US20110154725A1

US20110154725A1 - Agent for increasing the octane number of a gasoline automobile fuel

Info

Publication number: US20110154725A1
Application number: US12/994,668
Authority: US
Inventors: Sergey Dmitrievich Varfolomeev; Grigory Alexeevich Nikiforov; Violetta Borisovna Volieva; Gennady Grigorievich Makarov; Lev Iliich Trusov
Original assignee: EMANUEL INSTITUTE OF BIOCHEMICAL PHYSICS OF RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (IBCP RAS)
Current assignee: EMANUEL INSTITUTE OF BIOCHEMICAL PHYSICS OF RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (IBCP RAS)
Priority date: 2008-03-28
Filing date: 2009-05-27
Publication date: 2011-06-30
Also published as: EP2298851A1; EA018090B1; WO2009145674A1; EA201001729A1; EP2298851A4; EP2298851B1

Abstract

The invention relates to an agent for increasing the octane number of a gasoline automotive fuel, which agent is a combination of alcohol and a product of reaction between a carbonyl compound and a compound containing at least two hydroxyl groups enabling to form cycles with carbonyl compounds, or is the mixtures of the above mentioned products. In the preferred variant, mono- or oligosaccharides or diatomic, triatomic or polyatomic alcohols are used as the compounds containing at least two hydroxyl groups enabling to form cycles with carbonyl compounds. Pentoses, preferably xylose or arabinose or hexose, substantially glucose, and the mixtures thereof are used as the monosaccharides. Glycols, for example, ethylene glycol are used as diatomic alcohols, glycerin is used as triatomic alcohols and erythritols, for example, pentaerythritol are used as polyatomic alcohols. The compound relating to lower aldehydes or lower ketones, for example, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, methylethylketone, diethylketone or cyclohexane are used as a carbonyl compound. The alcohols are in the form of aliphatic alcohols containing up to five carbon atoms, substantially ethanol. The inventive gasoline automotive fuel means a gasoline or an alcohol-gasoline composition.

Description

FIELD OF THE ART

The invention relates to octane-boosting agents boosting for gasoline automotive fuels, more particularly, for alcoholated gasoline automotive fuels, and is suitable for improving the performance of the aforementioned types of automotive fuels.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Progress in the field of automobile motor design and the increasing stringency of requirements on the environmental characteristics of automotive fuels are responsible for the constantly increasing demand for high-octane gasolines providing toxicity levels of exhaust emissions in compliance with the contemporary standards. It is impossible to increase the proportion of production of high-octane gasolines unless antiknock additives are widely used to boost the knock resistance of gasoline fuels.
Currently used antiknocks are oxygenates, including a wide spectrum of oxygenated compounds. As a rule, these are mixtures with hardly controllable compositions containing alcohols, alkyl ethers and esters, carbonyl compounds, and reaction products thereof. Most of them are capable of converting to peroxides under the action of air oxygen, these peroxides reducing the chemical stability of the fuel and leading to piling up of carboxylic acids that cause corrosion of motors and fuel tanks. A serious disadvantage of methyl tert-butyl ether, which is widely used at present, consists of a noticeable toxicity and a low degradability, leading to the proliferation and accumulation of toxic products in the soil and water pools.
Cyclic ketals, which are prepared by reacting glycols with carbonyl compounds (1,3-dioxolanes), in fuel compositions are known to enhance the environmental characteristics of automobile motors. For example, they reduce the level of solid particulates and toxic incomplete combustion products in the exhaust emissions from diesel motors [see U.S. 2004025417, publ. Feb. 12, 2004; FR 2833607, publ. Jun. 20, 2003; AT 311428T, publ. Dec. 15, 2005; and JP 7331262, publ. Dec. 19, 1995] and improve the environmental characteristics of biodiesel [US 2006/199,970, publ. Sep. 7, 2006; WO 2006/084048, publ. Aug. 10, 2006] and gasoline [U.S. Pat. No. 4,390,345, publ. Jun. 28, 1983; WO 8903242, publ. Apr. 20, 1989].
The invention protected by patent CA 2530219, published Feb. 3, 2005, describes a method for preparing oxygenate and use thereof as an additive enhancing the ignition ability of gasoline and reducing the level of hazardous emissions to the atmosphere. Oxygenate is the product of reaction of glycerol with a carbonyl compound, e.g., acetone, alkylated with a tertiary olefin. The need for alkylation is due to insufficient solubilities of 1,3-dioxolanes, which have a free hydroxy group, in hydrocarbon fuels. This imposes a considerable limitation on use of glycerol 1,3-dioxolanes as gasoline additives.
The above-cited documents do not contain evidence of the antiknock activity of 1,3-dioxolanes in gasoline.
The alkylation of glycerol with isobutylene is described to prepare polyalkyl glycerol ethers for use as gasoline additives [see DE 4445635, publ. Jun. 27, 1996; EP 0718270, publ. Jun. 26, 1996]. If acetone is used as a solvent, the reaction mixture represents a mixture of tert-butyl glycerol ethers having various degrees of substitution and an admixture of free glycerol, and further contains a cyclic ketal (2,2-dimethyl-4-tert-butoxymethyl-1,3-dioxolane) and an admixture of 2,2-dimethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolane, which contains a free hydroxy group. These reaction mixtures were shown to perform as efficient octane booster additives when added to gasoline. The free hydroxy groups of glycerol are to be alkylated for the provision of phase tolerance, which is associated with additional labor and energy costs. Nonetheless, the occurrence of nonalkylated glycerol in the mixture, as well as admixtures of free glycerol and nonalkylated 4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolane, increase the probability of stratification of a gasoline composition including this additive. The complex and volatile constitution of the additive depending on the reaction parameters in a multicomponent system is responsible for the volatility and unpredictability of the antiknock properties thereof.
A multifunctional ethanol-based gasoline additive is known to ensure boosting of the octane number (ON), a reduction of the cloud point, and a decrease in emission toxicity level, this additive containing, along with ethanol, N-methylaniline, acetaldehyde, crotonic aldehyde, ethyl ether, and a multifunctional additive AVTOMAG [see RU 2148077, publ. Apr. 27, 2000].
An ethanol-based gasoline additive is known [see RU 2068871, C1, publ. Nov. 10, 1996], this additive containing, as a stabilizer, a cosolvent which represents wastes from the hydrolysis process of ethanol production from wood raw materials, so-called an aldehyde/ether/alcohol fraction, in an amount of 8 to 80% by weight. Addition of this additive to gasoline in an amount of 2 to 20% by weight boosts the octane number and affords an automotive fuel that does not stratify at reduced temperatures. The wastes from the hydrolysis process contained in the additive are mixtures of aliphatic alcohols C₃-C₅, methyl and ethyl esters of formic and acetic acids, furfural, and other organics.
A gasoline additive based on stabilized ethanol is also known, this additive containing N-methylaniline, ferrocene, and/or derivatives thereof, wherein the alcohol is stabilized using lower aliphatic alcohols, ethers, or the aldehyde/alcohol fraction obtained from the wastes of ethanol production from wood raw materials [see RU 2129141, publ. Apr. 20, 1999].
The problem to be solved by the subject invention is the creation of a universal agent for gasoline automotive fuel having a higher octane-boosting effect that would be easily derived from available products of chemical productions or from wastes or intermediates of carbohydrate raw materials processing.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

Experiments were carried out to show that a combination of an alcohol with the product of reaction of a carbonyl compound with a compound containing at least two hydroxy groups that allow cycles with carbonyl compounds to be formed or a mixture of the aforementioned products, is more efficient to boost the octane number of gasoline than each of the aforementioned components individually, thereby causing a synergistic effect.
In addition, the problem of phase intolerance with gasoline fuel is eliminated, this problem arising from the existence of a free hydroxy group in the products of reaction of a carbonyl compound with a compound containing at least two hydroxy groups that allow cycles with carbonyl compounds to be formed.
Thus, the aforementioned problem is solved by that, as the octane-boosting agent for gasoline automotive fuel, the invention uses a combination of an alcohol and the product of reaction of a carbonyl compound with a compound containing at least two hydroxy groups that allow cycles with carbonyl compounds to be formed, or mixtures of the products.
Preferred compounds containing at least two hydroxy groups that allow cycles with carbonyl compounds to be formed are saccharides or dihydric, trihydric, and polyhydric alcohols.
Preferably, the aforementioned saccharides represent monosaccharides; however oligosaccharides are useful, too, being converted to monosaccharides in the course of the reaction with carbonyl compounds.
Useful monosaccharides are pentoses or hexoses and mixtures thereof, which can be obtained by mixing individual monosaccharides or by the conversion of carbohydrate raw materials.
The preferred pentose is xylose or arabinose; the preferred hexose is glucose.
Useful dihydric alcohols are glycols, for example, ethylene glycol; useful trihydric alcohol is glycerol; and useful polyhydric alcohols are erythritols, for example, pentaerythritol.
Useful carbonyl compounds are compounds represented by lower aldehydes or lower ketones, for example, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone, and cyclohexanone.
Useful alcohols are aliphatic alcohols containing up to five carbon atoms, preferably ethanol.
In the context of the subject invention, a gasoline automotive fuel means gasoline or an alcohol/gasoline composition.
The fact that the claimed octane-boosting agent for gasoline automotive fuel contains an alcohol in combination with the products of reaction of a carbonyl compound with a compound containing at least two hydroxy groups that allow cycles with carbonyl compounds to be formed or mixtures of these products, is essential for providing a high octane-boosting effect. Alcohols as such are insufficiently efficient antiknocks; further, [U.S. Pat. No. 4,541,836, publ. Sep. 17, 1985] teaches that addition of anhydrous ethanol to gasoline in an amount of up to 10% boosts the octane number of the fuel by 2 to 4 units.
The study of the octane-boosting effect of cyclic monosaccharide ketals, exemplifying a product of reaction of a carbonyl compound with a compound containing at least two hydroxy groups that allow cycles with carbonyl compounds to be formed, this study having been carried out on a standard hydrocarbon model mixture, showed that pure ketals formed by monosaccharides and acetone practically do not boost the octane number of hydrocarbons. For example, addition of acetone arabinose ketal to the isooctane/n-heptane model mixture (4:1) in an amount of about 8% by weight practically does not affect the octane number thereof. A similar pattern holds for ketals of trihydric alcohols: when gasoline contains 10% acetone ethylene glycol ketal, the boost of the octane number is 1.4 units; for methyl ethyl ketone glycerol ketal, the boost is 0.9 units; and for other ketals, the boost of the octane number falls within the measurement error.
Addition of ethanol to the system gives a boost to the octane number of the model mixture: by 10.4 units for arabinose acetone ketal (the weight ratio ketal:ethanol=0.75:1.0), by 13.1 units for xylose/acetone ketal (the weight ratio ketal:ethanol=0.75:1.0), and by 12.6 units for glycerol/acetone ketal (the weight ratio ketal:ethanol=1.0:1.0). This boost signifies a synergistic effect of the alcohol/cyclic ketal pair, this effect providing the high octane-boosting effect of the claimed agents.
It is important that the order in which combined are an alcohol and the product of reaction of a carbonyl compound with a compound containing at least two hydroxy groups that allow cycles with carbonyl compounds to be formed, does not influence the octane-boosting effect of the claimed agent. The only essential factor is the combination of the specified components, regardless of whether they were compounded before being added to an automotive gasoline fuel or compounding occurred in the automotive gasoline fuel itself. In this context, the agent has the octane-boosting effect both in gasoline and alcoholated gasoline compositions.
The alcohol contained in the additive removes the problem of phase tolerance with gasoline for cyclic ketals and acetals having free hydroxy groups. In the presence of an alcohol, these compounds form a single-phase stable system with gasoline, regardless of the nature of their alkyl substituents.
Cyclic glycerol ketals are known to enhance the phase stability of alcoholated gasoline [see GB 811406, publ. Apr. 2, 1959; U.S. Pat. No. 4,390,344, publ. Jun. 28, 1983]. This fully holds for cyclic monosaccharide ketals. For example, addition of cyclic monosaccharide ketals or mixtures of cyclic monosaccharide ketals in an amount of 3 to 8 wt % by weight to a two-phase system containing gasoline and 10% by volume of aqueous ethanol, affords a homogeneous system. Thus, the aforementioned ketals stabilize the phase homogeneity of gasoline, increasing the threshold water concentration beyond which water is segregated to an autonomous phase. Therefore, not only dry ethanol but also rectified spirit containing 3.6% water and aqueous alcohol containing up to 5% water, become useful for compounding a hydrocarbon and an alcohol.

EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

The product of reaction of a carbonyl compound with a compound containing at least two hydroxy groups that allow cycles with carbonyl compounds to be formed (this product is necessary for carrying out the invention) can be prepared in the following way.
One group of compounds containing at least two hydroxy groups that allow cycles with carbonyl compounds to be formed, are saccharides.
Useful saccharides are individual monosaccharides and mixtures thereof, for example, a pentose fraction obtained from vegetable raw materials as described below.
As sources of mixed saccharides for manufacturing products for use in the subject agent, it is expedient to use low-cost agricultural residues that have no food and feed value, for example, cereal straw and other wastes of grain processing used for manufacturing bioethanol.
The raw material is subjected to pre-treatment including grinding to particle sizes of 2.0 to 0.5 mm, the chemical separation of associated components (waxes, fats, terpenes, soluble pectins, proteins, lignins, and inorganic compounds) by means of extraction with ethanol/benzene mixtures followed by acid hydrolysis, and the separation of the hydrocarbon fraction using prior-art procedures [see Yu. I. Khol'kin, “The Technology of Hydrolysis Production Processes,” Moscow: Lesnaya Promyshlennost, 1989]. As a result, monosaccharide mixtures are obtained in a amount of 20 to 30% by weight based on the raw material which represent a so-called “pentose fraction”, which contains mainly xylose and arabinose with a glucose admixture.
Table 1 shows the constitution of the products of pre-treatment and hydrolysis of various raw materials.

TABLE 1

Constitution of the products of pre-treatment and
hydrolysis of various raw materials.

Yields of fractions, wt %

Total

Pre-treatment

Hydrolysis

yield

			Pen-		Pen-	of pen-
	Waxes,		tose	Cellu-	tose	tose
Raw	fats,		frac-	lose,	frac-	frac-
material	terpenes	Ash	tion	lignin	tion	tion

Wheat straw	6	6	4	59	25	29
Rice straw	4	5	5	61	25	30
Dry stalks	5	5	5	55	30	35
of miscanthus
grass

The products are obtained by reacting these materials with carbonyl compounds under acid catalysis conditions with newly formed water being removed by means of one of the known methods [see “Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry,” Ed. by R. Whilstler and M. Wolfrom, New York: Academic Press, 1962-1965; Russian translation: “Metody Khimii Uglevodov,” Ed by N. K. Kochetkov, Moscow: Mir, 1967, p. 165]. For separating byproducts which are poorly soluble in hydrocarbons, the reaction mixture is extracted by benzene or another suitable solvent; the extract is concentrated and then used in the octane-boosting agent. Useful also are di- and oligosaccharides, which hydrolyze during the reaction with carbonyl compounds and also yield mixtures of appropriate products.
Useful carbonyl compounds are lower aldehydes or ketones; for the former, the reaction represents an acetalization reaction and the reaction products represent cyclic acetals; for the latter, the reaction represents a ketalization reaction and the reaction products represent cyclic ketals.
Inasmuch as the aforementioned monosaccharides each contain at least two pairs of hydroxy groups capable of forming cycles in reaction with carbonyl compounds, derivatives can be obtained each containing either one or two cyclic groups per monosaccharide molecule. To reach the maximal octane-boosting effect, the reaction is carried out in the presence of an excess of a carbonyl compound, thereby ensuring the maximal extent of conversion to products each containing two oxygenated cycles. Table 2 exemplifies physicochemical characteristics of the products of reaction of saccharides (individual monosaccharides, disaccharides, or monosaccharide mixtures) with acetone.

TABLE 2

Physicochemical characteristics of cyclic products obtained
by reacting monosaccharides and acetone

	Phase state; mp,
Products of reaction of saccharides with acetone	° C.

Cyclic diketal obtained by ketalization of	Solid, 110
D-glucose by acetone
(glucose acetone diketal)
Cyclic diketal obtained by ketalization of	Solid, 48-49
D-arabinose by acetone (arabinose acetone diketal)
Cyclic diketal obtained by ketalization of	Viscous oil
D-xylose by acetone (xylose acetone diketal)
Mixture of glucose and fructose cyclic diketals	Solid, 95-99
obtained by ketalization of sucrose by acetone
Mixture of cyclic diketals obtained by acetone	Viscous oil
ketalization of a mixture of monosaccharide
isolated from stalks of miscanthus grass

The monosaccharide acetone cyclic diketals listed in Table 2 represent solid products at room temperature or viscous liquid products soluble in alcohol; their mixtures with alcohol are soluble in gasoline.
When the pentose fraction isolated from the hydrolyzate of carbohydrate raw material is used, the yield of a cyclic diketal mixture is 57 to 70% depending on the raw material used to obtain the pentose fraction. Dry stalks of miscanthus grass are a promising raw material for the subject additives, as they are the richest in pentoses and provide the highest yield of the cyclic diketal mixture. Table 3 gives the weight constitution of the mixture obtained by the acetone ketalization of the pentose fraction isolated from dry stalks of miscanthus grass.

TABLE 3

Constitution of the mixture obtained by acetone ketalization
of the pentose fraction isolated from dry stalks of miscanthus grass

Ketalization products	Weight percentage, wt %

Xylose acetone diketal	77
Arabinose acetone diketal	14
Glucose acetone diketal	6
Diacetone alcohol	3

The ketalization products of monosaccharides are nontoxic. Laboratory experiments on SHK line mice (from Stolbovaya nursery) showed that samples of arabinose and glucose cyclic diketals in olive oil administered to animals per os in doses of from 100 to 6000 mg/kg, when observed over 30 days, are well tolerated in animals and do not cause any change in their condition.
Cyclic diketals of monosaccharides are stable in the composition of the octane-boosting agent; with this, they are capable of hydrolytic splitting to yield nontoxic products, thereby having an essential advantage over toxic and undegradable alkyl ethers, specifically, methyl tert-butyl ether, which is widely used in oxygenates.
Another group of compounds containing at least two hydroxy groups that allow cycles with carbonyl compounds to be formed consists of di-, tri-, and polyhydric alcohols.
The products of reaction of di-, tri-, and polyhydric alcohols with carbonyl compounds, namely cyclic acetals and ketals, are prepared in one-step synthesis from available large-scale products (glycerol, ethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, paraform, acetaldehyde, acetone, and others) using known methods under acid catalysis conditions with the azeotropic (entrainment) distillation of reaction water [see A. Ternay, Contemporary Organic Chemistry, Philadelphia: Sounders, 1979; Russian translation: A. Terney, Sovremennye Metody Organicheskoi Khimii, vol. 2, Moscow: Mir, 1981, p. 20]. Where the azeotropic distillation of reaction water is carried out in the presence of methyl ethyl ketone, the reaction product represents a mixture of the relevant cyclic compounds, this mixture also being useful in the composition of the subject octane-boosting agent.
Cyclic acetals and ketals of di- and triatomic alcohols are liquids which are well soluble in alcohols; their mixtures with an alcohol are well soluble in gasoline.
One more example of a cyclic acetal useful in the claimed octane boosting agent is pentaerythritol diformal, which is the product of reaction of pentaerythritol with formaldehyde. Pentaerythritol is an available large-scale product of chemical industry and represents a polyhydric alcohol having a branched structure and containing four hydroxy groups which pairwise interact with formaldehyde to yield two dioxane cycles. Diformal pentaerythritol formal is an alcohol-soluble solid.
The octane-boosting effect of the subject agents has been studied on n-heptane and (1:1) and (4:1) isooctane/n-heptane model mixtures. Measurements are carried out by a standard method under the Russian State Standard (GOST) 8226-82 “Motor Fuels. A Research Method for Determination of Octane Number” (Method 1) and by a proximate method (Method 2), whose results are proximate to standard methods. The proximate method uses an Oktanometr OK-2m (PLUS RADIO) gasoline antiknock value meter, this meter being suitable for the proximate determination of gasoline octane numbers in monitoring gasoline production processes, in research work, and in consumer acceptance of gasolines. The operating principle of Oktanometr OK-2m is the measurement of reaction parameters of the cool-flame oxidation of gasolines followed by using them to determine the antiknock value as equivalent to the motor and research octane numbers. The references used are the reaction parameters of cool-flame oxidation of reference fuels manufactured according to GOST 511-82.
Tables 4 and 5 give examples to illustrate the octane-boosting effect of agents containing various individual cyclic ketals and acetals and various aliphatic alcohols on n-heptane and isooctane/n-heptane model mixtures.

TABLE 4

Octane-boosting effect of agents based on glycerol acetone cyclic ketal
in the presence of alcohols of various structures on n-heptane

	Percentage	Percentage of	Octane	ON
	of ketal in	the agent in	number	determi-
	the agent,	n-heptane,	boost,	nation
Agent	wt %	vol %	ΔON	method

Glycerol acetone cyclic	50	20	47.3	2
ketal + ethanol
Glycerol acetone cyclic	62.5	16	30.0	2
ketal + isobutanol

TABLE 5

Octane-boosting effect of agents including various
individual cyclic acetals and ketals and various alcohols on
isooctane/n-heptane model mixtures of various compositions

	Ketal or	Percentage	Octane number
	acetal	of the	boost, ΔON

	percent-	agent	Isooctane/	Isooctane/
	age in	in the	n-heptane	n-heptane	ON
	the	model	model	model	determi-
	agent,	mixture,	mixture	mixture	nation
Agent	wt %	o . %	1:1	4:1	method

Arabinose	25	5	2.7	2.5	2
acetone		10	5.8	5.7
cyclic diketal +	33	5	2.5	2.5
ethanol		10	5.9	5.7
	50	5	2.5	2.5
		10	5.7	5.2
	43	18.2	—	10.4	1
Glucose	25	5	2.9	2.1	2
acetone cyclic		10	6.0	5.2
diketal +	33	5	3.6	3.0
ethanol		10	7.2	5.8
	20	26	—	16.0	1
Xylose acetone	33	30	—	9.8	2
cyclic diketal +	43	18.2	—	13.1	1
ethanol
Xylose acetone	33	30	—	9.5	2
cyclic diketal +
isopropanol
Xylose acetone	33	30	—	5.6	2
cyclic diketal +
n-butanol
Ethylene glycol	50	20	—	6.6	2
acetone
cyclic ketal +
methanol
Ethylene	50	20	—	10.3	2
glycol acetone
cyclic ketal +
ethanol
Ethylene	50	20	—	9.8	2
glycol acetone
cyclic ketal +
isopropanol
Ethylene	50	20	—	4.8	2
glycol acetone
cyclic ketal +
n-butanol
Ethylene	50	20	—	4.5	2
glycol acetone
cyclic ketal +
n-amyl alcohol
Glycerol	50	20	—	12.6	2
acetone
cyclic ketal +
ethanol
Acetone	50	20	—	7.2	2
glycerol
cyclic ketal +
n-butanol
Glycerol	50	20	—	16.5	2
acetaldehyde
cyclic acetal +
ethanol
Pentaerythritol	50	20	—	19.6	2
formaldehyde
cyclic acetal +
ethanol

The data of Tables 4 and 5 support the well-known fact that the lower the octane number of the initial hydrocarbon mixture, the greater the effect caused by the octane-boosting agent. The octane-boost effect over the range of the concentrations studied is roughly proportional to the weight percentage of the agent in the mixture. Further, these data show that the synergistic octane-boosting effect of cyclic ketals and acetals is manifested in the presence of alcohols of various structures.
Table 6 shows the octane-boosting effects of ethanol-containing agents in combination with mixtures of cyclic ketals of various structures.

TABLE 6

Octane-boosting effects of ethanol-containing agents including
mixtures of cyclic ketals on the isooctane/n-heptane (4:1)
model hydrocarbon mixture (as determined by Method 1)

	Cyclic	Agent in	Octane
Ketal mixture	ketal mixture	the model	number
contained	in the agent,	mixture,	boost,
in the agent	wt %	vol %	ΔON, units

Mixture of cyclic diketals	9.1	29.5	22.6
obtained by acetone
ketalization of the pentose
fraction of wheat straw
hydrolyzate
Mixture of cyclic diketals	50	20	19.6
obtained by acetone
ketalization of the pentose
fraction of miscanthus grass
stalks hydrolyzate
Arabinose acetone + acetone	32.9	24.3	14.8
glycerol cyclic ketal
mixture (1:1)

For a number of octane-boosting agents, tests were carried out on automotive gasoline and straight-run gasoline.
Table 7 gives examples to illustrate the octane-boosting effect of the monosaccharide-based subject agents on automotive gasoline.

TABLE 7

Octane-boosting effect of agents containing cyclic
ketals and ethanol on automotive gasoline having
ON = 77.6 (as determined by Method 1)

		Percentage	Percentage
		of ketal	of the	Octane
		in the	agent in	number
Example	Ketal contained	agent,	gasoline,	boost
No.	in the agent	wt %	vol %	ΔON

1	Arabinose acetone	25	5	5.7
2	cyclic diketal		10	11.9
3			15	13.8
4		33	5	5.2
5			10	11.1
6			15	13.4
7			20	14.5
8		50	5	2.7
9			10	6.1
10			15	11.7
11	Glucose acetone	25	5	5.4
12	cyclic diketal		10	11.4
13			15	14.7
14		33	5	4.9
15			10	9.7
16			15	14.3
17			20	15.0
18*	Mixture of cyclic
	diketals obtained
	by acetone	50	20	17.0*
	ketalization of
	the pentose fraction
	of miscanthus
	grass stalks
	hydrolyzate

*Results obtained on commercial gasoline AI-80.

Table 8 displays the results of tests of several fuel composition variants including the straight-run gasoline fraction and octane-boosting agents containing glycerol and ethylene glycol cyclic ketals and ethanol.

TABLE 8

Results of tests of octane-boosting agent variants containing glycerol and
ethylene glycol cyclic ketals and ethanol in the gasoline fraction.

	Ratio	Percentage	Octane
	CK:ethanol	of the agent	number	Stratification
Cyclic ketal	(vol/vol)	in gasoline,	boost	temperature
(CK)	in the agent	vol %	ΔON	T_strat,° C.

Acetone glycerol	1:2	15	9.3	Below −30
ketal	1:1	20	13.4	Below −30
Methyl ethyl ketone	1:1	10	5.9	−22.7
glycerol ketal	2:1	15	10.3	−28.5
	1:2	15	7.6	−26.9
	1:1	20	12.5	Below −30
Cyclohexanone	1:1	10	4.2	Below −30
glycerol ketal	2:1	15	8.0	Below −30
	1:2	15	5.7	Below −30
	1:1	20	10.6	Below −30
Acetone ethylene	1:1	10	2.8	−16.3
glycol ketal	2:1	15	5.7	−17.6
	1:2	15	5.0	−17.2
	1:1	20	9.3	−28.9

If the automotive gasoline fuel used is a ready-for-use alcohol-gasoline composition (AGC), then cyclic ketal or a mixture of cyclic ketals is added in the required amount directly to the alcohol-gasoline composition.
The data contained in Tables 9 and 10 demonstrate the effect of cyclic ketals on the octane characteristics of AGCs

TABLE 9

Effect of monosaccharide cyclic diketals on the octane
characteristics of an AGC containing 10% by volume ethanol

	Amount of
	CK added
Cyclic ketal (CK)	to AGC, wt %	ΔON

Arabinose acetone cyclic diketal	8	7.0
Xylose acetone cyclic diketal	8	9.2
Glucose acetone cyclic diketal	5	6.1
Mixture of monosaccharide	3	4.3
cyclic diketals from wheat straw

TABLE 10

Effect of ethylene glycol glycerol cyclic ketals on
the change in octane number of AGCs

ΔON

	AGC contains 5%	AGC contains 10%
	by volume of ethanol	by volume of ethanol

	5 vol %	10 vol %	5 vol %	10 vol %
	of the	of the	of the	of the
Cyclic ketal	agent	agent	agent	agent

Acetone glycerol ketal			5.1	8.9
Methyl ethyl ketone	3.8	8.0	3.5	8.1
glycerol ketal
Cyclohexanone	2.2	5.8	1.7	6.3
glycerol ketal
Acetone ethylene	0.8	3.6	1.0	5.1
glycol ketal

The phase stability of alcohol/gasoline compositions which is quantitatively characterized by the stratification temperature, is measured according to the Russian State Standard (GOST) 5066-91 using a KRIO VT low-temperature thermostat (manufactured by TERMEX-II). The data of Table 11 demonstrate the effect of glycerol ethylene glycol cyclic ketals on the phase stability of alcohol/gasoline compositions at reduced temperatures.

TABLE 11

Stabilizing effect of cyclic ketals on AGCs

		Stratification
	Percentage	temperature, ° C.

	of the	AGC contains	AGC contains
	agent, %	5 vol %	10 vol %
Cyclic ketal	by volume	ethanol	ethanol

Without agent	0	−5.8	−10.4
Acetone glycerol	5		Below −30
ketal	10		Below −30
Methyl ethyl ketone	5	−22.7	−26.9
glycerol ketal	10	−28.5	Below −30
Cyclohexanone	5	Below −30	Below −30
glycerol ketal	10	Below −30	Below −30
Acetone ethylene	5	−16.3	−17.2
glycol ketal	10	−17.6	−28.9

Thus, the above results demonstrate that the subject agents have a well-defined octane-boosting and stabilizing effects on alcoholated gasoline fuels.
Experiments on model systems showed that the octane-boosting agents of the invention have a low tendency to gumming. For example, while the Russian State Standards allow existent gums contents of up to 6.0 mg per 100 cm fuel, the actual gumming of the agent containing 10% cyclic acetone glycerol ketal was 0.6 mg per 100 cm fuel, and for the 30% content, 3.0 mg per 100 cm. In light of the known influence of the aforementioned agents on the reduction of the level of hazardous products in exhaust emissions, it may be stated that these agents will have a complex positive effect on the performance of the engine.

Claims

1. An octane-boosting agent for gasoline automotive fuel, which agent represents a combination of an alcohol and the product of reaction of a carbonyl compound with a compound containing at least two hydroxy groups that allow cycles with carbonyl compounds to be formed, or mixtures of said products.

2. An agent according to claim 1, characterized in that the compound containing at least two hydroxy groups that allow cycles with carbonyl compounds to be formed is a saccharide, or dihydric alcohol, or trihydric alcohol, or polyhydric alcohol.

3. An agent according to claim 2, characterized in that the saccharides are monosaccharides and oligosaccharides.

4. An agent according to claim 3, characterized in that the monosaccharides are pentoses, or hexoses and mixtures thereof.

5. An agent according to claim 2, characterized in that the dihydric alcohols are glycols.

6. An agent according to claim 2, characterized in that the trihydric alcohols are glycerol.

7. An agent according to claim 2, characterized in that the polyhydric alcohols are erythritols.

8. An agent according to claim 1, characterized in that the carbonyl compound is a compound selected from lower aldehydes or lower ketones.

9. An agent according to claim 1, characterized in that the alcohol is an aliphatic alcohol containing up to five carbon atoms.

10. An agent according to claim 1, characterized in that the gasoline automotive fuel is gasoline.

11. An agent according to claim 1, characterized in that the gasoline automotive fuel is an alcohol/gasoline composition.

12. An agent according to claim 4, wherein said pentose is xylose or arabinose

13. An agent according to claim 4, wherein said hexose is glucose.

14. An agent according to claim 5, wherein said glycol is ethylene glycol.

15. An agent according to claim 7, wherein said erythritol is pentaertythritol.

16. An agent according to claim 8, wherein said lower aldehydes or lower ketones, is selected from the group consisting of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone, and cyclohexanone.

17. An agent according to claim 9, wherein said alcohol is ethanol.