en) * 1978-11-29 1980-07-22 American Seating Company Acoustical wall panel
JPH0675579A (ja) * 1991-01-31 1994-03-18 Nippon Tokushu Toryo Co Ltd 波形吸音材
US20060225952A1 (en) * 2003-08-25 2006-10-12 Akira Takayasu Sound absorbing material
US20080045915A1 (en) * 2006-06-23 2008-02-21 Uni-Charm Corporation Absorbent article
US20080085399A1 (en) * 2006-06-23 2008-04-10 Uni-Charm Corporation Multilayer nonwoven fabric and method of manufacturing the same

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Title
Nonwoven, Textile Glossary, Celanese Actetate, copyright 2001 *

Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9613609B2 (en) * 2012-02-03 2017-04-04 Eleda S.R.L. Sound-absorbing panel and associated manufacturing method
US20150008070A1 (en) * 2012-02-03 2015-01-08 Eleda S.R.L. Sound-absorbing panel and associated manufacturing method
US10526730B2 (en) * 2012-11-02 2020-01-07 Unifrax I, Llc Treatment of tough inorganic fibers and their use in a mounting mat for exhaust gas treatment device
US20140127083A1 (en) * 2012-11-02 2014-05-08 Unifrax I Llc Treatment Of Tough Inorganic Fibers And Their Use In A Mounting Mat For Exhaust Gas Treatment Device
US9038768B2 (en) * 2013-02-14 2015-05-26 Seiko Epson Corporation Sound absorbing body and printing device
US9038767B2 (en) * 2013-02-14 2015-05-26 Seiko Epson Corporation Sound absorbing body and printing device
US20140224572A1 (en) * 2013-02-14 2014-08-14 Seiko Epson Corporation Sound absorbing body and printing device
US9038769B2 (en) * 2013-02-14 2015-05-26 Seiko Epson Corporation Sound absorbing body and electronic device
US20140224571A1 (en) * 2013-02-14 2014-08-14 Seiko Epson Corporation Sound absorbing body and printing device
US20140224573A1 (en) * 2013-02-14 2014-08-14 Seiko Epson Corporation Sound absorbing body and electronic device
US20140262606A1 (en) * 2013-03-14 2014-09-18 Seiko Epson Corporation Sound absorbing body and device
US11542714B2 (en) 2014-12-08 2023-01-03 Zephyros, Inc. Vertically lapped fibrous flooring
US10113322B2 (en) 2014-12-08 2018-10-30 Zephyros, Inc. Vertically lapped fibrous flooring
US10460715B2 (en) 2015-01-12 2019-10-29 Zephyros, Inc. Acoustic floor underlay system
US10755686B2 (en) 2015-01-20 2020-08-25 Zephyros, Inc. Aluminized faced nonwoven materials
WO2016131035A1 (en) * 2015-02-13 2016-08-18 Zephyros, Inc. Nonwoven infrared reflective fiber materials
US11541626B2 (en) 2015-05-20 2023-01-03 Zephyros, Inc. Multi-impedance composite
US11407367B2 (en) * 2017-03-27 2022-08-09 Howa Co., Ltd. Soundproof body and silencer for motor vehicles
US11634091B2 (en) * 2017-04-03 2023-04-25 Cascade Engineering, Inc. Acoustic fiber silencer
US20210046886A1 (en) * 2017-04-03 2021-02-18 Cascade Engineering, Inc. Acoustic fiber silencer

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2011197672A (ja) 2011-10-06
KR20110104899A (ko) 2011-09-23
EP2366541A1 (de) 2011-09-21
CN102191628A (zh) 2011-09-21

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Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: GROZ-BECKERT KG, GERMANY

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KUHL, THOMAS, DR.;SVEJDA, MIROSLAV;REEL/FRAME:025968/0432

Effective date: 20110315

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION